The unexpected challenges of a country's first election | Philippa Neave

66,315 views ・ 2016-11-18

TED


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譯者: Qi Ruan 審譯者: Chester Cheng
00:12
The great philosopher Aristotle said
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偉大的哲人亞里士多德說過:
00:16
if something doesn't exist, there's no word for it,
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如果一件事物不存在, 它就沒有名字。
00:21
and if there's no word for something,
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如果一件事物沒有名字,
00:23
that something doesn't exist.
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它就不存在。
00:26
So when we talk about elections,
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所以當我們談論選舉的時候,
00:28
we in established democracies, we know what we're talking about.
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我們的國家採用了民主制, 所以知道民主是什麼。
00:31
We've got the words. We have the vocabulary.
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我們有相關的單字、相關的詞彙。
00:34
We know what a polling station is.
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我們知道什麼是投票站。
我們知道什麼是選票。
00:36
We know what a ballot paper is.
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00:38
But what about countries where democracy doesn't exist,
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但在那些非民主國家,
00:43
countries where there are no words to describe the concepts
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不存在可以形容「民主社會」 這個概念的詞語時,
該怎麼辦呢?
00:48
that underpin a democratic society?
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00:51
I work in the field of electoral assistance,
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我從事選舉援助工作,
00:53
so that's to say we assist
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也就是說,
我們幫助新興的民主國家組織選舉,
00:56
emerging democracies to organize
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通常是第一次選舉。
00:58
what is often their first elections.
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當人們問起我的工作時,
01:01
When people ask me what I do,
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01:02
quite often I get this answer.
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我通常會得到這個回答,
01:05
"Oh, so you're one of these people who goes around the world
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「喔!你就是那些到世界各地,
到不能承受民主的國家, 去強行實施西方民主制的人。」
01:09
imposing Western democracy on countries that can't handle it."
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01:14
Well, the United Nations does not impose anything on anybody.
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呃……聯合國不強迫 任何人做任何事,
01:19
It really doesn't,
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真的不。
01:20
and also, what we do
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而且,我們所做的
01:23
is firmly anchored in the 1948 Universal Declaration of Human Rights,
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是篤守 1948《世界人權宣言》的
01:29
Article 21, that says
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第二十一條:
01:31
that everybody should have the right to choose who governs them.
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人人有選擇代表 參與治理本國的權利。
這是我們工作的基石。
01:36
So that's the basis of the work.
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01:37
I specialize in public outreach.
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我從事公眾推廣顧問。
01:40
What does that mean? Another jargon.
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這是什麼意思呢? 聽起來又是個術語。
01:42
It actually means designing information campaigns
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這其實是設計圖像去表達複雜信息。
01:46
so that candidates and voters
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這使從來沒有機會參與
01:49
who have never had the opportunity to participate or to vote
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或投票的候選人和選民,
01:53
understand where, when, how to register;
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明白在何時何地註冊,如何註冊;
瞭解在何時何地投票,如何投票;
01:57
where, when, how to vote;
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01:59
why, why it is important to take part.
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知道參與選舉是多麼的重要。
02:02
So I'll probably devise a specific campaign to reach out to women
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我可能會設計針對女性的活動,
保證女性可以參與其中,
02:07
to make sure that they can take part,
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02:09
that they can be part of the process.
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參與整個過程。
02:11
Young people as well.
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還有年輕人、
各種人、
02:13
All sorts of people.
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02:14
Handicapped people.
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行動不便的人,
02:15
We try to reach everybody.
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我們嘗試去幫助每一個人。
02:18
And it's not always easy, because very often in this work,
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但這並非一帆風順的, 因為常常在過程中,
02:22
I've noticed now over the years that I've been doing it
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在我這麼多年的工作經驗裡,
02:25
that words are lacking,
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會出現詞彙不足的問題,
02:27
and so what do you do?
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我們應該怎麼做?
02:30
Afghanistan.
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這是阿富汗,
02:32
It's a country with high levels of illiteracy,
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這個國家文盲程度很高。
02:34
and the thing about that was, it was in 2005,
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在 2005 年的時候,
02:38
and we organized two elections on the same day.
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我們一天組織了兩次選舉,
02:42
The reason was because the logistics are so incredibly difficult,
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因為物流條件太差了,
02:46
it seemed to be more efficient to do that.
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所以一天辦兩場會更有效率。
02:49
It was,
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的確是比較高效。
02:50
but on the other hand, explaining two elections instead of one
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但是在另一方面,解釋兩場選舉
02:54
was even more complicated.
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比解釋一場難多了。
02:56
So we used a lot of images,
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所以我們用了很多圖像。
02:58
and when it came to the actual ballot,
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在設計選票時,
03:02
we had problems, because so many people wanted to take part,
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我們遇到問題, 因為太多人想參加了。
03:05
we had 300 candidates for 52 seats
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有 300 個候選人
在爭奪阿富汗人民院 52 個議員席位。
03:10
in the Wolesi Jirga, which is the parliamentary elections.
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而省議會選舉有更多候選人:
03:14
And for the Provincial Council, we had even more candidates.
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03:17
We had 330 for 54 seats.
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330 個候選人爭奪 54 個席位。
03:20
So talking about ballot design,
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所以談到選票的設計,
03:23
this is what the ballot looked like.
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選票看起來是這樣的。
03:27
It's the size of a newspaper.
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和報紙一樣大。
03:29
This was the Wolesi Jirga ballot --
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這個就是阿富汗人民院的選票。
(笑聲)
03:31
(Laughter)
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03:32
Yeah, and --
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對,還有──
03:35
this was the Provincial Council ballot.
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這個是省議會選票,
03:39
Even more.
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不只一頁。
03:40
So you see, we did use a lot of symbols and things like that.
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所以你看,我們的確 使用了很多符號之類的東西。
03:45
And we had other problems in Southern Sudan.
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我們在南蘇丹又遇到了另外的問題。
03:50
Southern Sudan was a very different story.
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南蘇丹的情況完全不同。
03:53
We had so many people who had never, of course, voted,
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南蘇丹有很多人從來沒有投票過,
03:56
but we had extremely, extremely high levels of illiteracy,
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而且他們的文盲程度非常、非常高,
有著很差、很差的基礎設施。
04:01
very, very poor infrastructure.
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04:02
For example -- I mean, it's a country the size of Texas, more or less.
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例如,這個國家和德州差不多大。
04:07
We had seven kilometers of paved roads,
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可是只鋪了七公里的道路,
整個國家只有七公里,
04:11
seven kilometers in the whole country,
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04:13
and that includes the tarmac where we landed the planes
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這包括我們降落在 首都朱巴時的機場跑道。
04:16
in Juba Airport.
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04:18
So transporting electoral materials, etc.,
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所以運輸選舉材料之類的,
04:21
is exceedingly difficult.
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變得極度困難。
04:23
People had no idea about what a box looked like.
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人們完全不知道投票亭長什麼樣。
04:28
It was very complicated,
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真的太複雜了,
04:30
so using verbal communication was obviously the way to go,
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所以我們當然選擇了 用口頭方式去溝通,
04:34
but there were 132 languages.
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但是他們有 132 種語言,
04:38
So that was extremely challenging.
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所以具有極大的挑戰性。
04:42
Then I arrived in Tunisia in 2011.
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之後,我在 2011 年去了突尼西亞。
04:46
It was the Arab Spring.
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當時是阿拉伯之春發生的時候。
04:48
A huge amount of hope was generated by that enormous movement
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一場盛大的民主運動,
給人們帶來了巨大的希望。
04:52
that was going on in the region.
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04:53
There was Libya, there was Egypt, there was Yemen.
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在利比亞、埃及、葉門。
04:57
It was an enormous, enormous historical moment.
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那是值得紀念的歷史時刻。
05:00
And I was sitting with the election commission,
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我那時和選舉委員會坐在一起,
05:02
and we were talking about various aspects of the election,
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我們在談選舉的不同方面。
05:06
and I was hearing them using words that I hadn't actually heard before,
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我聽到他們用一些我從未聽過的詞彙。
05:09
and I'd worked with Iraqis, I'd worked with Jordanians, Egyptians,
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我曾與伊拉克人、約旦人、 埃及人一起工作,
05:14
and suddenly they were using these words,
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然後突然間他們 就開始使用這些詞彙。
05:16
and I just thought, "This is strange."
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我就想:「這真是奇怪。」
05:18
And what really gave rise to it was this word "observer."
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但他們真正想表達的是「觀察員」。
05:21
We were discussing election observers,
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我們正在討論選舉的觀察員。
05:23
and the election commissioner was talking about "mulahiz" in Arabic.
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選舉委員用阿拉伯語 討論著「mulahiz」。
05:28
This means "to notice" in a passive sort of sense,
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它的意思接近被動語氣的「注意」。
05:32
as in, "I noticed he was wearing a light blue shirt."
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例如:「我注意到 他穿著一件淡藍色的襯衫。」
05:36
Did I go and check whether the shirt was light blue or not?
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我是不是該檢查 他的襯衫真的是淡藍色的?
05:39
That is the role of an election observer.
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這就是選舉觀察員的角色。
05:41
It's very active, it's governed by all kinds of treaties,
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這角色非常活躍, 它被各種條約所支配,
05:46
and it has got that control function in it.
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本身也擁有控制能力。
05:48
And then I got wind of the fact that in Egypt,
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然後我又聽到埃及的用法,
05:51
they were using this term "mutabi’," which means "to follow."
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他們用「mutabi」這個詞, 意思是「跟進」。
05:54
So we were now having followers of an election.
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所以我們現在又有了選舉的跟進員。
05:56
So that's not quite right either,
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但這也不太對,
05:59
because there is a term that's already accepted and in use,
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因為我們已經有 使用中、且為人接受的詞,
06:02
which was the word "muraqib" which means "a controller."
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那就是「muraqib」, 意思是「監控員」。
06:05
It's got that notion of control.
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類似控制的概念。
06:07
So I thought, three words for one concept. This is not good.
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所以我就想,三個單詞, 一個概念,這可不太好。
06:11
And with our colleagues, we thought perhaps it's our role
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和同事討論後, 我們認為我們的角色或許是
06:14
to actually help make sure that the words are understood
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幫助他們確切地理解這些單詞,
06:18
and actually create a work of reference
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並建立一份參考資料,
06:21
that could be used across the Arab region.
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用於阿拉伯語地區。
06:24
And that's what we did.
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所以我們就這麼做了。
06:25
So together with these colleagues,
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我和這些同事發起了
06:27
we launched the "Arabic Lexicon of Electoral Terminology,"
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「阿拉伯語選舉標準術語」項目,
06:31
and we worked in eight different countries.
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並在八個不同的國家使用。
06:34
It meant actually defining 481 terms
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實際上,我們定義了 481 個詞語,
如果你想辦場民主選舉,
06:39
which formed the basis of everything you need to know
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06:42
if you're going to organize a democratic election.
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所有基本知識都囊括其中。
06:44
And we defined these terms,
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我們定義了這些詞彙,
06:46
and we worked with the Arab colleagues
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也和阿拉伯同事一起工作,
06:48
and came to an agreement about what would be the appropriate word
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進而達成了適用於 阿拉伯世界的詞彙共識。
06:52
to use in Arabic.
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06:53
Because the Arabic language is very rich, and that's part of the problem.
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阿拉伯語的詞彙很豐富, 但那正是問題所在。
06:57
But there are 22 countries that speak Arabic,
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因為有 22 個國家使用阿拉伯語。
07:00
and they use modern standard Arabic,
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雖然他們使用的 都是標準現代阿拉伯語,
07:05
which is the Arabic that is used across the whole region
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就是在整個中東地區 通用的阿拉伯語,
07:08
in newspapers and broadcasts,
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也用在報紙和廣播中。
07:11
but of course, then from one country to the next in day to day language and use
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但當然,隨著國家間的 日常用語有所改變,
07:15
it varies -- dialect, colloquialisms, etc.
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阿拉伯語就開始分化了── 方言、俗語等等。
07:19
So that was another added layer of complication.
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這構成了另一道障礙。
07:21
So in one sense you had the problem
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在這個情況下有個問題:
07:24
that language wasn't fully ripe, if you like,
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語言尚未完全成熟;
07:28
neologisms were coming up, new expressions.
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新詞彙和表達方式卻蜂擁而來,
07:31
And so we defined all these terms,
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所以我們定義了這些詞彙,
07:33
and then we had eight correspondents in the region.
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我們在這些地區有八位通訊記者。
07:36
We submitted the draft to them,
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我們把詞彙表的草稿交給他們,
07:38
they responded back to us.
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他們就回覆我們:
07:39
"Yes, we understand the definition.
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「是的,我們明白這些定義。
07:42
We agree with it,
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我們贊同這個說法,
07:44
but this is what we say in our country."
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但這是我們國家的說法。」
07:47
Because we were not going to harmonize or force harmonization.
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因為我們不打算去協調 也不準備強制協調,
07:51
We were trying to facilitate understanding among people.
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我們就只能嘗試去促進 人與人之間的相互理解,
07:54
So in yellow, you see the different expressions in use
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所以在黃色的部分,你們能看見,
不同國家的使用者 所使用的各種表達方式。
07:59
in the various countries.
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因此,我很高興告訴各位, 我們花了三年時間
08:02
So this, I'm happy to say, it took three years to produce this
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08:05
because we also finalized the draft and took it actually into the field,
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寫出最終的草稿,放到現實情境中,
08:10
sat with the election commissions in all these different countries,
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與各國的選舉委員會坐在一起,
08:13
debated and defined and refined the draft,
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爭論、定義、且精鍊這些草稿,
08:16
and finally published it in November 2014 in Cairo.
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最後在 2014 年 11 月於開羅出版。
08:21
And it's gone a long way. We published 10,000 copies.
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這是漫長的旅程。 我們出版了一萬份列印本。
08:24
To date, there's about 3,000 downloads off the internet in PDF form.
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時至今日,PDF 的 下載量約有三千次。
08:29
I heard just recently from a colleague that they've taken it up in Somalia.
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我最近剛從一個同事那邊聽說, 他們要把這份文件帶到索馬利亞,
08:33
They're going to produce a version of this in Somalia,
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他們將製作索馬利亞的版本。
08:36
because there's nothing in Somalia at all.
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因為目前索馬利亞什麼都沒有。
08:38
So that's very good to know.
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這聽起來不錯吧。
08:41
And this newly formed Arab Organization for Electoral Management Bodies,
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有個新成立的 「阿拉伯選舉管理組織」,
08:46
which is trying to professionalize
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希望讓阿拉伯世界
08:49
how elections are run in the region,
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所舉辦的選舉更為專業,
08:51
they're using it as well.
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他們已開始使用這份文件。
08:53
And the Arab League have now built up a pan-Arab observation unit,
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阿拉伯聯盟現在也建立了 「泛阿拉伯觀察中心」,
08:59
and they're using it.
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他們也在使用這份文件。
09:00
So that's all really good.
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這聽起來都很棒。
09:03
However, this work of reference is quite high-pitched.
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然而,這個框架比較陽春白雪。
09:07
It's complex, and a lot of the terms are quite technical,
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它很複雜,其中有很多專業詞彙。
09:10
so the average person probably doesn't need to know at least a third of it.
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對一般人來說,有大概 三分之一的詞彙都不用認識。
09:14
But the people of the Middle East
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但是在中東地區的人們,
09:17
have been deprived of any form of what we know as civic education.
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他們被剝奪了 我們所理解的文明教育。
09:21
It's part of our curriculum at school.
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那些是我們學校課程中的一部分,
09:24
It doesn't really exist in that part of the world,
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但在那個世界是不存在的。
09:27
and I feel it's really the right of everybody
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而我認為每個人都有權利
09:29
to know how these things work.
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知道選舉是如何運作的。
09:32
And it's a good thing to think about producing a work of reference
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製作一份參考文件,讓普通人理解,
是很棒的一件事。
09:36
for the average person,
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09:38
and bearing in mind that now
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雖然我們已經有了
09:40
we have a basis to work with,
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這樣一份基礎文件,
09:42
but also we have technology,
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但別忘了,我們還有科技,
09:44
so we can reach out using telephone apps,
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我們可以使用手機應用軟體、 影片、動畫,接觸到更多的人。
09:49
video, animation.
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09:51
There's all sorts of tools that can be used now
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我們現在有各式各樣的工具,
09:53
to communicate these ideas to people
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能把這些觀點,用人們自己的語言
09:56
for the first time in their own language.
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第一次傳遞給他們。
10:00
We hear a lot of misery about the Middle East.
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我們聽說了中東地區 人們很多的痛苦。
10:02
We hear the chaos of war. We hear terrorism.
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我們聽說了戰亂,聽說了恐怖主義,
10:05
We hear about sectarianism and all this horrible negative news
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聽說了宗派主義 和各種可怕的負面消息。
10:11
that comes to us all the time.
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我們經常接收這種消息。
10:12
What we're not hearing is what are the people, the everyday people, thinking?
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但事我們不知道當地人、 普通人是怎麼想的,
10:17
What are they aspiring to?
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他們嚮往什麼呢?
10:19
Let's give them the means, let's give them the words.
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讓我們給予他們方法吧, 給予他們這些詞彙。
10:24
The silent majority is silent
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沈默的大眾之所以沈默,
10:26
because they don't have the words.
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是因為他們缺少詞彙。
10:29
The silent majority needs to know.
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沈默的大眾有知的權利。
10:32
It is time to provide people with the knowledge tools
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現在是給人們知識工具的時候,
10:35
that they can inform themselves with.
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這樣他們就能積極參與。
10:38
The silent majority does not need to be silent.
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沈默的大眾不必再保持沈默。
10:42
Let's help them have a voice.
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讓我們幫助他們發聲。
10:44
Thank you very much.
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非常感謝。
10:45
(Applause)
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(鼓掌)
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