The dark history of the Chinese Exclusion Act - Robert Chang

1,108,267 views ใƒป 2021-07-01

TED-Ed


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืชืจื’ื•ื: Ido Dekkers ืขืจื™ื›ื”: Naama Lieberman
00:10
After 12 years living in California,
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ืื—ืจื™ 12 ืฉื ื™ื ืฉืœ ืžื’ื•ืจื™ื ื‘ืงืœื™ืคื•ืจื ื™ื”,
00:12
Chinese citizen Chae Chan Ping was ready for a visit home.
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ื”ืื–ืจื— ื”ืกื™ื ื™ ืฆโ€˜ื” ืฆโ€™ืืŸ ืคื™ื ื’ ื”ื™ื” ืžื•ื›ืŸ ืœื‘ืงืจ ืืช ื”ื‘ื™ืช.
00:17
He procured the necessary documents for his departure and return journey,
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ื”ื•ื ื”ืฉื™ื’ ืืช ื”ืžืกืžื›ื™ื ื”ื ื“ืจืฉื™ื ืœื™ืฆื™ืื” ืฉืœื• ื•ืœืžืกืข ื—ื–ืจื”,
00:21
and set sail for China,
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ื•ื”ืคืœื™ื’ ืœืกื™ืŸ,
00:22
where he spent the next year reconnecting with friends and family.
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ืฉื ื”ื•ื ื‘ื™ืœื” ืืช ื”ืฉื ื” ื”ื‘ืื” ื‘ื—ื™ื“ื•ืฉ ื”ืงืฉืจ ืขื ื—ื‘ืจื™ื ื•ืžืฉืคื—ื”.
00:27
But when he returned to San Francisco on October 8th, 1888,
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ืื‘ืœ ื›ืฉื”ื•ื ื—ื–ืจ ืœืกืŸ ืคืจื ืกื™ืกืงื• ื‘-8 ื‘ืื•ืงื˜ื•ื‘ืจ, 1888,
00:31
Ping and his fellow immigrant passengers were forbidden to disembark.
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ื ืืกืจ ืขืœ ืคื™ื ื’ ื•ืขืžื™ืชื™ื• ื”ื ื•ืกืขื™ื ื”ืžื”ื’ืจื™ื ืœืจื“ืช.
00:35
Just days earlier, President Grover Cleveland had signed the Scott Act,
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ืจืง ื™ืžื™ื ืœืคื ื™ ื›ืŸ, ื”ื ืฉื™ื ื’ืจื•ื‘ืจ ืงืœื™ื‘ืœื ื“ ื—ืชื ืขืœ ื—ื•ืง ืกืงื•ื˜,
00:41
which invalidated the legal documents allowing their re-entry
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ืฉื‘ื™ื˜ืœ ืžืกืžื›ื™ื ื—ื•ืงื™ื™ื ืฉืืคืฉืจื• ื›ื ื™ืกื” ืžื—ื“ืฉ
00:44
to the United States.
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ืœืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช.
00:46
This policy threatened to separate families
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ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืช ืื™ื™ืžื” ืœื”ืคืจื™ื“ ืžืฉืคื—ื•ืช
00:48
and deprive Chinese immigrants of their homes and livelihoods.
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ื•ืœืžื ื•ืข ืžืžื”ื’ืจื™ื ืกื™ื ื™ื ืืช ื‘ื™ืชื ื•ืคืจื ืกืชื.
00:53
Ping challenged the ruling,
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ืคื™ื ื’ ืืชื’ืจ ืืช ื”ื—ืงื™ืงื”,
00:54
beginning a legal battle for the rights of thousands of Chinese immigrants.
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ื•ื”ืชื—ื™ืœ ืงืจื‘ ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ ืœื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ืืœืคื™ ืžื”ื’ืจื™ื ืกื™ื ื™ื.
00:59
But his case inspired an even more controversial policy
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ืžืงืจื” ืฉืœื• ื ืชืŸ ื”ืฉืจืื” ืœืžื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืช ืืคื™ืœื• ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉื ื•ื™ื” ื‘ืžื—ืœื•ืงืช
01:03
that continues to impact immigrants around the globe.
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ืฉืžืžืฉื™ื›ื” ืœื”ืฉืคื™ืข ืขืœ ืžื”ื’ืจื™ื ืžืกื‘ื™ื‘ ืœืขื•ืœื.
01:07
Discrimination against Chinese immigrants had begun decades earlier,
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ืืคืœื™ื” ื ื’ื“ ืžื”ื’ืจื™ื ืกื™ื ื™ื ื”ืชื—ื™ืœื” ืขืฉื•ืจื™ื ืžื•ืงื“ื ื™ื•ืชืจ,
01:11
when the California Gold Rush created a massive demand for labor.
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ื›ืฉื”ื‘ื”ืœื” ืœื–ื”ื‘ ื‘ืงืœื™ืคื•ืจื ื™ื” ื™ืฆืจื” ื‘ื™ืงื•ืฉ ืื“ื™ืจ ืœืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื.
01:15
Initially, Chinese immigrants were welcomed as reliable workers
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ื‘ื”ืชื—ืœื”, ืžื”ื’ืจื™ื ืกื™ื ื™ื ื”ืชืงื‘ืœื• ื‘ื‘ืจื›ื” ื›ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ืืžื™ื ื™ื
01:19
and became essential parts of frontier communities.
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ื•ื”ืคื›ื• ืœื—ืœืง ื—ื™ื•ื ื™ ื‘ืงื”ื™ืœื•ืช ื”ืกืคืจ.
01:22
Many built railroads and worked in the mines,
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ืจื‘ื™ื ื‘ื ื• ืืช ืžืกื™ืœื•ืช ื”ืจื›ื‘ืช ื•ืขื‘ื“ื• ื‘ืžื›ืจื•ืช,
01:25
while others operated laundries, restaurants, and general stores.
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ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ืฉืื—ืจื™ื ื”ืคืขื™ืœื• ืžื›ื‘ืกื•ืช, ืžืกืขื“ื•ืช, ื•ื—ื ื•ื™ื•ืช ื›ืœื‘ื•.
01:29
The 1868 Burlingame Treaty even granted China favored trading status with the US,
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ืืžื ืช ื‘ืจืœื™ื ื’ื™ื™ื ืž-1868 ืืคื™ืœื• ื ืชื ื” ืœืกื™ื ื™ื ืžืขืžื“ ืžืกื—ืจ ืžื•ืขื“ืฃ ืขื ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช,
01:36
and allowed unrestricted migration between the two countries.
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ื•ืืคืฉืจื” ื”ื’ื™ืจื” ืœื ืžื•ื’ื‘ืœืช ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉืชื™ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช.
01:42
But as large numbers of Chinese immigrants found success,
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ืื‘ืœ ื›ืฉืžืกืคืจื™ื ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื ืฉืœ ืžื”ื’ืจื™ื ืกื™ื ื™ื ื”ื’ื™ืขื• ืœื”ืฆืœื—ื”,
01:46
American workers began to see them as a threat.
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ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ื ื”ืชื—ื™ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ื‘ื”ื ืื™ื•ื.
01:49
Politicians and labor leaders denounced them for driving down wages,
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ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืงืื™ื ื•ืžื ื”ื™ื’ื™ ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ื’ื™ื ื• ืื•ืชื ืขืœ ื”ืคื—ืชืช ื”ืžืฉื›ื•ืจื•ืช,
01:54
and violence against Chinese individuals became increasingly common.
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ื•ืืœื™ืžื•ืช ื ื’ื“ ืื ืฉื™ื ืกื™ื ื™ื ื”ืคื›ื” ืœื ืคื•ืฆื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ื•ื™ื•ืชืจ.
01:58
This anti-Chinese sentiment soon found its way into Californiaโ€™s courts.
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ื”ืจื’ืฉ ื”ืื ื˜ื™-ืกื™ื ื™ ืžืฆื ืืช ื“ืจื›ื• ื‘ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช ืœื‘ืชื™ ืžืฉืคื˜ ื‘ืงืœื™ืคื•ืจื ื™ื”.
02:03
In 1854, following a murder trial where a white man was convicted
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ื‘-1854, ืื—ืจื™ ืžืฉืคื˜ ืจืฆื— ืฉื‘ื• ืื™ืฉ ืœื‘ืŸ ื”ื•ืจืฉืข
02:07
of murdering a Chinese man,
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ื‘ืจืฆื— ืื™ืฉ ืกื™ื ื™,
02:09
the California Supreme Court overturned the conviction,
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ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ื”ืขืœื™ื•ืŸ ื‘ืงืœื™ืคื•ืจื ื™ื” ื”ืคืš ืืช ื”ื”ืจืฉืขื”,
02:13
holding that Chinese eyewitness testimony was inadmissible.
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ื‘ื˜ืขื ื” ืฉืขื“ื•ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืขื“ื™ ืจืื™ื” ืกื™ื ื™ื ืœื ื”ื™ื• ืงื‘ื™ืœื•ืช.
02:17
The court declared that Chinese citizens
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ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ื”ื›ืจื™ื– ืฉืื–ืจื—ื™ื ืกื™ื ื™ื
02:19
could not testify against white defendants,
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ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืขื™ื“ ื ื’ื“ ื ืืฉืžื™ื ืœื‘ื ื™ื,
02:22
citing similar precedents forbidding testimony
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ื•ืฆื™ื˜ื˜ื• ืชืงื“ื™ืžื™ื ื“ื•ืžื™ื ืฉืืกืจื• ืขื“ื•ืช
02:24
by Black and Native American individuals.
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ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉื—ื•ืจื™ื ื•ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ื ื™ืœื™ื“ื™ื.
02:27
This decision effectively legalized violence
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ื”ื”ื—ืœื˜ื” ื‘ืขืฆื ื”ืคื›ื” ืœื—ื•ืงื™ืช ืืช ื”ืืœื™ืžื•ืช
02:31
against Californiaโ€™s Chinese population,
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ื ื’ื“ ื”ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื™ื” ื”ืกื™ื ื™ืช ื‘ืงืœื™ืคื•ืจื ื™ื”,
02:33
inspiring mob attacks and campaigns for segregation.
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ื•ื ืชื ื” ื”ืฉืจืื” ืœื”ืชืงืคื•ืช ื”ืžื•ืŸ ื•ืงืžืคื™ื™ื ื™ื ืœื”ืคืจื“ื”.
02:38
Before long, anti-Chinese sentiment reached the federal level.
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ื•ื‘ืžื”ืจื”, ื”ื”ืชื ื’ื“ื•ืช ืœืกื™ื ื™ื ื”ื’ื™ืขื” ืœืจืžื” ื”ืคื“ืจืœื™ืช.
02:41
In 1882, Congress passed the Chinese Exclusion Act,
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ื‘-1882, ื”ืงื•ื ื’ืจืก ื”ืขื‘ื™ืจ ืืช ื—ื•ืง ื”ื“ืจืช ื”ืกื™ื ื™ื,
02:46
the first federal law that restricted immigration
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ื”ื—ื•ืง ื”ืคื“ืจืœื™ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืฉื”ื’ื‘ื™ืœ ื”ื’ื™ืจื”
02:49
based explicitly on nationality.
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ื‘ื”ืชื‘ืกืก ื‘ืžืคื•ืจืฉ ืขืœ ื”ืœืื•ื.
02:51
In practice, the Act banned entry to all ethnically Chinese immigrants
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ื‘ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช, ื”ื—ื•ืง ืืกืจ ืขืœ ื›ื ื™ืกืช ื›ืœ ื”ืžื”ื’ืจื™ื ื”ืกื™ื ื™ื
02:56
besides diplomats,
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ื—ื•ืฅ ืžื“ื™ืคืœื•ืžื˜ื™ื,
02:57
and prohibited existing immigrants from obtaining citizenship.
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ื•ืžื ืข ืžืžื”ื’ืจื™ื ืงื™ื™ืžื™ื ืœืงื‘ืœ ืื–ืจื—ื•ืช.
03:01
It also meant Chinese individuals couldnโ€™t leave the United States and return
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ื”ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ื’ื ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืฉืื ืฉื™ื ืกื™ื ื™ื ืœื ื™ื›ืœื• ืœืขื–ื•ื‘ ืืช ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช ื•ืœื—ื–ื•ืจ
03:05
without first applying for a certificate of re-entry.
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ื‘ืœื™ ืœื‘ืงืฉ ืจืืฉื™ืช ืื™ืฉื•ืจ ื›ื ื™ืกื” ืžื—ื“ืฉ.
03:08
This policy remained in place until October 1st, 1888,
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ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืช ื ืฉืืจื” ืขื“ 1 ื‘ืื•ืงื˜ื•ื‘ืจ 1888,
03:13
when the Scott Act prohibited re-entry altogether,
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ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ืฉื—ื•ืง ืกืงื•ื˜ ืืกืจ ืขืœ ื›ื ื™ืกื” ืžื—ื“ืฉ ื‘ื›ืœืœ,
03:16
stranding Chae Chan Ping and thousands of other Chinese immigrants.
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ื•ื ื˜ืฉ ืืช ืฆโ€˜ื” ืฆโ€™ืŸ ืคื™ื ื’ ื•ืืœืคื™ ืžื”ื’ืจื™ื ืกื™ื ื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื.
03:22
In court, Ping argued he had followed the proper protocol
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ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืฉืคื˜, ืคื™ื ื’ ื˜ืขืŸ ืฉื”ื•ื ืขืžื“ ื‘ืคืจื•ื˜ื•ืงื•ืœ ื”ืžืชืื™ื
03:25
obtaining his re-entry certificate,
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ื•ื”ืฉื™ื’ ืืช ืื™ืฉื•ืจ ื”ื›ื ื™ืกื” ืžื—ื“ืฉ ืฉืœื•,
03:27
and the government had not honored his legally issued document.
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ื•ื”ืžืžืฉืœ ืœื ื›ื™ื‘ื“ ืืช ื”ืžืกืžืš ืฉื”ื•ืฆื ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื—ื•ืงื™.
03:32
This argument was strong enough to send his case all the way to the Supreme Court.
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ื”ื˜ื™ืขื•ืŸ ื”ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ื—ื–ืง ืžืกืคื™ืง ื›ื“ื™ ืœืฉืœื•ื— ืืช ื”ืžืงืจื” ืฉืœื• ื›ืœ ื”ื“ืจืš ืœื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ื”ืขืœื™ื•ืŸ.
03:37
But the justices ruled against Ping,
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ืฉื•ืคื˜ื™ื ืคืกืงื• ื ื’ื“ ืคื™ื ื’,
03:39
invalidating thousands of legal re-entry certificates in one fell swoop.
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ื•ื‘ื™ื˜ืœื• ืืœืคื™ ืžืกืžื›ื™ ื›ื ื™ืกื” ืžื—ื“ืฉ ื—ื•ืงื™ื™ื ื‘ืื‘ื—ื” ืื—ืช.
03:45
The decision led to Pingโ€™s deportation
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ื”ื”ื—ืœื˜ื” ื”ื•ื‘ื™ืœื” ืœื’ื™ืจื•ืฉ ืฉืœ ืคื™ื ื’
03:47
and left up to 20,000 Chinese immigrants unable to return to the US.
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ื•ื”ืฉืื™ืจื” 20,000 ืžื”ื’ืจื™ื ืกื™ื ื™ื ื‘ืœื™ ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืœื—ื–ื•ืจ ืœืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช.
03:54
But arguably even more important than the courtโ€™s racist ruling
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ืื‘ืœ ืืคืฉืจ ืœื˜ืขื•ืŸ ืฉืืคื™ืœื• ื™ื•ืชืจ ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืžื”ื”ื—ืœื˜ื” ื”ื’ื–ืขื ื™ืช ืฉืœ ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืฉืคื˜
03:58
was the logic they used to support it.
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ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื”ืœื•ื’ื™ืงื” ืฉื‘ื” ื”ื ื”ืฉืชืžืฉื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœืชืžื•ืš ื‘ื”.
04:01
Traditionally, the Supreme Court is considered a check
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ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืžืกื•ืจืชื™, ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ื”ืขืœื•ืŸ ื ื—ืฉื‘ ืœื‘ื™ืงื•ืจืช
04:04
on the other two branches of American government,
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ืขืœ ืฉื ื™ ื”ืขื ืคื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืžืžืฉืœ ื”ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ื,
04:06
offering judgment on policies passed by Congress and the president.
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ื•ืกืคืงื• ืฉื™ืคื•ื˜ ืฉืœ ืžื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืช ืฉื ืงื‘ืขื” ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืงื•ื ื’ืจืก ื•ื”ื ืฉื™ื.
04:11
In this case however,
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ืื‘ืœ ื‘ืžืงืจื” ื”ื–ื”,
04:13
the court stated they had no power to pass judgment on the Scott Act,
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ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ื˜ืขืŸ ืฉืœื ื”ื™ื” ืœื”ื ื›ื•ื— ืœืฉืคื•ื˜ ืืช ื—ื•ืง ืกืงื•ื˜,
04:17
since Congress had declared the immigration policy
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ืžืื—ืจ ืฉื”ืงื•ื ื’ืจืก ื”ื›ืจื™ื– ืขืœ ืžื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืช ื”ื”ื’ื™ืจื”
04:20
โ€œa matter of national security.โ€
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โ€œืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ืฉืœ ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ ืœืื•ืžื™โ€.
04:23
This decision set a unique precedent.
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ื”ื”ื—ืœื˜ื” ื”ื–ื• ืงื‘ืขื” ืชืงื“ื™ื ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ื™.
04:26
Unless Ping's case was overturned,
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ืืœื ืื ื”ืžืงืจื” ืฉืœ ืคื™ื ื’ ื”ื™ื” ืžื‘ื•ื˜ืœ,
04:28
congressional and executive branches could claim national security concerns
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ื”ืงื•ื ื’ืจืก ื•ื”ื–ืจื•ืข ื”ื‘ื™ืฆื•ืขื™ืช ื”ื™ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื˜ืขื•ืŸ ืœื“ืื’ื” ืœื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ ืœืื•ืžื™
04:33
to pass whatever immigration laws they wanted.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืขื‘ื™ืจ ืื™ื–ื” ื—ื•ืงื™ ื”ื’ื™ืจื” ืฉื”ื ืจืฆื•.
04:37
Throughout the 20th century,
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ืœืื•ืจืš ื”ืžืื” ื”-20,
04:39
xenophobic government officials used this power to freely discriminate
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ืคืงื™ื“ื™ ืžืžืฉืœ ืงืกื ื•ืคื•ื‘ื™ื ื”ืฉืชืžืฉื• ื‘ื›ื•ื— ื”ื–ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืœื•ืช ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื—ื•ืคืฉื™
04:43
against immigrant groups.
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ื ื’ื“ ืงื‘ื•ืฆื•ืช ืžื”ื’ืจื™ื.
04:45
The 1917 Asiatic Barred Zone Act prohibited the entry of all South Asians.
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ื‘-1917 ื—ื•ืง ื”ืื–ื•ืจ ื”ืืกื™ืืชื™ ื”ื—ืกื•ื ืืกืจ ืขืœ ื›ื ื™ืกื” ืฉืœ ื›ืœ ื”ื“ืจื•ื ืืกื™ืืชื™ื.
04:51
And a series of immigration acts in the 1920s
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ื•ืกื“ืจื” ืฉืœ ื—ื•ืงื™ ื”ื’ื™ืจื” ื‘-1920
04:54
expanded restrictions throughout Asia, Eastern Europe and southern Europe.
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ื”ืจื—ื™ื‘ื• ืืช ื”ื”ื’ื‘ืœื•ืช ื‘ืจื—ื‘ื™ ืืกื™ื”, ืžื–ืจื— ืื™ืจื•ืคื” ื•ื“ืจื•ื ืื™ืจื•ืคื”.
04:59
Many of these restrictions were lifted after World War II,
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ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžื”ื”ื’ื‘ืœื•ืช ื”ืืœื• ื”ื•ืกืจื• ืื—ืจื™ ืžืœื—ืžืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื”,
05:02
and the Chinese Exclusion Act itself was finally repealed in 1943โ€”
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ื•ื—ื•ืง ื”ื”ื“ืจื” ื”ืกื™ื ื™ ืขืฆืžื• ื‘ื•ื˜ืœ ืœื‘ืกื•ืฃ ื‘-1943 --
05:07
over 60 years after it was enacted.
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ื™ื•ืชืจ ืž-60 ืฉื ื” ืื—ืจื™ ืฉื”ื•ื ื ื—ืงืง.
05:10
But the US government continues to use this precedent
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ืžืžืฉืœ ื”ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ ืžืžืฉื™ืš ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ืชืงื“ื™ื
05:13
to deploy sudden and sweeping immigration policies,
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื™ื™ืฉื ืžื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืช ื”ื’ื™ืจื” ืคืชืื•ืžื™ื•ืช ื•ื›ื•ืœืœื•ืช,
05:16
targeting journalists and dissidents as well as ethnic groups.
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ืฉืžืชืžืงื“ื•ืช ื‘ืขื™ืชื•ื ืื™ื ื•ื‘ืžืชื ื’ื“ื™ื ื›ืžื• ื’ื ื‘ืงื‘ื•ืฆื•ืช ืืชื ื™ื•ืช.
05:21
Little is known about what became of Chae Chan Ping following his deportation.
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ื™ื“ื•ืข ืžืขื˜ ืขืœ ืงื•ืจื•ืชื™ื• ืฉืœ ืฆโ€˜ื” ืฆโ€™ืŸ ืคื™ื ื’ ืื—ืจื™ ื”ื’ื™ืจื•ืฉ.
05:26
But the injustices visited upon him and thousands of other Chinese Americans
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ืื‘ืœ ื—ื•ืกืจ ื”ืฆื“ืง ืฉื”ื•ื˜ืœ ืขืœื™ื• ื•ืขืœ ืืœืคื™ ืกื™ื ื™ื ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื
05:32
continue to impact immigrant rights and liberties.
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ืžืžืฉื™ืš ืœื”ืฉืคื™ืข ืขืœ ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ื•ื—ื™ืจื•ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืžื”ื’ืจื™ื.
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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