Can we call it a "world map" if it's missing a billion people? | Rebecca Firth

譯者: Lilian Chiu 審譯者: Amanda Zhu

When Hurricane Maria hit Puerto Rico in 2017,

2017 年，颶風瑪莉亞 襲擊波多黎各時，

we all watched as a disaster played out on our screens.

我們都在螢幕上看著這場災難發生。

At least 160,000 people were displaced,

至少有十六萬人被迫離開家園，

and nearly 3,000 people died.

近三千人死亡。

Electricity was cut off to the entire island,

整座島都失去了電力，

and some neighborhoods didn't get power back for 11 months.

有些地區甚至足足十一個月 都沒有恢復供電。

Many of those watching didn't know how to help.

許多看著這場災難的人 不知道該如何幫忙。

Some donated to international NGOs.

有些人捐款給國際非政府組織。

Some lobbied their elected officials.

有些人去遊說他們選出的政府官員。

But as with so many crises,

但和許多危機一樣，

so many of us simply gave in and felt helpless.

我們許多人就只是讓步了， 只是感到無助。

At the Humanitarian OpenStreetMap team,

在人道救援開放街圖小組，

also known as HOT,

縮寫 HOT，

we did something different.

我們的做法不同。

We mobilized 6,000 volunteers across the world

我們動員了全世界六千名志工，

who mapped every home and every road in Puerto Rico.

將波多黎各的每間房子、 每條道路都畫在地圖上。

And here you can see the maps those volunteers made taking shape.

各位可以看到這些志工 所製作的地圖漸漸成形。

Responders then used those maps to assess the state of buildings and roads

接著，應變人員會用那些地圖 來評估建築物和道路的狀況，

and to provide emergency funds, WiFi and phone-charging points

並提供緊急資金、 無線網路，及手機充電站

to people whose homes were damaged.

給那些家園遭到損毀的人。

All crises,

所有的危機，

including the COVID-19 pandemic we're living through right now,

包括我們正在經歷的 新型冠狀病毒大流行，

have devastating characteristics.

都有破壞性極大的特性。

But many of them have one thing in common:

但許多危機都有一個共同點：

the people hit the hardest are often literally not on the map.

受害最深的人通常是不在地圖上的人。

Right now, more than one billion people live in places that are not mapped.

現在有超過十億人住在 地圖上沒有畫出來的地方。

If you look those places up online,

如果你上網查那些地方， 只會看到一片空白。

you'll see nothing but a blank.

And that blank isn't just a huge statement of disrespect

那樣的空白不僅是對這些 人類同胞的極度不尊重，

to our fellow human beings,

it's an injustice,

也是一種不公，

causing very direct, very real and very avoidable human suffering.

造成非常直接、非常真實、

非常可以避免的人類苦難。

So what does not being on the digital map actually look like?

所以，「不在數位地圖上」 看起來是什麼樣子？

I live in Peru, and a few months ago,

我住在秘魯，幾個月前，

some community health workers asked us to help them map.

一些社區健康工作者 請我們幫他們繪製地圖。

Obviously, where they were wasn't mapped,

顯然，他們的所在地不在地圖上，

為了到那裡去，我們請 當地市長幫忙畫路線圖。

so to get there, we asked a local mayor to draw the route.

This is what he drew.

這是他畫出來的圖。

This piece of paper was hard to follow. (Laughs)

實在很難照著這張紙找到路。（笑）

We didn't really know what these lines were.

我們不知道這些線是什麼。

He put some numbers on there that he assured us were travel times,

他在上面寫了一些數字， 保證那些數字是旅程時間，

but as we were driving along,

但當我們開車上路時， 這些數字無法對應到實際花的時間。

these did not correspond to our reality.

But this isn't about me getting lost

但重點並不是我迷路了

or about shaming someone's bad drawing skills.

或者取笑某人的畫畫技巧很差。

Think how inefficient it is to manage a team

想像有一個團隊在這裡工作， 管理這個團隊會多麼沒效率，

who need to work in this place

without a map to tell them where they need to go.

因為沒有地圖能用來 告訴他們要去哪裡。

Then, once they're in the right village,

等他們到了目的村落，

他們要如何把收集到的資料 和那個地方連結起來？

how can they collect some data and associate it to that place?

那些社區健康工作者知道 這個地區的需求很大，

Those community health workers know that needs in this region are high,

特別是兒童常有貧血 和營養不良的現象。

particularly anemia and malnutrition among children.

但他們就是不知道那些兒童在哪裡， 或問題是什麼造成的。

They just don't know where those children are,

or what is causing that problem.

They want to be able to locate the home of every child under five,

他們希望能夠找到每個 五歲以下兒童的住家所在，

但沒有地圖要怎麼辦到？

but how can they do that without a map?

After a brief training, we went out to make a map,

在簡短的訓練之後， 我們便出去製作地圖，

and this is what those community health workers produced.

這是那些社區健康工作者 製作出來的成品。

This map has everything you need to navigate,

這張地圖上有所有的導航 必備資訊，如河流和橋樑，

like the rivers and bridges,

but it also has every local landmark, the school, the football pitch, the plaza.

上面也有所有的當地地標、 學校、足球場、廣場。

And I'm pleased to say that a few weeks ago,

我很高興能說，幾週前， 那些社區健康工作者打電話給我們，

we got a call from those community health workers,

他們正在用這張地圖來做控制 新型冠狀病毒疫情的因應。

and they're using this map in their response containing COVID-19.

So you might be thinking:

你可能在想：

Why aren't these places on commercial maps?

為什麼這些地方不在市面的地圖上？

In short, mapping the most vulnerable places in our world

簡單來說，將世界上的 這些弱勢地區畫在地圖上

just hasn't been a priority for for-profit companies,

一直都不是營利公司的首要工作，

whose business models typically rely on advertising and data sales.

它們的商業模型 通常都仰賴廣告和販售資料。

This leaves out the poorest communities

因此最貧窮的社區會被排除，

and means that individual aid organizations create maps

意即，個別的援助組織

就算為他們工作所在的 小地區製作了地圖，

for the small areas that they're working in

in offline systems which rapidly become out-of-date when a project ends.

當計畫結束後，這些不在線上 系統中的地圖也很快就會過時。

So what we have here is a lack of easily shareable

所以，這裡我們缺的

and easily updatable data.

是容易分享和容易更新的資料。

But we also have a solution.

但我們也有解決方案。

We map with a tool called OpenStreetMap,

我們用 2006 年開發出來的 工具「開放街圖」來畫地圖，

which was founded in 2006

and is a free, open-source tool which anyone can use to map the world.

它是免費且開放原始碼的工具， 人人都可以用來為世界畫地圖。

Just as anyone can read or edit an article on Wikipedia,

就像大家都可以閱讀或編輯 維基百科上的文章一樣，

anyone can use or edit the map in OpenStreetMap,

任何人也都能使用或編輯 開放街圖的地圖，

and the resulting map is public good,

製作出來的地圖讓公眾得益， 免費開放給任何人使用，

free and open for anyone to use,

creating one map for all of us.

為我們所有人繪製出地圖。

It works in two phases.

一共有兩個階段。

Buildings and roads might not be on the map yet,

建築物和道路可能還不在地圖上，

但在衛星影像上可以清楚看見它們。

but you can see them clearly in satellite imagery.

Volunteers working anywhere in the world turn satellite images into maps

志工可以在世界上任何地方工作， 將衛星影像轉為地圖，

through drawing the buildings and roads

要做的就是在影像上 畫出建築物和道路。

on top of them.

We call this a base map.

我們稱它為底圖。

On average, each time a volunteer logs in,

平均來說，每當有一位志工登入，

they map an area less than 10 kilometers squared,

繪製的地圖不會超過十平方公里，

but add all those contributions together,

但把這些小貢獻通通加起來，

and you can map entire cities in just a couple of days.

只要幾天就能把整個 城市的地圖畫出來。

And second, local mapping.

第二階段，當地地圖繪製。

People living and working in the places we're mapping

在我們繪製的那些地方 居住和工作的人

會把底圖拿去再豐富內容，

take that base map and color it in,

for example, identifying: Is this building a school or a hospital?

比如，辨視出這棟建築物 是學校或醫院？

Those people add information you can't see in a satellite image.

他們添加的是在衛星 影像上看不到的資訊。

We found people able and eager to map

我們發現，就算在 全世界最艱困的情況中，

in even the most challenging situations worldwide,

大家也都能夠且渴望繪製地圖，

and we've optimized the tools to work on smartphones

我們把這項工具做了最佳化， 讓它能在不到三十美金的手機上運作。

costing as little as 30 dollars.

Additionally, the tools work offline,

此外，沒上網時這些工具也能用，

so people without regular access to cell service can still contribute,

這麼一來，無法經常取得 網路服務的人也能做出貢獻，

adding things to the map as they go about their daily lives,

在每天日常生活中將資訊加到地圖上，

等他們能取得行動網路 或無線區域網路時再上傳。

and then uploading when they get access to cell service or WiFi.

In 10 years, we've seen people from all walks of life take part.

十年間，我們看到各行各業的人參與。

Refugees have mapped broken water points.

難民將壞掉的供水站繪製在地圖上。

Rural women have added place names in Indigenous languages.

鄉村女性為地圖添加上 原住民語言的地名。

And, in doing so, people become active agents of change

透過這麼做，民眾成為他們社區中

in their communities.

主動促成改變的動力。

Since 2010, HOT has engaged over 200,000 volunteers

從 2010 年起，

有超過二十萬名志工參與 HOT，

who have mapped an area home to more than 150 million people

他們在開放街圖上所繪製地圖的區域，

是超過一億五千萬人的家園。

in OpenStreetMap.

Those maps have been used by search and rescue operations

那些地圖已經被用來進行搜救行動，

to free hundreds of people trapped in collapsed buildings

2010 年海地地震之後，

數百名被困在倒塌 建築物中的人因此得救。

after the 2010 Haiti earthquake.

They've been used to provide polio vaccinations to children

那些地圖也已經被用來 提供小兒麻痺疫苗

across all of rural Nigeria.

給奈及利亞鄉村地區的兒童。

And they've mapped the camps, routes and new homes

他們也已經幫逃離南蘇丹 和委內瑞拉的至少八百萬難民

of more than eight million refugees fleeing South Sudan, Syria and Venezuela.

將難民營、路線、 新家都繪製在地圖上。

We work with the biggest humanitarian organizations in the world

我們和世界上最大的人道組織合作，

to make sure these maps have impact --

確保這些地圖能發揮影響

the Red Cross, Médecins Sans Frontières, UNICEF to name a few --

——紅十字會、無國界醫生、

聯合國兒童基金會，還有很多——

and we currently have a queue of more than 2,000 places

目前還有兩千個地方排隊 等著我們去繪製地圖。

needing to be mapped.

So that's the story so far.

目前為止的狀況是這樣。

But wouldn't it be great if these places were on the map

但，能在這些地方發生危機前

就先把它們的地圖畫好不是很棒嗎？

before they were in crisis?

Now we're ready for a step change.

現在我們已經準備要做個大改變。

Over the past few years,

在過去幾年間，

we've gained access to global, regularly updated satellite imagery.

我們已經有通路可以取得 定期更新的全球衛星影像。

Machine learning and AI are helping human mappers

機器學習和人工智慧 能幫人類製圖者增加工作效率。

to work more efficiently.

And worldwide, more and more people are willing and able

世界各地有越來越多人願意

且能夠為他們的社區繪製地圖。

to map their communities.

Over the next five years,

在接下來的五年，

we'll engage one million volunteers who will map an area

我們會請一百萬名志工繪製地圖，

home to the one billion most vulnerable people

範圍橫跨九十四個國家，

across 94 countries.

涵蓋十億名最弱勢者的家園。

To achieve this,

為了達成這個目標， 我們得要做三件事。

we need to do three things.

First, we need to grow our community to one million mappers,

第一，我們要將我們的社群 擴大到擁有一百萬名製圖者，

who will build a world where everyone everywhere is represented.

他們將要讓世界上任何地方的 任何人都能被呈現在地圖上。

We'll set up a network of regional hubs

我們要架設地區中心的網絡，

to train and support those volunteers

來訓練和支援這些志工，

to map the vulnerable places in their own countries.

為他們的自己國內的 弱勢地區繪製地圖。

Second, we need to invest in technology.

第二，我們必須要投資科技。

Right now, you can add something like a building or a local landmark

目前，你只要花幾秒鐘

就可以把像是建築物 或當地地標添加到地圖上，

to the map in just a few seconds,

but learning to map

但學習繪製地圖，

and mapping easily and quickly on a mobile

以及要很容易又快速地 用手機來繪製地圖

can be a problem.

可能會是個問題。

We need to invest in technologies

我們必須要投資在科技上，

to make mobile edits to the map possible at a massive scale.

設法大規模做到使用手機編輯地圖。

And third, we need to raise awareness.

第三，我們必須要提升意識。

Aid projects across the world need to know

世界各地的援助計畫必須要知道

that these maps are free and available for them to use

這些地圖是免費的， 他們可以自由取用，

and that they can request maps for the areas that they're working in.

他們可以索取他們 工作地區的地圖。

For me, this is one of the most wonderful things about this project.

對我而言，這是這個計畫 最美妙的一部分。

It isn't really about HOT or any single organization.

重點不是 HOT 或任何一個組織。

It's about creating a foundation

重點是創造出一個基礎，

on which so many organizations will thrive.

讓許多組織能在 這個基礎上發展茁壯。

Whatever we do,

不論我們怎麼做，

disasters and crises will still happen,

災難和危機都一定會再發生，

and humanitarians will still respond to them.

人道主義者也一定會做出因應行動。

Development programs will continue,

發展計畫會持續進行，

but without maps, they'll lack critical information

但若沒有地圖， 他們都會缺乏關鍵資訊，

about what to expect in the community before they get there.

在他們抵達目的社區之前 不會知道該預期什麼。

With open, free, up-to-date maps,

若有開放、免費、最新的地圖，

those programs will have more impact than they would do otherwise,

那些計畫能造成的影響 會比沒有這些地圖時更大，

leading to a meaningful difference in lives saved or improved.

帶來有意義的改變， 拯救生命或改善生活。

But it's so much more than that.

但遠不只如此。

It's 2020, and one billion people in our world are not visible.

現在是 2020 年，

世界上還有十億人沒有被看見。

That's wrong.

這是不對的。

This is a tool through which every citizen of Planet Earth

透過這個工具，地球上的每位公民

can become known and seen,

都能被知道、被看見，

to literally be put on the map.

真正被呈現在地圖上。

My peers complain about being too overconnected,

我的同儕會抱怨跟他人的連結過多，

so how can it be possible for more than a billion people

那怎麼有可能會有超過十億人 仍然沒有被看見？

to remain invisible?

Luckily, this is a problem even the laziest among us

幸運的是，就連我們當中最懶惰的人，

can help to solve.

也能協助解決這個問題。

If you can swipe left or right,

如果你會在手機上向左滑、向右滑，

you can help.

你就能幫上忙。

Map this morning

早上繪製地圖，

and influence life-changing decisions this afternoon.

下午就能影響悠關生死的決策。

Frontline health workers and humanitarians are literally waiting for you.

前線健康工作者 和人道主義者正在等著你。

Thank you.

謝謝。