Making sense of spelling - Gina Cooke

367,530 views ใƒป 2012-09-25

TED-Ed


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืชืจื’ื•ื: Ido Dekkers ืขืจื™ื›ื”: Mark Freehoff
00:15
You've probably seen an email or an internet post
0
15000
3976
ืžืŸ ื”ืกืชื ืจืื™ืชื ื“ื•ืืœ ืื• ืคื•ืกื˜ ืื™ื ื˜ืจื ื˜ื™
00:19
about how weird and random English spelling seems to be.
1
19000
2976
ืขืœ ื›ืžื” ืžื•ื–ืจ ื•ืืงืจืื™ ื ืจืื” ื”ืื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืื ื’ืœื™ืช.
00:22
But what if I told you that it actually makes perfect sense?
2
22000
2976
ืื‘ืœ ืžื” ืื ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ืื•ืžืจืช ืœื›ื ืฉื”ื•ื ืœืžืขืฉื” ื”ื’ื™ื•ื ื™ ืœื’ืžืจื™?
00:25
In fact, that's spelling's job:
3
25000
2976
ืœืžืขืฉื”, ื–ื• ืขื‘ื•ื“ืช ืื™ื•ืช:
00:28
Making sense. Think of spelling a word
4
28000
2976
ืœืžืฆื•ื ื”ื’ื™ื•ืŸ. ื—ืฉื‘ื• ืขืœ ืื™ื•ืช ืžื™ืœื”
00:31
as peeling back the layers of an onion.
5
31000
1976
ื›ืžื• ืขืœ ืงื™ืœื•ืฃ ืฉื›ื‘ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื‘ืฆืœ.
00:33
The first layer is a word's sense and meaning.
6
33000
2976
ื”ืฉื›ื‘ื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ื”ื™ื ื”ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ื•ื”ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืžื™ืœื”.
00:36
Often there are multiple layers of meaning.
7
36000
2048
ืคืขืžื™ื ืจื‘ื•ืช ื™ืฉ ืฉื›ื‘ื•ืช ืจื‘ื•ืช ืœืžืฉืžืขื•ืช.
00:38
Another layer is the word's structure.
8
38072
2904
ืฉื›ื‘ื” ื ื•ืกืคืช ื”ื™ื ืžื‘ื ื” ื”ืžื™ืœื”.
00:41
Think of the center of the onion as a word's base element,
9
41000
2976
ื—ืฉื‘ื• ืขืœ ืžืจื›ื– ื”ื‘ืฆืœ ื›ืฉื•ืจืฉ ื”ืžื™ืœื”,
00:44
its essential kernel of meaning.
10
44000
1976
ื”ื•ื ื”ื‘ืกื™ืก ื”ื”ื›ืจื—ื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช.
00:46
A free-base element, like O-N-E,
11
46000
2976
ื‘ืกื™ืก ื—ื•ืคืฉื™ ืฉืœ ืขืฆื, ื›ืžื• O-N-E (ืื—ื“),
00:49
or T-W-O,
12
49000
1976
ืื• T-W-O (ืฉืชื™ื™ื),
00:51
can stand on its own as a word,
13
51000
1976
ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืขืžื•ื“ ื‘ืคื ื™ ืขืฆืžื• ื›ืžื™ืœื”,
00:53
like one, or two.
14
53000
1976
ื›ืžื• ืื—ื“, ืื• ืฉืชื™ื™ื™ื.
00:55
A bound base, like the R-U-P-T of "erupt" or "rupture"
15
55000
2976
ื‘ืกื™ืก ืงืฉื•ืจ, R-U-P-T (ื‘ืงืข) ืฉืœ "ื”ืชื‘ืงืข" ืื• "ื‘ืงืข"
00:58
needs another element in order to surface in a word.
16
58000
3976
ืฆืจื™ืš ื’ื•ืจื ื ื•ืกืฃ ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคื•ืš ืœืžื™ืœื”.
01:02
Two or more bases
17
62000
1976
ืฉื ื™ื™ื ืื• ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืกื™ืกื™ื
01:04
give us compounds, like "twofold" or "someone" or "bankrupt."
18
64000
2976
ื ื•ืชื ื™ื ืœื ื• ื”ืจื›ื‘ื™ื, ื›ืžื• "ืคืขืžื™ื™ื" ืื• "ืžื™ืฉื”ื•" ืื• "ืคืฉื™ื˜ืช-ืจื’ืœ."
01:07
Once we figure out a word's meaningful elements,
19
67000
3976
ื‘ืจื’ืข ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืžื‘ื™ื ื™ื ืืช ื”ืืœืžื ื˜ื™ื ื”ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ืžื™ืœื”,
01:11
We can peel back its history to shed a little more light
20
71000
2976
ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืงืœืฃ ืืช ื”ื”ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืื™ืจ ืงืฆืช ื™ื•ืชืจ
01:14
on why it's spelled as it is.
21
74000
1976
ืขืœ ืœืžื” ื”ื™ื ืžืื•ื™ื™ืชืช ื›ืžื• ืฉื”ื™ื.
01:16
The word "two," for example,
22
76000
2976
ื”ืžื™ืœื” "ืฉืชื™ื™ื," ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื”,
01:19
needs its "W" in order to mark its connection
23
79000
2976
ืฆืจื™ื›ื” ืืช ื”"W" ื›ื“ื™ ืœืกืžืŸ ืืช ื”ืงืฉืจ
01:22
to words like "twice," "twelve," "twenty,"
24
82000
2976
ืœืžื™ืœื™ื ื›ืžื• "ืคืขืžื™ื™ื," ืฉืชื™ื ืขืฉืจื”," ืขืฉืจื™ื,"
01:25
"twin" and "between."
25
85000
1976
"ืชืื•ืžื™ื" ื• "ื‘ื™ืŸ."
01:27
A word's history is another layer of the onion.
26
87000
2976
ื”ื”ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืžื™ืœื” ื”ื™ื ืฉื›ื‘ื” ื ื•ืกืคืช ืฉืœ ื”ื‘ืฆืœ.
01:30
With that understanding, let's investigate the word "one."
27
90000
3976
ืขื ื”ื”ื‘ื ื” ื”ื–ื•, ื‘ื•ืื• ื ื—ืงื•ืจ ืืช ื”ืžื™ืœื” "ืื—ื“."
01:34
First we need to check in with what it means.
28
94000
2143
ืื ื—ื ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื—ืงื•ืจ ืชื—ื™ืœื” ืžื” ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื”.
01:36
Unique, single, solitary.
29
96167
3809
ื™ื—ื•ื“ื™ืช, ื™ื—ื™ื“ื”, ื‘ื•ื“ื“ื”.
01:40
"One's" historical layers include its relatives
30
100000
3976
ื”ืฉื›ื‘ื•ืช ื”ื”ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ "ืื—ื“" ื›ื•ืœืœื•ืช ืืช ื”ืงืจื•ื‘ื™ื ืฉืœื”
01:44
"only," "once," "eleven," and even "a,"
31
104000
3976
"ืจืง," ืคืขื ืื—ืช," ืื—ื“ ืขืฉืจื”," ื•ืืคื™ืœื• "ื”,"
01:48
"an" and "any."
32
108000
976
"ื”ื–ื”," ื• "ื›ืœ."
01:49
But it's the morphological relatives -
33
109000
2976
ืื‘ืœ ืืœื” ื”ืงืจื•ื‘ื™ื ื”ืžื•ืจืคื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื™ื ืฉืœื” --
01:52
the ones that share the base O-N-E -
34
112000
2976
ืืœื” ืฉื›ื•ืœืœื™ื ืืช ื”ื‘ืกื™ืก O-N-E -
01:55
That are really astonishing.
35
115000
2976
ืฉืžืžืฉ ืžืคืœื™ืื™ื.
01:58
There are the familiar ones, like "anyone,"
36
118000
2048
ื™ืฉ ืžื•ื›ืจื™ื, ื›ืžื• "ื›ืœ ืื—ื“,"
02:00
and "one-track" and "oneself" - those are obvious.
37
120072
3904
ื•"ื—ื“-ืกื™ื˜ืจื™" ื•"ืขืฆืžื™" - ืืœื” ื‘ืจื•ืจื™ื.
02:04
But let's take a look at some unexpected derivations
38
124000
2976
ืื‘ืœ ื‘ื•ืื• ื ื‘ื™ื˜ ื‘ื›ืžื” ื ื’ื–ืจื•ืช ื™ื•ืฆืื•ืช ื“ื•ืคืŸ
02:07
of the word "one."
39
127000
1976
ืฉืœ ื”ืžื™ืœื” "ืื—ื“."
02:09
The word "alone" is built from the prefix A-L plus the base O-N-E.
40
129000
3976
ื”ืžื™ืœื” "ืœื‘ื“" ื‘ื ื•ื™ื™ื” ืžื”ืงื™ื“ื•ืžืช A-L ื•ื”ื‘ืกื™ืก ืื—ื“.
02:13
It's the same A-L prefix that we see
41
133000
2976
ื–ื• ืื•ืชื” ืงื™ื“ื•ืžืช ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืจื•ืื™ื
02:16
in "always," "already," "almighty" and "almost."
42
136000
3976
ื‘ "ืชืžื™ื“," "ื›ื‘ืจ," "ื—ื–ืง ืžื›ืœ" ื• "ื›ืžืขื˜."
02:20
It means "all."
43
140000
1976
ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื” "ื›ืœ."
02:22
the word "alone" means "all one."
44
142000
3976
ื”ืžื™ืœื” "ืœื‘ื“" ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื” " ื›ืœ ืื—ื“."
02:26
It was misanalysed in the middle ages
45
146000
1976
ื”ื™ื ืื•ื‘ื—ื ื” ืœื ื ื›ื•ืŸ ื‘ื™ืžื™ ื”ื‘ื™ื ื™ื™ื
02:28
as having the prefix "a," like in "asleep" and "awake" and "around,"
46
148000
4976
ื›ืžื™ืœื” ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื” ืงื™ื“ื•ืžืช "A," ื›ืžื• "ื™ืฉืŸ" ื•"ืขืจ" ื•"ื‘ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื”,"
02:33
and a new base was born: L-O-N-E,
47
153000
2976
ื•ื‘ืกื™ืก ื—ื“ืฉ ื ื•ืœื“: L-O-N-E,
02:36
which then developed into its own family.
48
156000
3976
ืฉืื– ื”ืชืคืชื— ืœืžืฉืคื—ื” ืžืฉืœื•.
02:40
In the word "atone," we find the familiar preposition "at"
49
160000
3976
ื‘ืžื™ืœื” "ื›ื™ืคืจ." ืื ื—ื ื• ืžื•ืฆืื™ื ืืช ื”ืงื™ื“ื•ืžืช ื”ืžื•ื›ืจืช "at"
02:44
compounded with the base O-N-E.
50
164000
2976
ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ืช ืขื ื”ื‘ืกื™ืก O-N-E.
02:47
See, when we atone for something we've done wrong,
51
167000
3976
ื”ื‘ื™ื ื•, ื›ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืžื›ืคืจื™ื ืขืœ ืžืฉื”ื• ืœื ื˜ื•ื‘ ืฉืขืฉื™ื ื•,
02:51
we attempt to make things whole again,
52
171000
1976
ืื ื—ื ื• ืžื ืกื™ื ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉืœืžื™ื ืฉื•ื‘,
02:53
to fix what's broken, to be at one again with whomever we hurt.
53
173000
4976
ื›ื“ื™ ืœืชืงืŸ ืืช ืžื” ืฉื ืฉื‘ืจ, ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœืžื™ื ืฉื•ื‘ ืขื ืžื™ ืฉืคื’ืขื ื• ื‘ื•.
02:58
But here's perhaps the best one of all:
54
178000
2976
ืื‘ืœ ื”ื ื” ื›ื ืจืื” ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ ืžื›ื•ืœื:
03:01
the word "onion," which is also frequently derided as irregular
55
181000
3976
ื”ืžื™ืœื” "ื‘ืฆืœ," ืฉื’ื ื”ื™ื ืžื•ื’ื“ืจืช ืจื‘ื•ืช ื›ื—ืจื™ื’ื”
03:05
or crazy, for its spelling of "uh" with an O.
56
185000
3976
ืื• ืžื•ื–ืจื”, ื‘ื’ืœืœ ื”ืื™ื•ืช ืฉืœื” ืฉืœ "ืึฑ" ืขื ื”ืื•ืช O.
03:09
But again, if we look into the word's structure,
57
189000
3976
ืื‘ืœ ืฉื•ื‘, ืื ื ื‘ื™ื˜ ืขืœ ืžื‘ื ื” ื”ืžื™ืœื”,
03:13
and its history, it's a mystery no more.
58
193000
2976
ื•ื”ื”ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ืฉืœื”, ื–ื• ื›ื‘ืจ ืœื ืชืขืœื•ืžื”.
03:16
When we look at the roots of an onion,
59
196000
1976
ื›ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืžื‘ื™ื˜ื™ื ื‘ืฉื•ืจืฉื™ื ืฉืœ ื‘ืฆืœ,
03:18
we learn that it is written as O-N-E plus I-O-N,
60
198000
4976
ืื ื—ื ื• ืจื•ืื™ื ืฉื–ื” ื›ืชื•ื‘ ื› O-N-E ืขื I-O-N,
03:23
the same suffix we find in "tension," "action," "union"
61
203000
4976
ืื•ืชื” ืกื™ื•ืžืช ื ืžืฆืืช ื‘ "ืžืชื—," "ืคืขื•ืœื”," "ืื™ื—ื•ื“"
03:28
and thousands of other words in English.
62
208000
2976
ื•ืืœืคื™ ืžื™ืœื™ื ืื—ืจื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช.
03:31
Unlike the many cloves in a head of garlic,
63
211000
2976
ื‘ื ื™ื’ื•ื“ ืœื”ืจื‘ื” ืฉื™ื ื™ื™ื ื‘ืจืืฉ ืฉื•ื,
03:34
an onion has a single bulb.
64
214000
1976
ืœื‘ืฆืœ ื™ืฉ ืคืงืขืช ืื—ืช.
03:36
It is marked by the state or condition of oneness.
65
216000
2976
ื”ื•ื ืžืกื•ืžืŸ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืžืฆื‘ ืฉืœ ื™ื—ื™ื“ื•ืช.
03:39
Like an onion, English is one -
66
219000
2976
ื›ืžื• ื”ื‘ืฆืœ, ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ื™ื ืื—ืช -
03:42
one single writing system shared across time and space.
67
222000
3976
ืžืขืจื›ืช ื›ืชื™ื‘ื” ืื—ืช ื•ื™ื—ื™ื“ื” ืฉืžืฉื•ืชืคืช ืขืœ ืคื ื™ ื–ืžืŸ ื•ืžืจื—ื‘.
03:46
Its structure and its history have many layers,
68
226000
2976
ื”ื™ื ืžื•ื‘ื ื™ืช ื•ืœื”ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ืฉืœื” ื”ืจื‘ื” ืฉื›ื‘ื•ืช,
03:49
and peeling them apart can really add flavor to our language
69
229000
3976
ื•ืงื™ืœื•ืคืŸ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ื‘ืืžืช ืœื”ื•ืกื™ืฃ ื˜ืขื ืœืฉืคื” ืฉืœื ื•
03:53
and spice up our understanding. See, spelling is never just about spelling,
70
233000
4976
ื•ืœืชื‘ืœ ืืช ื”ื”ื‘ื ื” ืฉืœื ื•. ื”ื‘ื™ื ื•, ืื™ื•ืช ื”ื•ื ืœืขื•ืœื ืœื ืจืง ืื™ื•ืช,
03:58
but about how written words make sense.
71
238000
1976
ืืœื ื ื•ื’ืข ืœื”ื’ื™ื•ืŸ ืžืื—ื•ืจื™ ืžื™ืœื™ื ื›ืชื•ื‘ื•ืช.
04:00
It's almost enough to make you want to cry.
72
240000
4000
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

https://forms.gle/WvT1wiN1qDtmnspy7