Chris Domas: The 1s and 0s behind cyber warfare

翻译人员: Yuanqing Edberg 校对人员: Yumeng Guo

This is a lot of ones and zeros.

这儿有许多1和许多0。

It's what we call binary information.

这就是我们所说的二进制信息。

This is how computers talk.

这是计算机所使用的语言。

It's how they store information.

这是计算机存储信息的方式。

It's how computers think.

这是计算机的思考方式，

It's how computers do

计算机通过这些0和1来做所有它们能做的事情。

everything it is that computers do.

I'm a cybersecurity researcher,

我是一名网络安全的研究人员，

which means my job is to sit down with this information

这意味着，我的工作就是坐下跟这种信息打交道，

and try to make sense of it,

试着让这些0和1变得有意义，

to try to understand what all the ones and zeroes mean.

试着去理解这些0和1的意思。

Unfortunately for me, we're not just talking

对我来说，不幸的是，我们并不只是说

about the ones and zeros I have on the screen here.

屏幕上的这些0和1。

We're not just talking about a few pages of ones and zeros.

我们并不是说几页的0和1。

We're talking about billions and billions

我们会讨论多达数十亿的0和1，

of ones and zeros,

more than anyone could possibly comprehend.

多到任何人都无法理解的程度。

Now, as exciting as that sounds,

现在，就像听起来得这么令人兴奋，

when I first started doing cyber —

当我开始做网络的工作时——

（笑声）——

(Laughter) —

when I first started doing cyber, I wasn't sure

当我开始做网络的时候，

that sifting through ones and zeros

我不确定探索0和1是我余生想做的事，

was what I wanted to do with the rest of my life,

because in my mind, cyber

因为在我的脑海里，

was keeping viruses off of my grandma's computer,

“信息技术”就是不让病毒感染我奶奶的电脑，

it was keeping people's Myspace pages from being hacked,

让"My Space"（聚友，社交网站）主页不被入侵，

and maybe, maybe on my most glorious day,

也许，也许在我最光荣的那一天，

it was keeping someone's credit card information from being stolen.

防止人们的信用卡信息遭到窃取，

Those are important things,

那些确实是重要的事情，

but that's not how I wanted to spend my life.

但那并不是我打算尽我一生来做的事情。

But after 30 minutes of work

但是作为一个网络防卫服务者，工作了30分钟后，

as a defense contractor,

I soon found out that my idea of cyber

我就发现我对于网络的看法有失偏颇。

was a little bit off.

In fact, in terms of national security,

事实上，在国家安全的意义上说，

keeping viruses off of my grandma's computer

使我奶奶的电脑远离病毒的工作优先级是非常低的。

was surprisingly low on their priority list.

And the reason for that is cyber

网络的意义远远大于任何像这样的事情。

is so much bigger than any one of those things.

Cyber is an integral part of all of our lives,

网络遍布于生活的每个角落，

because computers are an integral part of all of our lives,

因为电脑融入了生活的方方面面，

even if you don't own a computer.

即使你没有电脑。

Computers control everything in your car,

计算机控制着你车里所有的东西，

from your GPS to your airbags.

从你的GPS到你的安全气囊。

They control your phone.

它们控制你的手机。

They're the reason you can call 911

正因为有它们，你才能拨打911和其它人连线。

and get someone on the other line.

They control our nation's entire infrastructure.

它们控制着我们国家的全部基础设施。

They're the reason you have electricity,

是它们让你能用电，暖气，清洁的水，食物。

heat, clean water, food.

Computers control our military equipment,

计算机也控制着我们的军事设备，

everything from missile silos to satellites

从导弹筒仓到卫星，

to nuclear defense networks.

到核防御网络。

All of these things are made possible

这些东西都因为电脑的存在而变得可能。

because of computers,

and therefore because of cyber,

因此，因为网络的存在，

and when something goes wrong,

当某些事情出故障时，

cyber can make all of these things impossible.

网络会让所有的这些故障不复存在。

But that's where I step in.

这恰恰是我所踏入的领域。

A big part of my job is defending all of these things,

我工作中很重要的一部分就是保护这些东西，

keeping them working,

让它们正常工作。

but once in a while, part of my job is to break one of these things,

但某些时候，破坏这些东西也是我工作的一部分。

because cyber isn't just about defense,

因为网络并不仅仅是防御，

it's also about offense.

网络也意味着进攻。

We're entering an age where we talk about

我们正在进入我们所说的

cyberweapons.

网络武器时代。

In fact, so great is the potential for cyber offense

实际上，网络进攻的潜力是如此巨大，

that cyber is considered a new domain of warfare.

以至于网络被认为是一个新的战场。

Warfare.

战场。

It's not necessarily a bad thing.

这不一定是坏事。

On the one hand, it means we have whole new front

一方面，这意味着，我们要在一个全新的领域保护自己，

on which we need to defend ourselves,

but on the other hand,

但另一方面，

it means we have a whole new way to attack,

这意味着，我们有新的途径去进攻，

a whole new way to stop evil people

去阻止恶人作恶。

from doing evil things.

So let's consider an example of this

那么，我来举一个完全假想的例子。

that's completely theoretical.

Suppose a terrorist wants to blow up a building,

假定一名恐怖分子想炸毁一栋建筑，

and he wants to do this again and again

而且他还想在将来反复地进行这样的恐怖袭击。

in the future.

So he doesn't want to be in that building when it explodes.

因此，他可不想在那个建筑爆炸时还呆里面。

He's going to use a cell phone

他打算用一个手机来

as a remote detonator.

做远程导火线。

Now, it used to be the only way we had

在过去，阻止这名恐怖分子的唯一办法是枪战和飙车。

to stop this terrorist

was with a hail of bullets and a car chase,

but that's not necessarily true anymore.

但如今再也不必这样了。

We're entering an age where we can stop him

我们正在进入一个新时代，

with the press of a button

1000英里以外的一个按钮就能阻止他。

from 1,000 miles away,

because whether he knew it or not,

因为无论他知道与否，

as soon as he decided to use his cell phone,

只要他决定用他的手机，

he stepped into the realm of cyber.

他就已踏入了网络控制区。

A well-crafted cyber attack could break into his phone,

一个精心策划的网络袭击可以侵入他的手机，

disable the overvoltage protections on his battery,

破坏他的电池的过压保护，

drastically overload the circuit,

让电路超负荷，

cause the battery to overheat, and explode.

从而引起电池过热而爆炸。

No more phone, no more detonator,

没有了手机，也就没有了导火线，

maybe no more terrorist,

也许再也不会有恐怖分子，

all with the press of a button

这一切都来自于1000英里外的一下按钮。

from a thousand miles away.

So how does this work?

那么这到底是怎么做到的呢？

It all comes back to those ones and zeros.

一切又回到了那些0和1上。

Binary information makes your phone work,

二进制信息让你的手机工作，

and used correctly, it can make your phone explode.

如果正确操纵，它可以引爆你的手机。

So when you start to look at cyber from this perspective,

所以，当你开始从这个角度看信息技术时，

spending your life sifting through binary information

穷尽一生跟二进制信息打交道就开始变得让人兴奋了。

starts to seem kind of exciting.

But here's the catch: This is hard,

但问题在于：这个很难。

really, really hard,

真的非常非常难。

and here's why.

原因在这。

Think about everything you have on your cell phone.

想想你手机上的所有东西。

You've got the pictures you've taken.

有你拍的照片，

You've got the music you listen to.

你听的歌，

You've got your contacts list,

你的联系人列表，

your email, and probably 500 apps

你的邮件，

还有500个你这辈子大概都不会用的应用软件，

you've never used in your entire life,

and behind all of this is the software, the code,

所有这些的背后都是软件，

控制你手机的代码。

that controls your phone,

and somewhere, buried inside of that code,

隐藏在这茫茫代码中的某小一段代码控制着电池，

is a tiny piece that controls your battery,

and that's what I'm really after,

这就是我真正关心的。

but all of this, just a bunch of ones and zeros,

但所有的这些，都只是一长串0和1，

and it's all just mixed together.

而且所有的都混在一起。

In cyber, we call this finding a needle in a stack of needles,

我们称之为网络领域的“海里捞针"，

because everything pretty much looks alike.

因为任何信息看上去都很像。

I'm looking for one key piece,

我在找一个关键的部分，

but it just blends in with everything else.

但它和所有其他的东西混在一起。

So let's step back from this theoretical situation

因此，我们把注意力从这个假象的 引爆恐怖分子的手机的情景中转移开，

of making a terrorist's phone explode,

and look at something that actually happened to me.

看看真正发生在我身上的事情。

Pretty much no matter what I do,

差不多不管我做什么，

my job always starts with sitting down

往往一坐下来就着手处理一整串二进制信息，

with a whole bunch of binary information,

and I'm always looking for one key piece

并且，我总是在找一个关键的片段

to do something specific.

来做点特别的事情。

In this case, I was looking for a very advanced,

在这个案例中，我在寻找一个段非常先进的，

very high-tech piece of code

蕴含高科技的代码，

that I knew I could hack,

我知道我能侵入这段代码，

but it was somewhere buried

但这个片段埋藏在十亿个0和1中的某个地方。

inside of a billion ones and zeroes.

Unfortunately for me, I didn't know

对我来说，不幸的是，我不知道我要找的到底是什么。

quite what I was looking for.

I didn't know quite what it would look like,

我并不完全知道这段代码看上到底会是什么样子，

which makes finding it really, really hard.

这使寻找它的工作变得非常非常难。

When I have to do that, what I have to do

当我必须做这件事情的时候，我需要做的

is basically look at various pieces

基本上就是读取大量二进制片段，

of this binary information,

try to decipher each piece, and see if it might be

努力解码每一段，看看有没有可能找到我想找的那一段。

what I'm after.

So after a while, I thought I had found the piece

这样，一段时间过后， 我以为我找到了我要找的那段代码。

I was looking for.

I thought maybe this was it.

我以为，这大概是吧我要找的吧。

It seemed to be about right, but I couldn't quite tell.

它看上去像是对的，但我还不能断定。

I couldn't tell what those ones and zeros represented.

我还不知道这些0和1到底表示什么。

So I spent some time trying to put this together,

我花了点时间试着一起考虑它们，

but wasn't having a whole lot of luck,

但没有那么走运。

and finally I decided,

最终我决定了，

I'm going to get through this,

我一定要去征服它，

I'm going to come in on a weekend,

我要花掉一个周末的时间，

and I'm not going to leave

直到弄清它的含义前我不会离开。

until I figure out what this represents.

So that's what I did. I came in on a Saturday morning,

这就是我所做的，我在一个星期六早上开始我的工作，

and about 10 hours in, I sort of had all the pieces to the puzzle.

花了大概10个小时，我获得了这个难题的全部片段。

I just didn't know how they fit together.

但我还是不知道它们怎么能相互联系，

I didn't know what these ones and zeros meant.

也不清楚这些0和1的意义。

At the 15-hour mark,

在第15十五个小时的时候，

I started to get a better picture of what was there,

我的头绪开始变得清晰起来，

but I had a creeping suspicion

但还是心存疑虑，

that what I was looking at

怀疑我看到的跟我想找的没任何联系。

was not at all related to what I was looking for.

By 20 hours, the pieces started to come together

到第20个小时，这些零碎的部分开始汇集，

very slowly — (Laughter) —

非常缓慢 ——（笑声）——

and I was pretty sure I was going down

事已至此，我非常肯定我在一条错误的道路上前进。

the wrong path at this point,

but I wasn't going to give up.

但是不会放弃。

After 30 hours in the lab,

在实验室的30个小时以后，

I figured out exactly what I was looking at,

我真正搞清了我在看的是什么，

and I was right, it wasn't what I was looking for.

我的猜测是正确的，这并不是我想找的。

I spent 30 hours piecing together

我花了30个小时把这些0和1整合到一起，

the ones and zeros that formed a picture of a kitten.

组成了一个小猫的图像。

(Laughter)

（笑声）

I wasted 30 hours of my life searching for this kitten

在实验室浪费了30个小时光阴，

搜寻了一只没任何用处的小猫，

that had nothing at all to do

with what I was trying to accomplish.

这跟我想实现的成就完全不相及。

So I was frustrated, I was exhausted.

我十分沮丧，精疲力竭。

After 30 hours in the lab, I probably smelled horrible.

在实验室呆了30个小时后， 我很可能都散发难闻的味道了，

But instead of just going home

但是我并没有选择回家，回家就叫做放弃，

and calling it quits, I took a step back

我回过头，问我自己，到底出了什么错？

and asked myself, what went wrong here?

How could I make such a stupid mistake?

为什么我会犯这么愚蠢的错误？

I'm really pretty good at this.

我在这方面是做得相当好的。

I do this for a living.

我以此谋生。

So what happened?

那么到底发生了什么？

Well I thought, when you're looking at information at this level,

我想，当你在这个层次上解码信息时，

it's so easy to lose track of what you're doing.

很容易偏离正轨。

It's easy to not see the forest through the trees.

很容易只见树木不见森林。

It's easy to go down the wrong rabbit hole

很容易走到错误的兔子洞里，

and waste a tremendous amount of time

在错误的事情上浪费大量的时间。

doing the wrong thing.

But I had this epiphany.

但我顿悟了。

We were looking at the data completely incorrectly

我们从一开始就以完全错误的方式来处理这些数据。

since day one.

This is how computers think, ones and zeros.

这是电脑的思考方式，0 和1。

It's not how people think,

这不是人类思考的方式。

but we've been trying to adapt our minds

但我们一直试图让我们的脑子以计算机的方式思考，

to think more like computers

so that we can understand this information.

以理解这些信息。

Instead of trying to make our minds fit the problem,

不是让我们的思维适应问题，

we should have been making the problem

我们应该让问题适应我们的思维。

fit our minds,

because our brains have a tremendous potential

因为我们的大脑有巨大的潜力

for analyzing huge amounts of information,

来分析大量的信息，

just not like this.

而不是像这样。

So what if we could unlock that potential

那么，如果我们把问题转化为正确形式的信息，

just by translating this

to the right kind of information?

来激发大脑的潜力，将会怎样？

So with these ideas in mind,

带着这个想法，

I sprinted out of my basement lab at work

我从我工作的地下实验室冲出来，

to my basement lab at home,

到了我家里的地下实验室，

which looked pretty much the same.

这两处看起来差不多。

The main difference is, at work,

主要的不同是，在工作的地方，

I'm surrounded by cyber materials,

我被网络包围了，

and cyber seemed to be the problem in this situation.

在这种情况下，网络本身似乎就是个问题。

At home, I'm surrounded by everything else I've ever learned.

在家里，包围我的一切都是我熟知的。

So I poured through every book I could find,

所以，我倾倒出所有我能找到的书，

every idea I'd ever encountered,

所有的想法也从脑海里倾倒而出，

to see how could we translate a problem

看看如何把问题从一个形式 转换成完全不同的形式。

from one domain to something completely different?

The biggest question was,

最大的问题是，

what do we want to translate it to?

我们想把它们转化成什么？

What do our brains do perfectly naturally

大脑通常情况下做什么做得最完美？

that we could exploit?

我们能够利用吗？

My answer was vision.

我的答案是视觉。

We have a tremendous capability to analyze visual information.

我们具有强大的图像信息分析能力。

We can combine color gradients, depth cues,

我们能够将颜色梯度、层次等各种各样的信号

all sorts of these different signals

into one coherent picture of the world around us.

融合成一幅眼前世界的画卷。

That's incredible.

的确难以置信。

So if we could find a way to translate

如果我们能够找到一个方法

these binary patterns to visual signals,

来将这些二进制信息转化为视觉信号的形式，

we could really unlock the power of our brains

我们就真的能释放大脑的潜力，

to process this stuff.

来处理这些信息。

So I started looking at the binary information,

于是我开始看着二进制的信息，

and I asked myself, what do I do

问自己，当我第一次遇到这样的信息，我会做什么？

when I first encounter something like this?

And the very first thing I want to do,

我想做的第一件事，

the very first question I want to answer,

我想回答的第一个问题，

is what is this?

是它到底是什么？

I don't care what it does, how it works.

我不在乎它有什么作用，它如何发挥作用。

All I want to know is, what is this?

我想知道的就是，它是什么？

And the way I can figure that out

为搞清这个问题，

is by looking at chunks,

我把目光投向于数据块，

sequential chunks of binary information,

整串二进制数据块，

and I look at the relationships between those chunks.

并且注意观察这些数据块之间的关系。

When I gather up enough of these sequences,

当我汇集到足够多的序列时，

I begin to get an idea of exactly

我想我确切地明白了这些信息是什么。

what this information must be.

So let's go back to that

让我们回到

blow up the terrorist's phone situation.

那个爆破恐怖分子手机的情景。

This is what English text looks like

这是二进制层面上英文字母的样子。

at a binary level.

This is what your contacts list would look like

在我检测时，你的联系人信息会呈现为这般模样。

if I were examining it.

It's really hard to analyze this at this level,

在这个层次上很难进行分析，

but if we take those same binary chunks

但如果将我正在研究的二进制数据块提取出来，

that I would be trying to find,

进行转化，并以视觉形式呈现出来，

and instead translate that

to a visual representation,

translate those relationships,

将它们转化，

this is what we get.

这是我们得到的结果。

This is what English text looks like

这是从抽象视觉角度来看的英文文字。

from a visual abstraction perspective.

All of a sudden,

就在这一瞬间，

it shows us all the same information

信息以截然不同的形式展现出来，

that was in the ones and zeros,

but show us it in an entirely different way,

新形式的信息跟那些0和1完全一样，

a way that we can immediately comprehend.

以一种我们立即可以理解的方式呈现出来。

We can instantly see all of the patterns here.

我们立即就能看到所有的图案式样，

It takes me seconds to pick out patterns here,

只需花费几秒钟就能获取这些图案式样，

but hours, days, to pick them out

但若是从0和1中挖掘出这些信息，

in ones and zeros.

需要花费数小时，甚至数天。

It takes minutes for anybody to learn

任何人只需学习几分钟，

what these patterns represent here,

就可以知道这些图案式样的含义。

but years of experience in cyber

但若从0和1中理解其含义需具备数年的网络技术经验。

to learn what those same patterns represent

in ones and zeros.

So this piece is caused by

这一个片段代表联系人名单中

lower case letters followed by lower case letters

inside of that contact list.

小写字母挨着小写字母。

This is upper case by upper case,

这是大写字母跟着大写字母，

upper case by lower case, lower case by upper case.

大写字母跟着小写字母，小写字母跟着大写字母。

This is caused by spaces. This is caused by carriage returns.

这是空格，这是回车。

We can go through every little detail

我们可以在几秒钟里浏览二进制信息的各个细节。

of the binary information in seconds,

as opposed to weeks, months, at this level.

而不是在这个层面上停留数周，甚至数月。

This is what an image looks like

这是你手机上一个图像看起来的样子，

from your cell phone.

But this is what it looks like

但这是抽象化的视觉图案。

in a visual abstraction.

This is what your music looks like,

这是你的音乐的样子，

but here's its visual abstraction.

抽象的视觉化图案。

Most importantly for me,

对我来说最重要的是，

this is what the code on your cell phone looks like.

这是你手机代码的样子，

This is what I'm after in the end,

正是我最终想找到的，

but this is its visual abstraction.

这是代码的抽象视觉化图案。

If I can find this, I can't make the phone explode.

即便能发现它，我还不能引爆你的手机。

I could spend weeks trying to find this

在0和1中摸索，需要花费数周时间，

in ones and zeros,

but it takes me seconds to pick out

但从这样的抽象图案中获取有用信息只需几秒钟。

a visual abstraction like this.

One of those most remarkable parts about all of this

这一切的一切，最不可思议的地方之一在于

is it gives us an entirely new way to understand

这种思路赋予了我们一种全新的方式，

new information, stuff that we haven't seen before.

来理解我们从未看到过的信息和物质。

So I know what English looks like at a binary level,

我知道在二进制层面的英文的样子，

and I know what its visual abstraction looks like,

我也知道其抽象视觉化图案的样子，

but I've never seen Russian binary in my entire life.

但我从来没见过俄文的二进制信息。

It would take me weeks just to figure out

如果单纯地在0和1的层面来分析，

what I was looking at from raw ones and zeros,

需要花费我数周的时间来摸索，

but because our brains can instantly pick up

但由于我们的大脑可以在瞬间抓取并识别出

and recognize these subtle patterns inside

这些抽象视觉化信息中的细微图案。

of these visual abstractions,

we can unconsciously apply those

我们就会下意识地在新的环境中应用。

in new situations.

So this is what Russian looks like

这就是俄文经过视觉抽象化处理后的样子。

in a visual abstraction.

Because I know what one language looks like,

因为我了解了一个语言的样子，

I can recognize other languages

我就能够识别出其他语言，

even when I'm not familiar with them.

即使我对它们不熟悉。

This is what a photograph looks like,

这是照片的样子，

but this is what clip art looks like.

但这是剪贴画的样子。

This is what the code on your phone looks like,

这是你手机代码的样子，

but this is what the code on your computer looks like.

但这是你电脑代码的样子。

Our brains can pick up on these patterns

我们大脑读取这些图案的方式，

in ways that we never could have

跟读取0和1的方式是截然不同的。

from looking at raw ones and zeros.

But we've really only scratched the surface

但以这种方式来解决问题，

of what we can do with this approach.

事实上目前我们掌握的只是冰山一角。

We've only begun to unlock the capabilities

我们才刚开始激发大脑处理视觉信息的能力。

of our minds to process visual information.

If we take those same concepts and translate them

如果我们运用同样的理念，

into three dimensions instead,

并将其转化为三维信息，

we find entirely new ways of making sense of information.

我们就会发现解读信息的全新的方式。

In seconds, we can pick out every pattern here.

在几秒钟里，我们就能获悉每一个图案。

we can see the cross associated with code.

我们能看见与代码相联的十字交叉，

We can see cubes associated with text.

我们能看见与跟文字相联的立方体，

We can even pick up the tiniest visual artifacts.

我们甚至可以获悉最细微的视觉化图像。

Things that would take us weeks,

在0和1的层面上需花费耗费数周的事情，

months to find in ones and zeroes,

are immediately apparent

在抽象视觉的层面上探究则会瞬间豁然开朗，

in some sort of visual abstraction,

and as we continue to go through this

我们按照这个思路继续前进，

and throw more and more information at it,

纳入越来越多的信息，

what we find is that we're capable of processing

我们发现，仅仅利用大脑固有的样式分析的能力， 我们有能力在几秒钟内处理无数的0和1。

billions of ones and zeros

in a matter of seconds

just by using our brain's built-in ability

to analyze patterns.

So this is really nice and helpful,

所以这种方式真的很棒，很有用，

but all this tells me is what I'm looking at.

这一切都告诉了我我要寻找的是什么。

So at this point, based on visual patterns,

至此，根据视觉化图案，

I can find the code on the phone.

我可以找到手机上的代码。

But that's not enough to blow up a battery.

但那还不足以引爆电池。

The next thing I need to find is the code

我需要做的下一件事就是寻找控制电池的代码，

that controls the battery, but we're back

但我们又遇到了大海捞针的困难。

to the needle in a stack of needles problem.

That code looks pretty much like all the other code

这段代码跟手机系统上其他所有代码都极为相似。

on that system.

So I might not be able to find the code that controls the battery,

我也许找不到控制电池的代码，

but there's a lot of things that are very similar to that.

但有很多段代码跟它极其相似。

You have code that controls your screen,

有控制手机屏幕的代码，

that controls your buttons, that controls your microphones,

有控制按钮的，有控制耳机的，

so even if I can't find the code for the battery,

因此，即使我发现不了控制电池的代码，

I bet I can find one of those things.

但我肯定能发现这么多相似代码中的一个。

So the next step in my binary analysis process

二进制分析的下一步就是

is to look at pieces of information

研究这些极为相似的信息，

that are similar to each other.

It's really, really hard to do at a binary level,

在二进制的层面分析真的很难，

but if we translate those similarities to a visual abstraction instead,

但如果我们将这些相似的信息转化为抽象视觉化图像，

I don't even have to sift through the raw data.

我甚至不需要筛选原始的数据。

All I have to do is wait for the image to light up

我所要做的只是等待图像显示，

to see when I'm at similar pieces.

来决定我要看哪一段信息。

I follow these strands of similarity like a trail of bread crumbs

我追随这些像极了面包屑的信息图线，

to find exactly what I'm looking for.

来获取我要寻找的信息。

So at this point in the process,

至此，我已发现了控制电池的代码，

I've located the code

responsible for controlling your battery,

but that's still not enough to blow up a phone.

但那还不足以引爆手机。

The last piece of the puzzle

这个难题的最后一步，

is understanding how that code

是理解那段代码控制电池的方式。

controls your battery.

For this, I need to identify

为解决这个问题，

very subtle, very detailed relationships

我需要在二进制数据里辨识信息之间极其细微的关系，

within that binary information,

another very hard thing to do

在0和1的层面上，又是一个难题，

when looking at ones and zeros.

But if we translate that information

但如果将其转化为图像信息，

into a physical representation,

we can sit back and let our visual cortex do all the hard work.

我们就可以袖手旁观，地让视觉皮质处理这些难题，

It can find all the detailed patterns,

它能发现所有具体的图像，

all the important pieces, for us.

对我们来说所有重要的片段。

It can find out exactly how the pieces of that code

它能发现这些代码是如何

work together to control that battery.

一起运作来控制电池。

All of this can be done in a matter of hours,

这一切在数小时之内就可完成，

whereas the same process

而相同的程序

would have taken months in the past.

在过去要花好几个月。

This is all well and good

这就是理论上引爆恐怖分子手机的思路与方法，

in a theoretical blow up a terrorist's phone situation.

I wanted to find out if this would really work

我想弄清楚在日常工作中这种方法是否有效，

in the work I do every day.

So I was playing around with these same concepts

于是我运用相同的理念，

with some of the data I've looked at in the past,

来处理我们过去研究过的数据，

and yet again, I was trying to find

而且，我依旧试图从海量的二进制信息中

a very detailed, specific piece of code

inside of a massive piece of binary information.

寻找极其细微的特定的代码。

So I looked at it at this level,

在这个层面分析时，

thinking I was looking at the right thing,

我认为我找准了正确的信息，

only to see this doesn't have

但结果没达到我的预期，

the connectivity I would have expected

for the code I was looking for.

它与我要寻找的代码直接没有联系。

In fact, I'm not really sure what this is,

事实上，我并不确定这到底是什么，

but when I stepped back a level

但当我退后一个层次，

and looked at the similarities within the code

寻找这段代码中的相似之处，

I saw, this doesn't have similarities

却并没有我所熟知的相似之处，

like any code that exists out there.

I can't even be looking at code.

我看到的甚至不是代码。

In fact, from this perspective,

事实上，从这个角度来看，

I could tell, this isn't code.

我可以说，这不是代码。

This is an image of some sort.

这是某种图像。

And from here, I can see,

从这个角度，我能看到，

it's not just an image, this is a photograph.

它不仅仅是一个图像，而是一张照片。

Now that I know it's a photograph,

现在我确认这是一张照片了，

I've got dozens of other binary translation techniques

我有许多其他的二进制转化工具，

to visualize and understand that information,

来将其视觉化，以理解其含义，

so in a matter of seconds, we can take this information,

因此，在几秒钟内，

shove it through a dozen other visual translation techniques

我们就可以利用视觉化工具处理这些信息，

in order to find out exactly what we were looking at.

来找出我们寻找的东西。

I saw — (Laughter) —

我看见了——（笑声）——

it was that darn kitten again.

又是那只可恶的猫。

All this is enabled

我们找到了一个将难题转化为

because we were able to find a way

to translate a very hard problem

一个对大脑而言再自然不过的问题，

to something our brains do very naturally.

正是这个方法让这一切变得可能。

So what does this mean?

那么这意味着什么呢？

Well, for kittens, it means

对小猫来说，

no more hiding in ones and zeros.

藏身于1和0中的游戏不复存在。

For me, it means no more wasted weekends.

而对我来说，这意味着再没有一无所获的周末了。

For cyber, it means we have a radical new way

对网络，这意味着我们有了一个全新方法

to tackle the most impossible problems.

来解决看似根本解决不了的问题。

It means we have a new weapon

这意味着在日新月异的网络战争里， 我们扛起了新的武器，

in the evolving theater of cyber warfare,

but for all of us,

但对我们所有人来说，

it means that cyber engineers

这意味着网络工程师

now have the ability to become first responders

能在紧急情况下最先挺身而出，

in emergency situations.

When seconds count,

只需短短几秒，

we've unlocked the means to stop the bad guys.

敌人就被我们制服。

Thank you.

（谢谢）

(Applause)

（掌声）