Why are there so many insects? - Murry Gans

3,737,694 views ใƒป 2016-03-01

TED-Ed


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืชืจื’ื•ื: Ido Dekkers ืขืจื™ื›ื”: Tal Dekkers
00:06
If insects suddenly morphed into large beings,
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ืื ื—ืจืงื™ื ื”ื™ื• ื”ื•ืคื›ื™ื ืคืชืื•ื ืœื™ืฆื•ืจื™ื ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื,
00:10
and decided to wage war on us,
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ื•ื”ื—ืœื™ื˜ื• ืœืคืชื•ื— ื‘ืžื—ืœืžื” ื ื’ื“ื ื•,
00:12
there's no doubt that humans would lose.
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ืื™ืŸ ืกืคืง ืฉื”ืื ืฉื™ื ื”ื™ื• ืžืคืกื™ื“ื™ื.
00:15
We'd simply be crushed by their sheer numbers.
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ืคืฉื•ื˜ ื”ื™ื ื• ืžื•ื‘ืกื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืžืกืคืจื™ื ืฉืœื”ื.
00:18
There are an estimated 10 quintillion individual insects on Earth.
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ืžื•ืขืจืš ืฉื™ืฉ 10 ืงื•ื•ื™ื ื˜ื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ื—ืจืงื™ื ืขืœ ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ.
00:23
That's a one followed by 19 zeroes.
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ื™ืฉ ืื—ื“ ื•ืื—ืจื™ื• 19 ืืคืกื™ื.
00:27
So, compared with our population of about 7 billion,
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ืื–, ื™ื—ืกื™ืช ืœืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื” ืฉืœื ื• ืฉืœ 7 ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“,
00:29
these invertebrates outnumber us by more than a billion to one.
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ื—ืกืจื™ ื”ื—ื•ืœื™ื•ืช ื”ืืœื• ืขื•ืœื™ื ืขืœื™ื ื• ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ ืœืื—ื“.
00:35
Their astounding numbers exist at the species level, as well.
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ื”ืžืกืคืจื™ื ื”ืžื“ื”ื™ืžื™ื ืฉืœื”ื ืงื™ื™ืžื™ื ื‘ืจืžืช ื”ืžื™ืŸ, ื’ื ื›ืŸ.
00:39
There are more than 60,000 vertebrate species on the planet.
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ื™ืฉ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืž 60,000 ืžื™ื ื™ ื‘ืขืœื™ ื—ื•ืœื™ื•ืช ืขืœ ื”ืคืœื ื˜ื”.
00:43
But the class of insects contains a million known species,
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ืื‘ืœ ืกื™ื•ื•ื’ ื”ื—ืจืงื™ื ืžื›ื™ืœ ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ืžื™ื ื™ื ื™ื“ื•ืขื™ื,
00:47
and many others that haven't been classified.
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ื•ื”ืจื‘ื” ืื—ืจื™ื ืฉืœื ืกื•ื•ื’ื•.
00:51
In fact, these critters make up approximately 75% of all animals on Earth.
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ืœืžืขืฉื”, ื”ื—ืจืงื™ื ื”ืืœื” ืžื”ื•ื•ื™ื ื‘ืขืจืš 75% ืžื”ื—ื™ื•ืช ืขืœ ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ.
00:58
So, what's their secret to success?
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ืื–, ืžื” ืกื•ื“ ื”ื”ืฆืœื—ื” ืฉืœื”ื?
01:01
Insect abundance comes down to many things
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ืžืงื•ืจ ื”ื ืคื™ืฆื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื—ืจืงื™ื ื‘ื ืžื”ืจื‘ื” ื“ื‘ืจื™ื
01:03
that together make them some of the most adaptable and resilient creatures,
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ืฉื™ื—ื“ ืขื•ืฉื™ื ืื•ืชื ืœืื—ื“ ื”ื™ืฆื•ืจื™ื ื”ื›ื™ ืžื•ืชืืžื™ื ื•ืขืžื™ื“ื™ื,
01:08
beginning with their impressive ability to breed.
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ื”ื—ืœ ืžื”ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ื”ืžืจืฉื™ืžื” ืฉืœื”ื ืœื”ืชืจื‘ื•ืช.
01:11
Many species can produce hundreds of offspring within their lifetimes.
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ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžื™ื ื™ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื™ื™ืฆืจ ืžืื•ืช ืฆืืฆืื™ื ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื—ื™ื™ื”ื.
01:15
Most offspring will die,
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ืจื•ื‘ ื”ืฆืืฆืื™ื ื™ืžื•ืชื•,
01:16
but more than enough will survive into adulthood to reproduce.
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ืื‘ืœ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืžืกืคื™ืง ื™ืฉืจื“ื• ืœื‘ื’ืจื•ืช ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืชืจื‘ื•ืช.
01:20
Offspring also mature very rapidly,
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ืฆืืฆืื™ื ื’ื ืžืชื‘ื’ืจื™ื ืžืื•ื“ ืžื”ืจ,
01:23
so the cycle of reproduction resumes quickly,
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ืื– ื”ืžื—ื–ื•ืจ ืฉืœ ื”ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ื—ื•ื–ืจ ื‘ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช,
01:26
and can occur over and over again in a short time.
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ื•ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ืชืจื—ืฉ ืฉื•ื‘ ื•ืฉื•ื‘ ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ืงืฆืจ.
01:30
These numbers mean that as a class,
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ื”ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืžืกืคืจื™ื ื”ืืœื” ื”ื™ื ืฉื›ืกื™ื•ื•ื’,
01:32
insects harbor a tremendous amount of genetic diversity.
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ื—ืจืงื™ื ืžื‘ื™ืื™ื ื›ืžื•ืช ืขืฆื•ืžื” ืฉืœ ื’ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ื’ื ื˜ื™.
01:36
The different species contain a wealth of genetic data
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ื”ืžื™ื ื™ื ื”ืฉื•ื ื™ื ืžื›ื™ืœื™ื ืขื•ืฉืจ ืฉืœ ืžื™ื“ืข ื’ื ื˜ื™
01:39
that give them the necessary adaptations they need to thrive
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ืฉื ื•ืชืŸ ืœื”ื ืืช ื”ื”ืชืืžื•ืช ื”ื ื—ื•ืฆื•ืช ืฉื”ื ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ื›ื“ื™ ืœืฉื’ืฉื’
01:43
in a range of environments across the planet.
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ื‘ืžื’ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื•ืช ื‘ืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืคืœื ื˜ื”.
01:46
Even some of the most extreme environments are in bounds;
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ืืคื™ืœื• ื›ืžื” ืžื”ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื•ืช ื”ื›ื™ ืงื™ืฆื•ื ื™ื•ืช ื ืžืฆืื•ืช ื‘ืชื—ื•ื;
01:49
Flat bark beetles can live at -40 degrees Fahrenheit,
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ื—ื™ืคื•ืฉื™ืช ื”ืงืœื™ืคื” ื”ืฉื˜ื•ื—ื” ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื—ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืžื™ื ื•ืก 40 ืžืขืœื•ืช.
01:54
Sahara Desert ants can venture out
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ื ืžืœื™ื ื‘ืžื“ื‘ืจ ืกื”ืจื” ื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช ืœืฆืืช
01:56
when surface temperatures exceed 155 degrees,
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ื›ืฉื˜ืžืคืจื˜ื•ืจืช ืคื ื™ ื”ืฉื˜ื— ืขื•ืœื” ืขืœ 66 ืžืขืœื•ืช,
02:00
and some bumblebees can survive 18,000 feet above sea level.
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ื•ื›ืžื” ืžื”ื“ื‘ื•ืจื™ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช ืœืฉืจื•ื“ ื‘ื’ื•ื‘ื” 6 ืงื™ืœื•ืžื˜ืจ.
02:06
Insect exoskeletons also work like body armor,
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ื”ืฉืœื“ ื”ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ ืฉืœ ื”ื—ืจืงื™ื ืขื•ื‘ื“ ื’ื ื›ืฉืจื™ื•ืŸ ื’ื•ืฃ,
02:09
protecting insects against the outside world
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ืฉืžื’ืŸ ืขืœ ื”ื—ืจืงื™ื ืžืคื ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™
02:12
and helping them cope with habitats that other creatures can't.
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ื•ืขื•ื–ืจ ืœื”ื ืœื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ ืขื ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื•ืช ืžื—ื™ื” ืฉื™ืฆื•ืจื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื.
02:16
Even their small size,
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ืืคื™ืœื• ื”ื’ื•ื“ืœ ื”ืงื˜ืŸ ืฉืœื”ื,
02:18
which we might see as a disadvantage,
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ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืจื•ืื™ื ื›ื—ื™ืกืจื•ืŸ,
02:20
is something they use to their benefit.
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ื”ื•ื ืžืฉื”ื• ื‘ื• ื”ื ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ืœืชื•ืขืœืชื.
02:22
Because most species are so tiny,
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ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉืจื•ื‘ ื”ืžื™ื ื™ื ื›ืœ ื›ืš ืงื˜ื ื™ื,
02:24
millions of insects can inhabit a small space
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ืžืœื™ื•ื ื™ ื—ืจืงื™ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืื›ืœืก ืžืงื•ื ืงื˜ืŸ
02:27
and make use of all the available resources within it.
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ื•ืœื”ืชืฉืžืฉ ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ืžืฉืื‘ื™ื ื”ื–ืžื™ื ื™ื ื‘ืชื•ื›ื•.
02:31
This means they can occupy hundreds of different niches across ecosystems.
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ื–ื” ืื•ืžืจ ืฉื”ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืื›ืœืก ืžืื•ืช ื ื™ืฉื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช ื‘ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื•ืช ื”ืžื—ื™ื”.
02:36
Some insects survive by eating the roots,
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ื›ืžื” ื—ืจืงื™ื ืฉื•ืจื“ื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืื›ื™ืœื•ืช ืฉื•ืจืฉื™ื,
02:38
stems,
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ื’ื‘ืขื•ืœื™ื,
02:39
leaves,
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ืขืœื™ื,
02:40
seeds,
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ื–ืจืขื™ื,
02:41
pollen,
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ืื‘ืงื ื™ื,
02:42
and nectar of specific plants.
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ื•ื ืงื˜ืจ ืฉืœ ืฆืžื—ื™ื ืžืกื•ื™ื™ืžื™ื.
02:44
Others, like wasps,
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ืื—ืจื™ื, ื›ืžื• ืฆืจืขื•ืช,
02:46
make use of live insects by paralyzing the victims
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ืžืฉืชืžืฉื•ืช ื‘ื—ืจืงื™ื ื—ื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืฉื™ืชื•ืง ื”ืงืจื‘ืŸ
02:50
and laying their eggs inside
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ื•ื”ื˜ืœืช ื‘ื™ืฆื”ืŸ ื‘ืชื•ื›ื
02:52
so that when the hatchlings emerge,
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ื›ืš ืฉื›ืฉื”ืฆืขื™ืจ ื‘ื•ืงืข,
02:54
they can eat their way out and get nourishment.
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ื”ื•ื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืื›ื•ืœ ืืช ื“ืจื›ื• ื”ื—ื•ืฆื” ื•ืœืงื‘ืœ ืืช ื”ืชื–ื•ื ื” ืฉืœื•.
02:57
Mosquitos and biting flies feed on blood,
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ื™ืชื•ืฉื™ื ื•ื–ื‘ื•ื‘ื™ื ื ื•ืฉื›ื™ื ื ื™ื–ื•ื ื™ื ืžื“ื,
03:00
taking advantage of this unusual resource to ensure their survival.
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ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ื‘ืžืฉืื‘ื™ื ื”ืœื ืจื’ื™ืœื™ื ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื‘ื˜ื™ื— ืืช ื”ื”ืฉืจื“ื•ืช ืฉืœื”ื.
03:05
And a whole bunch of other insects have built a niche around feces.
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ื•ืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ืฉืœืžื” ืฉืœ ื—ืจืงื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื ื‘ื ื• ื ื™ืฉื” ืกื‘ื™ื‘ ืฆื•ืื”.
03:08
Flies lay their eggs there,
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ื–ื‘ื•ื‘ื™ื ืžื˜ื™ืœื™ื ืืช ื‘ื™ืฆื”ื ืฉื,
03:10
and some beetles even build large balls out of animal dung,
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ื•ื›ืžื” ื—ื™ืคื•ืฉื™ื•ืช ืืคื™ืœื• ื‘ื•ื ื•ืช ื›ื“ื•ืจื™ื ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื ืžื’ืœืœื™ ื—ื™ื•ืช,
03:14
which they eat and use as accommodation for their eggs.
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ืฉื”ืŸ ืื•ื›ืœื•ืช ื•ืžืฉืชืžืฉื•ืช ื‘ื”ื ืœืžื’ื•ืจื™ื ืœื‘ื™ืฆื”ืŸ.
03:18
And then there's the insects' mighty power of metamorphosis.
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ื•ืื– ื™ืฉ ืืช ื”ื›ื•ื— ื”ืื“ื™ืจ ืฉืœ ื”ื—ืจืงื™ื ืฉืœ ืžื˜ืืžื•ืจืคื•ื–ื”.
03:21
This trait not only transforms insects,
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ื”ืชื›ื•ื ื” ื”ื–ื• ืœื ืจืง ืžืฉื ื” ื—ืจืงื™ื,
03:24
but also helps them maximize the available resources in an ecosystem.
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ืืœื ื’ื ืขื•ื–ืจืช ืœื”ื ืœืžืงืกื ืืช ื”ืžืฉืื‘ื™ื ื”ื–ืžื™ื ื™ื ื‘ืกื‘ื™ื‘ืช ื”ืžื—ื™ื”.
03:29
Take butterflies.
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ืงื—ื• ืคืจืคืจื™ื.
03:31
In their larval caterpillar form,
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ื‘ืฆื•ืจืช ื”ื–ื—ืœ ืฉืœื”ื,
03:32
they chomp hungrily through leaves at a rapid rate
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ื”ื ืœื•ืขืกื™ื ื‘ืจืขื‘ืชื ื•ืช ืขืœื™ื ื‘ืงืฆื‘ ื’ื‘ื•ื”
03:36
to help them grow and spin cocoons.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœืขื–ื•ืจ ืœื”ื ืœื’ื“ื•ืœ ื•ืœื˜ื•ื•ืช ืืช ื”ืคืงืขื•ืช ืฉืœื”ื.
03:38
But when they emerge as butterflies,
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ืื‘ืœ ื›ืฉื”ื ื‘ื•ืงืขื™ื ื›ืคืจืคืจื™ื,
03:40
these insects feed only on flower nectar.
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ื”ื—ืจืงื™ื ื”ืืœื• ื ื™ื–ื•ื ื™ื ืจืง ืžื ืงื˜ืจ ืคืจื—ื™ื.
03:43
Metamorphosis means the larvae and adults of one species
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ืžื˜ืžื•ืจืคื•ื–ื™ืก ืžืฉืžืขื• ืฉื”ื–ื—ืœื™ื ื•ื”ื‘ื•ื’ืจื™ื ืฉืœ ืžื™ืŸ ืื—ื“
03:47
will never compete for the same resource,
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ืœืขื•ืœื ืœื ื™ืชื—ืจื• ืขืœ ืื•ืชื ืžืฉืื‘ื™ื,
03:50
so they successfully share an ecological niche
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ืื– ื”ื ื—ื•ืœืงื™ื ื‘ื”ืฆืœื—ื” ื ื™ืฉื” ืืงื•ืœื•ื’ื™ืช
03:53
without limiting their own success.
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ื‘ืœื™ ืœื”ื’ื‘ื™ืœ ืืช ื”ื”ืฆืœื—ื” ืฉืœ ืขืฆืžื.
03:55
This process is so efficient
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ื”ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ื–ื” ื”ื•ื ื›ืœ ื›ืš ื™ืขื™ืœ
03:57
that an incredible 86% of insect species undergo complete metamorphosis.
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ืฉื›ืžื•ืช ืžื“ื”ื™ืžื” ืฉืœ 86% ืžืžื™ื ื™ ื”ื—ืจืงื™ื ืขื•ื‘ืจื™ื ืžื˜ืžื•ืจืคื•ื–ื” ืžื•ืฉืœืžืช.
04:03
We're big and they're small,
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ืื ื—ื ื• ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื ื•ื”ื ืงื˜ื ื™ื,
04:05
so it's easy to forget that these critters are moving in their millions
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ืื– ื–ื” ืงืœ ืœืฉื›ื•ื— ืฉื”ื™ืฆื•ืจื™ื ื”ืืœื” ื ืขื™ื ื‘ืžืœื™ื•ื ื™ื
04:09
all around us,
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ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื ื•,
04:11
all the time.
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ื›ืœ ื”ื–ืžืŸ.
04:12
But examine almost any patch of ground,
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ืื‘ืœ ื‘ื—ื ื• ื›ืžืขื˜ ื›ืœ ื—ืœืงืช ืื“ืžื”,
04:15
and you're sure to find them there.
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ื•ื‘ื˜ื•ื— ืฉืชืžืฆืื• ืื•ืชื ืฉื.
04:17
Their numbers are immense, and their success is unmatched.
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ื”ืžืกืคืจื™ื ืฉืœื”ื ืขืฆื•ืžื™ื, ื•ื”ื”ืฆืœื—ื” ืฉืœื”ื ืœื ื ื™ืชื ืช ืœื”ืฉื•ื•ืื”.
04:20
We may have to accept that it's insects,
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืื•ืœื™ ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœืงื‘ืœ ืืช ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื” ืฉื–ื” ื”ื—ืจืงื™ื,
04:23
not us,
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ืœื ืื ื—ื ื• ,
04:24
that are the true conquerors of the planet.
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ื”ื ื”ื›ื•ื‘ืฉื™ื ื”ืืžื™ืชื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืคืœื ื˜ื”.
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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