The most successful pirate of all time - Dian Murray

2,895,446 views ใƒป 2018-04-02

TED-Ed


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืชืจื’ื•ื: Ido Dekkers ืขืจื™ื›ื”: Shai Hakim
00:06
At the height of their power,
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ื‘ืฉื™ื ื›ื•ื—ื,
00:08
infamous Caribbean pirates like Blackbeard and Henry Morgan
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ื”ืคื™ืจืื˜ื™ื ื”ืงืจื™ื‘ื™ื™ื ื”ื™ื“ื•ืขื™ื ืœืฉืžืฆื” ื›ืžื• ืฉื—ื•ืจ ื”ื–ืงืŸ ื•ื”ื ืจื™ ืžื•ืจื’ืŸ
00:12
commanded as many as ten ships and several hundred men.
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ืคื™ืงื“ื• ืขืœ ืขื“ 10 ืกืคื™ื ื•ืช ื•ืžืกืคืจ ืžืื•ืช ืื ืฉื™ื.
00:16
But their stories pale next to the most successful pirate of all time.
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ื ืฉืœื”ื ืžื—ื•ื•ื™ืจื™ื ืœื™ื“ ื”ืคื™ืจืื˜ื™ืช ื”ื›ื™ ืžื•ืฆืœื—ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ื–ืžื ื™ื.
00:21
Madame Zheng commanded 1800 vessels,
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ืžื“ืื ื–ื”ื ื’ ืคื™ืงื“ื” ืขืœ 1800 ืกืคื™ื ื•ืช,
00:24
made enemies of several empires,
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ื”ืคื›ื” ืžืกืคืจ ืื™ืžืคืจื™ื•ืช ืœืื•ื™ื‘ื•ืช,
00:26
and still lived to old age.
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ื•ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื—ื™ื™ื” ืขื“ ื’ื™ืœ ืžื‘ื•ื’ืจ.
00:29
Madame Zheng began her life as a commoner
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ืžื“ืื ื–ื”ื ื’ ื”ืชื—ื™ืœื” ืืช ื—ื™ื™ื” ื›ืคืฉื•ื˜ืช ืขื
00:31
working on one of the many floating brothels, or flower boats,
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ืขื‘ื“ื” ืขืœ ืื—ื“ ืžื”ืจื‘ื” ื‘ืชื™ ื”ื‘ื•ืฉืช ื”ืฆืคื™ื, ืื• ืกืคื™ื ื•ืช ืคืจื—,
00:35
in the port city of Guangzhou.
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ื‘ืขื™ืจ ื”ื ืžืœ ื’ื•ืื ื–ื•.
00:37
By 1801, she had attracted the attention
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ืขื“ 1801, ื”ื™ื ืžืฉื›ื” ืืช ืชืฉื•ืžืช ื”ืœื‘
00:41
of a local pirate captain named Zheng Yi, and the two soon married.
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ืฉืœ ืงืคื˜ืŸ ืคื™ืจืื˜ื™ื ืžืงื•ืžื™ ื‘ืฉื ื–ื”ื ื’ ื™ื™, ื•ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื ื ื™ืฉืื• ื‘ืžื”ืจื”.
00:46
Guangzhouโ€™s fishermen had long engaged in small-scale piracy
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ื”ื“ื™ื™ื’ื™ื ืฉืœ ื’ื•ืื ื–ื”ื• ืขืกืงื• ื–ืžืŸ ืจื‘ ื‘ืคื™ืจื˜ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืงื ื” ืžื™ื“ื” ืงื˜ืŸ
00:49
to supplement their meager incomes in the offseason.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื•ืกื™ืฃ ืœื”ื›ื ืกื” ื”ืขืœื•ื‘ื” ืฉืœื”ื ืžื—ื•ืฅ ืœืขื•ื ืช ื”ื“ื™ื™ื’.
00:52
But a successful peasant uprising in neighboring Vietnam
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ืชืงื•ืžืžื•ืช ืื™ื›ืจื™ื ืžื•ืฆืœื—ืช ื‘ื•ื™ืื˜ื ื ื”ืฉื›ื ื”
00:55
at the end of the 18th century had raised the stakes.
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ื‘ืกื•ืฃ ื”ืžืื” ื” 18 ื”ืขืœืชื” ืืช ื”ืกื™ื›ื•ื ื™ื.
00:59
The victorious Tรขy Sฦกn rebels had unified their country
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ืžื•ืจื“ื™ ื” ื˜ืื™ ืกื•ืŸ ื”ืžื ืฆื—ื™ื ืื™ื—ื“ื• ืืช ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื” ืฉืœื”ื
01:02
only to face a Chinese invasion
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ืจืง ื›ื“ื™ ืœืขืžื•ื“ ื‘ืคื ื™ ืคืœื™ืฉื” ืกื™ื ื™ืช
01:04
and ongoing maritime battles with the Vietnamese rulers they had overthrown.
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ื•ืงืจื‘ื•ืช ื™ืžื™ื™ื ืžืชืžืฉื›ื™ื ืขื ื”ืฉืœื™ื˜ื™ื ื”ื•ื™ืื˜ื ืžื™ื ืื•ืชื ื”ื“ื™ื—ื•.
01:09
So they commissioned Guangzhouโ€™s pirates to raid the coast
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ืื– ื”ื ืฉื›ืจื• ืืช ื”ืคื™ืจืื˜ื™ื ืžื’ื•ืื ื’ื–ื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœืคืฉื•ื˜ ืขืœ ื”ื—ื•ืฃ
01:12
and join the fight against their enemies.
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ื•ืœื”ืฆื˜ืจืฃ ืœืžืœื—ืžื” ื ื’ื“ ืื•ื™ื™ื‘ื”ื.
01:15
Serving their Vietnamese patrons turned the Zhengs and other pirates
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ืฉืจื•ืช ื”ืคื˜ืจื•ื ื™ื ื”ื•ื™ืื˜ื ืžื™ื ื”ืคืš ืืช ื–ื”ื ื’ ื•ืคื™ืจืื˜ื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื
01:18
from ragtag gangs aboard single vessels
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ืžื›ื ื•ืคื™ื•ืช ืขืœ ืกืคื™ื ื•ืช ื‘ื•ื“ื“ื•ืช
01:21
into professional privateer fleets
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ืœืฆื™ื™ื ืคืจื˜ื™ื™ื
01:23
with dozens of ships able to hold their own at sea.
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ืขื ืขืฉืจื•ืช ืกืคื™ื ื•ืช ืฉืžืกื•ื’ืœื•ืช ืœืฉืžื•ืจ ืขืœ ืขืฆืžืŸ ื‘ื™ื.
01:26
In 1802, the Tรขy Sฦกn were overthrown
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ื‘ 1802, ื”ื˜ืื™ ืกื•ืŸ ื”ื•ื“ื—ื•
01:29
and the pirates lost their safe harbor in Vietnam.
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ื•ื”ืคื™ืจืื˜ื™ื ืื™ื‘ื“ื• ืืช ื”ื ืžืœ ื”ื‘ื˜ื•ื— ืฉืœื”ื ื‘ื•ื™ืื˜ื ื.
01:32
But instead of scattering,
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ืื‘ืœ ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืœื”ืชืคื–ืจ,
01:34
the Zhengs met the crisis by uniting the rival Cantonese pirate groups
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ื”ื–ืื ื’ื™ื ื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ื• ืขื ื”ืžืฉื‘ืจ ื‘ืื™ื—ื•ื“ ืงื‘ื•ืฆื•ืช ื”ืคื™ืจืื˜ื™ื ื”ืงื ื˜ื•ื ื–ื™ื•ืช
01:38
into a formidable alliance.
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ืœืื™ื—ื•ื“ ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™.
01:40
At its height, the confederation included 70,000 sailors
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ื•ื‘ืฉื™ืื•, ื”ืื™ื—ื•ื“ ื›ืœืœ 70,000 ืžืœื—ื™ื
01:44
with 800 large junks
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ืขื 800 ืกืคื™ื ื•ืช ื’ื“ื•ืœื•ืช
01:46
and nearly 1,000 smaller vessels.
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ื•ื›ืžืขื˜ 1000 ื›ืœื™ ืฉื™ื˜ ืงื˜ื ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ.
01:48
Those were organized into six fleets marked by different colored flags.
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ืืœื” ื”ื™ื• ืžืื•ืจื’ื ื™ื ืœืฉื™ืฉื” ืฆื™ื™ื ืฉืกื•ืžื ื• ื‘ื“ื’ืœื™ื ื‘ืฆื‘ืขื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื.
01:53
The Zhengs were unlike many other historically-known privateers,
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ื”ื–ื”ื ื’ื™ื ืœื ื“ืžื• ืœื”ืจื‘ื” ืคื™ืจืื˜ื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื ื™ื“ื•ืขื™ื ื”ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ืช,
01:56
such as Henry Morgan or Barbarossa,
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ื›ืžื• ื”ื ืจื™ ืžื•ืจื’ืŸ ืื• ื‘ืจื‘ืจื•ืกื”,
01:58
who acted on behalf of various naval powers.
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ืฉืคืขืœื• ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ื™ืžื™ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื.
02:01
Instead, the Zhengs were now true outlaws,
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ื‘ืžืงื•ื, ื”ื–ื”ืื ื’ื™ื ื”ื™ื• ืคื•ืจืขื™ ื—ื•ืง ืืžื™ืชื™ื™ื,
02:04
operating without support or approval from any government.
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ื”ื ืคืขืœื• ื‘ืœื™ ืชืžื™ื›ื” ืื• ืื™ืฉื•ืจ ืžื›ืœ ืžืžืฉืœ.
02:08
Zheng Yi met an untimely end in 1807,
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ื–ื”ื ื’ ื™ื™ ืคื’ืฉ ืืช ืกื•ืคื• ื”ืžื•ืงื“ื ื‘ 1807,
02:11
but his widow didnโ€™t hesitate to secure their gains.
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ืืœืžื ื” ืฉืœื• ืœื ื”ื™ืกืกื” ืœืื‘ื˜ื— ืืช ื”ื”ืฉื’ื™ื ืฉืœื”ื.
02:14
Through skillful diplomacy,
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ื“ืจืš ื“ื™ืคืœื•ืžื˜ื™ื” ืžื•ื›ืฉืจืช,
02:16
Madame Zheng took charge of the confederation,
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ืžื“ืื ื–ื”ื ื’ ื”ืฉืชืœื˜ื” ืขืœ ื”ืงื•ื ืคื“ืจืฆื™ื”,
02:18
convincing the captains that their best interests lay in continued collaboration.
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ืฉื™ื›ื ืขื” ืืช ื”ืงืคื˜ื ื™ื ืฉื”ืžืฉืš ื”ืชืžื™ื›ื” ื‘ื” ื”ื™ื ืœื˜ื•ื‘ืชื.
02:22
Meanwhile, she appointed Zhang Bao, the young protege of her late husband,
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ื‘ื™ื ืชื™ื™ื, ื”ื™ื ืžื™ื ืชื” ืืช ื–ื”ื ื’ ื‘ืื•, ื‘ืŸ ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ื—ื™ื ืฉืœ ื‘ืขืœื” ื”ืžื ื•ื—,
02:27
as the commander of her most powerful squadron, the Red Flag Fleet.
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ื›ืžืคืงื“ ื”ืžื—ืœืงื” ื”ื›ื™ ื—ื–ืงื” ืฉืœื”, ืฆื™ ื”ื“ื’ืœ ื”ืื“ื•ื.
02:31
Zhang became not only her right-hand man, but her lover and, soon, her new husband.
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ื–ื”ื ื’ ื”ืคืš ืœื ืจืง ืœื™ื“ ื™ืžื™ื ื”, ืืœื ื’ื ืœืื”ื•ื‘ื”, ื•ื‘ืžื”ืจื”, ืœื‘ืขืœื”.
02:36
Madame Zheng consolidated her power through strict military discipline
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ืžื“ืื ื–ื”ื ื’ ืื™ื—ื“ื” ืืช ื›ื•ื—ื” ื“ืจืš ืžืฉืžืขืช ืฆื‘ืื™ืช ืงืฉื•ื—ื”
02:40
combined with a surprisingly progressive code of laws.
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ืžืฉื•ืœื‘ืช ืขื ืงื•ื“ ื—ื•ืงื™ื ืžืชืงื“ื ื‘ืžืคืชื™ืข.
02:43
Female captives were theoretically protected from sexual assault,
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ืฉื‘ื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ื™ื• ืžื•ื’ื ื•ืช ืชืื•ืจื˜ื™ืช ืžืชืงื™ืคื” ืžื™ื ื™ืช,
02:46
and while pirates could take them as wives,
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ื•ื‘ืขื•ื“ ื”ืคื™ืจืื˜ื™ื ื™ื›ืœื• ืœืงื—ืช ืื•ืชืŸ ื›ื ืฉื™ื,
02:49
mistreatment or infidelity towards them was punishable by death.
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ื”ืขื•ื ืฉ ืขืœ ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ืช ืœื ื ืื•ืชื” ื›ืœืคื™ื”ืŸ ื”ื™ื” ืžื•ื•ืช.
02:53
Under Madame Zhengโ€™s leadership,
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ืชื—ืช ื”ื”ื ื”ื’ื” ืฉืœ ืžื“ืื ื–ื”ื ื’,
02:54
the pirates greatly increased their power,
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ื”ืคื™ืจืื˜ื™ื ื”ื’ื“ื™ืœื• ืืช ื›ื•ื—ื ืžืื•ื“,
02:56
with 200 cannons and 1300 guns in the Red Flag Fleet alone.
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ืขื 200 ืชื•ืชื—ื™ื ื• 1300 ืจื•ื‘ื™ื ืจืง ื‘ืฆื™ ื”ื“ื’ืœ ื”ืื“ื•ื.
03:01
Within a few years, they destroyed 63 of Guangdong Provinceโ€™s 135 military vessels,
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ืชื•ืš ื›ืžื” ืฉื ื™ื, ื”ื ื”ืฉืžื™ื“ื• 63 ืžืชื•ืš 135 ื›ืœื™ ื”ืฉื™ื™ื˜ ื”ืฆื‘ืื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ืžื—ื•ื– ื’ื•ืื ื’ื“ื•ื ื’,
03:07
forcing their commanders to hire more than 30 private junks.
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ืžื” ืฉื”ื›ืจื™ื— ืžืคืงื“ื™ื ืœืฉื›ื•ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืž 30 ืกืคื™ื ื•ืช ืคืจื˜ื™ื•ืช.
03:11
Madame Zheng was so feared that Chinese commanders charged with apprehending her
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ื›ืœ ื›ืš ืคื—ื“ื• ืžืžื“ืื ื–ื”ื ื’ ืฉื”ืžืคืงื“ื™ื ื”ืกื™ื ื™ื ืฉื”ื™ื• ืžืžื•ื ื™ื ืขืœ ืœื›ื™ื“ืชื”
03:15
spent most of their time ashore,
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ื‘ื™ืœื• ืืช ืจื•ื‘ ื–ืžื ื ืขืœ ื”ื—ื•ืฃ,
03:17
sometimes sabotaging their own vessels to avoid battle at sea.
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ืœืคืขืžื™ื ื—ื™ื‘ืœื• ื‘ืกืคื™ื ื•ืช ืฉืœื”ื ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืžื ืข ืžืงืจื‘ ื‘ื™ื.
03:21
With little to stop them,
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ืขื ืžืขื˜ ืžืื•ื“ ืœืขืฆื•ืจ ืื•ืชื,
03:22
the pirates were able to mount successful โ€”and often brutalโ€”
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ื”ืคื™ืจืื˜ื™ื ื”ื™ื• ืžืกื•ื’ืœื™ื ืœื‘ืฆืข ืคืฉื™ื˜ื•ืช ืžื•ืฆืœื—ื•ืช --
03:25
raids on garrisons, villages, and markets throughout the coast.
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ื•ื”ืจื‘ื” ืคืขืžื™ื ืื›ื–ืจื™ื•ืช -- ืขืœ ื—ื™ืœื•ืช ืžืฆื‘, ื›ืคืจื™ื, ื•ืฉื•ื•ืงื™ื ืœืื•ืจืš ื”ื—ื•ืฃ.
03:29
Using her administrative talents,
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ื‘ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ื›ื™ืฉื•ืจื™ื ื”ื ื™ื”ื•ืœื™ื™ื ืฉืœื”,
03:31
Madame Zheng established financial offices in cities and villages,
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ืžื“ืื ื–ื”ื ื’ ื”ืงื™ืžื” ืžืฉืจื“ื™ื ืคื™ื ื ืกื™ื™ื ื‘ืขืจื™ื ื•ื›ืคืจื™ื,
03:34
allowing her pirates to extract regular protection payments on land and sea alike.
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ืžื” ืฉืื™ืคืฉืจ ืœืคื™ืจืื˜ื™ื ืฉืœื” ืœืงื‘ืœ ื“ืžื™ ื—ืกื•ืช ืฉื•ื˜ืคื™ื ื’ื ืขืœ ื”ืื“ืžื” ื•ื’ื ื‘ื™ื.
03:39
This effectively created a state within a state
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ื–ื” ื™ืฆื ืืคืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ืช ืžื“ื™ื ื” ื‘ืชื•ืš ืžื“ื™ื ื”
03:41
whose influence reached far beyond the South China Sea.
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ืฉื”ื”ืฉืคืขื” ืฉืœื” ื”ื’ื™ืขื” ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžืขื‘ืจ ืœื™ื ื”ืกื™ื ื™ ื”ื“ืจื•ืžื™.
03:44
At the peak of her power,
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ื‘ืฉื™ื ื›ื•ื—ื”,
03:46
Madame Zhengโ€™s confederation drove five American schooners
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ื”ืงื•ื ืคื“ืจืฆื™ื” ืฉืœ ืžื“ืื ื–ื”ื ื’ ื”ื‘ืจื™ื—ื” ื—ืžืฉ ืžืคืจืฉื™ื•ืช ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ื•ืช
03:49
to safe harbor near Macao,
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ืœื ืžืœ ื‘ื˜ื•ื— ื‘ืžืงืื•,
03:51
captured a Portuguese brig,
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ืœื›ื“ื• ืกืคื™ื ื” ื“ื• ืชืจื ื™ืช ืคื•ืจื˜ื•ื’ื–ื™ืช,
03:52
and blockaded a tribute mission from Thailand
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ื•ื—ืกืžื• ืžืฉื™ืžื” ืžืชืื™ืœื ื“
03:54
โ€”all in a single day.
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-- ื”ื›ืœ ื‘ื™ื•ื ืื—ื“.
03:56
But perhaps Madame Zhengโ€™s greatest success lay in knowing when to quit.
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ืื‘ืœ ืื•ืœื™ ื”ื”ืฆืœื—ื” ื”ื›ื™ ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ืฉืœ ืžื“ืื ื–ื”ื ื’ ื”ื™ืชื” ื‘ืœื“ืขืช ืžืชื™ ืœืคืจื•ืฉ.
04:00
By 1810, increasing tension between the Red and Black Flag Fleets
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ืขื“ 1810, ืžืชื— ืžืชื’ื‘ืจ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืฆื™ื™ื ื”ืื“ื•ืžื™ื ื•ื”ืฉื—ื•ืจื™ื
04:05
weakened the confederation from within
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ื”ื—ืœื™ืฉื• ืืช ื”ืงื•ื ืคื“ืจืฆื™ื” ืžื‘ืคื ื™ื
04:07
and rendered it more vulnerable to attack from without.
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ื•ื”ืคืš ืื•ืชื• ืœื™ื•ืชืจ ืคื’ื™ืข ืœืชืงื™ืคื” ืžื‘ื—ื•ืฅ.
04:10
So, when the Chinese government, desperate to stop the raids,
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ืื–, ื›ืฉื”ืžืžืฉืœ ื”ืกื™ื ื™, ื ื•ืืฉ ืœืขืฆื•ืจ ืืช ื”ืคืฉื™ื˜ื•ืช,
04:13
offered amnesty in exchange for the piratesโ€™ surrender,
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ื”ืฆื™ืข ื—ื ื™ื ื” ื‘ืชืžื•ืจื” ืœื›ื ื™ืขื” ืฉืœ ื”ืคื™ืจืื˜ื™ื,
04:16
Madame Zheng and Zhang Bao agreed, but only on their own terms.
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ืžื“ืื ื–ื”ื ื’ ื•ื–ื”ื ื’ ื‘ืื• ื”ืกื›ื™ืžื•, ืื‘ืœ ืจืง ืœืคื™ ืชื ืื™ื”ื.
04:20
Their confederation was successfully and peacefully dismantled in April 1810,
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ื”ืงื•ื ืคื“ืจืฆื™ื” ืฉืœื”ื ืคื•ืจืงื” ื‘ื”ืฆืœื—ื” ื•ื‘ืฉืœื•ื ื‘ืืคืจื™ืœ 1810,
04:25
while Zhang Bao was allowed to retain 120 junks for personal use
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ื‘ืขื•ื“ ื–ื”ื ื’ ื‘ืื• ื”ื•ืจืฉื” ืœืฉืžื•ืจ 120 ืกืคื™ื ื•ืช ืœืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ืื™ืฉื™
04:29
and became an officer in the Chinese navy.
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ื•ื”ืคืš ืœืงืฆื™ืŸ ื‘ืฆื™ ื”ืกื™ื ื™.
04:32
Now fighting pirates himself,
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ื ืœื—ื ื‘ืคื™ืจืื˜ื™ื ื‘ืขืฆืžื•,
04:33
Zhang Bao quickly rose through the ranks of military command,
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ื–ื”ื ื’ ื‘ืื• ืขืœื” ื‘ืžื”ืจื” ื‘ื“ืจื’ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืคื™ืงื•ื“ ื”ืฆื‘ืื™,
04:36
and Madame Zheng enjoyed all the privileges of her husbandโ€™s status.
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ื•ืžื“ืื ื–ื”ื ื’ ื ื”ื ืชื” ืžื›ืœ ื”ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืžืขืžื“ ื‘ืขืœื”.
04:40
After Zhang Bao died in 1822,
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ืื—ืจื™ ืฉื–ื”ื ื’ ื‘ืื• ืžืช ื‘ 1822,
04:42
Madame Zheng returned with their eleven-year-old son to Guangzhou,
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ืžื“ืื ื–ื”ื ื’ ื—ื–ืจื” ืขื ื‘ื ื ื‘ืŸ ื”ืื—ืช ืขืฉืจื” ืœื’ื•ืื ื–ื•,
04:46
where she opened a gambling house and quietly lived off the proceeds.
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ืฉื ื”ื™ื ืคืชื—ื” ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื™ืžื•ืจื™ื ื•ื‘ืฉืงื˜ ื—ื™ื™ื” ืžื”ืจื•ื•ื—ื™ื.
04:49
She died at the age of 69โ€”an uncommonly peaceful end to a pirateโ€™s life.
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ื”ื™ื ืžืชื” ื‘ื’ื™ืœ 69 -- ืกื•ืฃ ืจื’ื•ืข ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืœื ืฉื’ืจืชื™ ื‘ื—ื™ื™ ืคื™ืจืื˜.
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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