A vehicle built in Africa, for Africa | Joel Jackson

67,331 views ・ 2018-02-01

TED


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譯者: Lilian Chiu 審譯者: Adrienne Lin
00:12
Imagine if your daily commute involved tens of kilometers
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想像一下,你每日 要通勤數十公里路,
00:16
on these kinds of roads,
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且走的是這種路,
00:18
driving this kind of vehicle,
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開的是這種車,
00:20
without any nearby service stations or breakdown assistance.
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附近沒有任何服務站或是修理協助。
00:23
For millions of drivers in many parts of Africa, this is the norm.
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對非洲許多地方的數百萬 駕駛人而言,這很正常。
00:28
Since over 90 percent of passenger cars are imported,
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因為超過 90% 的客車都是進口的,
00:30
often used,
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通常是二手的,
00:32
they're just not designed for local usage.
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它們本來就不是為了 當地的用途而設計。
00:34
High import duties often compound the problem,
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高進口稅通常會讓問題更惡化,
00:37
sometimes doubling the price of a car.
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有時候會讓車價到達兩倍。
00:40
So most vehicles are either too expensive or too unreliable
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所以,對一般消費者來說, 大部份汽車不是太貴
00:44
for the average consumer.
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就是太不可靠,
00:46
Well-designed vehicles are only part of the transport challenge, though.
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不過,設計良好的車子 只是交通挑戰的一部份而已。
00:49
For every 100 adults in Africa,
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在非洲,每一百名成人中,
00:52
less than five people actually own a vehicle.
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不到五個人真正擁有一台車。
00:54
Public transport is available,
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有大眾運輸可以用,
00:56
and in countries like Kenya, it's often run by local entrepreneurs
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在肯亞這類國家,通常是 由當地的企業家經營的,
00:59
using minivans like this.
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用像這樣的小卡車。
01:00
But in most rural and peri-urban areas,
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但在大部份的農村和城市外圍地區,
01:03
it's fragmented and unreliable.
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大眾運輸是不相連且不可靠的。
01:06
In more remote areas without transport,
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在更偏遠沒有交通工具的地區,
01:08
people have to walk, typically tens of kilometers,
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人們得要步行, 通常一走就是數十公里,
01:11
to get to school or collect clean drinking water
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才能到達學校或是取得乾淨飲用水,
01:13
or buy supplies from nearby markets.
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或是到附近的市場買日用品。
01:16
Bad roads, disparate communities, low average income levels
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糟糕的道路、完全不同的社區、 低平均收入水平、
01:19
and inadequate vehicles
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以及不適合的車,
01:21
all impair the transport system
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都會損害交通系統,
01:22
and ultimately constrain economic output.
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最終則會限制經濟輸出。
01:26
Despite this constraint, the Pan-African economy is booming.
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儘管有這限制, 泛非洲的經濟還是在興盛中。
01:29
Combined GDP is already over two trillion dollars.
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加總起來的 GDP 已超過兩兆美元。
01:33
This is a massive commercial and social opportunity,
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這是非常大的商業和社會機會,
01:36
not a helpless continent.
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而不是一塊無助的大陸。
01:39
So why isn't there already something better?
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所以為什麼還沒有更好的東西出現?
01:42
Around the world, automotive is quarter the manufacturing sector.
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在全世界,汽車就佔了 製造部門的四分之一。
01:45
But in Africa, it's generally been overlooked by carmakers,
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但在非洲,汽車製造商 通常都忽略了這一點,
01:48
who are focused on larger, established markets
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他們把焦點放在已建立的更大市場
01:50
and emerging economies like India and China.
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及新興的經濟體上,如印度和中國。
01:53
This lack of industrialization,
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缺乏工業化的現象
01:55
which itself creates a vicious-cycle barrier to the emergence of industry,
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本身就造成了惡性循環, 阻礙了新興工業,
01:58
has caused the dependence on imports.
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導致對於進口產生依賴。
02:01
There is a supply-demand disconnect,
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供應和需求之間的連結斷了,
02:03
with the vast majority of automotive spending on the continent today,
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現今在這塊大陸上 絕大部份的汽車花費
02:06
essentially funding an international network of car exporters
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基本上都用來資助 汽車外銷商的國際網路,
02:09
instead of fueling the growth of local industry.
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而不是刺激當地工業的成長。
02:12
It's entirely possible to solve this disconnect, though,
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不過,要解決這個連結 斷掉的問題,絕對是可能的,
02:15
starting with products that people actually want.
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這要從人們真正想要的產品開始。
02:17
And this is what motivated me to start Mobius,
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這就是我創始 Mobius 的動機,
02:20
to build a vehicle in Africa, for Africa.
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為了要在非洲、為非洲製造汽車。
02:25
To us, this meant reimagining the car around the needs of the consumer,
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對我們而言,這意味著要根據 消費者需求來重新想像汽車,
02:28
simplifying nonessential features like interior fixtures
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把不必要的特色簡化,比如內部配件,
02:31
and investing in performance-critical systems like suspension
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把錢投資在對效能有重要 影響的系統,如懸吊系統,
02:34
to create durable and affordable vehicles
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來創造耐用又能負擔的車,
02:36
built for purpose.
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有目的而打造的車。
02:38
And built for purpose is exactly where we started
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有目的而打造,正是我們製造
02:41
with our first-generation model, Mobius II,
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第一代模型「Mobius II」的起始點,
02:43
which was designed as a really rugged, low-cost SUV,
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它被設計成極堅固耐用 且低成本的運動型休旅車,
02:47
able to handle heavy loads and rough terrain reliably.
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載重很重,在崎嶇地形上 行駛也很可靠。
02:50
This launched in 2015,
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這台車在 2015 年推出,
02:52
and we've now developed the next-generation version
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我們現在已經依客戶回饋意見來調整,
02:55
based on customer feedback.
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開發了下一代的版本。
02:57
For high stress and heavy loading,
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針對高應力以及重負載,
02:59
we engineered a sturdy steel space frame.
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我們設計了堅固的鋼空間結構。
03:01
To handle acute vibration from rough roads,
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為了處理崎嶇道路造成的劇烈振動,
03:04
we ruggedized the suspension.
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我們讓懸吊系統更堅固耐用。
03:06
For potholes and uneven terrain, high ground clearance was a no-brainer.
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針對坑洞和不平坦的地形, 不用想也知道要增加離地高度。
03:10
And to make this something customers could actually be proud to drive in,
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為了要讓顧客很驕傲 能坐在這台車裡面,
03:13
we designed an aspirational body aesthetic.
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我們設計了夢寐以求的車體美學。
03:16
Underpinning all of this, we simplified or eliminated components
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這背後的基礎原理是, 我們把元件給簡化或是除去,
03:19
like parking sensors and automatic windows
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比如停車感測器以及自動窗,
03:22
wherever we could,
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我們盡一切可能
03:23
to keep costs low
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把成本壓低,
03:24
and sell this at half the price of a five-year-old SUV in Kenya today.
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讓這台車的售價是肯亞現今 五年車齡休旅車售價的一半。
03:30
The new --
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新的...
03:31
(Applause)
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(掌聲)
03:35
The new Mobius II launches in 2018.
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新的 Mobius II 會在 2018 年推出。
03:38
And while durable, affordable vehicles like this are vital,
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雖然像這樣子耐用 且可負擔的車是很重要的,
03:41
a broader solution to immobility needs to go further.
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但針對低行動力的解決方案 還需要再進一步。
03:45
Over the last decade,
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在過去十年,
03:46
a transport-centric, shared economy has connected people across Africa
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以交通為中心的共享經濟 將非洲各地的人用小卡車、
03:49
with minivans, auto rickshaws and sedans.
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自動三輪車、轎車給連結在一起。
03:52
It's just not operated very effectively or efficiently.
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只是在運作上並非很有效益或效率。
03:55
Enabling better access to transport is all about strengthening
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要讓交通更容易使用,
重點在於強化大眾運輸網路,
03:58
this public transit network,
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04:00
empowering local entrepreneurs who already offer similar services
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授權給已經在自己的社區內 提供類似服務的當地企業家,
04:03
in their communities
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04:04
to operate these services more profitably and more widely.
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能用更能獲利且更廣範圍的方式 經營這些服務。
04:08
With this aim, we're taking human-centered design a step further
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為此目標,我們讓以人 為中心的設計再上一層樓,
04:11
and developing a transport platform model,
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開發了一個運輸平台模型,
04:13
which enables owners to plug in different modules,
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它讓車主能夠選用不同的模組,
04:16
like a goods cage or ambulance unit,
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比如貨物籠或救護車套件,
04:18
and run other services like goods delivery or medical transport,
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就可以經營其他服務, 比如送貨或醫療運輸,
04:21
as well as public transport.
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還有大眾運輸。
04:23
Transportation services like this are the fundamental driver
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像這樣子的交通服務 是基本的驅動因子,
04:26
of logistics, trade, social services,
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推動著物流、貿易、社會服務、
04:29
access to education, health care and employment.
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教育機會、健康照護及就業。
04:32
The transportation grid to physical economies
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實體經濟的交通網
04:34
is akin to the internet to virtual economies.
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就類似虛擬經濟的網際網路。
04:36
And the impact of increased mobility is only part of the potential here.
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行動力增加的影響, 只是潛力的一部份而已。
04:41
Since the late 1700s, the Industrial Revolution has catapulted
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從十八世紀後期開始,
工業革命讓全世界的經濟發展起飛,
04:45
the development of economies around the world
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04:47
into thriving societies.
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成為興旺的社會。
04:49
Today, manufacturing is still the engine of economic growth and stability,
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現今,製造仍然是經濟成長 和穩定背後的引擎,
04:52
even as new technologies have inevitably transformed the way we live.
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即使新科技已經無可避免地 轉變了我們的生活方式。
04:56
Making stuff is important,
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做東西是很重要的,
04:58
especially for nation-states wanting to boost employment,
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對於想要推動就業、增加技能、
05:01
increase skills and reduce import dependence.
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減少對進口依賴的國家而言更是如此。
05:03
But while few countries can skip this industrialized stage,
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雖然少數國家可以跳過這個工業化階段,
05:06
many have negligible manufacturing output.
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許多國家的製造輸出是微乎其微。
05:09
There are various reasons for this,
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這背後的原因很多,
05:11
but one reason is universal: hardware is hard.
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但有一個原因是普遍的: 硬體很硬(難搞)。
05:14
(Laughter)
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(笑聲)
05:16
So what are the challenges to industry, and how are we approaching them?
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所以,對工業面對的挑戰是什麼? 我們要如何對付它們?
05:20
The first issue many people think of is a lack of skilled labor.
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人們會先想到的議題是 缺乏有技能的勞工。
05:23
In areas where access to good primary and secondary education are limited
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能有機會接受初等教育 和中等教育的地區有限,
05:27
and employment opportunities are scarce,
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就業機會很稀少,
05:29
a small skill base is inevitable.
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有技能的人很少是必然的。
05:31
But that doesn't mean it's immutable.
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但不表示這點無法改變。
05:33
There's an abundance of smart, hardworking and ambitious people in Africa,
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在非洲有很多聰明、 努力、有野心的人,
05:37
obviously.
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很顯而易見。
05:38
What's really lacking are good jobs
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真正缺乏的是好工作,
05:40
that offer a path not just to employment but also professional growth.
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不只是就業機會, 還能提供專業成長的工作。
05:44
The first person we employed at Mobius over six years ago
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至少六年前,我們在 Mobius 僱用的第一個人
05:47
was a mechanic named Kazungu.
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是一位機械工,名叫卡宗古。
05:48
Kazungu had gone to school up to the age of 18
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卡宗古在學校唸書唸到十八歲,
05:51
and worked as an odd-job mechanic.
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在做打零工的機械工。
05:53
Joining the company at the time was a near-vertical learning curve.
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那時,加入我們公司, 是條接近垂直的學習曲線。
05:56
But he rose to the challenge,
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但他成功面對挑戰,
05:57
and with more technical guidance from an expanding engineering team,
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有著不斷擴大的工程團隊 給他更多技術指導,
06:01
he's grown over the years
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這些年來,他成長到能
06:02
to lead a group of mechanics in R&D prototyping.
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領導一群機械工做研發的樣機開發。
06:04
A thirst for learning and the work ethic to step up to a challenge
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對於學習的渴望以及 面對挑戰的工作倫理
是我們徵才時重視的特質。
06:08
are values we now recruit on.
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06:09
Pairing innate values like this with on-the-job training and systems
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把像這樣的固有價值, 搭配在職訓練和系統,
就能強化我們的技能基礎。
06:13
has strengthened our skill base.
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06:14
This works really well on the production line,
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這在生產線上很成功,
06:17
where work can be systematized around clear procedural instructions
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在生產線上,工作可以被系統化, 成為清楚的程序步驟指示,
06:20
and then reinforced through training.
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接著透過教育訓練來強化。
06:23
In our experience, it is possible to build a skilled workforce,
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根據我們的經驗, 建立有技能的勞動力是有可能的,
06:26
and we plan to hire hundreds more people using this approach.
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我們打算用這個方法再僱用數百人。
06:30
A second challenge is a lack of suppliers.
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第二項挑戰,是缺乏供應商。
06:33
In countries like Kenya, there are only a handful of automotive suppliers
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像肯亞這種國家, 只有少數的汽車供應商
06:36
manufacturing parts like electrical harnesses, seats and glass.
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會製造像是電線、座椅、玻璃等零件。
06:39
It's a burgeoning group,
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它還在發展中,
06:41
and without much demand from industry,
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且來自工業的需求並不大,
06:43
most of these suppliers have no impetus to grow.
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這些供應商大多沒有動力想要成長。
06:46
We've worked hard with a few of them to develop the capacity
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我們很努力和其中幾家 合作來開發生產力,
06:49
to consistently manufacture components at the quality levels we need,
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能夠穩定地製造元件, 保持我們要求的品質水準,
06:52
like this supplier in Nairobi,
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像這間在奈洛比的供應商,
06:54
who are helping to reduce the production cost of metal brackets
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他們協助降低金屬托架的生產成本,
06:57
and improve their ability to build conformant parts
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並改善他們的能力, 根據我們的工程草圖
06:59
to our engineering drawings.
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來建立更舒適的零件。
07:01
Supply and development is standard practice in automotive globally,
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在全球,供應和發展 都是汽車業的標準做法,
07:04
but it needs to be applied from the ground up
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但它需要從基礎向上,
07:07
with a vast majority of local suppliers
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要有大量的當地供應商,
07:08
to properly bolster the ecosystem.
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才能妥善支撐這個生態系統。
07:11
And as production volumes rise, these suppliers can employ more staff,
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隨著生產量增加, 這些供應商就能僱用更多員工,
07:14
invest in better equipment
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投資更好的設備,
07:16
and continue to develop new manufacturing techniques
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並持續開發新的製造技術,
07:19
to further increase output.
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讓輸出能進一步提升。
07:21
Building up skills and suppliers are not the only hurdles
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建立技能以及供應商 並非當地工業化的唯一阻礙,
07:24
to local industrialization,
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07:26
but they're good examples of how we think about the challenge.
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但它們是很好的例子, 來說明我們如何看待挑戰。
07:29
You see, we're not just reimagining the car,
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我們並不只是在重新思考車子,
07:31
we're reimagining our entire value chain.
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我們是在重新思考整個價值鏈。
07:35
None of this has been easy,
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這一切都不容易,
07:36
and we're only just getting started.
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且我們才剛開始。
07:38
But once African industry starts to scale,
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但,一旦非洲工業開始有規模,
07:40
the potential is huge.
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潛力就非常大。
07:42
Better products,
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更好的產品,
07:44
costing less,
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成本更低,
07:45
built locally,
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當地打造,
07:47
together creating millions of jobs.
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加在一起能創造出百萬個工作機會。
07:49
Frugal innovation offers a path to economic acceleration
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節儉式創新為經濟增長提供了一條路,
07:52
across many industries,
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橫跨許多產業,
07:54
and the future of this continent depends on it.
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這塊大陸的未來要仰賴它。
07:57
The Africa 2.0 I believe in can apply locally relevant design
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我所相信的非洲 2.0,能夠 應用對當地有重大意義的設計,
08:01
and a commitment to solving its industrial challenges
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並承諾解決它的工業挑戰,
08:04
to create a more connected, more prosperous future,
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以創造出更緊密連結、 更繁榮的未來,
08:07
not just for the privileged few,
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不只是為了少數有特權的人,
08:09
but for everyone.
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而是為了每個人。
08:10
Thank you.
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謝謝。
08:12
(Applause)
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(掌聲)
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