Earth's mysterious red glow, explained - Zoe Pierrat

612,984 views ใƒป 2021-09-14

TED-Ed


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืชืจื’ื•ื: Ido Dekkers ืขืจื™ื›ื”: zeeva livshitz
00:06
In 2009, a satellite circled Earth,
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ื‘ 2009, ืœื•ื•ื™ืŸ ื”ืงื™ืฃ ืืช ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ,
00:09
methodically scanning and sorting the wavelengths
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ื•ืกืจืง ื•ืžื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืฉื™ื˜ืชื™ื•ืช ืืช ืื•ืจื›ื™ ื”ื’ืœ
00:12
reflecting off the planetโ€™s surface.
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ืฉื”ืฉืชืงืคื• ืžืคื ื™ ื›ื“ื•ืจ ืืจืฅ.
00:14
Researchers were looking for the spectral signature of carbon dioxide
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ื—ื•ืงืจื™ื ื—ื™ืคืฉื• ื—ื•ืชืžื•ืช ืกืคืงื˜ืจืœื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืคื—ืžืŸ ื“ื• ื—ืžืฆื ื™
00:17
when they noticed something baffling:
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ื›ืฉื”ื‘ื—ื™ื ื• ื‘ืžืฉื”ื• ืžื•ื–ืจ:
00:19
an unexpected wavelength of unknown origin.
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ืื•ืจืš ื’ืœ ืœื ืฆืคื•ื™ ืžืžืงื•ืจ ืœื ื™ื“ื•ืข.
00:22
They tried looking at Earth with only this wavelength,
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ื”ื ื ื™ืกื• ืœื”ื‘ื™ื˜ ื‘ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ ืจืง ื‘ืื•ืจืš ื”ื’ืœ ื”ื–ื”,
00:25
and saw the planet covered in a red hue of varying intensity.
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ื•ืจืื• ืคืœื ื˜ื” ืžื›ื•ืกื” ื‘ื’ื•ื•ืŸ ืื“ื•ื ื‘ืขื•ืฆืžื•ืช ืžืฉืชื ื•ืช.
00:29
This couldnโ€™t have been reflected sunlight
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ื–ื” ืœื ื”ื™ื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืื•ืจ ืฉืžืฉ ืžื•ื—ื–ืจ
00:31
because it was a wavelength that never escapes the Sunโ€™s outer atmosphere.
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ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ืื•ืจืš ื’ืœ ืฉืœืขื•ืœื ืœื ื‘ื•ืจื— ืžืื˜ืžื•ืกืคื™ืจืช ื”ืฉืžืฉ.
00:35
And it didnโ€™t correspond with densely populated areas,
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ื•ื”ื•ื ืœื ื”ืชืื™ื ืœืื–ื•ืจื™ื ืžืื•ื›ืœืกื™ื ื‘ื“ื—ื™ืกื•ืช,
00:37
suggesting it wasnโ€™t human-made either.
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ืžื” ืฉื”ืฆื™ืข ืฉื”ื•ื ื’ื ืœื ื”ื™ื” ืžืขืฉื” ื™ื“ื™ ืื“ื.
00:40
In fact, it was emanating from places with lots of plants:
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ืœืžืขืฉื” ื”ื•ื ื ืคืœื˜ ืžืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ืขื ื”ืจื‘ื” ืฆืžื—ื™ื:
00:44
the Amazon basin, northern evergreen forests,
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ืื’ืŸ ื”ืืžื–ื•ื ืก, ื™ืขืจื•ืช ืขื“ ืฆืคื•ื ื™ื™ื,
00:47
and croplands of the Midwestern US were all ablaze.
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ื•ืื“ืžื•ืช ื’ื™ื“ื•ืœื™ื ื—ืงืœืื™ื™ื ื‘ืžืจื›ื– ืžืขืจื‘ ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช ื›ื•ืœื ื‘ื”ืงื•.
00:51
So, what was going on?
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ืื– ืžื” ืงืจื” ืฉื?
00:53
Plants and other organisms use light to grow by way of photosynthesis.
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ืฆืžื—ื™ื ื•ืื•ืจื’ื ื™ื–ืžื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ื‘ืื•ืจ ื›ื“ื™ ืœื’ื“ื•ืœ ื‘ื“ืจืš ืฉืœ ืคื•ื˜ื•ืกื™ื ื˜ื–ื”.
00:58
But thatโ€™s just one of three ways that light
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ืื‘ืœ ื–ื• ืจืง ืื—ืช ืžืฉืœื•ืฉ ื“ืจื›ื™ื ืฉืื•ืจ
01:00
entering a photosynthetic organism is used.
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ืฉื ื›ื ืก ืœืื•ืจื’ื ื™ื–ื ื‘ืžื‘ืฆืข ืคื•ื˜ื•ืกื™ื ื˜ื–ื” ื ืžืฆื ื‘ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ.
01:03
And this is the key to solving the mystery.
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ื•ื–ื” ื”ืžืคืชื— ืœืคืชืจื•ืŸ ื”ืชืขืœื•ืžื”.
01:06
To understand the others, we need to begin with photosynthesis.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืืช ื”ืื—ืจื™ื, ืื ื—ื ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื”ืชื—ื™ืœ ืขื ืคื•ื˜ื•ืกื™ื ื˜ื–ื”.
01:09
During this process,
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ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ืชื”ืœื™ืš,
01:11
sunlight hits structures within a plantโ€™s cells called chloroplasts,
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ืื•ืจ ืฉืžืฉ ืคื•ื’ืข ื‘ืžื‘ื ื™ื ื‘ืชื•ืš ื”ืชืื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืฆืžื—ื™ื ืฉื ืงืจืื™ื ื›ืœื•ืจื•ืคืœืกื˜ื™ื,
01:15
which are packed with chlorophyll pigments.
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ืฉืืจื•ื–ื™ื ืขื ืคื™ื’ืžื ื˜ื™ื ืฉืœ ื›ืœื•ืจื•ืคื™ืœ.
01:17
When chlorophyll molecules absorb light, some of their electrons become excited.
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ื›ืฉืžื•ืœืงื•ืœื•ืช ื”ื›ืœื•ืจื•ืคื™ืœ ืกื•ืคื’ื•ืช ืื•ืจ, ื›ืžื” ืžื”ืืœืงื˜ืจื•ื ื™ื ืฉืœื”ืŸ ืขื•ืœื™ื ืจืžื”.
01:21
They go through a series of reactions,
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ื”ื ืขื•ื‘ืจื™ื ืกื“ืจื” ืฉืœ ืชื’ื•ื‘ื•ืช,
01:23
which transform light energy into chemical energy.
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ืฉื”ื•ืคื›ื™ื ืื ืจื’ื™ื™ืช ืื•ืจ ืœืื ืจื’ื™ื” ื›ื™ืžื™ืช.
01:27
This powers the conversion of carbon dioxide and water into glucose,
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ื–ื” ืžืชื“ืœืง ืืช ื”ืคื™ื›ืช ื”ืคื—ืžืŸ ื”ื“ื• ื—ืžืฆื ื™ ื•ื”ืžื™ื ืœื’ืœื•ืงื•ื–,
01:31
the simple sugar plants need to grow.
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ื”ืกื•ื›ืจ ื”ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืฉื”ืฆืžื—ื™ื ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ื›ื“ื™ ืœื’ื“ื•ืœ.
01:33
And of course, this reaction generates an important byproduct.
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ื•ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ, ื”ืชื’ื•ื‘ื” ื”ื–ื• ืžื™ื™ืฆืจืช ืชื•ืฆืจ ืœื•ื•ืื™ ื—ืฉื•ื‘.
01:37
Photosynthesisโ€”
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ืคื•ื˜ื•ืกื™ื ื˜ื–ื” --
01:38
which is constantly being carried out by plants, algae, and bacteriaโ€”
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ืฉื›ืœ ื”ื–ืžืŸ ืžืชืจื—ืฉืช ื‘ืฆืžื—ื™ื, ืืฆื•ืช, ื•ื‘ืงื˜ืจื™ื•ืช --
01:42
produces all of Earthโ€™s oxygen.
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ืžื™ื™ืฆืจื™ื ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ื—ืžืฆืŸ ื‘ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ.
01:46
But plants regularly absorb more light than theyโ€™re able to consume.
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ืื‘ืœ ืฆืžื—ื™ื ืกื•ืคื’ื™ื ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืฉื•ื˜ืฃ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืื•ืจ ืžืฉื”ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืฆืจื•ืš.
01:49
For instance, over winter,
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ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื”, ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ื—ื•ืจืฃ,
01:51
the frozen leaves of evergreen trees can't photosynthesize at their usual rate,
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ื”ืขืœื™ื ื”ืงืคื•ืื™ื ืฉืœ ืขืฆื™ื ื™ืจื•ืงื™ ืขื“ ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืคื•ื˜ื•ืกื™ื ื˜ื–ื” ื‘ืงืฆื‘ ื”ืจื’ื™ืœ ืฉืœื”ื.
01:56
but they're still exposed to a lot of sunlight.
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื—ืฉื•ืคื™ื ืœื”ืจื‘ื” ืื•ืจ ืฉืžืฉ.
01:58
If not dealt with, the excess light can damage their photosynthetic machinery.
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ืื ื”ื ืœื ื™ื˜ืคืœื• ื‘ื•, ื”ืื•ืจ ื”ืขื•ื“ืฃ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืคื’ื•ื ื‘ืžื ื’ื ื•ืŸ ื”ืคื•ื˜ื•ืกื™ื ื˜ื–ื” ืฉืœื”ื.
02:03
So, the second way plants use light is by transforming it into heat
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ืื–, ื”ื“ืจืš ื”ืฉื ื™ื” ื‘ื” ืฆืžื—ื™ื ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ื‘ืื•ืจ ื”ื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืคื™ื›ืชื• ืœื—ื•ื
02:07
and dissipating it out of their leaves.
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ื•ืคืœื™ื˜ื•ืช ืžื”ืขืœื™ื ืฉืœื”ื.
02:10
The third way plants interact with incoming light
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ื”ื“ืจืš ื”ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ืช ื‘ื” ืฆืžื—ื™ื ืžื˜ืคืœื™ื ื‘ืื•ืจ ื ื›ื ืก
02:12
is by radiating it back out at a different wavelength,
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ื”ื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืงืจื™ื ืชื• ื‘ื—ื–ืจื” ื”ื—ื•ืฆื” ื‘ืื•ืจืš ื’ืœ ืฉื•ื ื”,
02:16
producing whatโ€™s called chlorophyll fluorescence.
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ืžื” ืฉืžื™ื™ืฆืจ ืืช ืžื” ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืงื•ืจืื™ื ืœื• ื–ื•ื”ืจ ื›ืœื•ืจื•ืคื™ืœ.
02:19
During photosynthesis, the chlorophyllโ€™s excited electrons
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ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ืคื•ื˜ื•ืกื™ื ื˜ื–ื”, ื”ืืœืงื˜ืจื•ื ื™ื ื”ืžืจื•ื’ืฉื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ื›ืœื•ืจื•ืคื™ืœ
02:22
move through that series of chemical reactions.
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ื ืขื™ื ื“ืจืš ืกื“ืจื” ืฉืœ ืชื’ื•ื‘ื•ืช ื›ื™ืžื™ื•ืช.
02:26
But as some of the excited electrons fall back to their ground states,
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ืื‘ืœ ื›ืฉื›ืžื” ืžื”ืืงืœื˜ืจื•ื ื™ื ื”ืžืจื•ื’ืฉื™ื ื ื•ืคืœื™ื ื—ื–ืจื” ืœืจืžื•ืช ื”ื‘ืกื™ืก ืฉืœื”ื,
02:30
they emit energy as light.
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ื”ื ืคื•ืœื˜ื™ื ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ื›ืื•ืจ.
02:32
Overall, about 1% of the light absorbed is re-emitted
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ื‘ืกืš ื”ื›ืœ, ื‘ืขืจืš 1% ืžื”ืื•ืจ ืฉื ืกืคื’ ื ืคืœื˜ ื—ื–ืจื”
02:36
as wavelengths at the red end of the spectrum.
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ื›ืื•ืจื›ื™ ื’ืœ ื‘ืฆื“ ื”ืื“ื•ื ืฉืœ ื”ืกืคืงื˜ืจื•ื.
02:40
Itโ€™s such a small amount that you canโ€™t see it with the naked eye.
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ื–ื• ื›ืžื•ืช ืงื˜ื ื” ื›ืœ ื›ืš ืฉืืชื ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืจืื•ืช ื‘ืขื™ืŸ ืจื’ื™ืœื”.
02:43
But plants the world over are fluorescing as they photosynthesize.
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ืื‘ืœ ืฆืžื—ื™ื ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ืขื•ืœื ืงื•ืจื ื™ื ื›ืฉื”ื ืขื•ืฉื™ื ืคื•ื˜ื•ืกื™ื ื˜ื–ื”.
02:48
And this is whatโ€™s caused the Earthโ€™s baffling red glow,
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ื•ื–ื” ืžื” ืฉื’ื•ืจื ืœื–ื•ื”ืจ ื”ืื“ื•ื ื”ืžื•ื–ืจ ืฉืœ ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ,
02:52
as observed by satellite.
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ื›ืžื• ืฉื ืฆืคื” ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืœื•ื•ื™ืŸ.
02:54
It was an accidental discovery, but a huge breakthrough.
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ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ื’ื™ืœื•ื™ ืžืงืจื™, ืื‘ืœ ืคืจื™ืฆืช ื“ืจืš ืขืฆื•ืžื”.
02:57
Tracking chlorophyll fluorescence from space
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ืžืขืงื‘ ืื—ืจื™ ื–ื•ื”ืจ ื›ืœื•ืจื•ืคื™ืœ ืžื”ื—ืœืœ
02:59
allows us to watch the planet breathe in real timeโ€”
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ืžืืคืฉืจ ืœื ื• ืœืฆืคื•ืช ื‘ืคืœื ื˜ื” ื ื•ืฉืžืช ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ืืžืช --
03:02
and monitor the health of ecosystems worldwide.
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ื•ืœื ื˜ืจ ืืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช ืฉืœ ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ืžื—ื™ื” ื‘ืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื.
03:06
Previously, researchers used levels of greenness
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ืงื•ื“ื ืœื›ืŸ, ื—ื•ืงืจื™ื ื”ืฉืชืžืฉื• ื‘ืจืžื•ืช ืฉืœ ื™ืจืงืจืงื•ืช
03:09
as the main estimate for plant health.
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ื›ืžื“ื“ ื”ืขื™ืงืจื™ ืœื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช ื”ืฆืžื—ื™ื.
03:11
Because plants generally change colors or lose foliage when theyโ€™re stressed,
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ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉืฆืžื—ื™ื ื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ ืžืฉื ื™ื ืฆื‘ืขื™ื ืื• ืžืื‘ื“ื™ื ืขืœื•ื•ื” ืื ื”ื ืชื—ืช ืœื—ืฅ,
03:15
higher levels of green typically indicate healthier plants.
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ืจืžื•ืช ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืœ ื™ืจื•ืง ืžืฉืžืขืŸ ืฆืžื—ื™ื ื‘ืจื™ืื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ.
03:19
But this measure can be unreliable.
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ืžื™ื“ื” ื”ื–ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืœื ืืžื™ื ื”.
03:21
In contrast, chlorophyll fluorescence is a direct measure
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ื‘ื ื™ื’ื•ื“, ื–ื•ื”ืจ ื›ืœื•ืจื•ืคื™ืœ ื”ื•ื ืžื™ื“ื” ื™ืฉื™ืจื”
03:25
of photosynthetic activity.
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ืœืคืขื™ืœื•ืช ืคื•ื˜ื•ืกื™ื ื˜ื–ื”.
03:27
It can help us infer how much oxygen is being released
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ื”ื•ื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืขื–ื•ืจ ืœื ื• ืœื”ืกื™ืง ื›ืžื” ื—ืžืฆืŸ ืžืฉื•ื—ืจืจ
03:30
and how much carbon is being absorbed in a given system.
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ื•ื›ืžื” ืคื—ืžืŸ ื ืกืคื’ ื‘ืžืขืจื›ืช ื ืชื•ื ื”.
03:34
Drops in chlorophyll fluorescence may also occur
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ื™ืจื™ื“ื•ืช ื‘ื–ื•ื”ืจ ื›ืœื•ืจื•ืคื™ืœ ื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช ืœื”ืชืจื—ืฉ ื’ื
03:36
before visible signs of plant stress, making it a timely measure.
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ืœืคื ื™ ืื•ืชื•ืช ื•ื™ื–ื•ืืœื™ื ืฉืœ ืœื—ืฅ ื‘ืฆืžื—ื™ื, ืžื” ืฉื”ื•ืคืš ืืช ื–ื” ืœืžื“ื™ื“ื” ืžืชื•ื–ืžื ืช.
03:41
Scientists have already used chlorophyll fluorescence to monitor
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ืžื“ืขื ื™ื ื”ืฉืชืžืฉื• ื›ื‘ืจ ื‘ื–ื•ื”ืจ ื›ืœื•ืจื•ืคื™ืœ ื›ื“ื™ ืœื ื˜ืจ
03:45
harmful phytoplankton blooms,
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ืคืจื™ื—ื•ืช ืคื™ื˜ื•ืคืœื ืงื˜ื•ืŸ ืžื–ื™ืงื•ืช,
03:47
and track the effects of drought in the Amazon and Great Plains.
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ื•ืœืขืงื•ื‘ ืื—ืจื™ ื”ื”ืฉืคืขื•ืช ืฉืœ ื‘ืฆื•ืจืช ื‘ืืžื–ื•ื ืก ื•ื‘ืขืจื‘ื•ืช ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื•ืช ื‘ืืจื”โ€œื‘.
03:50
Going forward, weโ€™ll be investigating photosynthesis from space,
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ื‘ื”ืžืฉืš, ื ื—ืงื•ืจ ืคื•ื˜ื•ืกื™ื ื˜ื–ื” ืžื”ื—ืœืœ,
03:54
and gauging how best to support our silent friends,
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ื•ื ืืžื•ื“ ืื™ืš ืœืชืžื•ืš ื”ื›ื™ ื˜ื•ื‘ ื‘ื—ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ื“ื•ืžืžื™ื ืฉืœื ื•,
03:57
who already do so much for us.
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ืฉื›ื‘ืจ ืขื•ืฉื™ื ืขื‘ื•ืจื ื• ื›ืœ ื›ืš ื”ืจื‘ื”.
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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