Yoruba Richen: What the gay rights movement learned from the civil rights movement

翻译人员: Yiding(Eden) Wen 校对人员: Ni Xiong

Election night 2008

2008年的大选之夜，

was a night that tore me in half.

我激动万分。

It was the night that Barack Obama was elected.

这一夜，巴拉克・奥巴马当选总统。

[One hundred and forty-three] years after the end of slavery,

奴隶制废除后148年，

and [43] years after the passage

也是选举权法

of the Voting Rights Act,

通过后48年，

an African-American was elected president.

一位非裔美国人当选总统。

Many of us never thought that this was possible

我们中有许多人从未想过这一天会到来，

until the moment that it happened.

直到此刻出现。

And in many ways, it was the climax

在诸多层面上，这是

of the black civil rights movement

美国黑人民权运动的巅峰。

in the United States.

I was in California that night,

那一夜，我在加州。

which was ground zero at the time

那儿，那一刻，正发起

for another movement:

另一场运动：

the marriage equality movement.

婚姻平权运动。

Gay marriage was on the ballot

同性恋婚姻以8号提案的形式，

in the form of Proposition 8,

被投票表决。

and as the election returns started to come in,

然而正当选举开始运作时

it became clear that the right

最近被加利福尼亚州法庭，通过的

for same sex couples to marry,

同性夫妇结婚的权利，

which had recently been granted by the California courts,

似乎，

正趋于被剥夺（之边缘）。

was going to be taken away.

So on the same night

所以，当夜，

that Barack Obama won his historic presidency,

正值巴拉克·奥巴马赢得他历史性总统席位之时

the lesbian and gay community suffered

女同及男同社区却遭受了

one of our most painful defeats.

有史以来最惨痛的失败之一。

And then it got even worse.

然后，情势每况愈下

Pretty much immediately,

不久，

African-Americans started to be blamed

非裔美国人就因8号法案

for the passage of Proposition 8.

被谴责

This was largely due to an incorrect poll that said

这很大程度上，缘于一份有误的民意调查。它显示，

that blacks had voted for the measure

黑人占选举人数的，

by something like 70 percent.

70%左右。

This turned out not to be true,

这后来被证明不实。

but this idea of pervasive black homophobia set in,

但是，同性恋恐惧症的概念，却由此四处扩散。

and was grabbed on by the media.

它被媒体恶意攫取了。

I couldn't tear myself away from the coverage.

我不能将视线从这一新闻报道上转移，

I listened to some gay commentator say

我听到有些同性恋时事评论员说到，

that the African-American community

非裔美国人社区，

was notoriously homophobic,

是声名狼藉的同性恋恐惧者聚积地

and now that civil rights had been achieved for us,

现在我们的民权诉求已经实现

we wanted to take away other people's rights.

而我们却想剥夺他人之权利。

There were even reports of racist epithets

在大选后，

being thrown at some of the participants

更有甚者，报道称，

of the gay rights rallies

种族主义者，对同性恋权利集会参与者

that took place after the election.

谩骂连篇。

And on the other side,

另一方面，

some African-Americans dismissed or ignored

有些非裔美国人也忽略了

homophobia that was indeed real in our community.

同性恋恐惧症确然存在于我们社区。

And others resented this comparison

亦有人，对同性恋权利运动与民权运动的比较

between gay rights and civil rights,

满腹牢骚。

and once again, the sinking feeling

又一次，那种

that two minority groups

我所属的两个少数团体

of which I'm both a part of

were competing with each other

在互相竞争而非相互支持的无力感

instead of supporting each other

向我袭来。

overwhelmed and, frankly, pissed me off.

它们最终压垮了我，坦率而言，也使得我怒发冲冠。

Now, I'm a documentary filmmaker,

如今，我是一位纪录片制作人。

so after going through my pissed off stage

所以，在经历人生低谷

and yelling at the television and radio,

并朝电视与收音机大喊大叫后，

my next instinct was

我出于本能的，

to make a movie.

做了部影片。

And what guided me in making this film was,

我的动力之源，（即为深深萦绕脑海的问题：）

how was this happening?

这怎么发生的？

How was it that the gay rights movement

为何，同性恋权利运动

was being pitted against the civil rights movement?

与民权运动争锋相对？

And this wasn't just an abstract question.

这不只是个抽象问题，

I'm a beneficiary of both movements,

因为我同为这两个运动的受益者，

so this was actually personal.

所以，这实际上，是个人问题。

But then something else happened

但，在2008年大选之后，

after that election in 2008.

发生了一些意想不到的事。

The march towards gay equality

向着同性恋权利平等，大步迈进的响声，

accelerated at a pace

that surprised and shocked everyone,

震惊了每一人

and is still reshaping our laws and our policies,

并重塑着我们的法律，政策，

our institutions and our entire country.

我们的制度，及整个国家。

And so it started to become increasingly clear to me

所以，我愈发的清晰，

that this pitting of the two movements

这两个运动，

against each other actually didn't make sense,

互相扯皮，诉之无益。

and that they were in fact

相反，他们的联系

much, much more interconnected,

实际上非常地紧密。

and that, in fact, some of the way

而且，就某方面而言，

that the gay rights movement has been able

同性恋权利运动（的规模）

to make such incredible gains so quickly

能如此飞速的增长，

is that it's used some of the same tactics

得益于民权运动

and strategies that were first laid down

留下的

策略与方法。

by the civil rights movement.

Let's just look at a few of these strategies.

让我们来看看其中一些策略吧：

First off, it's really interesting to see,

首先，非常有趣地，如果你们回顾下，

to actually visually see, how quick

漫漫自由路上的一些主要事件，

the gay rights movement has made its gains,

你们会发现，

if you look at a few of the major events

（至少表面上如此）

on a timeline of both freedom movements.

同性恋权利运动，是呈何等飞速在增长啊！

Now, there are tons of milestones

民权运动，

in the civil rights movement,

已知的，就有数以万计的里程碑事件。

but the first one we're going to start with

现在，让我们从，

is the 1955 Montgomery bus boycott.

1955年蒙哥马利公共汽车抵制事件说起。

This was a protest campaign

这场运动旨在反对，

against Montgomery, Alabama's segregation

亚拉巴马州，蒙哥马利市对于公共交通系统的，

on their public transit system,

种族隔离政策。

and it began when a woman named Rosa Parks

它的导火索是，一位叫Rosa Parks的女士，

refused to give up her seat to a white person.

拒绝为一位白人让座。

The campaign lasted a year,

此场运动持续一年，

and it galvanized the civil rights movement

它前所未有地，

like nothing had before it.

激励了民权运动

And I call this strategy the

我称此策略为：

"I'm tired of your foot on my neck" strategy.

“我不再匍匐于你跟前。”

So gays and lesbians have been in society

男同及女同自社会产生起，

since societies began,

即与之共生。

but up until the mid-20th century,

但直到20世纪中期之前，

homosexual acts were still illegal in most states.

同性恋行为在大部分的州依然违法。

So just 14 years after the Montgomery bus boycott,

所以，仅在蒙哥马利公交车抵制事件后14年，

a group of LGBT folks took that same strategy.

即1969年，同性恋社区的一伙人，就采取了相同的策略，

It's known as Stonewall, in 1969,

即我们所称的石墙事件。

and it's where a group of LGBT patrons

三天骚乱后，

fought back against police beatings

星星之火，终于点燃。

at a Greenwich Village bar that sparked

在格林尼治酒吧的同性恋顾客，以暴制暴，

three days of rioting.

勇敢反抗警察围捕。

Incidentally, black and latino LGBT folks

巧合的是，于此役，

were at the forefront of this rebellion,

黑人和拉丁美洲的同性恋者被推向统一战线。

and it's a really interesting example

这是我们反抗种族主义，

of the intersection of our struggles against racism,

同性恋恐惧症，性别歧视，及政策偏袒的

homophobia, gender identity and police brutality.

鲜明之例。

After Stonewall happened, gay liberation groups

石墙事件后不久，同性恋自由组织

sprang up all over the country,

如雨后春笋般，在全国涌现。

and the modern gay rights movement as we know it took off.

并最终发展成我们如今知晓的，同性恋权利运动。

So the next moment to look at on the timeline

接着，我们要回顾的，

is the 1963 March on Washington.

是1963年的“向华盛顿进军”

This was a seminal event in the civil rights movement

这是民权运动中，具有里程碑意义的事件，

and it's where African-Americans called for both

这是非裔美国人呼唤权利与财政公平之始。

civil and economic justice.

And it's of course where Martin Luther King

这也是马丁·路德·金

delivered his famous "I have a dream" speech,

发表著名的《我有一个梦想》之处。

but what's actually less known

但鲜为人知的是，

is that this march was organized

这次游行，

by a man named Bayard Rustin.

是由一个叫Bayard Rustin的人组织的。

Bayard was an out gay man,

Bayard是一名出柜了的同性恋，

and he's considered one of the most brilliant

也被认为是民权运动中，

strategists of the civil rights movement.

最杰出的决策者之一。

He later in his life became a fierce advocate

他后来，也成为了同性恋权利运动的

of LGBT rights as well, and his life

热情拥护者。

is testament to the intersection of the struggles.

他的一生，亦证明了民权运动和同性恋权利运动的交集。

The March on Washington

“向华盛顿进军”

is one of the high points of the movement,

是此一运动（民权运动）的巅峰之一，

and it's where there was a fervent belief

同时，也体现了

that African-Americans too

非裔美国人也是美国民主制度一部分

could be a part of American democracy.

的热切信念。

I call this strategy the

我称这个策略为：

"We are visible and many in numbers" strategy.

“我们聚合众生，将被见证。”

Some early gay activists were actually

有些早期的同性恋活动家，实际上

directly inspired by the march,

直接被这一游行鼓舞。

and some had taken part.

他们中的一些人甚至参加了这一游行。

Gay pioneer Jack Nichols said,

同性恋权利运动的先驱者Jack Nichols道：“

"We marched with Martin Luther King,

我们同马丁·路德·金一起游行，

seven of us from the Mattachine Society" --

我们中有七个人来自马特辛社区”-

which was an early gay rights organization —

一个早期同性恋组织-

"and from that moment on, we had our own dream

“自此，我们梦想

about a gay rights march of similar proportions."

同性恋权利运动，如它般卓尔不群。"

Several years later, a series of marches took place,

几年后，出现了一系列的游行

each one gaining the momentum

每一次都在为同性恋自由的抗争

of the gay freedom struggle.

积蓄能量。

The first one was in 1979,

第一次是1979年，

and the second one took place in 1987.

然后第二次是1987年

The third one was held in 1993.

第三次游行发生在1993年。

Almost a million people showed up,

有近百万人参与，

and people were so energized and excited

人们因所发生的

by what had taken place,

欢欣鼓舞

they went back to their own communities

他们回到各自的社区，

and started their own political

组建自己的政治性组织，

and social organizations,

或社会性组织，

further increasing the visibility of the movement.

以求使这一运动遍及大众视野。

The day of that march, October 11,

游行被举行的那天，也就是每年10月11日，

was then declared National Coming Out Day,

被设为国家出柜日。

and is still celebrated all over the world.

今天，它仍在世界广为流传，普天同庆。

These marches set the groundwork

这些运动，

for the historic changes that we see happening

铸就了我们今日所见的

today in the United States.

美国历史性巨变的，基石。

And lastly, the "Loving" strategy.

最后，是“怀柔”政策。

The name speaks for itself.

彼之名，即为诠释。

In 1967, the Supreme Court ruled

1967年，最高法院在“洛文诉弗吉尼亚案”中

in Loving v. Virginia,

裁定了

and invalidated all laws

所有禁止种族通婚的律法

that prohibited interracial marriage.

违宪。

This is considered one of the Supreme Court's

这被认为是，

landmark civil rights cases.

最高法院人权法案的里程碑之一。

In 1996, President Clinton signed

1996年，克林顿总统签署了

the Defense of Marriage Act, known as DOMA,

婚姻保护法，即DOMA文件。

and that made the federal government

这迫使联邦政府

only have to recognize marriages

只能承认

between a man and a woman.

两性婚姻。

In United States v. Windsor,

在美国温莎镇，

a 79-year-old lesbian named Edith Windsor

一位叫Edith Windsor的79岁女同性恋者，

sued the federal government

状告了联邦政府

when she was forced to pay estate taxes

因为，她被迫支付去世妻子

on her deceased wife's property,

的遗产税

something that heterosexual couples don't have to do.

而异性恋夫妇却不需要支付。

And as the case wound its way

此案在地方法庭中屡次受阻，

through the lower courts,

根据先例，一直被裁定为（原告败诉）。

the Loving case was repeatedly cited as precedent.

2013年，“洛文案”

When it got to the Supreme Court in 2013,

被传讯到最高法院，

the Supreme Court agreed,

判决原告胜诉。

and DOMA was thrown out.

于是乎，DOMA文件被废止。

It was incredible.

难以置信！

But the gay marriage movement

但同性婚姻运动

has been making gains for years now.

确然不断前行，历久经年。

To date, 17 states

细细数来，已有17州

have passed laws allowing marriage equality.

通过了婚姻平等法案。

It's become the de facto battle

它已演化为事实上的

for gay equality,

同性恋权利之争

and it seems like daily,

而似乎，每天，

laws prohibiting it are being challenged in the courts,

法规所禁止的，正在法庭上，被改变

even in places like Texas and Utah,

即使像德克萨斯州和犹他州这样的地方，

which no one saw coming.

巨变正迎来。

So a lot has changed

因而，自2008年的大选之夜，

since that night in 2008

自我激动万分时起，

when I felt torn in half.

一切悄然不同。

I did go on to make that film.

我确实去做了那部电影

It's a documentary film,

它是部纪录片

and it's called "The New Black,"

名叫《崭新的一代》

and it looks at how the African-American community

它回顾了，非裔美国人社区

is grappling with the gay rights issue

如何紧抓同性恋权利议题，出现的一簇希望之光

in light of the gay marriage movement

而照亮了婚姻同权运动。

and this fight over the meaning of civil rights.

这一斗争超越民权运动之意义。

And I wanted to capture

我想抓住

some of this incredible change that was happening,

正发生的难以置信之巨变（的历史时刻）

and as luck or politics would have it,

以及为之实行的政策和那些承蒙眷顾的幸运儿。

another marriage battle started gearing up,

此刻，在马里兰州，

this time in Maryland,

另一场婚姻斗争，硝烟正燃起。

where African-Americans make up 30 percent

那儿，30%的选民是

of the electorate.

非裔美国人。

So this tension between gay rights

而当婚姻同权运动与民权运动的

and civil rights started to bubble up once again,

张力再一次悄然重合，

and I was lucky enough to capture

我有幸能在此刻，

how some people were making the connection

发掘人们如何

between the movements this time.

建立此两者运动之联系。

This is a clip of Karess Taylor-Hughes

这是录像中两位主人公，

and Samantha Masters, two characters in the film,

Karess Taylor-Hughes和Samkantha Masters的对话，

as they hit the streets of Baltimore

当时他们在巴尔的摩的街道四处搜罗，

and try to convince potential voters.

试着说服潜在选民。

(Video) Samantha Masters: That's what's up, man, this is a righteous man over here.

（录像）Samantha Masters:：这便是症结所在了。 嘿，这儿有位义人。

Okay, are you registered to vote?

好的，你是选民吗？

Man: No. Karess Taylor-Hughes: Okay. How old are you?

路人：不是。 Karess ：好吧，你多大了？

Man: 21. KTH: 21? You gotta get registered to vote.

路人：21岁了。 KTH：21了？你应当去投票。

We got to get you registered to vote.

我们得让你去投票。

Man: I ain't voting on no gay shit.

路人：我不干。

SM: Okay, why? What's up? Man: I ain't with that.

SM：好吧，为什么？你为什么不愿投票？ 路人：我对那套不来电。

SM: That's not cool.

SM:这回答可不好玩。

Man: What made you be gay? SM: So what made you be straight?

路人：是什么让你想搞基？ SM:那你又为什么是直的？

So what made you be straight?

你为什么是直男呢？

Man 2: You can't answer that question. (Laughter)

路人乙：这可不好说。（笑）

KSM: I used to not have the same rights as you,

KSM:我本来没有像你一样的（选举权）

but I know that because a black man like yourself

但是因为一个像你一样的黑人，

stood up for a woman like me,

为一个像我一样的女士，勇敢站了出来

I know that I've got the same opportunities.

我才有了选举权。

So you, as a black man, have the opportunity

所以，你，作为一个黑人，有机会

to stand up for somebody else.

为他人而战。

Whether you're gay or not,

不论你是不是同性恋

these are your brothers and sisters out here,

那些是你的兄弟姊妹

and they need you to represent.

他们需要你。

Man 2: Who is you to tell somebody

路人乙：是谁告诉你

who they can't have sex with,

他们不能和某人做爱

who they can't be with?

不能和别人处对象？

They ain't got that power.

他们没权力这么做。

Nobody has that power to say, you can't marry that young lady.

没有人有权说，你不能和那位年轻女士结婚

Who has that power? Nobody.

谁有权这么说？没人。

SM: But you know what?

SM:但是你知道吗？

Our state has put the power in your hands,

我们国家已将这一权利交由你手上

and so what we need you to do

所以我们需要你做的

is vote for, you gonna vote for 6.

只是投票，为6号候选人投票。

Man 2: I got you.

路人乙：我懂了。

SM: Vote for 6, okay? Man 2: I got you.

SM：投给6号候选人，好吗？ 路人乙：好的。

KSM: All right, do y'all need community service hours?

KSM:好的。你们需要社区服务吗？

You do? All right, you can always volunteer with us

要？那好，你可以随时志愿加入

to get community service hours.

以获得一定时间的社区服务。

Y'all want to do that?

你们都想做？

We feed you. We bring you pizza.

我们包吃。这有披萨。

(Laughter) (Applause)

（笑）（鼓掌）

Yoruba Richen: Thank you.

Yoruba Richen:谢谢。

What's amazing to me about that clip

令我诧异的是，从我们录制的

that we just captured as we were filming

这段对话中，可以看出，

is, it really shows how Karess

Karess

understands the history of the civil rights movement,

对民权运动知之甚多

but she's not restricted by it.

但她没被束缚，

She doesn't just limit it to black people.

她不只将它局限于黑人

She sees it as a blueprint

她视之为同性恋者争取权利的

for expanding rights to gays and lesbians.

宏伟蓝图。

Maybe because she's younger, she's like 25,

也许因为她年轻，她看上去25岁左右

she's able to do this a little bit more easily,

她更能轻松胜任。

but the fact is that Maryland voters

但事实是马里兰州

did pass that marriage equality amendment,

确实决议通过了婚姻平权修正案。

and in fact it was the first time

事实上这也是第一次

that marriage equality was directly voted on

婚姻平权法案被全名公投

and passed by the voters.

并决议通过。

African-Americans supported it at a higher level

非裔美国人视之为

than had ever been recorded.

从未企及的新高度。

It was a complete turnaround from that night

与2008年的大选之夜，8号法案被通过相比，

in 2008 when Proposition 8 was passed.

现在局势已然完全扭转。

It was, and feels, monumental.

这无疑，作为里程碑事件，也被我们感同身受，

We in the LGBT community have gone

我们这些同性恋社区的成员

一开始被视为病态，

from being a pathologized and reviled

被人指摘辱骂，

and criminalized group

被视作违法，

to being seen as part of the great human quest

而发展到如今，我们被视作

人类平等，人权斗争的一份子。

for dignity and equality.

We've gone from having to hide our sexuality

我们从为了不丢工作，家庭和睦，

in order to maintain our jobs and our families

须隐藏我们的性取向，

to literally getting a place at the table

到在圆桌前有一席之地。

with the president

我们在总统的

and a shout out at his second inauguration.

第二届就职典礼上呐喊助威。

I just want to read what he said

我只想读出他在就职典礼上

at that inauguration:

所说的：

"We the people declare today

“我们认为如下真理

that the most evident of truths,

是不言而喻的：

that all of us are created equal.

人生而平等。

It is the star that guides us still,

星辰指引我们伫立于此。

just as it guided our forebears

正如它指引着我们的先辈。

through Seneca Falls

透过塞内卡瀑布

and Selma and Stonewall."

塞尔玛，及石墙，照耀万世。”

Now we know that everything is not perfect,

如今我们已知晓，“金无足赤，人无完人”

especially when you look at what's happening

尤其当你正关注同性恋权利

with the LGBT rights issue internationally,

的全球议题时。

but it says something about how far we've come

当我们的总统将同性恋自由运动，

when our president puts the gay freedom struggle

同我们这一时代之女权运动、民权运动

in the context of the other great freedom struggles

这些伟大的自由运动相提并论时，

of our time: the women's rights movement

我们才意识到

and the civil rights movement.

我们在不断前行，且愈发的远了。

His statement demonstrates not only

他的陈述报告

the interconnectedness of those movements,

不只阐明了这些运动内在的联系

but how each one borrowed

也阐述了

and was inspired by the other.

它们如何互相借鉴以及相互激励。

So just as Martin Luther King

正如马丁·路德·金

learned from and borrowed from Gandhi's tactics

学习及借鉴甘地的

of civil disobedience and nonviolence,

非暴力不合作运动，

which became a bedrock of the civil rights movement,

酝酿了民权运动的温床一样

the gay rights movement saw what worked

婚姻平权运动也从民权运动中

in the civil rights movement,

看到了可取之处

and they used some of those same strategies

他们使用其中一些相同的策略

and tactics to make gains

从而以更迅捷的步伐

at an even quicker pace.

取得成就。

Maybe one more other reason

也许，婚姻平权运动

for the relative quick progress

取得如此长足进步

of the gay rights movement.

的另一原因

Whereas a lot of us continue to still live

是我们许多人

in racially segregated spaces,

仍被种族隔离。

LGBT folks, we are everywhere.

同性恋社区的朋友们啊，我们无处不在

We are in urban communities

我们在城市，

and rural communities,

我们在乡村，

communities of color, immigrant communities,

我们聚积在有色人种社区，移民区

churches and mosques and synagogues.

我们可能信仰不同：伊斯兰教，犹太教，基督教。。。

We are your mothers and brothers

但我们同为

and sisters and sons.

兄弟姊妹。

And when someone that you love

当你爱的

or a family member comes out,

家庭成员出柜了，

it may be easier to support their quest for equality.

支持他们寻求平等，也许是更好的做法

And in fact, the gay rights movement

事实上，婚姻平权运动

asks us to support justice and equality

需要我们，以爱之名

from a space of love.

支持公平正义。

That may be the biggest, greatest gift

这可能是这一运动

that the movement has given us.

给我们的最大，最棒的礼物。

It calls on us to access that which is most universal

它呼吁我们，去到最普遍的

and most intimate:

最亲密的（人身边）：

a love of our brother and our sister

我们对邻居和兄弟姊妹的爱

and our neighbor.

I just want to end with a quote

让我引用一位

by one of our greatest freedom fighters

已不在人世的，也是

who's no longer with us, Nelson Mandela

最伟大的自由先驱之一的话，来结束今天的演讲。

of South Africa.

他是南非的，尼尔森·曼德拉。

Nelson Mandela led South Africa

尼尔森·曼德拉引领南非

after the dark and brutal days of Apartheid,

走过了黑暗无情的种族隔离之夜。

and out of the ashes of that legalized racial discrimination,

在废止合法的种族歧视政策后，

he led South Africa to become the first country

他引领南非铸就了世界上

in the world to ban discrimination

第一个在建制内

based on sexual orientation within its constitution.

以全面禁止性别歧视为目标的国度。

Mandela said,

曼德拉道：

"For to be free is not merely to cast off one's chains,

“为了自由，不仅要砍断镣铐

but to live in a way that respects

也需得以尊重

and enhances the freedom of others."

并确保他人自由的方式生活.”

So as these movements continue on,

故曰，在这些运动如火如荼进行时

and as freedom struggles around the world continue on,

以及世界争取自由的斗争，永不停歇

let's remember that not only are they interconnected,

让我们谨记，它们不仅于内紧密相连

but they must support and enhance each other

他们亦须支持护佑彼此

for us to be truly victorious.

以致得那真正的胜。

Thank you.

谢谢

(Applause)

（掌声）