How to make a mummy - Len Bloch

5,322,718 views ใƒป 2015-06-18

TED-Ed


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืชืจื’ื•ื: Orr Schlesinger ืขืจื™ื›ื”: Ido Dekkers
00:06
Death and taxes are famously inevitable, but what about decomposition?
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ื”ืžื•ื•ืช ื•ืžื™ืกื™ื ื™ื“ื•ืขื™ื ื‘ื”ื™ื•ืชื ื‘ืœืชื™ ื ืžื ืขื™ื. ืื‘ืœ ืžื” ื‘ื ื•ื’ืข ืœืจื™ืงื‘ื•ืŸ?
00:13
As anyone who's seen a mummy knows,
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ื›ืœ ืžื™ ืฉืจืื” ืื™ ืคืขื ืžื•ืžื™ื” ื™ื•ื“ืข,
00:16
ancient Egyptians went to a lot of trouble to evade decomposition.
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ืฉื”ืžืฆืจื™ื ื”ืงื“ืžื•ื ื™ื ื”ืฉืงื™ืขื• ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžืื•ื“ ืžืืžืฅ ืขืœ ืžื ืช ืœื—ืžื•ืง ืžื”ืจื™ืงื‘ื•ืŸ.
00:21
So, how successful were they?
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ืื– ื›ืžื” ืžื•ืฆืœื—ื™ื ื”ื™ื• ื”ื ืกื™ื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืœื”ื?
00:26
Living cells constantly renew themselves.
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ืชืื™ื ื—ื™ื™ื ืžื—ื“ืฉื™ื ืืช ืขืฆืžื ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืงื‘ื•ืข.
00:28
Specialized enzymes decompose old structures,
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ืื ื–ื™ืžื™ื ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ื™ื ืžืคืจืงื™ื ืžื‘ื ื™ื ื™ืฉื ื™ื,
00:32
and the raw materials are used to build new ones.
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ื•ื”ื—ื•ืžืจื™ื ืžืฉืžืฉื™ื ืœื‘ื ื™ื™ืช ืžื‘ื ื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื™ื.
00:35
But what happens when someone dies?
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ืื‘ืœ ืžื” ืงื•ืจื” ื›ืฉืžื™ืฉื”ื• ืžืช?
00:38
Their dead cells are no longer able to renew themselves,
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ื”ืชืื™ื ื›ื‘ืจ ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื—ื“ืฉ ืืช ืขืฆืžื,
00:41
but the enzymes keep breaking everything down.
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ืื ื–ื™ืžื™ื ืžืžืฉื™ื›ื™ื ืœืคืจืง ืืช ื”ื›ืœ.
00:45
So anyone looking to preserve a body
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ื›ืš ืฉื›ืœ ืžื™ ืฉืจื•ืฆื” ืœืฉืžืจ ื’ื•ืคื”
00:47
needed to get ahead of those enzymes before the tissues began to rot.
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ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ืงื“ื™ื ืืช ื”ืื ื–ื™ืžื™ื ื”ืืœื”, ืœืคื ื™ ืฉื”ืจืงืžื” ืžืชื—ื™ืœื” ืœื”ื™ืจืงื‘.
00:52
Neurons die quickly,
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ื ื•ื™ืจื•ื ื™ื ืžืชื™ื ื‘ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช,
00:54
so brains were a lost cause to Ancient Egyptian mummifiers,
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ื›ืš ืฉืžื•ื—ื•ืช ื”ื™ื• ืžืงืจื” ืื‘ื•ื“ ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื”ื—ื•ื ื˜ื™ื ื”ืžืฆืจื™ื,
00:57
which is why, according to Greek historian Herodotus,
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ื•ืœื›ืŸ, ืขืœ ืคื™ ื”ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื•ืŸ ื”ื™ื•ื•ื ื™ ื”ืจื•ื“ื•ื˜ื•ืก,
01:01
they started the process by hammering a spike into the skull,
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ื”ื ื”ื—ืœื• ื‘ื ืขื™ืฆืช ื™ืชื“ ืืœ ืชื•ืš ื”ื’ื•ืœื’ื•ืœืช,
01:06
mashing up the brain, flushing it out the nose
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ืจื™ืกื•ืง ื”ืžื•ื—, ื”ื•ืฆืืชื• ื“ืจืš ื”ืืฃ,
01:09
and pouring tree resins into the skull to prevent further decomposition.
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ืชื•ืš ืฉื”ื ืฉื•ืคื›ื™ื ืฉืจืฃ ืขืฅ ืืœ ืชื•ืš ื”ื’ื•ืœื’ื•ืœืช ืขืœ ืžื ืช ืœืžื ื•ืข ืืช ื”ืžืฉืš ื”ืจื™ืงื‘ื•ืŸ.
01:14
Brains may decay first, but decaying guts are much worse.
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ื”ืžื•ื— ืื•ืœื™ ื ืจืงื‘ ืจืืฉื•ืŸ, ืื‘ืœ ืื™ื‘ืจื™ื ื ืจืงื‘ื™ื ื”ื ื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ื’ืจื•ืขื™ื.
01:21
The liver, stomach and intestines contain digestive enzymes and bacteria,
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ื”ื›ื‘ื“,ื”ืงื™ื‘ื” ื•ื”ืžืขื™ื™ื ืžื›ื™ืœื™ื ืื ื–ื™ืžื™ื ืžืคืจืงื™ื ื•ื—ื™ื™ื“ืงื™ื,
01:26
which, upon death, start eating the corpse from the inside.
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ืฉื‘ืฉืขืช ื”ืžื•ื•ืช, ืžืชื—ื™ืœื™ื ืœืื›ื•ืœ ืืช ื”ื’ื•ืคื” ืžื‘ืคื ื™ื.
01:32
So the priests removed the lungs and abdominal organs first.
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ืœื›ืŸ, ื”ื›ื”ื ื™ื ื”ื™ื• ืžื•ืฆื™ืื™ื ืืช ื”ืจื™ืื•ืช ื•ืืช ื”ืื™ื‘ืจื™ื ื‘ื‘ื˜ืŸ ื‘ืฉืœื‘ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ.
01:36
It was difficult to remove the lungs without damaging the heart,
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ื”ื™ื” ืงืฉื” ืœื”ื•ืฆื™ื ืืช ื”ืจื™ืื•ืช ื‘ืœื™ ืœืคื’ื•ืข ื‘ืœื‘,
01:39
but because the heart was believed to be the seat of the soul,
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ืื‘ืœ ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื”ื ื”ืืžื™ื ื• ืฉื”ืœื‘ ื”ื•ื ืžืงื•ื ืžื•ืฉื‘ื” ืฉืœ ื”ื ืฉืžื”,
01:43
they treated it with special care.
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ื”ื ื˜ื™ืคืœื• ื‘ื• ื‘ื™ืชืจ ืชืฉื•ืžืช ืœื‘.
01:45
They placed the visceral organs in jars
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ืืช ื”ืื™ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ื ื”ื ื™ื—ื• ื‘ืชื•ืš ื›ื“ื™ื
01:47
filled with a naturally occurring salt called natron.
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ืฉืžื•ืœืื• ื‘ืžืœื— ืฉื ืงืจื ื ื˜ืจื•ืŸ.
01:51
Like any salt, natron can prevent decay by killing bacteria
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ื›ืžื• ื›ืœ ืžืœื—, ื ื˜ืจื•ืŸ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืžื ื•ืข ืจื™ืงื‘ื•ืŸ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืจื’ ื—ื™ื™ื“ืงื™ื
01:56
and preventing the body's natural digestive enzymes from working.
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ื•ืžื ื™ืขื” ืžื”ืื ื–ื™ืžื™ื ื”ืžืคืจืงื™ื ื”ื˜ื‘ืขื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ื’ื•ืฃ ืœืขื‘ื•ื“.
02:01
But natron isn't just any salt.
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ืื‘ืœ ื ื˜ืจื•ืŸ ื”ื•ื ืœื ืžืœื— ืจื’ื™ืœ.
02:04
It's mainly a mixture of two alkaline salts,
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ื–ื• ืชืขืจื•ื‘ืช ืฉืžื›ื™ืœื” ื‘ืขื™ืงืจื” ืฉื ื™ ืžืœื—ื™ื,
02:07
soda ash and baking soda.
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ื ืชืจืŸ ืคื—ืžืชื™ ื•ืกื•ื“ื” ืœืฉืชื™ื”.
02:11
Alkaline salts are especially deadly to bacteria.
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ืžืœื—ื™ื ื‘ืกื™ืกื™ื™ื ื”ื ืงื˜ืœื ื™ื™ื ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื—ื™ื™ื“ืงื™ื.
02:14
And they can turn fatty membranes into a hard, soapy substance,
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ื”ื ืžืกื•ื’ืœื™ื ืœื”ืคื•ืš ืžืžื‘ืจื ื•ืช ืฉื•ืžื ื™ื•ืช ืœื—ื•ืžืจ ืงืฉื™ื— ื‘ืžืจืงื ืฉืœ ืกื‘ื•ืŸ,
02:19
thereby maintaining the corpse's structure.
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ื•ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื›ืš ืžืฉืžืจื™ื ืืช ื”ืžื‘ื ื” ืฉืœ ื”ื’ื•ืคื”.
02:22
After dealing with the internal organs,
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ืื—ืจื™ ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื‘ืื™ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ืคื ื™ืžื™ื™ื,
02:25
the priest stuffed the body cavity with sacks of more natron
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ื”ื›ื”ื ื™ื ืžื™ืœืื• ืืช ื”ื—ืœืœื™ื ื”ืจื™ืงื™ื ื‘ื’ื•ืคื” ื‘ืฉืงื™ื ืžืœืื™ื ื‘ืขื•ื“ ื ื˜ืจื•ืŸ,
02:29
and washed it clean to disinfect the skin.
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ื•ืฉื˜ืคื• ืื•ืชื” ืขืœ ืžื ืช ืœื—ื˜ื ืืช ื”ืขื•ืจ.
02:32
Then, the corpse was set in a bed of still more natron
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ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ ื”ื’ื•ืคื” ื”ื•ื ื—ื” ืขืœ ืžืฆืข ืฉืœ ื ื˜ืจื•ืŸ
02:37
for about 35 days to preserve its outer flesh.
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ืœืžืฉืš ื›-35 ื™ื•ื ืขืœ ืžื ืช ืœืฉืžืจ ืืช ื”ืจืงืžื•ืช ื”ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ื•ืช.
02:42
By the time of its removal,
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ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ื”ืจื—ืงืช ืขื•ื“ืคื™ ื”ืžืœื— ื”ื‘ืกื™ืกื™,
02:44
the alkaline salts had sucked the fluid from the body
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ื”ื•ื ืกื•ืคื— ืœืชื•ื›ื• ื ื•ื–ืœื™ื ืžื”ื’ื•ืคื”
02:47
and formed hard brown clumps.
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ื•ื™ื•ืฆืจ ื’ื•ืฉื™ื ื—ื•ืžื™ื ื•ืงืฉื™ื.
02:50
The corpse wasn't putrid,
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ื”ื’ื•ืคื” ืื™ื ื ื” ืจืงื•ื‘ื”,
02:52
but it didn't exactly smell good, either.
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ืืš ื’ื ืœื ืžืจื™ื—ื” ื˜ื•ื‘ ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“.
02:56
So, priests poured tree resin over the body to seal it,
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ืœื›ืŸ ืฉืคื›ื• ื”ื›ื”ื ื™ื ืฉืจืฃ ืขืฆื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื’ื•ืคื” ืขืœ ืžื ืช ืœืื˜ื•ื ืื•ืชื”,
02:59
massaged it with a waxy mixture that included cedar oil,
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ื”ื ืžืจื—ื• ืื•ืชื” ื‘ืชืขืจื•ื‘ืช ืฉืขื•ื•ื” ืฉื”ื›ื™ืœื” ืฉืžืŸ ืืจื–,
03:04
and then wrapped it in linen.
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ื•ืื– ืขื˜ืคื• ืื•ืชื” ื‘ืชื›ืจื™ื›ื™ื.
03:06
Finally, they placed the mummy in a series of nested coffins
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ืœื‘ืกื•ืฃ, ื”ื ื”ื ื™ื—ื• ืืช ื”ืžื•ืžื™ื” ื‘ืชื•ืš ืžืกืคืจ ืืจื•ื ื•ืช ืงื‘ื•ืจื” ืžืงื•ื ื ื™ื
03:10
and sometimes even a stone sarcophagus.
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ื•ืœืคืขืžื™ื ืืฃ ื‘ืชื•ืš ืกืจืงื•ืคื’ ืžืื‘ืŸ.
03:14
So how successful were the ancient Egyptians at evading decay?
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ืื– ื›ืžื” ื”ืฆืœื—ื” ื ื—ืœื• ื”ืžืฆืจื™ื ื”ืงื“ืžื•ื ื™ื ื‘ืžืื‘ืงื ื›ื ื’ื“ ื”ืจื™ืงื‘ื•ืŸ?
03:19
On one hand, mummies are definitely not intact human bodies.
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ืžืฆื“ ืื—ื“, ืžื•ืžื™ื•ืช ืื™ื ืŸ ื’ื•ืคื•ืช ืื“ื ืฉืœืžื•ืช.
03:24
Their brains have been mashed up and flushed out,
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ื”ืžื•ื— ืจื•ืกืง ื•ื”ื•ืฆื ื”ื—ื•ืฆื”,
03:28
their organs have been removed and salted like salami,
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ื”ืื™ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ื•ืกืจื• ื•ื”ื•ืžืœื—ื• ื›ืžื• ื ืงื ื™ืง ืกืœืžื™,
03:32
and about half of their remaining body mass has been drained away.
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ื•ื›ื—ืฆื™ ืžืžืกืช ื”ื’ื•ืฃ ื”ื ื•ืชืจืช ื ื•ืงื–ื” ื”ื—ื•ืฆื”.
03:37
Still, what remains is amazingly well-preserved.
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ื•ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ, ืžื” ืฉื ืฉืืจ ืฉื•ืžืจ ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ืžื“ื”ื™ืžื”.
03:41
Even after thousands of years,
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ืืคื™ืœื• ืœืื—ืจ ืืœืคื™ ืฉื ื™ื,
03:43
scientists can perform autopsies on mummies
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ืžื“ืขื ื™ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื‘ืฆืข ื ืชื™ื—ื•ืช ื‘ืžื•ืžื™ื•ืช
03:46
to determine their causes of death,
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ืขืœ ืžื ืช ืœืงื‘ื•ืข ืืช ืกื™ื‘ืช ื”ืžื•ื•ืช,
03:48
and possibly even isolate DNA samples.
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ื•ืืคื™ืœื• ืœื‘ื•ื“ื“ ื“ื’ื™ืžื•ืช DNA.
03:52
This has given us new information.
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ื›ืœ ื–ื” ืกื™ืคืง ืœื ื• ืžื™ื“ืข ื—ื“ืฉ.
03:55
For example, it seems that air pollution was a serious problem in ancient Egypt,
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ืœืžืฉืœ, ื ืจืื” ืฉื–ื™ื”ื•ื ืื•ื•ื™ืจ ื”ื™ื•ื•ื” ื‘ืขื™ื” ืจืฆื™ื ื™ืช ื‘ืžืฆืจื™ื ื”ืขืชื™ืงื”,
04:01
probably because of indoor fires used to bake bread.
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ื›ื›ืœ ื”ื ืจืื” ืขืงื‘ ื”ืืฉ ืฉื”ื‘ืขื™ืจื• ื‘ืชื•ืš ื”ื‘ืชื™ื ืขืœ ืžื ืช ืœืืคื•ืช ืœื—ื.
04:05
Cardiovascular disease was also common, as was tuberculosis.
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ื’ื ืžื—ืœื•ืช ืœื‘ ื•ื›ืœื™ ื“ื ื”ื™ื• ืฉื›ื™ื—ื•ืช ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ, ื›ืžื• ื’ื ืฉื—ืคืช.
04:11
So ancient Egyptians were somewhat successful at evading decay.
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ื›ืš ืฉื”ืžืฆืจื™ื ื”ืขืชื™ืงื™ื ื”ื™ื• ืžื•ืฆืœื—ื™ื ื—ืœืงื™ืช ื‘ื”ืชื—ืžืงื•ืช ืžื”ืจืงื‘ื•ืŸ.
04:16
Still, like death, taxes are inevitable.
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ื•ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ, ื›ืžื• ื”ืžื•ื•ืช, ื’ื ืžื™ืกื™ื ื”ื™ื• ืžืฉื”ื• ืฉืœื ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื—ืžื•ืง ืžืžื ื•.
04:21
When some mummies were transported, they were taxed as salted fish.
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ื›ืืฉืจ ื—ืœืง ืžื”ืžื•ืžื™ื•ืช ื”ื™ื• ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื•ืช ืžืžืงื•ื ืœืžืงื•ื, ื”ื•ื˜ืœื• ืขืœื™ื”ืŸ ืžื™ืกื™ื ื›ืื™ืœื• ื”ื™ื• ื“ื’ื™ื ืžืœื•ื—ื™ื.

Original video on YouTube.com
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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