Anupam Mishra: The ancient ingenuity of water harvesting

譯者: April Zhang 審譯者: K. C. Peng

For emotions, we should not move quickly to the desert.

從個人感情上來講，我建議我們先別立即轉到沙漠的討論中。

So, first, a small housekeeping announcement:

先來一點作為本場演講人的聲明：

please switch off your

麻煩在座各位

proper English check programs

關掉你們大腦中

installed in your brain.

固有的標準英語校對程序，把注意力從我的英語表達上轉移走。

(Applause)

（掌聲）

So, welcome to the Golden Desert, Indian desert.

好的，接下來就歡迎大家來到這片印度的黃金沙漠。

It receives the least rainfall in the country,

這片沙漠是印度每年降雨量

lowest rainfall.

最少的地區。

If you are well-versed with inches, nine inches,

如果你熟悉用英吋來衡量的話，降雨量大概只有9英吋，

centimeters, 16 [centimeters].

用公分來衡量的話，大約不到23公分。

The groundwater is 300 feet deep, 100 meters.

地下水有30英呎深，大約100米。

And in most parts it is saline, not fit for drinking.

而大多數地下水是鹽水，無法飲用的。

So, you can't install hand pumps or dig wells,

這一地區的大多數村莊沒有通電，

though there is no electricity in most of the villages.

因此，也無法安裝水泵或者挖井。

But suppose you use the green technology, solar pumps --

如果你想到可以用類似太陽能這樣的綠色能源技術來實現，

they are of no use in this area.

但是在這個區域卻行不通。

So, welcome to the Golden Desert.

其實在這片金色沙漠中，

Clouds seldom visit this area.

很少會出現陰雲密佈的天氣。

But we find 40 different names of clouds in this dialect used here.

但是這裡的方言有40種不同雲的叫法。

There are a number of techniques to harvest rain.

沒錯，的確有些技術可以收集雨水。

This is a new work, it's a new program.

這是一種新的方法，或者説新項目。

But for the desert society

但是對於沙漠而言，

this is no program; this is their life.

這可不是什麼實驗項目，這就是沙漠上人的生活。

And they harvest rain in many ways.

他們有很多收集雨水的辦法。

So, this is the first device they use

這個就是他們一開始用來

in harvesting rain.

收穫雨水的裝置。

It's called kunds; somewhere it is called [unclear].

這個裝置叫做昆德（kunds），有些地方也叫xxx（聽不清楚）。

And you can notice they have created

你會發現他們造了

a kind of false catchment.

人工蓄水池。

The desert is there, sand dunes, some small field.

沙漠和沙坵依然存在，只有一小片田地。

And this is all big raised platform.

這一些片田地可是需要花很大力氣維護的

You can notice the small holes

可以看到這裏有一些小洞，

the water will fall on this catchment,

水流到這些蓄水池上，

and there is a slope.

然後順著斜坡流下去。

Sometimes our engineers and architects

現代的一些工程師和建築師

do not care about slopes in bathrooms,

都不太在意浴室裡的斜坡了，

but here they will care properly.

可是以前當地人卻正確地利用了斜坡。

And the water will go where it should go.

這樣水就會順勢流去。

And then it is 40 feet deep.

而且通常都可以存儲大約40呎深。

The waterproofing is done perfectly,

那裏的防止漏水工作做的很好，

better than our city contractors,

真的好過我們現在城市里的那些承包商們，

because not a single drop should go waste in this.

因為對他們來説，任何一滴水都不能浪費。

They collect 100 thousand liters in one season.

他們當時每個季節能存十萬升水。

And this is pure drinking water.

而且這些都是可以飲用的純淨水。

Below the surface there is hard saline water.

地表以下卻是含鹽的硬水。

But now you can have this for year round.

但是有了這些儲水裝置後，一年內都能有飲用水。

It's two houses.

這有兩幢房子。

We often use a term called bylaws.

我們經常用一個詞，叫做“法律規定”。

Because we are used to get written things.

我們習慣把這些規定都寫下來，

But here it is unwritten by law.

但是也有法律種沒有規定的。

And people made their house,

人們建造自己的房子

and the water storage tanks.

和蓄水池。

These raised up platforms just like this stage.

這些凸起的臺子就像這個平臺一樣。

In fact they go 15 feet deep,

事實上，這些臺子有15呎深，

and collect rain water from roof,

從屋頂收集雨水，

there is a small pipe, and from their courtyard.

而且這裏有一根從花園里傳出來的小管子。

It can also harvest something like 25,000 in a good monsoon.

只要碰到雨量丰富的季節，也可以收穫大約兩萬五千升水。

Another big one,

另一個大的蓄水池，

this is of course out of the hardcore desert area.

當然這個也是從沙漠中來的，

This is near Jaipur. This is called the Jaigarh Fort.

离齋普爾很近，這地方叫做齋普爾要塞。

And it can collect six million gallons of rainwater in one season.

它一個雨季就可以收集六百萬加侖的雨水。

The age is 400 years.

它已經有400多年的歷史了。

So, since 400 years it has been giving you

這麼看來，從四百年前它就開始每季

almost six million gallons of water per season.

提供六百萬加侖的水給我們。

You can calculate the price of that water.

你可以算算這說的價格不菲啊。

It draws water from 15 kilometers of canals.

它從15公裡以外的運河引水而來。

You can see a modern road, hardly 50 years old.

看看現在那些公路，還不到50年，

It can break sometimes.

就經常損壞了。

But this 400 year old canal, which draws water,

但這條400年的引水老運河

it is maintained for so many generations.

經歷這麼多年代還依然完好無損。

Of course if you want to go inside, the two doors are locked.

當然你會想進進去看看，這兩扇門卻緊關着。

But they can be opened for TED people.

但是他們可能會為TED的觀眾爾開的。

(Laughter)

(笑聲)

And we request them.

當然，這是我們申請下來的。

You can see person coming up with

在圖上可以看到一個人提著

two canisters of water.

兩桶水上來了。

And the water level -- these are not empty canisters --

可不是兩個空桶啊，

water level is right up to this.

正好慢慢兩桶水。

It can envy many municipalities,

很多市民都會羨慕這水的

the color, the taste, the purity of this water.

顔色，味道和它的純凈。

And this is what they call Zero B type of water,

這就是他們稱之為零B型的水，

because it comes from the clouds,

因為它來自雲端，

pure distilled water.

是經過萃取的純凈水。

We stop for a quick commercial break,

我們停下來稍作廣告休息，

and then we come back to the traditional systems.

然後就再回到了那些傳統的系統中去。

The government thought that this is a very

政府認為這裏是個發展非常

backward area and we should bring

緩慢的地區，我們可以引進

a multi-million dollar project

一項幾百萬美金的項目建造

to bring water from the Himalayas.

從喜馬拉雅山脈引水的工程。

That's why I said that this is a commercial break.

這就是為什麼我說這只是個廣告。

(Laughter)

（笑聲）

But we will come back, once again,

但是我們還會再回來探討的，

to the traditional thing.

就為了那些傳統的東西。

So, water from 300, 400 kilometers away,

那麽，來自三十萬零四百公裡以外的水

soon it become like this.

很快將變成這樣。

In many portions, water hyacinth

在很大程度上，鳳眼蘭

covered these big canals like anything.

完全的蔓延着這些巨大的引水渠生長。

Of course there are some areas where water is reaching,

當然了，這些是有引來的水可以覆蓋到的地區，

I'm not saying that it is not reaching at all.

我也不是説這樣引水來完全沒有用。

But the tail end, the Jaisalmer area,

但是在引水道的末端，也就是斋沙默尔地區，

you will notice in Bikaner things like this:

你會在比卡內爾發現這樣的事情：

where the water hyacinth couldn't grow,

鳳眼蘭根本無法生長，

the sand is flowing in these canals.

沙子卻流進了運河道。

The bonus is that you can find wildlife around it.

值得慶幸的是，這附近卻出現了野生動物。

(Laughter)

（笑聲）

We had full-page advertisements,

大約30年，或者25年前，當這些運河剛剛建成的時候，

some 30 years, 25 years ago when this canal came.

我們用了整夜的廣告來宣傳。

They said that throw away your traditional systems,

勸告人們放棄這些傳統的蓄水係統，

these new cement tanks will supply you piped water.

這些水泥蓄水池可以提供管道運來的水。

It's a dream. And it became a dream also.

這的確是個夢，但是夢想成真了。

Because soon the water was not able to reach these areas.

因為很快這些水將無法到達這些區域。

And people started renovating their own structures.

人們要開始革新他們以前來的蓄水結構了。

These are all traditional water structures,

這些就是傳統的蓄水結構，

which we won't be able to explain in such a short time.

我們無法在短時間內詳細解釋。

But you can see that no woman is standing on those.

但是你可以看到一個女人正站在蓄水池上面。

(Laughter)

（笑聲）

And they are plaiting hair.

她們在梳辮子呢。

(Applause)

（掌聲）

Jaisalmer. This is heart of desert.

斋沙默尔是這片沙漠的核心地帶。

This town was established 800 years ago.

這座城鎮建於800年前。

I'm not sure by that time

我不知道那時候，

Bombay was there, or Delhi was there,

孟買， 德立，

or Chennai was there, or Bangalore was there.

金奈，甚至班加羅爾是否已經誕生。

So, this was the terminal point for silk route.

而且，這裡是絲綢之路的終點。

Well connected, 800 years ago, through Europe.

這裏800年前就聯通了歐洲。

None of us were able to go to Europe,

當時的人們都無法到達歐洲。

but Jaisalmer was well connected to it.

但是斋沙默尔已經很好的和歐洲聯通了。

And this is the 16 centimeter area.

這個地區的降雨量是16公分。

Such a limited rainfall,

如此有限的降雨量

and highest colorful life flourished in these areas.

卻孕育這片地區無比豐富多彩的生活。

You won't find water in this slide.

雖然你在這個幻燈片中看不到水，

But it is invisible.

但是它卻隱含其中。

Somewhere a stream or a rivulet

某些地方的小河或者小溪

is running through here.

穿過這片地區。

Or, if you want to paint, you can paint it blue throughout

如果你想把這一地區畫下來，你可以整個畫成藍色，

because every roof which you see in this picture

因為你在這照片中看得到的房頂

collects rainwater drops

都可以收集雨水滴

and deposit in the rooms.

然後在屋裡儲存。

But apart from this system,

除了這些儲水系統外，

they designed 52 beautiful water bodies around this town.

他們還在這個城鎮周圍建了52處美麗的儲水建築。

And what we call private public partnership

我們把他們叫做公私合營

you can add estate also.

你自己也可以加入。

So, estate, public and private entrepreneurs

因此，房產開發商，公共事業和私人企業

work together to build this beautiful water body.

合作建造了這片美麗的儲水体。

And it's a kind of water body for all seasons.

而且這片儲水區可以一年四季儲水。

You will admire it. Just behold the beauty throughout the year.

你可以好好欣賞它，仔細觀察它的四季之美。

Whether water level goes up or down,

不管水面上升還是下降，

the beauty is there throughout.

它都一致美麗如常。

Another water body, dried up, of course,

這是另一個儲水池，沒錯，已經

during the summer period,

在夏季的時候乾涸了，

but you can see how the traditional society

但是你依然可以看到傳統的社會

combines engineering with aesthetics, with the heart.

用心的將工程學和美學結合起來了。

These statues, marvelous statues,

這些彫塑，了不起的彫塑，

gives you an idea of water table.

向你標識出地下水位的位置。

When this rain comes and the water starts filling this tank,

當有雨降落，水開始填入這些蓄水池的時候，

it will submerge these beautiful statues

將淹沒這些美麗的彫塑

in what we call in English today "mass communication."

在當代英語中，我們把這些彫塑叫做“大眾傳媒工具”。

This was for mass communication.

這就是做為大眾傳媒工具而用的。

Everybody in the town will know that this elephant has drowned,

城鎮中的每個人都知道這只大像被淹沒了，

so water will be there for seven months or nine months,

因此存儲的水可以用七到九個月，

or 12 months.

甚至十二個月。

And then they will come and worship this pond,

接著他們將會前來膜拜這個池塘，

pay respect, their gratitude.

以示尊敬和感激。

Another small water body, called the [unclear].

另一個小的蓄水池，叫做“傑斯體”（聽音）。

It is difficult to translate in English,

這個名字很難被翻譯成英語，

especially in my English.

特別是以我的英語水平。

But the nearest would be "glory," a reputation.

但是最近的一個意思就是“繁榮”，這是一種殊榮啊。

The reputation in desert of this small water body is

它在這片沙漠中享有這種殊榮就是因為

that it never dries up.

它從來沒有乾涸過。

In severe drought periods

即使在非常嚴重的旱災期

nobody has seen this water body

也沒人看到過這片蓄水池

getting dried up.

乾涸過。

And perhaps they knew the future also.

或許它也通曉未來。

It was designed some 150 years ago.

這是大約150年前設計的。

But perhaps they knew that on sixth, November, 2009,

但是或許當時的設計者知道在2009年11月6日，

there will be a TED green and blue session,

這裡將舉辦一場TED藍綠會議，

so they painted it like this.

因此他們就把它畫成了這樣。

(Laughter)

（笑聲）

(Applause)

（掌聲）

Dry water body. Children are standing on

這是一個乾涸的蓄水池，孩子們站在這個

a very difficult device to explain.

很難解釋清楚的裝置上面。

This is called kund. We have, in English, surface water and ground water.

這叫做“昆德（kund）”。在英語中，我們有地表水和地下水的說法。

But this is not ground water.

但是這並不是地下水。

You can draw ground water from any well.

從任何井裡都可以獲取地下水。

But this is no ordinary well.

但這不是個普通的井。

It squeeze the moisture

它是搾取藏在

hidden in the sand.

沙子里的水份的。

And they have dubbed this water as the third one called [unclear].

他們授予這片水域是第三個“黑加泥”（聽音譯）。

And there is a gypsum belt running below it.

在這個井下面有一條石膏帶。

And it was deposited by the great mother Earth,

而且這里的水直接經過了地球母親的沉澱，

some three million years ago.

這都是大約三百年前的水了。

And where we have this gypsum strip

哪裡有這種石膏帶，

they can harvest this water.

他們就能在哪里收穫這些水。

This is the same dry water body.

這也是一個乾涸的儲水池。

Now, you don't find any kund;

如今，已經找不到一個昆德（kund）了，

they are all submerged.

他們已經被水淹沒了。

But when the water goes down they will be able

但是一旦水流入蓄水池，他們就能

to draw water from those structures throughout the year.

整年的從蓄水池中吸取水資源。

This year they have received only six centimeters.

今年，他們只得到了6公分的降水。

Six centimeter of rainfall,

即使只有六公分的降水量，

and they can telephone you

他們也會給你打電話

that if you find any water problem in your city,

詢問你所在的城市是否有任何水利用問題。

Delhi, Bombay, Bangalore, Mysore,

德裡，孟買，班加羅爾，邁索爾，

please come to our area of six centimeters, we can give you water.

如果你那裡的供水有問題，請給我們這個只有六公分降雨量的地方打電話，我們可以給你水用。

(Laughter)

（笑聲）

How they maintain them?

他們是如何堅持下去的呢？

There are three things: concept, planning,

有三個方面：觀念，計划，

making the actual thing, and also maintaining them.

製造實體 與維護實體。

It is a structure for maintain,

他們就這樣保持了

for centuries, by generations, without any department,

幾個世紀，代代相傳，沒有任何政府部門

without any funding,

和資金的支持。

So the secret is "[unclear]," respect.

因此秘訣就在於“佛塌”（印度語音譯），也就是尊重。

Your own thing, not personal property,

你自己的財產，不是私人財產

my property, every time.

就是我的財產，所以隨時我都會尊重它。

So, these stone pillars

這些石柱

will remind you that you are entering into a water body area.

會提示你正在進入一片儲水區。

Don't spit, don't do anything wrong,

別隨地吐痰，別做任何不該做的事情，

so that the clean water can be collected.

這樣才能保持收集到乾淨的水。

Another pillar, stone pillar on your right side.

這是另一個石柱，就在你的右手邊。

If you climb these three, six steps

當你爬上三層或者六層台階，

you will find something very nice.

你會發現一些很美妙的事情。

This was done in 11th century.

這些圖形是11世界建造的。

And you have to go further down.

你還要再走下去一些。

They say that a picture is worth a thousand words,

有人說這樣一幅圖千言萬語也難以描述，

so we can say a thousand words right now,

那麽我們現在就一千字

an another thousand words.

一千字的來形容它。

If the water table goes down,

如果地下水位降低，

you will find new stairs.

你就會看到新的台階浮出水面。

If it comes up, some of them will be submerged.

如果地下水位上漲，一些檯階就會被淹沒。

So, throughout the year

因此，整整一年

this beautiful system will give you some pleasure.

這種美麗的建筑係統都可以給你帶來歡樂。

Three sides, such steps, on the fourth side

這個水池的三面都是有這樣的檯階組成，在第四面

there is a four-story building

有一個四層的結構，

where you can organize such TED conferences anytime.

你可以隨時在哪裡舉辦TED會議。

(Applause)

（掌聲）

Excuse me, who built these structures?

不好意思問一下啊，是誰建造了這些結構呢？

They are in front of you.

他們就在你面前。

The best civil engineers we had, the best planners,

我們最優秀的民間工程師，最好的策劃人，

the best architects.

也是最好的建築師。

We can say that because of them,

我可以說正是因為他們，

because of their forefathers,

因為他們的祖先們，

India could get the first engineering college

印度才會在1847年就成立了

in 1847.

第一所工程大學。

There were no English medium schools at that time,

那時候還沒有英語授課的中學，

even no Hindi schools, [unclear] schools.

也沒有北印度語授課學校。

But such people, compelled to the East India Company,

但是這些人唾棄東印度公司

which came here for business, a very dirty kind of business ...

盡做的是一些骯髒的生意。

(Laughter)

（笑聲）

but not to create the engineering colleges.

他們才不是來建立工程學校的，

But because of them, first engineering college was created

但是因為他們才能在一個連城鎮都算不上的小村庄

in a small village, not in the town.

建立了第一所工程大學。

The last point, we all know in our primary schools that

最后一點，我們小學就知道了

that camel is a ship of desert.

駱駝是沙漠之船。

So, you can find through your Jeep,

因此，通過吉普車，

a camel, and a cart.

你能看到一直駱駝和一輛推車。

This tire comes from the airplane.

這個輪胎是從飛機上卸下來的。

So, look at the beauty from the desert society

所以，來看看沙漠社會之美吧。

who can harvest rainwater,

這裏可以收集雨水，

and also create something

可以創造很多東西，

through a tire from a jet plane,

可以把一個噴氣式飛機的輪胎

and used in a camel cart.

拿來做駱駝拉車。

Last picture, it's a tattoo,

最后一張照片，這是一個紋身，

2,000-years-old tattoo.

一個2000年前的紋身。

They were using it on their body.

他們把紋身紋在身上。

Tattoo was, at one time,

曾經，紋身

a kind of a blacklisted

被列在黑名單中，

or con thing, but now it is in thing.

或者是一種欺騙的表現，而如今則是流行文化。

(Laughter)

（笑聲）

(Applause)

（掌聲）

You can copy this tattoo. I have some posters of this.

你們大家可以來複制這個紋身，我這兒有一些這樣的海報。

(Laughter)

（笑聲）

The center of life is water.

這個紋身顯示了，生命的中心是水。

These are the beautiful waves.

這些是美麗的波紋。

These are the beautiful stairs

這些是我們在剛才的幻燈片中看到的

which we just saw in one of the slides.

好看的台階。

These are the trees.

這些是樹木。

And these are the flowers which

這些是花朵，給我們的生活

add fragrance to our lives.

帶來了芳香。

So, this is the message of desert.

這就是沙漠的寓意。

Thank you very much.

非常感謝大家。

(Applause)

（鼓掌）

Chris Anderson: So, first of all, I wish I had your eloquence, truly, in any language.

克裡斯·安德森：首先，我真希望我能有您這樣的口才，真的，不管是什麼語言。

(Applause)

（掌聲）

These artifacts and designs are inspiring.

這些人造的裝置和設計讓我們深受靈感的啓發。

Do you believe that they can be used elsewhere,

你覺得這些裝置是否可以用在其他地方，

that the world can learn from this?

世界其他國家可以由此借鑒呢？

Or is this just right for this place?

還是説這種儲水裝置只能在這個地方用呢？

Anupam Mishra: No, the basic idea is to

阿努潘·米什拉：不是的，這個裝置最基本的想法就是

utilize water that falls on our area.

利用落到我們地區的降水。

So, the ponds, the open bodies, are everywhere,

因此，池塘，開放的儲水池到處都有，

right from Sri Lanka to Kashmir, and in other parts also.

不僅僅是從斯里蘭卡到克什米爾，其他地方也有。

And these [unclear], which stored water,

這些蓄水裝置存儲降水，

there are two type of things.

一般有兩種方式。

One recharge, and one stores.

一種是可再充水的，一種是簡單的存儲。

So, it depends on the terrain.

這取決于當地的地形。

But kund, which uses the gypsum belt,

但是昆德（kund），是要用到石膏帶的，

for that you have to go back to your calendar,

這樣的話，你就需要讓時間倒流，

three million years ago.

回到三百万年前去。

If it is there it can be done right now.

如果某一地區現在就有這樣的石膏帶，那麽就能馬上利用了。

Otherwise, it can't be done.

否則，就無法使用。

(Laughter)

（笑聲）

(Applause)

（掌聲）

CA: Thank you so much.

克裡斯·安德森：非常感謝您。

(Applause)

（掌聲）