James Stavridis: How NATO's Supreme Commander thinks about global security

Translator: Joseph Geni Reviewer: Morton Bast

譯者: Yilun Zhou 審譯者: Yuguo Zhang

I'm gonna talk a little bit about open-source security,

我將要介紹一些開放資源的安全性問題，

because we've got to get better at security

因爲我們在21世紀已經離安全

in this 21st century.

越來越近了。

Let me start by saying, let's look back to the 20th century,

我們先回顧一下20世紀吧，

and kind of get a sense of how that style of security

然後我們就能了解安全這個概念是如何

worked for us.

爲我們而工作。

This is Verdun, a battlefield in France

這裏是Verdun,一個法國的戰場，

just north of the NATO headquarters in Belgium.

就在北約在比利時總部的北邊。

At Verdun, in 1916, over a 300-day period,

1916年，在Verdun這個戰場上，

700,000 people were killed,

700000人在300天內被殺了，

so about 2,000 a day.

那就是差不多2000人一天。

If you roll it forward -- 20th-century security --

咱們繼續往前看，

into the Second World War,

看到二戰，

you see the Battle of Stalingrad,

我們看得到在斯大林格勒保衛戰，

300 days, 2 million people killed.

300天內有二百萬人戰死。

We go into the Cold War, and we continue

進入冷戰，我們繼續

to try and build walls.

建造圍牆。

We go from the trench warfare of the First World War

我們從一戰的壕溝，

to the Maginot Line of the Second World War,

到二戰的馬其頓防線，

and then we go into the Cold War,

再到冷戰中的

the Iron Curtain, the Berlin Wall.

鐵幕，柏林牆。

Walls don't work.

牆不管用。

My thesis for us today is, instead of building walls

所以我今天的主題是爲了完成“安全”這個目標，

to create security, we need to build bridges.

我們不建造牆，而建造橋。

This is a famous bridge in Europe.

在歐洲有一個很著名的橋。

It's in Bosnia-Herzegovina.

它在波黑。

It's the bridge over the Drina River,

它在Drina河上，

the subject of a novel by Ivo Andrić,

是作家Ivo Andric的一個小說的主題，

and it talks about how,

這部小說講述了

in that very troubled part of Europe and the Balkans,

如何在歐洲和巴爾幹地區最動蕩的部分

over time there's been enormous building of walls.

大量的牆被築起。

More recently, in the last decade, we begin to see

而最近，也就是在近十年，我們開始看到

these communities start, hesitatingly,

這些地區開始，盡管有些猶豫不決，

to come together.

逐漸融合在一起。

I would argue, again, open-source security

我想再次重申，開放式安全

is about connecting the international,

是于聯系國際的不同地區的，

the interagency, the private-public,

跨部門的，私人的和公共的，

and lashing it together with strategic communication,

並且把它們通過戰略性溝通，

largely in social networks.

在社交網上聯系在一起有關的。

So let me talk a little bit about why we need to do that,

所以，接下來我將說一些爲什麽我們需要那麽做，

because our global commons is under attack

因爲我們的共同目標正在受到威脅，

in a variety of ways,

而且是多方面的，

and none of the sources of threat to the global commons

同時沒有一中威脅

will be solved by building walls.

能被通過築牆隔離解決。

Now, I'm a sailor, obviously.

當然，現在我是一個水手。

This is a ship, a liner, clipping through the Indian Ocean.

有一個船在印度洋上航行。

What's wrong with this picture?

這個照片有什麽問題嗎？

It's got concertina wire along the sides of it.

在這個船上有蛇網環繞。

That's to prevent pirates from attacking it.

這是用來抵禦海盜的。

Piracy is a very active threat today

海盜現在是一個非常主要的全球威脅。

around the world. This is in the Indian Ocean.

這是只是在印度洋。

Piracy is also very active in the Strait of Malacca.

海盜依然在馬六甲海峽很猖狂，

It's active in the Gulf of Guinea.

也在幾內亞灣，

We see it in the Caribbean.

在加勒比海地區。

It's a $10-billion-a-year discontinuity

它在全球交通運輸中每年造成了一百億美元的

in the global transport system.

損失。

Last year, at this time, there were 20 vessels,

在去年的此刻，有20艘船，

500 mariners held hostage.

500名船員被綁架爲人質。

This is an attack on the global commons.

這是一個對全球共同利益的威脅。

We need to think about how to address it.

我們需要想出解決辦法。

Let's shift to a different kind of sea,

現在讓我們轉到另一種海洋，

the cyber sea.

網絡的海洋。

Here are photographs of two young men.

這裏有兩個年輕人的照片。

At the moment, they're incarcerated.

在此刻，他們被監禁著。

They conducted a credit card fraud that netted them

他們做了一個信用卡詐騙案，

over 10 billion dollars.

並且牟利超過一百億美元。

This is part of cybercrime which is a $2-trillion-a-year

這只是對全球經濟造成兩萬億美元損失的

discontinuity in the global economy.

網絡犯罪的一部分。

Two trillion a year.

兩萬億每年。

That's just under the GDP of Great Britain.

這僅低于英國的國民生産總值(GDP).

So this cyber sea, which we know endlessly

所以網絡世界，一個我們深知

is the fundamental piece of radical openness,

是網絡開放最關鍵的元素，

is very much under threat as well.

正在受到威脅。

Another thing I worry about in the global commons

另一個我要擔心的是

is the threat posed by trafficking,

由于物流造成的威脅，

by the movement of narcotics, opium,

也就是麻醉劑，鴉片等毒品

here coming out of Afghanistan through Europe

從阿富汗穿過歐洲

over to the United States.

到達美國的整個一條運輸線。

We worry about cocaine

我們擔心從Andean Ridge（地名）北部

coming from the Andean Ridge north.

運過來的可卡因。

We worry about the movement of illegal weapons

我們擔心非法武器的運輸。

and trafficking. Above all, perhaps,

但最重要的是，

we worry about human trafficking, and the awful cost of it.

我們擔心人力的運輸，以及它的成本。

Trafficking moves largely at sea

大多數運輸是通過海洋的

but in other parts of the global commons.

但也通過我們的共同利益。

This is a photograph, and I wish I could tell you

這是一張照片，

that this is a very high-tech piece of US Navy gear

通過它我想告訴你這是一個非常高科技的美國海軍武器

that we're using to stop the trafficking.

用來阻止非法運輸的發生。

The bad news is,

但壞消息是，

this is a semi-submersible run by drug cartels.

這是一個販毒組織的半潛水的設備。

It was built in the jungles of South America.

它在南美熱帶雨林中被建造，

We caught it with that low-tech raft — (Laughter) —

我們通過沒有科技含量的筏子逮捕了它， （笑聲）

and it was carrying six tons of cocaine.

而它正裝載著六噸的可卡因，

Crew of four. Sophisticated communications sweep.

四個船員，精良的設備。

This kind of trafficking, in narcotics, in humans, in weapons,

這種運送麻醉劑，人和武器的

God forbid, in weapons of mass destruction,

天法所不容的運輸

is part of the threat to the global commons.

就是我們共同利益的威脅的一部分。

And let's pull it together in Afghanistan today.

現在讓我們完整的看一下阿富汗的今天。

This is a field of poppies in Afghanistan.

在阿富汗有一片罂粟花的，

Eighty to 90 percent of the world's poppy,

全世界80%到90%的罂粟花，

opium and heroin, comes out of Afghanistan.

鴉片和海洛因來自阿富汗。

We also see there, of course, terrorism.

當然，我們也看到了恐怖組織。

This is where al Qaeda is staged from.

這就是基地組織建立的地方。

We also see a very strong insurgency embedded there.

我們看到了這裏有一個很不穩定的局勢。

So this terrorism concern is also part

所以恐怖組織也是我們

of the global commons, and what we must address.

面臨的威脅的一部分，也是我們必須解決的。

So here we are, 21st century.

所以，在21世紀，

We know our 20th-century tools are not going to work.

我們知道我們20世紀的方法不管用。

What should we do?

我們該怎麽辦？

I would argue that we will not deliver security

我想說我們不能僅僅通過

solely from the barrel of a gun.

槍支來制造安全。

We will not deliver security solely from the barrel of a gun.

我們不能僅僅依靠槍支，

We will need the application of military force.

我們需要軍事力量的綜合應用。

When we do it, we must do it well, and competently.

當我們使用時，我們就必須使用好。

But my thesis is, open-source security is about international,

但我所要說的是，開放式安全是關于國際的，

interagency, private-public connection pulled together

跨部門的，私人和公共的聯系，

by this idea of strategic communication on the Internet.

通過互聯網溝通而建立的。

Let me give you a couple of examples of how this works in a positive way.

讓我講一個例子。

This is Afghanistan. These are Afghan soldiers.

我們有阿富汗，有阿富汗的士兵，

They are all holding books.

他們都拿著書。

You should say, "That's odd. I thought I read that

你可能會說“這真奇怪，我想我曾讀到過

this demographic, young men and women

在這個地區絕大多數20,30多歲的年輕人

in their 20s and 30s, is largely illiterate in Afghanistan."

都是不識字的。”

You would be correct.

你也許是對的。

Eighty-five percent cannot read

當他們進入安全部隊的時候，

when they enter the security forces of Afghanistan.

85%是不識字的。

Why? Because the Taliban withheld education

爲什麽？因爲塔利班

during the period of time in which these men and women

在這些人該學習的時候不提供

would have learned to read.

教育。

So the question is, so,

所以問題是，

why are they all standing there holding books?

爲什麽他們手裏拿著書站在那裏？

The answer is, we are teaching them to read

答案是，我們在叫他們閱讀，

in literacy courses by NATO

通過北約組織的課程，

in partnership with private sector entities,

通過和私人組織的合作，

in partnership with development agencies.

通過和發展署的合作。

We've taught well over 200,000 Afghan Security Forces

我們已經教了超過200000的阿富汗安全部隊士兵

to read and write at a basic level.

來進行最基本的讀寫。

When you can read and write in Afghanistan,

當你能讀和寫的時候，

you will typically put a pen in your pocket.

你就會在你的口袋裏放一支筆。

At the ceremonies, when these young men and women

在畢業典禮上，當這些人畢業時，

graduate, they take that pen with great pride,

他們很驕傲的拿出筆，

and put it in their pocket.

並放在他們的口袋裏。

This is bringing together international

這個舉動把全世界

— there are 50 nations involved in this mission —

——有五十個國家——

interagency — these development agencies —

跨部門的力量

and private-public, to take on this kind of security.

私人和公共資源都聯系到了一起，來進行這種安全的建立。

Now, we are also teaching them combat skills, of course,

現在，我們當然也教他們格鬥技巧，

but I would argue, open-source security

但我想說，開放式安全

means connecting in ways that create

意味著爲創造更持久的安全

longer lasting security effect.

而聯系各個力量。

Here's another example.

這裏是另一個例子。

This is a US Navy warship.

這是一個美國海軍戰艦。

It's called the Comfort.

叫做Comfort（安慰）號。

There's a sister ship called the Mercy.

他有一個姊妹艦，叫做Mercy（仁慈）號。

They are hospital ships.

他們是友好的戰艦。

This one, the Comfort, operates throughout

安慰號在

the Caribbean and the coast of South America

加勒比海和南美洲的海岸

conducting patient treatments.

進行病人的治療。

On a typical cruise, they'll do 400,000 patient treatments.

通常，他會進行400000個治療，

It is crewed not strictly by military

船員不是嚴格的部隊人員，

but by a combination of humanitarian organizations:

而是很多人道主義組織，

Operation Hope, Project Smile.

比如“希望項目”，“微笑工程”。

Other organizations send volunteers.

其他組織送來志願者。

Interagency physicians come out.

其他部門的醫生也來了。

They're all part of this.

他們都是這個項目的一部分。

To give you one example of the impact this can have,

舉個例子來說明這個項目的影響力，

this little boy, eight years old,

這個小孩，8歲，

walked with his mother two days

和他的媽媽走了兩天

to come to the eye clinic put on by the Comfort.

來到安慰號上的眼科診所。

When he was fitted, over his extremely myopic eyes,

當他被治好他的重度近視是，

he suddenly looked up and said,

他突然擡頭，然後說：

"Mama, veo el mundo."

“Mama, veo el mundo.（當地語言）”

"Mom, I see the world."

“媽媽，我看到世界了。”

Multiply this by 400,000 patient treatments,

把這個乘以400000，也就是治療數目，

this private-public collaboration with security forces,

這個私人和公共的合作，同時融合了安全力量的項目，

and you begin to see the power

開始顯現它的力量，

of creating security in a very different way.

來以一個很不同的方式創造安全。

Here you see baseball players.

這張照片是棒球運動員。

Can you pick out the two US Army soldiers

你能在其中找出

in this photograph?

兩名美國部隊的士兵嗎？

They are the two young men on either side

他們是每側最邊上的兩位。

of these young boys. This is part of a series

這是棒球診所的一部分，

of baseball clinics, where we have explored collaboration

在這裏我們嘗試

between Major League Baseball,

全美棒球聯賽（MLB），

the Department of State,

國務院，

who sets up the diplomatic piece of this,

（它建起了外交基礎）

military baseball players, who are real soldiers

在軍隊中的棒球運動員，

with real skills but participate in this mission,

也就是那些能真正上戰場的人，之間的合作，

and they put on clinics

並且他們把這種診所

throughout Latin America and the Caribbean,

開到了拉丁美洲和加勒比地區，

in Honduras, in Nicaragua,

開到了洪都拉斯，開到了尼加拉瓜，

in all of the Central American and Caribbean nations

開到了所有中美洲和加勒比的

where baseball is so popular,

棒球很流行國家，

and it creates security.

而且它創造了安全感。

It shows role models to young men and women

他爲年輕人建立了關于健身和生活的榜樣，

about fitness and about life that I would argue

而且我想說

help create security for us.

這些理念幫助創造了安全。

Another aspect of this partnership

這個合作的另一部分是

is in disaster relief.

災後救援與後續工作。

This is a US Air Force helicopter participating

這是一個美國空軍的直升機，

after the tsunami in 2004 which killed 250,000 people.

它參加了2004年一個殺死250000人的海嘯的救援。

In each of these major disasters — the tsunami in 2004,

在所有的大災難中——2004年海嘯，250000死，

250,000 dead, the Kashmiri earthquake in Pakistan, 2005,

2005年巴基斯坦地震，

85,000 dead,

85000死，

the Haitian earthquake, about 300,000 dead,

海地地震，300000死，

more recently the awful earthquake-tsunami combination

還有最近的對于日本機器核工業的

which struck Japan and its nuclear industry —

地震海嘯雙重打擊——

in all of these instances, we see partnerships

在所有這些例子中，我們看到了

between international actors,

國際間，

interagency, private-public working with security forces

跨部門，公私結合的合作，這個合作與安全力量同時

to respond to this kind of natural disaster.

響應這種自然災害。

So these are examples of this idea of open-source security.

所以這些都是我們說的開放式安全的例子。

We tie it together, increasingly, by doing things like this.

我們結合在一起，來共同完成這樣的事情。

Now, you're looking at this thinking, "Ah, Admiral,

現在你看到這個，應該在想，“啊，船長，

these must be sea lanes of communication,

這些一定是通信電纜，

or these might be fiber optic cables."

或者是光線。”

No. This is a graphic of the world according to Twitter.

不，這是一個Twitter（國外微博網站）公司發的世界地圖。

Purple are tweets. Green are geolocation.

紫色是微博，綠色是地點，

White is the synthesis.

白色是結合。

It's a perfect evocation of that great population survey,

這很能讓人想到人口普查，

the six largest nations in the world in descending order:

六個人口最多的國家依次是：

China, India, Facebook, the United States,

中國，印度，Facebook（臉譜網），美國，

Twitter and Indonesia. (Laughter)

Twitter，和印尼。 （笑聲）

Why do we want to get in these nets?

我們要這些網幹什麽？

Why do we want to be involved?

我們爲什麽想要在其中？

We talked earlier about the Arab Spring,

我們之前討論過阿拉伯春天組織，

and the power of all this.

以及它的力量。

I'll give you another example,

我再舉一個例子，

and it's how you move this message.

是關于信息如何傳播的。

I gave a talk like this in London a while back

我在倫敦發表一個像這個的演講。

about this point. I said, as I say to all of you,

我說，我對你們說，

I'm on Facebook. Friend me.

我在Facebook上，加我好友吧。

Got a little laugh from the audience.

觀衆在笑。

There was an article which was run by AP, on the wire.

這是AP（美聯社）的一篇文章。

Got picked up in two places in the world:

世界上有兩個地方，

Finland and Indonesia.

芬蘭和印尼，

The headline was: NATO Admiral Needs Friends.

標題是：北約艦隊司令需要好友。

(Laughter)

（笑聲）

Thank you. (Applause)

謝謝你們。 （掌聲）

Which I do. (Laughter)

我會做。 （笑聲）

And the story was a catalyst,

這個故事是一個催化劑，

and the next morning I had hundreds

明天早上我就會有上百個

of Facebook friend requests

Facebook好友請求，

from Indonesians and Finns,

來自印尼和芬蘭，

mostly saying, "Admiral, we heard you need a friend,

大多數都會說：“司令，我們聽說你需要好友，

and oh, by the way, what is NATO?" (Laughter)

哦，還有，NATO（北約）是什麽？” （笑聲）

So ... (Laughter)

所以... （笑聲）

Yeah, we laugh, but this is how we move the message,

是的，我們笑了，但這就是我們如何傳播信息，

and moving that message is how we connect

也就是我們如何把

international, interagency, private-public,

國際，不同部門，私人和公共，

and these social nets to help create security.

以及那些社會網聯系起來來創造安全。

Now, let me hit a somber note.

現在，讓我說一個嚴肅的消息。

This is a photograph of a brave British soldier.

這是一個勇敢的英國士兵的照片。

He's in the Scots Guards.

他在蘇格蘭衛隊，

He's standing the watch in Helmand,

正在Helmand站崗，

in southern Afghanistan.

在阿富汗南部。

I put him here to remind us,

我把他放出來就是想提醒我們，

I would not want anyone to leave the room thinking

我不想讓任何人離開這間屋子，抱著

that we do not need capable, competent militaries

“我們不需要軍事部隊”

who can create real military effect.

的想法。

That is the core of who we are and what we do,

這正是我們在做的，

and we do it to protect freedom, freedom of speech,

我們做這個事情來保障自由，言論自由，

all the things we treasure in our societies.

和其他所有我們在社會中珍視的。

But, you know, life is not an on-and-off switch.

但你知道，生活不是開關。

You don't have to have a military that is either

我們沒有要麽在戰爭，要麽在兵營的

in hard combat or is in the barracks.

軍事力量。

I would argue life is a rheostat.

我認爲生活是一個可變電阻器，

You have to dial it in,

你需要調一個數值，

and as I think about how we create security

並且正像我認爲我們該如何在21世紀制造安全一樣，

in this 21st century, there will be times

我們會需要

when we will apply hard power in true war and crisis,

在真正的戰爭和危機中使用真正強硬的力量，

but there will be many instances,

但會有很多時候，

as we've talked about today,

就像我們已經討論的，

where our militaries can be part of creating

我們的部隊可以使

21st-century security, international,

21世紀安全，也就是國際，

interagency, private-public,

跨部門，公私結合，

connected with competent communication.

的安全模式的一部分，通過溝通來結合起來。

I would close by saying that we heard earlier today

在結束時，我想說在今天早些時候

about Wikipedia. I use Wikipedia all the time

聽到的關于維基百科的一些東西。

to look up facts, and as all of you appreciate,

我經常用維基百科查一些東西，就像你所知道的，

Wikipedia is not created by 12 brilliant people

維基百科不是靠12個聰明的人

locked in a room writing articles.

把自己關在屋子裏寫文章建立的。

Wikipedia, every day, is tens of thousands of people

維基百科是靠每天數萬人

inputting information, and every day millions of people

的更新，數百萬人的提取信息

withdrawing that information.

而建立的。

It's a perfect image for the fundamental point

這完美的說明了

that no one of us is as smart as all of us thinking together.

沒有一個人能比共同思考更聰明。

No one person, no one alliance, no one nation,

沒有一個人，沒有一個聯盟，沒有一個國家，

no one of us is as smart as all of us thinking together.

能有我們共同思考更睿智。

The vision statement of Wikipedia is very simple:

維基百科的宣言很簡單：

a world in which every human being can freely share

創建一個能人人自由共享

in the sum of all knowledge.

所有知識的世界。

My thesis for you is that by combining international,

所以，我想說，通過結合國際，

interagency, private-public, strategic communication,

多部門，公私力量，戰略通信在一起，

together, in this 21st century,

在21世紀，

we can create the sum of all security.

我們能創造共同的安全。

Thank you. (Applause)

謝謝 （掌聲）

Thank you very much. Thank you. Thank you. (Applause)

非常感謝。 （掌聲）