Mysteries of vernacular: Miniature - Jessica Oreck

42,326 views ใƒป 2013-04-19

TED-Ed


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

00:00
Transcriber: Andrea McDonough Reviewer: Bedirhan Cinar
0
0
7000
ืชืจื’ื•ื: Ido Dekkers ืขืจื™ื›ื”: Zeeva Livshitz
00:13
Mysteries of Vernacular
1
13754
1969
ืชืขืœื•ืžื•ืช ืฉืคืช ื”ืžืงื•ื
00:16
Miniature,
2
16463
1291
ืžื™ื ื™ืื˜ื•ืจื™,
00:17
something distinctively smaller
3
17754
2000
ืžืฉื”ื• ืงื˜ืŸ ื‘ื‘ืจื•ืจ
00:19
than other members of its type or class.
4
19754
3358
ืžื—ื‘ืจื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื ื‘ืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ืฉืœื•.
00:23
Miniature traces its roots to the Latin, <i>minium</i>,
5
23112
4110
ื”ืžืงื•ืจื•ืช ืฉืœ ืžื™ื ื™ืื˜ื•ืจื” ื”ืžื’ื™ืขื™ื ืž "ืžื™ื ื™ื•ื" ื”ืœื˜ื™ื ื™ืช,
00:27
which meant, "red lead".
6
27222
2794
ืฉืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื”, "ืขื•ืคืจืช ืื“ื•ืžื”".
00:30
Minium referred, in particular, to a compound of lead
7
30016
3337
ืžื™ื ื™ื•ื ื”ืชื™ื—ืกื”, ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“, ืœืชืจื›ื•ื‘ืช ืฉืœ ืขื•ืคืจืช
00:33
used as a pigment in Medieval times.
8
33353
3486
ืฉืฉื™ืžืฉื” ื›ืคื™ื’ืžื ื˜ ื‘ื™ืžื™ ื”ื‘ื™ื ื™ื™ื.
00:36
In those days, because there were no printing presses,
9
36839
3248
ื‘ื™ืžื™ื ื”ื”ื, ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉืœื ื”ื™ื• ืžื›ื‘ืฉื™ ื“ืคื•ืก,
00:40
groups of scribes were tasked with
10
40087
2085
ืงื‘ื•ืฆื•ืช ืฉืœ ื›ื•ืชื‘ื™ื ืงื™ื‘ืœื• ืžืฉื™ืžื•ืช
00:42
painstakingly copying all books by hand.
11
42172
3840
ืœื”ืขืชืงื” ืžื“ื•ื™ื™ืงืช ืฉืœ ืกืคืจื™ื ื‘ื™ื“.
00:46
Whenever they needed to denote a chapter break
12
46012
2866
ื›ืœ ืคืขื ืฉื”ื ื”ืฆื˜ืจื›ื• ืœืกืžืŸ ืžืขื‘ืจ ืคืจืง
00:48
or a division of text,
13
48878
1789
ืื• ื—ืœื•ืงื” ืฉืœ ื˜ืงืกื˜,
00:50
scribes would switch from standard black
14
50667
2956
ื”ื›ื•ืชื‘ื™ื ื”ื™ื• ืขื•ื‘ืจื™ื ืžื“ื™ื• ืฉื—ื•ืจ ืจื’ื™ืœ
00:53
to the red pigment, minium.
15
53623
3385
ืœืคื™ื’ืžื ื˜ ืื“ื•ื, ืžื™ื ื™ื•ื.
00:57
Another important visual device used to increase
16
57008
3247
ืขื•ื“ ืžื›ืฉื™ืจ ื•ื™ื–ื•ืืœื™ ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืœื”ื’ื‘ืจืช
01:00
the prominence of certain portions of text
17
60255
2827
ื”ื”ื‘ื”ืจื” ืฉืœ ืื–ื•ืจื™ื ืžืกื•ื™ื™ืžื™ื ืฉืœ ื˜ืงืกื˜
01:03
was to set them off
18
63082
1069
ื”ื™ื” ืœื›ืชื•ื‘ ืื•ืชื
01:04
with large, ornate, and colorful capital letters,
19
64151
3611
ืขื ืื•ืชื™ื•ืช ื’ื“ื•ืœื•ืช ืžืงื•ืฉื˜ื•ืช ื•ืฆื‘ืขื•ื ื™ื•ืช,
01:07
often surrounded by tiny, detailed paintings.
20
67762
4303
ืœืจื•ื‘ ืžื•ืงืคื•ืช ื‘ืื™ื•ืจื™ื ื–ืขื™ืจื™ื ื•ืžืคื•ืจื˜ื™ื.
01:12
The Italians began to refer
21
72065
2017
ื”ืื™ื˜ืœืงื™ื ื”ืชื—ื™ืœื• ืœื”ืชื™ื™ื—ืก
01:14
to these elaborate and diminutive paintings
22
74082
2522
ืœืื™ื•ืจื™ื ื”ืžืคื•ืจื˜ื™ื ื”ื–ืขื™ืจื™ื ื”ืืœื”
01:16
as <i>miniatura</i>, illuminations.
23
76604
4149
ื›"ืžื™ื ื™ืื˜ื•ืจื”", ื”ืืจื•ืช.
01:20
Because of the necessarily small size of the paintings,
24
80753
3609
ื‘ื’ืœืœ ื”ืฆื•ืจืš ื‘ื’ื•ื“ืœ ื”ืงื˜ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ืื™ื•ืจื™ื,
01:24
miniatura began to be associated with all things wee
25
84362
4421
ืžื™ื ื™ืื˜ื•ืจื” ื”ื—ืœื” ืœื”ืชื™ื™ื—ืก ืœื›ืœ ื“ื‘ืจ ื–ืขื™ืจ
01:28
and spawned to other words with the same base,
26
88783
3171
ื•ื”ื•ืคื™ืขื” ื‘ืžื™ืœื™ื ืื—ืจื•ืช ื‘ืื•ืชื• ื‘ืกื™ืก,
01:31
like the Latin <i>minimum</i>, for least.
27
91954
4249
ื›ืžื• ื”ืžื™ืœื” ื”ืœื˜ื™ื ื™ืช "ืžื™ื ื™ืžื•ื", ืœืคื—ื•ืช.
01:36
Miniatura was transmuted into English
28
96203
2238
ืžื™ื ื™ืื˜ื•ืจื” ื”ื•ืขื‘ืจื” ืœืื ื’ืœื™ืช
01:38
in the 16th century as the word, <i>miniature</i>,
29
98441
4139
ื‘ืžืื” ื” 16 ื›ืžื™ืœื” "ืžื™ื ื™ืื˜ื•ืจื”",
01:42
and since that time,
30
102580
1475
ื•ืžืื•ืชื• ื–ืžืŸ,
01:44
it has had the exact same meaning we use today.
31
104055
3724
ื”ื™ืชื” ืœื” ืืช ืื•ืชื” ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ื‘ื” ืื ื• ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ื”ื™ื•ื.
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

https://forms.gle/WvT1wiN1qDtmnspy7