Yoruba Richen: What the gay rights movement learned from the civil rights movement

譯者: Ana Choi 審譯者: Adrienne Lin

Election night 2008

2008 年的選舉夜

was a night that tore me in half.

是讓我被分裂成二的一個夜晚。

It was the night that Barack Obama was elected.

這是巴拉克·歐巴馬當選總統的夜晚。

[One hundred and forty-three] years after the end of slavery,

在奴隸制度廢除 148 年後，

and [43] years after the passage

在選舉權法案

of the Voting Rights Act,

通過 48 年後，

an African-American was elected president.

一位非裔美國人被選為總統。

Many of us never thought that this was possible

我們當中很多人從不認為這是可能的事情，

until the moment that it happened.

直到它發生的那一刻。

And in many ways, it was the climax

而從很多方面來說，它都是美國

of the black civil rights movement

黑人民權運動

in the United States.

的高潮。

I was in California that night,

那天晚上，我在加州，

which was ground zero at the time

那天是另外一個

for another movement:

民權運動的起點：

the marriage equality movement.

婚姻平等運動。

Gay marriage was on the ballot

同性戀婚姻已以

in the form of Proposition 8,

8 號提案的形式在選票。

and as the election returns started to come in,

而當選舉申報書開始被提交時，

it became clear that the right

關於同性伴侶婚姻權的結果

for same sex couples to marry,

也逐漸清晰，

which had recently been granted by the California courts,

這項已被加州法庭授予的權力

was going to be taken away.

將要被剝奪。

So on the same night

所以，在巴拉克·歐巴馬贏得

that Barack Obama won his historic presidency,

其歷史性總統選舉的同一晚，

the lesbian and gay community suffered

男女同性戀群體遭受到了

one of our most painful defeats.

最令我們心痛的失敗之一。

And then it got even worse.

而接下來，事情變得更糟。

Pretty much immediately,

幾乎是同時，

African-Americans started to be blamed

人們開始責備非裔美籍的人

for the passage of Proposition 8.

認為他們支持通過提案 8。

This was largely due to an incorrect poll that said

這主要是因為某個錯誤的民意調查說，

that blacks had voted for the measure

大概約 70% 的黑人

by something like 70 percent.

投票支持了這個措施。

This turned out not to be true,

這儘管不是事實，

but this idea of pervasive black homophobia set in,

但這個黑人對同性戀恐懼的概念開始蔓延

and was grabbed on by the media.

進入了人們的意識，並被媒體大作文章。

I couldn't tear myself away from the coverage.

我沒有辦法不去關注媒體的報導。

I listened to some gay commentator say

我聽到某位同性戀的評論員說，

that the African-American community

非裔美籍人社群

was notoriously homophobic,

是臭名昭著地討厭同性戀，

and now that civil rights had been achieved for us,

而現在我們民權已經實現了，

we wanted to take away other people's rights.

我們卻想要剝奪其他人的權利。

There were even reports of racist epithets

甚至有報導表明，

being thrown at some of the participants

在選舉結束後，

of the gay rights rallies

有一些同性戀權益的會眾

that took place after the election.

喊出種族歧視的口號。

And on the other side,

而另一方面，

some African-Americans dismissed or ignored

某些非裔美籍人反對或忽視

homophobia that was indeed real in our community.

在我們社會裡正存在的同性戀恐懼症。

And others resented this comparison

而其他人，對把同性戀權利和

between gay rights and civil rights,

民權相提並論表示憤慨，

and once again, the sinking feeling

再一次，我有下沉的感覺，

that two minority groups

因為我同時屬於的兩個

of which I'm both a part of

少數族群，

were competing with each other

在互相對抗

instead of supporting each other

而不是互相支持，

overwhelmed and, frankly, pissed me off.

使我壓得喘不過氣來， 老實說，也讓我非常生氣。

Now, I'm a documentary filmmaker,

我是一名記錄片製片人，

so after going through my pissed off stage

所以在經歷了「非常生氣」的階段，

and yelling at the television and radio,

並且在對着電視或廣播大聲叫喊後，

my next instinct was

我的下一個直覺

to make a movie.

是要拍一部電影。

And what guided me in making this film was,

在拍這部電影時引導我的是，

how was this happening?

這樣的對抗是怎麼發生的？

How was it that the gay rights movement

為何同性戀權利的運動

was being pitted against the civil rights movement?

在對抗民權運動？

And this wasn't just an abstract question.

而這不是一個抽象的問題。

I'm a beneficiary of both movements,

我是這兩個運動的受益人，

so this was actually personal.

所以，這實際上跟我切身相關。

But then something else happened

然而，在 2008 年的選舉後，

after that election in 2008.

其他事情發生了。

The march towards gay equality

邁向同性戀平等權利的步伐

accelerated at a pace

速度之快

that surprised and shocked everyone,

讓所有人驚訝和震驚，

and is still reshaping our laws and our policies,

並繼續在重塑我們的法律和制度，

our institutions and our entire country.

我們的組織機構和我們的整個國家。

And so it started to become increasingly clear to me

所以很快地，我漸漸看清了，

that this pitting of the two movements

這兩個運動的對抗

against each other actually didn't make sense,

完全不合理，

and that they were in fact

而事實上，

much, much more interconnected,

他們的關聯很緊密，

and that, in fact, some of the way

實際上，

某些同性戀權利的運動

that the gay rights movement has been able

to make such incredible gains so quickly

能如此快速地獲得成效

is that it's used some of the same tactics

在於它運用了某些最初

and strategies that were first laid down

由民權運動奠定基礎的

by the civil rights movement.

策略和戰略。

Let's just look at a few of these strategies.

讓我們來看幾個這些策略。

First off, it's really interesting to see,

首先，非常有趣的是看到，

to actually visually see, how quick

真正地看到

the gay rights movement has made its gains,

同性戀權利運動如何快速地前進，

if you look at a few of the major events

如果你在這兩個自由運動的時間軸上

on a timeline of both freedom movements.

來比較幾個主要的事件即可看出。

Now, there are tons of milestones

在民權運動中

in the civil rights movement,

有很多的里程碑，

but the first one we're going to start with

但我們先來看看，

is the 1955 Montgomery bus boycott.

1955年的蒙哥馬利巴士抵制運動。

This was a protest campaign

這是個反對蒙哥馬利的

against Montgomery, Alabama's segregation

抗議活動，即抗議在阿拉巴馬州

on their public transit system,

公共交通系統中的種族隔離。

and it began when a woman named Rosa Parks

事件起始於一位叫羅莎·帕克斯的婦女，

refused to give up her seat to a white person.

拒絕在公車上把她的座位讓給一位白人。

The campaign lasted a year,

這個活動持續了一年，

and it galvanized the civil rights movement

其推動了民權運動的動力

like nothing had before it.

是前所未見的。

And I call this strategy the

我將這策略稱之為

"I'm tired of your foot on my neck" strategy.

「再也受不了有人 把腳踩在我脖子上」策略。

So gays and lesbians have been in society

男同性戀和女同性戀

since societies began,

自從有社會開始，就已經存在了，

but up until the mid-20th century,

但直到 20 世紀中，

homosexual acts were still illegal in most states.

同性戀行為在大部分州仍是不合法的。

So just 14 years after the Montgomery bus boycott,

在蒙哥馬利巴士抵制運動發生 14 年後，

a group of LGBT folks took that same strategy.

一群 LGBT 同性戀社群採用了同樣的策略。

It's known as Stonewall, in 1969,

這就是有名的 1969 年「石牆暴動」，

and it's where a group of LGBT patrons

一群 LGBT 支持者

fought back against police beatings

在格林威治村的一個酒吧

at a Greenwich Village bar that sparked

還擊警察的毆打，此事件引發了

three days of rioting.

三天的暴動。

Incidentally, black and latino LGBT folks

剛好的是，非裔和拉丁美洲裔的 LGBT 們

were at the forefront of this rebellion,

在了這個暴動的前沿戰鬥，

and it's a really interesting example

而這是個非常有趣，

of the intersection of our struggles against racism,

我們面對種族歧視、同性戀、性別認同及

homophobia, gender identity and police brutality.

警察暴力的鬥爭匯聚到同一點的例子。

After Stonewall happened, gay liberation groups

「石牆暴動」發生後，男女同性戀群體

sprang up all over the country,

在全國各地湧現，

and the modern gay rights movement as we know it took off.

而現代同性戀權利運動 就我們所知，從此開始。

So the next moment to look at on the timeline

在時間軸上要看的下一個點是

is the 1963 March on Washington.

1963 年在華盛頓的遊行。

This was a seminal event in the civil rights movement

這是個在民權運動中， 對後來影響深遠的事件，

and it's where African-Americans called for both

在這個事件中非裔美籍群體

civil and economic justice.

主張民權和經濟平等。

And it's of course where Martin Luther King

而這當然也是馬丁·路德·金

delivered his famous "I have a dream" speech,

發表其著名的「我有個夢想」演講的地方。

but what's actually less known

可是，較少有人知道的是，

is that this march was organized

這個遊行是由一位叫

by a man named Bayard Rustin.

貝亞·德斯廷的人組織的。

Bayard was an out gay man,

貝亞是個公開的同性戀，

and he's considered one of the most brilliant

而他被認為是民權運動中

strategists of the civil rights movement.

最傑出的一位策略家。

He later in his life became a fierce advocate

他之後也成為了一位 LGBT 權利的

of LGBT rights as well, and his life

激烈的倡導者，而他的一生

is testament to the intersection of the struggles.

就是這些鬥爭交匯的證據。

The March on Washington

華盛頓遊行

is one of the high points of the movement,

是民權運動的高點之一，

and it's where there was a fervent belief

也是人們擁有熱切信念

that African-Americans too

「非裔美籍人也可以是

could be a part of American democracy.

美國民主一部分」的時候。

I call this strategy the

我把這個策略稱為

"We are visible and many in numbers" strategy.

「我們是不可忽視並且人數眾多」策略。

Some early gay activists were actually

一些早期的同性戀權利活動份子

directly inspired by the march,

真是直接地被這個遊戲所鼓舞，

and some had taken part.

而有些則直接參與了遊行。

Gay pioneer Jack Nichols said,

同性戀的先驅，傑克·尼科爾斯說，

"We marched with Martin Luther King,

「我們七個來自於馬太辛協會的，

seven of us from the Mattachine Society" --

與馬丁·路德·金一起遊行」——

which was an early gay rights organization —

這是早期的同性戀運動組織——

"and from that moment on, we had our own dream

「而從那一刻起，我們有了自己的夢想，

about a gay rights march of similar proportions."

我們要有類似規模的同性戀權利的遊行。」

Several years later, a series of marches took place,

幾年後，一系列的遊行發生了，

each one gaining the momentum

每一個都得到了

of the gay freedom struggle.

同性戀自由權鬥爭的氣勢。

The first one was in 1979,

第一個在 1979 年，

and the second one took place in 1987.

而第二個發生在 1987 年。

The third one was held in 1993.

第三個發生在 1993 年。

Almost a million people showed up,

將近百萬人參與，

and people were so energized and excited

而人們被發生的事情

所激勵鼓舞，

by what had taken place,

they went back to their own communities

他們回到自己的社區，

and started their own political

並開始了自己的政治

and social organizations,

和社會組織，

further increasing the visibility of the movement.

進一步地提升了運動的能見度。

The day of that march, October 11,

10 月 11 日當天，

was then declared National Coming Out Day,

後來被宣布為全國出櫃日，

and is still celebrated all over the world.

在世界各地仍在被慶祝。

These marches set the groundwork

這些遊行為今天我們

for the historic changes that we see happening

在美國看到的歷史性變化

today in the United States.

奠定了基礎。

And lastly, the "Loving" strategy.

最後，是「愛」的策略。

The name speaks for itself.

這個名稱不言而喻。

In 1967, the Supreme Court ruled

1967 年，最高法院裁定

in Loving v. Virginia,

婁詠與維吉尼亞州訴訟，

and invalidated all laws

令禁止跨種族婚姻

that prohibited interracial marriage.

的法律通通無效。

This is considered one of the Supreme Court's

這民權案件被認為是最高法院的

landmark civil rights cases.

具有里程碑意義之一。

In 1996, President Clinton signed

1996 年，克林頓總統簽署了

the Defense of Marriage Act, known as DOMA,

捍衛婚姻法案，也被稱為 DOMA，

and that made the federal government

這讓聯邦政府

only have to recognize marriages

只需認同一個男人

between a man and a woman.

和一個女人之間的婚姻。

In United States v. Windsor,

在美國訴溫莎案，

a 79-year-old lesbian named Edith Windsor

一名 79 歲的女同性戀者伊迪絲·溫莎

sued the federal government

起訴聯邦政府，

when she was forced to pay estate taxes

因為她被迫支付

她已故妻子的財產房地產稅，

on her deceased wife's property,

something that heterosexual couples don't have to do.

但異性戀夫婦卻不用這麼做。

And as the case wound its way

當這繼續通過

through the lower courts,

下級法院，

the Loving case was repeatedly cited as precedent.

婁詠訟案件被反覆引用作先例。

When it got to the Supreme Court in 2013,

當它在 2013 年去到了最高法院，

the Supreme Court agreed,

最高法院同意了，

and DOMA was thrown out.

DOMA 被定違憲。

It was incredible.

這是令人難以置信。

But the gay marriage movement

而且同性婚姻運動

has been making gains for years now.

多年來一直在得收穫。

To date, 17 states

到目前為止，17 個州

have passed laws allowing marriage equality.

已經通過法律允許婚姻平等。

It's become the de facto battle

同性戀平等成為

for gay equality,

事實上的爭奪，

and it seems like daily,

好像每天地，

laws prohibiting it are being challenged in the courts,

禁止它的法律被在法庭上受到挑戰，

even in places like Texas and Utah,

甚至在像德克薩斯州和猶他州的地方，

which no one saw coming.

這是任何人都沒有人想過的事。

So a lot has changed

從 2008 年，我覺得自己

since that night in 2008

被撕成兩半那晚上，

when I felt torn in half.

之後發生了很多變化。

I did go on to make that film.

我的確拍了那部電影。

It's a documentary film,

是一部紀錄片，

and it's called "The New Black,"

稱為《新的黑種族 》，

and it looks at how the African-American community

它著眼於非洲裔美國人的社區

is grappling with the gay rights issue

如何正在努力地面對同性戀權利問題，

in light of the gay marriage movement

在同性婚姻運動和

and this fight over the meaning of civil rights.

這場公民權利戰鬥的的含義。

And I wanted to capture

我亦想捕捉

some of this incredible change that was happening,

一些不可思議地正在發生的變化，

and as luck or politics would have it,

正如運氣或政治，

another marriage battle started gearing up,

另一個婚姻保衛戰已開始摩拳擦掌，

this time in Maryland,

這次在馬里蘭州，

where African-Americans make up 30 percent

那裡的非裔美國人佔全體選民的30%。

of the electorate.

So this tension between gay rights

這同性戀權利和公民權利

and civil rights started to bubble up once again,

之間的緊張局勢再次開始沸騰，

and I was lucky enough to capture

我很幸運地捕捉到了

how some people were making the connection

有些人如何在這一次的運動之間

between the movements this time.

注意到聯繫。

This is a clip of Karess Taylor-Hughes

這是卡勒斯•泰勒-休斯

and Samantha Masters, two characters in the film,

和薩曼莎•瑪絲特，在片中的兩個角色，

as they hit the streets of Baltimore

他們去到巴爾的摩的街道上，

and try to convince potential voters.

試圖說服有潛在性的選民。

(Video) Samantha Masters: That's what's up, man, this is a righteous man over here.

（視頻）薩曼莎•瑪絲特： 你們好嗎？這有個正直的人。

Okay, are you registered to vote?

你登記投票了嗎？

Man: No. Karess Taylor-Hughes: Okay. How old are you?

男子：沒有。 卡勒斯：好吧。你多大了？

Man: 21. KTH: 21? You gotta get registered to vote.

男子：21。 卡勒斯：21？你必註冊投票。

We got to get you registered to vote.

我們得讓你註冊投票。

Man: I ain't voting on no gay shit.

男子：我不要投什麼爛同性戀的票。

SM: Okay, why? What's up? Man: I ain't with that.

薩曼莎：好吧，為什麼呢？是怎樣？ 男子：因為我不是啊。

SM: That's not cool.

薩曼莎：這樣不酷。

Man: What made you be gay? SM: So what made you be straight?

男子：是什麼讓你變成同性戀？ 薩曼莎：那是什麼讓你異性戀？

So what made you be straight?

你為什麼是異性戀？

Man 2: You can't answer that question. (Laughter)

男子2：你回答不出這個答案。 （眾笑）

KSM: I used to not have the same rights as you,

卡勒斯：我以前沒有跟你一樣的權利，

but I know that because a black man like yourself

但我知道有因為有你這樣的黑人男子

stood up for a woman like me,

支持像我一樣的女人，

I know that I've got the same opportunities.

我知道我有同樣的機會。

So you, as a black man, have the opportunity

所以，你，作為一個黑人男子，

to stand up for somebody else.

有機會站出來為別人。

Whether you're gay or not,

無論你是同性戀與否，

these are your brothers and sisters out here,

在這裡的都是你的兄弟姐妹，

and they need you to represent.

他們需要你來代表。

Man 2: Who is you to tell somebody

男子2：誰有資格告訴你

who they can't have sex with,

不可以跟誰發生性關係，

who they can't be with?

不能與誰在一起？

They ain't got that power.

他們沒有這權力。

Nobody has that power to say, you can't marry that young lady.

沒有人有權力說，你不能娶那位小姐。

Who has that power? Nobody.

誰擁有這種權力？沒有人。

SM: But you know what?

薩曼莎：但是你知道嗎？

Our state has put the power in your hands,

我們的國家已把權力放在你的手中，

and so what we need you to do

我們需要你做的就是投票，

is vote for, you gonna vote for 6.

投票給6。

Man 2: I got you.

男子2：我挺你們。

SM: Vote for 6, okay? Man 2: I got you.

薩曼莎：投票給6，好嗎？ 男子2：我挺你。

KSM: All right, do y'all need community service hours?

卡勒斯：好吧，你們都需要做社區服務嗎？

You do? All right, you can always volunteer with us

要？好吧，你可以隨時來當我們的志工

to get community service hours.

可以算社區服務的時數。

Y'all want to do that?

你們都願意這樣做？

We feed you. We bring you pizza.

我們有吃的，會給你比薩。

(Laughter) (Applause)

（笑聲）（鼓掌）

Yoruba Richen: Thank you.

柔露芭•里真：謝謝。

What's amazing to me about that clip

令人驚嘆的是，

that we just captured as we were filming

我們拍的短片捕捉到，

is, it really shows how Karess

卡勒斯果然是

understands the history of the civil rights movement,

如何理解民權運動的歷史，

but she's not restricted by it.

但她不受它限制著。

She doesn't just limit it to black people.

她不只是限制它於黑人。

She sees it as a blueprint

她認為這是一個藍圖，

for expanding rights to gays and lesbians.

用來擴大同性戀者的權利。

Maybe because she's younger, she's like 25,

也許是因為她年輕，25歲左右，

she's able to do this a little bit more easily,

能夠更容易地做到這一點，

but the fact is that Maryland voters

但事實是，美國馬里蘭州的選民

did pass that marriage equality amendment,

一起通過婚姻平等的修正，

and in fact it was the first time

並事實上這是第一次

that marriage equality was directly voted on

婚姻平等直接

and passed by the voters.

讓選民表決通過。

African-Americans supported it at a higher level

非裔美國人展現出

比以往更高的支持。

than had ever been recorded.

It was a complete turnaround from that night

這跟2008 年 8 號提案通過

in 2008 when Proposition 8 was passed.

那天晚上的結果全然不同，

It was, and feels, monumental.

那感覺是，巨大的。

We in the LGBT community have gone

我們 LGBT 社群已經從一個

from being a pathologized and reviled

被病理化、被唾罵

and criminalized group

和刑事犯罪化，

to being seen as part of the great human quest

到被視為人追求尊嚴和平等的

for dignity and equality.

偉大的一部分。

We've gone from having to hide our sexuality

我們經歷了從隱藏我們的性取向，

in order to maintain our jobs and our families

以保持我們的工作和家庭，

to literally getting a place at the table

到與總統同一個平台

with the president

和在他的第二次

and a shout out at his second inauguration.

就職典禮被提起。

I just want to read what he said

我想讀他

at that inauguration:

在那就職典禮的演講：

"We the people declare today

「我們今天宣布，

that the most evident of truths,

最明顯的事實，

that all of us are created equal.

即是我們所有人都是平等的。

It is the star that guides us still,

這仍是指導我們的明燈，

just as it guided our forebears

正如它指導我們祖先

through Seneca Falls

通過塞內卡瀑布、

and Selma and Stonewall."

塞爾瑪和石牆。」

Now we know that everything is not perfect,

但我們知道，並非一切都是完美的，

especially when you look at what's happening

尤其是你可以看到發生在

with the LGBT rights issue internationally,

國際性的同性戀權利的問題上，

but it says something about how far we've come

但看我們已經走了這麼多遠，

when our president puts the gay freedom struggle

因為當我們的總統 已將爭取同性戀自由的鬥爭

in the context of the other great freedom struggles

和這個時代其他偉大的自由鬥爭景況

of our time: the women's rights movement

相提並論：如女權運動

and the civil rights movement.

和民權運動。

His statement demonstrates not only

他的演講不僅表明

the interconnectedness of those movements,

這些運動是互相聯繫，

but how each one borrowed

而且指出這些運動

and was inspired by the other.

怎樣互相借取靈感。

So just as Martin Luther King

正如馬丁·路德·金

learned from and borrowed from Gandhi's tactics

借用甘地的公民抗命

of civil disobedience and nonviolence,

和非暴力戰術，

which became a bedrock of the civil rights movement,

成為了民權運動的基石，

the gay rights movement saw what worked

同性戀權利運動看到了

在民權運動裡有效的是什麼，

in the civil rights movement,

and they used some of those same strategies

他們亦使用了一些相同的

and tactics to make gains

策略和戰術

at an even quicker pace.

以更快的速度收益。

Maybe one more other reason

也許同性戀權利運動

for the relative quick progress

相對快速的進步

of the gay rights movement.

有更多其他原因。

Whereas a lot of us continue to still live

然而我們很多人仍然生活在

in racially segregated spaces,

種族隔離的空間，

LGBT folks, we are everywhere.

同志朋友們，我們是無處不在的。

We are in urban communities

我們在城市社區

and rural communities,

和農村社區，

communities of color, immigrant communities,

有色人種社區、移民社區，

churches and mosques and synagogues.

教堂和清真寺和猶太教堂。

We are your mothers and brothers

我們是你的母親、

and sisters and sons.

兄弟姐妹和兒子。

And when someone that you love

而當有你愛的人

or a family member comes out,

或家庭成員出櫃，

it may be easier to support their quest for equality.

支持他們追求平等可能會更容易。

And in fact, the gay rights movement

事實上，同性戀權利運動

asks us to support justice and equality

請我們從愛的起點，

from a space of love.

支持正義和平等。

That may be the biggest, greatest gift

這可能是該運動給了我們

that the movement has given us.

最大、最偉大的禮物。

It calls on us to access that which is most universal

它要求我們去獲得這最普遍

and most intimate:

和最親密的事情：

a love of our brother and our sister

愛我們的兄弟姐妹，

and our neighbor.

我們的鄰居。

I just want to end with a quote

我想引用一個

已離我們而去的

by one of our greatest freedom fighters

who's no longer with us, Nelson Mandela

偉大自由戰士，南非的曼德拉的名句

of South Africa.

來結束。

Nelson Mandela led South Africa

曼德拉在種族隔離的

after the dark and brutal days of Apartheid,

黑暗和殘酷的之後領導南非，

and out of the ashes of that legalized racial discrimination,

走出合法種族歧視的灰燼，

he led South Africa to become the first country

他帶領南非成為世界上第一個國家，

in the world to ban discrimination

在其憲法中禁止

based on sexual orientation within its constitution.

基於性取向的歧視。

Mandela said,

曼德拉說：

"For to be free is not merely to cast off one's chains,

「獲得自由不僅是擺脫一個人的枷鎖，

but to live in a way that respects

而是活在一個尊重

and enhances the freedom of others."

和提高他人自由的生活方式。」

So as these movements continue on,

因此，當這些活動不斷進行，

and as freedom struggles around the world continue on,

世界各地爭取自由鬥爭在繼續，

let's remember that not only are they interconnected,

讓我們記住它們不僅是相互連接，

but they must support and enhance each other

它們亦必須彼此扶持和增強

for us to be truly victorious.

來讓我們得到真正的勝利。

Thank you.

謝謝。

(Applause)

（掌聲）