Why I risked my life to expose a government massacre | Anjan Sundaram

88,614 views ・ 2017-11-14

TED


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譯者: Lilian Chiu 審譯者: Helen Chang
00:13
What does it mean to be a witness?
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當目擊證人的意義是什麼?
00:17
Why is it important to bear witness
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為什麼見證與我們無關的人受苦 是件很重要的事?
00:20
to people's suffering,
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00:22
especially when those people are isolated from us?
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尤其當那些人孤立在我們的遠方?
00:27
And what happens when we turn away?
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如果我們轉身離開,會怎麼樣?
00:32
Three years ago, I traveled to the Central African Republic
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三年前,我去中非共和國
00:35
to report on its ongoing war.
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報導一場正在發生的戰爭。
00:38
I'd heard warnings of massacres
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我聽到警告,
00:41
in the country's jungles and deserts,
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說在該國的叢林和沙漠中有大屠殺,
00:45
but no one could locate these massacres
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但沒有人知道這些大屠殺在哪,
00:48
or tell me who was killed, or when.
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也無法告訴我誰被殺了
或何時被殺。
00:53
I drove into this war
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我進入這場戰爭時,
00:56
with little information.
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只知道一點資訊。
00:58
I witnessed scenes that were tragic and unreal,
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我目擊了悲慘且不真實的景象,
01:03
and only at the end did I realize
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直到最後,我才了解到,
01:06
that I had witnessed the slow preparation of ethnic cleansing.
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我目擊了種族清洗的緩慢準備工作。
01:14
The Central African Republic is a country of about five million people
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中非共和國是個五百萬人口的國家,
01:18
the size of Texas
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大小和德州差不多,
01:19
in the center of Africa.
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位在非洲中部。
01:22
The country has known chronic violence since French colonial rule ended in 1960.
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這個國家以 1960 年法國殖民統治 結束後就開始的長期暴力而聞名。
01:28
The war I reported on
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我所報導的戰爭,
01:30
was between the minority Muslim government,
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一方是叫做「塞雷卡聯盟」的 少數穆斯林政府,
01:33
called the Seleka,
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01:35
and citizen militias,
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另一方是民兵,
01:38
mostly Christian,
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多數為基督徒,
01:39
called the anti-balaka.
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稱為「反巴拉卡聯盟」。
01:44
The first sign of the impending cleansing
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種族清洗即將發生的第一個徵兆,
01:47
was the breakdown of trust within communities.
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是社區間的信任瓦解 。
01:52
Three days after I arrived in the country,
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我到了這個國家之後三天,
01:54
I watched the small city of Gaga be abandoned.
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我目睹一個叫做卡卡的小城被遺棄。
01:59
A battle was about to break out.
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戰役即將爆發。
02:02
And to save themselves,
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為了自救,
02:03
many people were working as government spies,
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許多人去當政府的間諜,
02:07
identifying friends and neighbors
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指認他們的朋友和鄰居,
02:11
to be killed.
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讓他們被殺。
02:14
Cities and towns,
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城市和鄉鎮,
02:17
any place with humans, had become unsafe.
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任何有人的地方,
都變得不安全。
02:22
So people moved to the jungle.
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所以人們搬到叢林裡去。
02:25
I felt strangely isolated
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當豬和家畜住進了空盪盪的家中時,
02:29
as pigs and livestock moved into the empty homes.
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我有種很怪異的孤立感。
02:36
In a war zone,
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在戰區,
02:37
you know that you are near the killing when people have left.
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當人已經離開時,你就知道 你很靠近殺戮的所在了。
02:42
The war moved across the jungle and reached Gaga,
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戰爭橫越了叢林,到達了卡卡,
02:45
and I was surrounded by the thunder of bombs.
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我被炸彈的轟隆聲圍繞。
02:49
Government forces drove into the jungle to attack a town sheltering a militia.
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政府軍隊進入叢林, 攻擊一個庇護民兵的小鎮。
02:56
I rode on motorcycle for hours,
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我騎摩托車騎了數小時,
02:59
crossing jungle streams and tall elephant grass,
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穿過叢林溪流和很高的象草,
03:03
but I only got to the town
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但我到達小鎮時,
03:05
after the government had burned it
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政府已經燒毀了它,
03:07
and its people were gone.
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鎮上已經沒人了。
03:10
To see if I could speak to someone,
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我想知道是否還有人能跟我談談,
03:12
I shouted out that I was a friend, that I would not hurt them.
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我大叫說我是個朋友, 說我不會傷害他們。
03:16
A woman in a red shirt ran out of the forest.
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一個紅衣女子從森林跑出來。
03:21
Others cautiously emerged from the trees
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其他人小心翼翼從樹後現身,
03:24
and asked, "Est-ce les gens savent?"
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問我:「Est-ce les gens savent?」
03:28
"Do people know?"
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「大家知道嗎?」
03:30
The question surprised me.
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這個問題讓我很吃驚。
03:32
Their children were hungry and sick,
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他們的孩子很飢餓且生病了,
03:35
but they didn't ask for food or medicine.
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但他們沒有索求食物或藥品。
03:38
They asked me,
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他們問我:
03:40
"Do people know what is happening to us?"
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「大家知道我們發生了什麼事嗎?」
03:45
I felt helpless as I wrote down their question.
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我感到無助,我寫下了他們的問題。
03:49
And I became determined
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我變得很堅決,
03:52
that this moment in their lives
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認為他們生命中的這個時刻
03:56
should not be forgotten.
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不應該被忘記。
03:59
In bearing witness to their crisis,
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我見證了他們的危機,
04:01
I felt a small communion with these people.
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我感到和這些人有著小小的交流。
04:06
From far away, this war had felt like a footnote in world news.
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在遠處看,這場戰爭 就像是世界新聞中的註腳。
04:13
As a witness,
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身為目擊證人,
04:14
the war felt like history unfolding.
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這場戰爭感覺像是歷史展現。
04:18
The government denied that it was committing any violence,
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政府否認做了任何暴力行為,
04:22
but I continually drove through towns
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但我不斷經過一些小鎮,
04:25
where people described government massacres
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鎮民都在描述著一天或一週前
04:28
from a day or a week before.
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他們遭遇的政府大屠殺。
04:33
I felt overwhelmed
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我感到無法招架,
04:35
and tried to calm myself.
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試著讓自己冷靜下來。
04:38
As I reported on these massacres,
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我在報導這些大屠殺時,
04:40
I bought and ate
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我買了一些甜點,
04:43
little sweets,
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吃了它們,
04:45
seeking the familiar comfort of their taste.
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尋求它們的滋味 所帶來的熟悉舒適感。
04:51
Central Africans ate these sweets
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中非人吃這些甜點來緩解飢餓,
04:54
to ease their hunger,
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04:56
leaving a trail of thousands of plastic wrappers as they fled.
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他們逃跑時,留下了 數以千計的塑膠包裝紙。
05:02
On the few radio stations still operating in the country,
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這個國家只有少數電台還在營運,
05:06
I mostly heard pop music.
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聽到的多半是流行音樂。
05:10
As the war mounted,
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隨著戰爭進行,
05:12
we received less information about the massacres.
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我們接收到的大屠殺資訊變少了,
05:16
It became easier to feel a sense of normalcy.
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變得比較容易感到正常。
05:24
I witnessed the effect of this missing information.
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我目擊了資訊消失所造成的效應。
05:28
Two weeks later, I slowly and anxiously
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兩週後,
我緩慢、焦慮地
05:32
drove into an isolated militia headquarters,
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進入了一個孤立的民兵總部,
05:35
a town called PK100.
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一個叫做 PK100 的小鎮。
05:38
Here, Christian fighters told me
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在這裡,基督徒鬥士告訴我,
05:41
that all Muslims were foreigners,
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所有的穆斯林都是外國人,
05:44
evil and allied with the government.
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他們很邪惡且和政府聯手。
05:47
They likened Muslims to animals.
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他們把穆斯林比喻成動物。
05:52
Without neutral observers or media
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沒有中立的觀察者或媒體
05:55
to counter this absurd narrative,
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來反駁這荒謬的看法,
05:58
it became the single narrative in these camps.
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它就變成了這些營地中唯一的故事。
06:02
The militias began to hunt down Muslims,
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民兵開始獵殺穆斯林,
06:05
and emptied the capital, Bangui,
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在首都班基,
06:08
of nearly 140,000 Muslims
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他們清除了將近十四萬個穆斯林,
06:11
in just a few months.
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僅花了幾個月的時間。
06:14
Most of the killing and fleeing of Muslims went unrecorded by witnesses.
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大部份穆斯林被殺害或是逃走的情況
沒被目擊證人記錄下來。
06:22
I'm telling you about my reporting in the Central African Republic,
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雖然我在告訴各位 我到中非共和國做報導,
06:27
but I still ask myself why I went there.
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但我仍自問,為什麼要去那裡。
06:31
Why put myself at risk?
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為何要置自己於險地?
06:34
I do this work
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我做這項工作,因為我覺得,
06:35
because I feel that ignored people in all our communities
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所有社區裡被忽視的人們,
06:41
tell us something important
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告訴我們很重要的事:
06:43
about who we are.
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我們是誰。
06:48
When information is missing,
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一旦失去了資訊,
06:50
people have the power to manipulate reality.
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人們就有操弄現實的力量。
06:55
Without witnesses,
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若沒有目擊證人,
06:57
we would believe that those thousands of massacred people are still alive,
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我們會以為那成千被屠殺者 仍然活在世上,
07:02
that those hundreds of burned homes are still standing.
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那數百戶被燒毀的房子仍然屹立著。
07:06
A war zone can pass
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戰區可能被誤認為是最和平的地方,
07:08
for a mostly peaceful place
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07:10
when no one is watching.
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如果沒人看著的話。
07:14
And a witness can become precious,
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目擊證人會變得難能可貴,
07:17
and their gaze most necessary,
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他們的凝視至關重要,
07:20
when violence passes silently,
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當暴力悄悄地來了、過去了,
07:25
unseen and unheard.
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沒被看見、沒被聽見。
07:27
Thank you.
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謝謝。
07:29
(Applause)
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(掌聲)
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