Why is NASA sending a spacecraft to a metal world? - Linda T. Elkins-Tanton

701,200 views ใƒป 2018-01-29

TED-Ed


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืชืจื’ื•ื: Ido Dekkers ืขืจื™ื›ื”: Sigal Tifferet
00:07
Somewhere between the orbits of Mars and Jupiter,
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ืื™ ืฉื ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืžืกืœื•ืœื™ื ืฉืœ ืžืื“ื™ื ื•ืฆื“ืง,
00:10
about 500 million kilometers away from Earth,
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ื‘ืขืจืš ื‘ืžืจื—ืง 500 ืžืœื™ื•ืŸ ืงื™ืœื•ืžื˜ืจ ืžื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ,
00:13
floats a metallic orb the size of Massachusetts.
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ื—ื’ ื›ื“ื•ืจ ืžืชื›ืชื™ ื‘ื’ื•ื“ืœ ืฉืœ ืžืกืฆ'ื•ืกื˜ืก.
00:17
Thatโ€™s no moon...itโ€™s 16 Psyche,
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ื–ื” ืœื ื™ืจื—... ื–ื” 16 ืคืกื™ื›ื”,
00:21
one of the most massive asteroids in the solar system.
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ืื—ื“ ื”ืืกื˜ืจื•ืื™ื“ื™ื ื”ื›ื™ ืžืกื™ื‘ื™ื™ื ื‘ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ืฉืžืฉ ืฉืœื ื•.
00:24
And it is the asteroid our droids are looking for.
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ื•ื–ื” ื”ืืกื˜ืจื•ืื™ื“ ืฉื”ื“ืจื•ืื™ื“ื™ื ืฉืœื ื• ืžื—ื›ื™ื ืœื•.
00:28
We humans have managed to send robotic spacecraft
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ื”ืื ื•ืฉื•ืช ื”ืฆืœื™ื—ื” ืœืฉืœื•ื— ื—ืœืœื™ื•ืช ืจื•ื‘ื•ื˜ื™ื•ืช
00:32
to all sorts of environments in space โ€“
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ืœื›ืœ ืžื™ื ื™ ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื•ืช ื‘ื—ืœืœ --
00:34
the gas clouds of Saturn and Jupiter,
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ืขื ืงื™ ื”ื’ื– ืฉื‘ืชืื™ ื•ืฆื“ืง,
00:36
the icy wastes of Europa,
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ื”ืžื™ื ื”ืงืคื•ืื™ื ืฉืœ ืื™ืจื•ืคื”,
00:38
and the rocky dunes of Mars.
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ื•ื”ื“ื™ื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืกืœืขื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืžืื“ื™ื.
00:41
But Psycheโ€™s surface isnโ€™t just hard rock โ€“
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ืื‘ืœ ืคื ื™ ื”ืฉื˜ื— ืฉืœ ืคืกื™ื›ื” ื”ื ืœื ืกืœืข ืงืฉื” --
00:44
itโ€™s heavy metal.
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ื”ื ืžืชื›ื•ืช ื›ื‘ื“ื•ืช.
00:46
The asteroid mostly consists of nickel and iron,
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ื”ืืกื˜ืจื•ืื™ื“ ืžื›ื™ืœ ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ื ื™ืงืœ ื•ื‘ืจื–ืœ,
00:49
by far the largest known body with such a composition.
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ื”ื’ื•ืฃ ื”ื›ื™ ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื”ื™ื“ื•ืข ืขื ื”ืจื›ื‘ ื›ื–ื”.
00:53
But we donโ€™t yet know what it looks like;
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ืื‘ืœ ืื ื—ื ื• ืœื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืื™ืš ื”ื•ื ื ืจืื”;
00:55
our best current radar images show a pixelated smudge.
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ืชืžื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืจื“ืืจ ื”ืขื“ื›ื ื™ื•ืช ื”ื›ื™ ื˜ื•ื‘ื•ืช ืฉืœื ื• ืžืจืื•ืช ืžืจื™ื—ื” ืžืคื•ืงืกืœืช.
00:58
Thatโ€™ll change in 2026,
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ื–ื” ื™ืฉืชื ื” ื‘ 2026,
01:01
when an unmanned spacecraft sent as part of NASAโ€™s Discovery Program
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ื›ืฉื—ืœืœื™ืช ืœื ืžืื•ื™ืฉืช ืฉื ืฉืœื—ื” ื›ื—ืœืง ืžืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ื“ื™ืกืงืื‘ืจื™
01:05
is scheduled to arrive.
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ืืžื•ืจื” ืœื”ื’ื™ืข.
01:08
So why is NASA so interested in Psyche?
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ืื– ืœืžื” ื ืืกื ื›ืœ ื›ืš ืžืชืขื ื™ื™ื ืช ื‘ืคืกื™ื›ื”?
01:10
Are we going to mine all that metal, or build a giant space magnet?
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ื”ืื ืื ื—ื ื• ืขื•ืžื“ื™ื ืœื›ืจื•ืช ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ืžืชื›ืช ืื• ืœื‘ื ื•ืช ืžื’ื ื˜ ื—ืœืœ ืขื ืง?
01:14
Actually, the real reason is right under our feet.
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ืœืžืขืฉื”, ื”ืกื™ื‘ื” ื”ืืžื™ืชื™ืช ื ืžืฆืืช ืžืžืฉ ืžืชื—ืช ืœืจื’ืœื™ื ื•.
01:17
The core of the Earth is thought to consist of a solid nickel-iron center
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ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืฉืœื™ื‘ืช ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ ืžื›ื™ืœื” ืžืจื›ื– ื ื™ืงืœ ื‘ืจื–ืœ ืžื•ืฆืงื”
01:22
with a molten outer layer.
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ืขื ืฉื›ื‘ื” ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ืช ืžื•ืชื›ืช.
01:24
But weโ€™re prevented from studying it up close by 2,800 kilometers of solid rock.
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ืื‘ืœ ื ืžื ืข ืžืื™ืชื ื• ืœื—ืงื•ืจ ืื•ืชื” ืžืงืจื•ื‘ ื‘ืฉืœ 2800 ืงื™ืœื•ืžื˜ืจ ืฉืœ ืกืœืข ืžื•ืฆืง.
01:31
The deepest weโ€™ve been able to drill is 12 kilometers.
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ื”ื›ื™ ืขืžื•ืง ืฉืื™ ืคืขื ืงื“ื—ื ื• ื”ื™ื” 12 ืงื™ืœื•ืžื˜ืจ.
01:34
Even if we could go further,
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ืืคื™ืœื• ืื ื ื•ื›ืœ ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ืขืžื•ืง ื™ื•ืชืจ,
01:36
the pressure at the core is three million times higher than at the surface,
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ื”ืœื—ืฅ ื‘ืœื™ื‘ื” ื”ื•ื ืคื™ ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ืžืœื™ื•ืŸ ืžื–ื” ืฉืขืœ ืคื ื™ ื”ืฉื˜ื—,
01:40
with a temperature of 5,000 degrees Celsius.
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ืขื ื˜ืžืคืจื˜ื•ืจื” ืฉืœ 5,000 ืžืขืœื•ืช ืฆืœื–ื™ื•ืก.
01:44
Simply put, a journey to the center of the Earth is out of the question for now.
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ื‘ืคืฉื˜ื•ืช, ืžืกืข ืœืžืจื›ื– ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ ืื™ื ื• ื‘ื—ืฉื‘ื•ืŸ ื›ืจื’ืข.
01:49
So scientists have had to resort to indirect ways of studying the core,
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ืื– ืžื“ืขื ื™ื ื”ื™ื• ื—ื™ื™ื‘ื™ื ืœืคื ื•ืช ืœืฉื™ื˜ื•ืช ืœื ื™ืฉื™ืจื•ืช ื›ื“ื™ ืœื—ืงื•ืจ ืืช ื”ืœื™ื‘ื”,
01:53
like measuring earthquake waves that pass through it,
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ื›ืžื• ืžื“ื™ื“ืช ื’ืœื™ ืจืขื™ื“ื•ืช ืื“ืžื” ืฉืขื•ื‘ืจื™ื ื“ืจื›ื”,
01:56
or studying minerals thought to have formed there.
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ืื• ืœื—ืงื•ืจ ืžื™ื ืจืœื™ื ืฉื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืฉื ื•ืฆืจื• ืฉื.
01:59
But what if the best way to study Earthโ€™s inner space
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ืื‘ืœ ืื•ืœื™ ื”ื“ืจืš ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœื—ืงื•ืจ ืืช ื”ื—ืœืœ ื”ืคื ื™ืžื™ ืฉืœ ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ
02:02
is by visiting outer space?
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ื”ื™ื ื“ืจืš ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจ ื‘ื—ืœืœ ื”ื—ื™ืฆื•ืŸ?
02:05
After all, we have a pretty good idea of how our planets formed.
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ืื—ืจื™ ื”ื›ืœ, ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ืžื•ืฉื’ ื“ื™ ื˜ื•ื‘ ืื™ืš ืคืœื ื˜ื•ืช ื ื•ืฆืจื•ืช.
02:09
Dust and gas orbiting our young Sun cooled and collided
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ืื‘ืง ื•ื’ื– ื—ื’ื™ื ืกื‘ื™ื‘ ื”ืฉืžืฉ ื”ืฆืขื™ืจื” ืฉืœื ื• ืžืงื•ืจืจื™ื ื•ืžืชื ื’ืฉื™ื
02:13
to form a few thousand miniature bodies we call planetesimals.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ื›ืžื” ืืœืคื™ ื’ื•ืคื™ื ืžื™ื ื™ืื˜ื•ืจื™ื ืœื”ื ืื ื—ื ื• ืงื•ืจืื™ื ืคืœื ื˜ืกื™ืžืœื™ื.
02:17
As these continued to orbit, some combined to grow larger,
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ื›ืฉื”ื ืžืžืฉื™ื›ื™ื ืœื—ื•ื’, ื›ืžื” ืžืชืชื‘ืจื™ื ื›ื“ื™ ืœื’ื“ื•ืœ ื™ื•ืชืจ,
02:21
eventually forming our planets.
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ืœื‘ืกื•ืฃ ื™ื•ืฆืจื™ื ืืช ื”ืคืœื ื˜ื•ืช ืฉืœื ื•.
02:23
Others experienced impacts that broke them apart into smaller chunksโ€“
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ืื—ืจื™ื ื—ื•ื•ื™ื ื”ืชื ื’ืฉื•ื™ื•ืช ืฉืฉื•ื‘ืจื•ืช ืื•ืชื ืœืคื™ืกื•ืช ืงื˜ื ื•ืช -
02:28
the asteroids we see today in the belt between Mars and Jupiter.
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ื”ืืกื˜ืจื•ืื™ื“ื™ื ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืจื•ืื™ื ื”ื™ื•ื ื‘ื—ื’ื•ืจื” ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžืื“ื™ื ืœืฆื“ืง.
02:32
What makes Psyche so special
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ืžื” ืฉืขื•ืฉื” ืืช ืคืกื™ื›ื” ืœืžื™ื•ื—ื“ืช
02:35
is that it appears to have been a planetesimal
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ื–ื” ืฉื ืจืื” ืฉื”ื™ื ื”ื™ืชื” ืคืœื ื˜ืกื™ืžืœื™ืช
02:38
well on its way to becoming a planet,
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ื‘ื“ืจืš ืœื”ืคื•ืš ืœืคืœื ื˜ื”,
02:40
with a rocky exterior surrounding a metal core.
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ืขื ื—ื•ืฅ ืกืœืขื™ ืฉืžืงื™ืฃ ืœื™ื‘ื” ืžืชื›ืชื™ืช.
02:43
But its progress was cut short by a series of hit-and-run collisions
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื”ืชืงื“ืžื•ืช ืฉืœื” ื ืงื˜ืขื” ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืกื“ืจื” ืฉืœ ื”ืชื ื’ืฉื•ื™ื•ืช
02:48
with other planetesimals
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ืขื ืคืœื ื˜ืกื™ืžืœื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื
02:50
that knocked off the rocky crust until only the core remained.
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ื–ื” ื”ืขื™ืฃ ืืช ื”ืžืขื˜ืคืช ื”ืกืœืขื™ืช ืขื“ ืฉืจืง ื”ืœื™ื‘ื” ื ืฉืืจื”.
02:55
Experiencing that many destructive collisions
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ืœื—ื•ื•ืช ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ื”ืชื ื’ืฉื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ื”ืจืกื ื™ื•ืช ื”ืืœื•
02:57
with no additive ones in between is statistically very unlikely,
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ื‘ืœื™ ื›ืืœื• ืฉืžื•ืกื™ืคื•ืช ื—ื•ืžืจ ื–ื” ืžืื•ื“ ืœื ืกื‘ื™ืจ ืกื˜ื˜ื™ืกื˜ื™ืช,
03:02
making Psyche an amazingly rare opportunity
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ืžื” ืฉื”ื•ืคืš ืืช ืคืกื™ื›ื” ืœื”ื–ื“ืžื ื•ืช ื ื“ื™ืจื”
03:05
to study an exposed metallic core.
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ืœื—ืงื•ืจ ืœื™ื‘ื” ืžืชื›ืชื™ืช ื—ืฉื•ืคื”.
03:08
To do that, NASAโ€™s robotic orbiter will be equipped
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืืช ื–ื”, ื”ืžืงืคืช ื”ืจื•ื‘ื•ื˜ื™ืช ืฉืœ ื ืืกื ืชื”ื™ื” ืžืฆื•ื™ื™ื“ืช
03:12
with an array of advanced instruments.
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ื‘ืžืขืจืš ืฉืœ ืžื›ืฉื™ืจื™ื ืžืชืงื“ืžื™ื.
03:14
A spectrometer will analyze the gamma rays and neutrons
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ืกืคืงื˜ืจื•ืžื˜ืจ ื™ื ืชื— ืืช ืงืจื ื™ ื”ื’ืžื ื•ื”ื ื™ื•ื˜ืจื•ื ื™ื
03:18
produced when Psyche is struck by cosmic rays.
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ืฉืžื™ื•ืฆืจื™ื ื›ืฉืคืกื™ื›ื” ื ืคื’ืขืช ืžืงืจื ื™ื™ื ืงื•ืกืžื™ื•ืช.
03:21
Each element in the periodic table
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ื›ืœ ื™ืกื•ื“ ื‘ื˜ื‘ืœื” ื”ืžื—ื–ื•ืจื™ืช
03:23
releases gamma rays of specific wavelengths,
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ืžืฉื—ืจืจ ืงืจื ื™ ื’ืžื ื‘ืื•ืจื›ื™ ื’ืœ ืžืกื•ื™ื™ืžื™ื,
03:25
so these measurements will tell us what elements are found on the surface.
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ืื– ื”ืžื“ื™ื“ื•ืช ื”ืืœื• ื™ื’ื™ื“ื• ืœื ื• ืื™ื–ื” ื™ืกื•ื“ื•ืช ื ืžืฆืื™ื ืขืœ ืคื ื™ ื”ืฉื˜ื—.
03:29
A magnetometer will measure Psycheโ€™s magnetic field,
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ืžื’ื ื˜ื•ืžื˜ืจ ื™ืžื“ื•ื“ ืืช ื”ืฉื“ื” ื”ืžื’ื ื˜ื™ ืฉืœ ืคืกื™ื›ื”,
03:32
allowing us to learn more
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ืžื” ืฉื™ืืคืฉืจ ืœื ื• ืœืœืžื•ื“ ื™ื•ืชืจ
03:34
about how Earthโ€™s magnetic field is generated at its core.
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ืขืœ ืื™ืš ื”ืฉื“ื” ื”ืžื’ื ื˜ื™ ืฉืœ ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ ื ื•ืฆืจ ื‘ืœื™ื‘ืชื•.
03:37
And of course, an imager will give us a closer look at the surface
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ื•ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ, ืžืฆืœืžื” ืชื™ืชืŸ ืœื ื• ืžื‘ื˜ ืงืจื•ื‘ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืขืœ ืคื ื™ ื”ืฉื˜ื—
03:41
than ever before.
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ืžืื™ ืคืขื ืœืคื ื™ ื›ืŸ.
03:43
Visiting a whole new kind of world is exciting enough on its own.
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ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจ ื‘ืขื•ืœื ืžืกื•ื’ ื—ื“ืฉ ืœื’ืžืจื™ ืžืจื’ืฉ ืžืกืคื™ืง ื‘ืขืฆืžื•.
03:48
But the mission to Psyche gives us a unique chance
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ืžืฉื™ืžื” ืœืคืกื™ื›ื” ื ื•ืชื ืช ืœื ื• ืกื™ื›ื•ื™ ื™ื—ื•ื“ื™
03:51
to discover our own planetโ€™s innermost secrets in an orbit far, far away.
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ืœื’ืœื•ืช ืืช ื”ืกื•ื“ื•ืช ื”ื›ื™ ืคื ื™ืžื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืคืœื ื˜ื” ืฉืœื ื• ื‘ืžืกืœื•ืœ ืžืื•ื“ ืจื—ื•ืง.
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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