Beth Noveck: Demand a more open-source government

28,611 views ・ 2012-09-27

TED


请双击下面的英文字幕来播放视频。

00:00
Translator: Joseph Geni Reviewer: Morton Bast
0
0
7000
翻译人员: chen jh 校对人员: Wei Wu
00:16
So when the White House was built
1
16055
1820
白宫在19世纪早期刚刚被建好的时候
00:17
in the early 19th century, it was an open house.
2
17875
2993
是一个开放的建筑。
00:20
Neighbors came and went. Under President Adams,
3
20868
3136
附近的人会来参观。亚当斯总统执政期间
00:24
a local dentist happened by.
4
24004
1369
一个当地的牙医来到白宫
00:25
He wanted to shake the President's hand.
5
25373
2591
他想跟总统握手
00:27
The President dismissed the Secretary of State,
6
27964
2150
总统当时正在和国务卿谈话
00:30
whom he was conferring with, and asked the dentist
7
30114
1918
他让国务卿先离开,然后问那个牙医
00:32
if he would remove a tooth.
8
32032
1810
可不可以帮他拔牙
00:33
Later, in the 1850s, under President Pierce,
9
33842
3058
到了19世纪50年代,皮尔斯总统执政期间
00:36
he was known to have remarked
10
36900
1588
他说过一句非常有名的话
00:38
— probably the only thing he's known for —
11
38488
2569
——大概也是他说过的唯一一句名言
00:41
when a neighbor passed by and said, "I'd love to see
12
41057
2751
一个当地人路过白宫时感慨说,“我真想参观一下
00:43
the beautiful house," and Pierce said to him,
13
43808
2265
这栋漂亮的房子。” 皮尔斯总统对他说
00:46
"Why my dear sir, of course you may come in.
14
46073
2615
为什么不呢,先生,你当然可以进来
00:48
This isn't my house. It is the people's house."
15
48688
3725
这不是我的房子。这是人民的房子
00:52
Well, when I got to the White House in the beginning
16
52413
2072
但是,当我2009年初
00:54
of 2009, at the start of the Obama Administration,
17
54485
3220
奥巴执政初期来到白宫的时候
00:57
the White House was anything but open.
18
57705
2872
这个地方却一点也不开放
01:00
Bomb blast curtains covered my windows.
19
60577
2528
窗户前装着厚厚的防爆窗帘
01:03
We were running Windows 2000.
20
63105
2179
电脑里运行的还是windows 2000
01:05
Social media were blocked at the firewall.
21
65284
2183
防火墙屏蔽了所有的社交媒体
01:07
We didn't have a blog, let alone a dozen twitter accounts
22
67467
2540
我们没有博客,更别谈twitter账号了。
01:10
like we have today.
23
70007
2023
直到今天都是如此。
01:12
I came in to become the head of Open Government,
24
72030
2613
我负责的“开放政府”计划
01:14
to take the values and the practices of transparency,
25
74643
2798
高度重视透明度,
01:17
participation and collaboration, and instill them
26
77441
3413
参与度和合作性,将这些理念
01:20
into the way that we work, to open up government,
27
80854
2826
灌输到我们工作中,以此来使政府变得开放
01:23
to work with people.
28
83680
1520
与民众协同工作
01:25
Now one of the things that we know
29
85200
2694
当前我们都知道
01:27
is that companies are very good at getting people to work
30
87894
3016
商业公司很擅长让员工
01:30
together in teams and in networks to make
31
90910
2248
以小组或类似网络的方式来生产
01:33
very complex products, like cars and computers,
32
93158
3642
非常复杂的产品,例如汽车和电脑
01:36
and the more complex the products are a society creates,
33
96800
3688
并且一个社会能制造的产品越复杂
01:40
the more successful the society is over time.
34
100488
2855
社会生产就越成功
01:43
Companies make goods, but governments,
35
103343
2745
商业公司制造产品
01:46
they make public goods. They work on the cure for cancer
36
106088
3120
而政府制造公共品,政府致力于治疗癌症
01:49
and educating our children and making roads,
37
109208
2808
教育儿童,修建道路
01:52
but we don't have institutions that are particularly good
38
112016
3641
可惜的是,我们没有
01:55
at this kind of complexity. We don't have institutions
39
115657
2536
能够很好地处理这其中的复杂关系的机构。
01:58
that are good at bringing our talents to bear,
40
118193
3117
我们没有这样的机构,去发挥人才的能力
02:01
at working with us in this kind of open and collaborative way.
41
121310
4462
让他们在开放与合作的环境下跟我们一起工作
02:05
So when we wanted to create our Open Government policy,
42
125772
2261
所以,当我们想要建立一个开放政府政策的时候
02:08
what did we do? We wanted, naturally, to ask public sector
43
128033
2576
首先要知道我们已经做了什么。我们询问
02:10
employees how we should open up government.
44
130609
2944
公共部门的雇员,要怎样做才能开放我们的政府
02:13
Turns out that had never been done before.
45
133553
3232
结果发现我们从未在这方面下过功夫
02:16
We wanted to ask members of the public to help us
46
136785
2619
我们希望向公众寻求帮助
02:19
come up with a policy, not after the fact, commenting
47
139404
3278
一同构建这样的开放政策,而不是像以前一样
02:22
on a rule after it's written, the way is typically the case,
48
142682
3383
由我们制定规则,再让公众进行评论
02:26
but in advance. There was no legal precedent,
49
146065
3320
这种做法在法律上和文化上
02:29
no cultural precedent, no technical way of doing this.
50
149385
3142
都没有先例,也没有技术支持
02:32
In fact, many people told us it was illegal.
51
152527
2841
实际上,许多人告诉我们这样做是不合法的
02:35
Here's the crux of the obstacle.
52
155368
3113
这是最主要的障碍
02:38
Governments exist to channel the flow of two things,
53
158481
2601
政府的存在实际上是为了引导两样事物
02:41
really, values and expertise to and from government
54
161082
3494
那就是政府和公民之间
02:44
and to and from citizens to the end of making decisions.
55
164576
3849
不断相互交换的价值观和专业技能来做决定
02:48
But the way that our institutions are designed,
56
168425
2393
但是我们的政府机构现有的运作方式
02:50
in our rather 18th-century, centralized model,
57
170818
3051
仍是18世纪的集权模式
02:53
is to channel the flow of values through voting,
58
173869
3684
它通过投票来汇聚价值观
02:57
once every four years, once every two years, at best,
59
177553
2200
四年一次,两年一次,或者最多一年一次
02:59
once a year. This is a rather anemic and thin way, in this
60
179753
3561
在社会媒体如此发达的今天,以这样的方式
03:03
era of social media, for us to actually express our values.
61
183314
4005
来表达我们的价值观实在是太薄弱无力了
03:07
Today we have technology that lets us express ourselves
62
187319
2612
现代科技使我们可以很好的表达自己
03:09
a great deal, perhaps a little too much.
63
189931
3004
甚至有时候还会太随心所欲了
03:12
Then in the 19th century, we layer on
64
192935
2274
19世纪时,人们坚信
03:15
the concept of bureaucracy and the administrative state
65
195209
2407
官僚主义和行政国家可以帮助我们
03:17
to help us govern complex and large societies.
66
197616
3143
管理好复杂而庞大的社会
03:20
But we've centralized these bureaucracies.
67
200759
3232
但当我们集中化这样的官僚主义
03:23
We've entrenched them. And we know that
68
203991
2445
使其根深蒂固后
03:26
the smartest person always works for someone else.
69
206436
2712
才发现聪明的人总是在为别人工作
03:29
We need to only look around this room to know that
70
209148
2680
看看在座的各位我们就知道
03:31
expertise and intelligence is widely distributed in society,
71
211828
3597
专家和智者是广泛地分布于社会当中的
03:35
and not limited simply to our institutions.
72
215425
4171
而不仅仅存在于我们的政府机构里
03:39
Scientists have been studying in recent years
73
219596
2266
科学家近年来做了一些研究
03:41
the phenomenon that they often describe as flow,
74
221862
2534
他们提出了“流”这个概念
03:44
that the design of our systems, whether natural or social,
75
224396
3264
他们认为我们的体系,无论是自然的还是社会的
03:47
channel the flow of whatever runs through them.
76
227660
2683
都会引导通过它的“流”的改变
03:50
So a river is designed to channel the flow of water,
77
230343
3277
就如河可以引导水流
03:53
and the lightning bolt that comes out of a cloud channels
78
233620
2470
闪电可以引导电流
03:56
the flow of electricity, and a leaf is designed to channel
79
236090
3504
树叶则可以引导
03:59
the flow of nutrients to the tree,
80
239594
2020
树木中营养的流向
04:01
sometimes even having to route around an obstacle,
81
241614
3004
即使有时候需要绕过一些障碍
04:04
but to get that nutrition flowing.
82
244618
2720
仍然在引导营养物质不停地流动
04:07
The same can be said for our social systems, for our
83
247338
2337
我们的社会体系和政府体系也是一样
04:09
systems of government, where, at the very least,
84
249675
2488
在这里
04:12
flow offers us a helpful metaphor for understanding
85
252163
3015
“流”这个简单明了的比喻
04:15
what the problem is, what's really broken,
86
255178
2656
可以帮助我们理解真正的问题所在
04:17
and the urgent need that we have, that we all feel today,
87
257834
3685
使我们发现重新设计
04:21
to redesign the flow of our institutions.
88
261519
3280
政府机构中“流”的必要性
04:24
We live in a Cambrian era of big data, of social networks,
89
264799
4523
我们生活在一个信息和社交网络突然大爆炸的年代
04:29
and we have this opportunity to redesign these institutions
90
269322
4269
所以直到最近我们才真正有这样的机会
04:33
that are actually quite recent.
91
273591
2885
来重新设计我们的政府机构
04:36
Think about it: What other business do you know,
92
276476
3240
想想看,在其他你所熟知的行业里
04:39
what other sector of the economy, and especially one
93
279716
2400
在经济的其他板块,尤其是和公共经济一样大的板块
04:42
as big as the public sector, that doesn't seek to reinvent
94
282116
3787
有哪一个不是在不断地
04:45
its business model on a regular basis?
95
285903
2904
创新自己的商业模式?
04:48
Sure, we invest plenty in innovation. We invest
96
288807
3091
确实,我们在创新上投资的不少
04:51
in broadband and science education and science grants,
97
291898
3964
我们提高网络速度,强调科学教育,进行学术拨款
04:55
but we invest far too little in reinventing and redesigning
98
295862
3351
但是在政府机构的重塑和创新上
04:59
the institutions that we have.
99
299213
2600
我们做得还太少太少
05:01
Now, it's very easy to complain, of course, about
100
301813
2336
人们很容易去抱怨
05:04
partisan politics and entrenched bureaucracy, and we love
101
304149
3464
党派政治和官僚主义,也很喜欢抱怨政府
05:07
to complain about government. It's a perennial pastime,
102
307613
2916
这几乎成了人们茶余饭后的娱乐活动
05:10
especially around election time, but
103
310529
2652
在选举期间更是如此
05:13
the world is complex. We soon will have 10 billion people,
104
313181
3386
但这个世界是很复杂的,很快我们就将达到100亿人口
05:16
many of whom will lack basic resources.
105
316567
2873
这其中很多人缺乏基本的资源
05:19
So complain as we might, what actually can replace
106
319440
3318
我们可以抱怨,但我们更该想想
05:22
what we have today?
107
322758
2311
该怎样去改变现状?
05:25
What comes the day after the Arab Spring?
108
325069
4107
“阿拉伯之春”之后又会发生什么?
05:29
Well, one attractive alternative that obviously presents itself
109
329176
3886
当然,还有一个明显很吸引人的选择
05:33
to us is that of networks. Right? Networks
110
333062
2760
那就是网络。是不是?
05:35
like Facebook and Twitter. They're lean. They're mean.
111
335822
2712
例如facebook和twitter之类的网络做着面对任何挑战的准备。
05:38
You've got 3,000 employees at Facebook
112
338534
2504
facebook有3000名员工
05:41
governing 900 million inhabitants.
113
341038
2946
却要管理9亿用户
05:43
We might even call them citizens, because they've recently
114
343984
2743
我们甚至应该把他们称作“网络公民”
05:46
risen up to fight against legislative incursion,
115
346727
3375
因为他们最近联合起来反对政府的行政干预
05:50
and the citizens of these networks work together
116
350102
2535
而且这些公民利用网络
05:52
to serve each other in great ways.
117
352637
3241
以不同的方式进行合作,互助互利
05:55
But private communities, private, corporate,
118
355878
2792
但是这种相互写作的私人化的社区
05:58
privatizing communities, are not bottom-up democracies.
119
358670
3140
并不是自下而上的民主
06:01
They cannot replace government.
120
361810
2010
它并不能取代政府
06:03
Friending someone on Facebook is not complex enough
121
363820
3102
在facebook上加个好友并不能
06:06
to do the hard work of you and I collaborating
122
366922
2653
取代你和我现在共同努力所做的工作
06:09
with each other and doing the hard work of governance.
123
369575
3892
并不能教会你怎么管理人民
06:13
But social media do teach us something.
124
373467
2938
但社交媒体确实给我们很大的启示
06:16
Why is Twitter so successful? Because it opens up its platform.
125
376405
4474
为什么推特这么成功?因为它开放了一个平台
06:20
It opens up the API to allow hundreds of thousands
126
380879
2937
它开放了一个应用程序市场
06:23
of new applications to be built on top of it, so that we can
127
383816
3471
使成百上千的新应用能够以此为基础进行运作
06:27
read and process information in new and exciting ways.
128
387287
4334
使我们能够以新的方式来阅读和处理信息
06:31
We need to think about how to open up the API
129
391621
2337
我们需要思考如何开放政府机构的“应用平台”
06:33
of government, and the way that we're going to do that,
130
393958
4061
以及这个平台上的运作方式
06:38
the next great superpower is going to be the one
131
398019
3248
如果哪个国家能将
06:41
who can successfully combine the hierarchy of institution --
132
401267
5983
政府机构的层级模式——
06:47
because we have to maintain those public values,
133
407250
2353
因为我们仍然需要维持公共价值观
06:49
we have to coordinate the flow -- but with the diversity
134
409603
2919
需要引导“流”的动向——
06:52
and the pulsating life and the chaos and the excitement
135
412522
2665
与生动多样的生活和新奇刺激的网络结合起来
06:55
of networks, all of us working together to build
136
415187
3096
所有人同心协力将这样的创新应用到
06:58
these new innovations on top of our institutions,
137
418283
3701
我们的政府机构和管理方式中
07:01
to engage in the practice of governance.
138
421984
2218
一定能称为全球下一个超级大国
07:04
We have a precedent for this. Good old Henry II here,
139
424202
3133
历史上就有这样的先例,12世纪时
07:07
in the 12th century, invented the jury.
140
427335
3852
亨利二世发明了陪审团
07:11
Powerful, practical, palpable model for handing power
141
431187
4225
这是一种将权力由政府下放到公民
07:15
from government to citizens.
142
435412
2701
非常有力且可行的模式
07:18
Today we have the opportunity, and we have
143
438113
3388
现在我们有机会
07:21
the imperative, to create thousands of new ways
144
441501
3501
也有迫切的需求,构建上千种新的方式
07:25
of interconnecting between networks and institutions,
145
445002
3239
将网络与政府机构联系起来
07:28
thousands of new kinds of juries: the citizen jury,
146
448241
2664
创造上千种全新的“陪审团”
07:30
the Carrotmob, the hackathon, we are just beginning
147
450905
3677
有民众陪审团,也有“胡萝卜暴民”和“编程马拉松”这样的活动
07:34
to invent the models by which we can cocreate
148
454582
3054
我们正在开始创造使人们可以共同
07:37
the process of governance.
149
457636
1748
进行管理的新模式
07:39
Now, we don't fully have a picture of what this will look like
150
459384
2615
我们现在还不知道这个宏伟的蓝图具体是什么样子
07:41
yet, but we're seeing pockets of evolution
151
461999
2622
但在我们身边已经有了一些
07:44
emerging all around us -- maybe not even evolution,
152
464621
2982
关于管理方式的进展,我甚至觉得
07:47
I'd even start to call it a revolution -- in the way that we govern.
153
467603
3809
这不仅仅应该叫做“进展”,而应该叫做“革新”
07:51
Some of it's very high-tech,
154
471412
1484
有些科技含量很高,
07:52
and some of it is extremely low-tech,
155
472896
2054
有些则使用非常原始的方式
07:54
such as the project that MKSS is running in Rajasthan,
156
474950
3370
例如在印度的拉贾斯坦邦
07:58
India, where they take the spending data of the state
157
478320
3544
工农权利组织(MKSS)将政府开支
08:01
and paint it on 100,000 village walls,
158
481864
3443
贴在10万多个村庄的墙上
08:05
and then invite the villagers to come and comment
159
485307
2295
邀请村民来进行评判
08:07
who is on the government payroll, who's actually died,
160
487602
2488
谁可以继续留下来吃公家饭?谁应该收拾东西走人?
08:10
what are the bridges that have been built to nowhere,
161
490090
2624
那个花了几百万也没建好的桥又是怎么回事?
08:12
and to work together through civic engagement to save
162
492714
2344
这样做不仅节省了政府开支
08:15
real money and participate and have access to that budget.
163
495058
3763
还使民众能够真正地参与到预算的制定过程中
08:18
But it's not just about policing government.
164
498821
2398
不仅是政府政策的制定
08:21
It's also about creating government.
165
501219
1727
政府的建设也是同样的道理
08:22
Spacehive in the U.K. is engaging in crowd-funding,
166
502946
3118
英国的Spacehive网站通过网上集资
08:26
getting you and me to raise the money to build
167
506064
2685
让居民能够根据自己的意愿
08:28
the goalposts and the park benches that will actually
168
508749
2658
选择为一个小足球场或是公园里的长椅投资
08:31
allow us to deliver better services in our communities.
169
511407
3562
从而加强社区内的设施和服务
08:34
No one is better at this activity of actually getting us
170
514969
3638
在向缺乏资源和服务的地区提供帮助这方面
08:38
to engage in delivering services,
171
518607
3240
做得最好的
08:41
sometimes where none exist, than Ushahidi.
172
521847
3151
莫过于Ushahidi这个开源软件了
08:44
Created after the post-election riots in Kenya in 2008,
173
524998
4353
它诞生于2008年肯尼亚大选后的暴乱时期
08:49
this crisis-mapping website and community is actually able
174
529351
3936
这个以危机地图为特点的网络社区
08:53
to crowdsource and target the delivery of
175
533287
2645
能够以众包的方式
08:55
better rescue services to people trapped under the rubble,
176
535932
3091
对处于困境中的人们提供帮助
08:59
whether it's after the earthquakes in Haiti,
177
539023
2456
它在海地震后救灾以及最近意大利的森林火灾中
09:01
or more recently in Italy.
178
541479
2525
都功不可没
09:04
And the Red Cross too is training volunteers and Twitter
179
544004
3131
现在,红十字会也在训练志愿者
09:07
is certifying them, not simply to supplement existing
180
547135
2868
并在推特上对他们进行认证
09:10
government institutions, but in many cases, to replace them.
181
550003
4036
他们不是作为政府机构的补充而是要取代政府的一部分职能
09:14
Now what we're seeing lots of examples of, obviously,
182
554039
3008
现在,我们已经看了很多
09:17
is the opening up of government data,
183
557047
1687
开放政府讯息的例子
09:18
not enough examples of this yet, but we're starting
184
558734
3000
现在我们再来看看
09:21
to see this practice of people creating and generating
185
561734
3529
人们在政府信息平台的基础上
09:25
innovative applications on top of government data.
186
565263
3469
创造并运作新应用的例子
09:28
There's so many examples I could have picked, and I
187
568732
2331
我有很多例子可以选择
09:31
selected this one of Jon Bon Jovi. Some of you
188
571063
3166
但我想讲讲 Jon Bon Jovi
09:34
may or may not know that he runs a soup kitchen
189
574229
2266
你们可能有人也听说过,他在新泽西开了一家“心灵厨房”
09:36
in New Jersey, where he caters to and serves the homeless
190
576495
2761
专为无家可归的流浪者提供食物
09:39
and particularly homeless veterans.
191
579256
1693
尤其是那些流浪的老兵
09:40
In February, he approached the White House, and said,
192
580949
2778
今年二月,他来到白宫
09:43
"I would like to fund a prize to create scalable national
193
583727
3845
他说道“我想出资以创建具有扩展性的应用程序,
09:47
applications, apps, that will help not only the homeless
194
587572
3527
即能协助无家可归者,
09:51
but those who deliver services [to] them to do so better."
195
591099
3435
亦能协助服务者以让他们表现的更好。”
09:54
February 2012 to June of 2012,
196
594534
3240
於2012年2月至6月,
09:57
the finalists are announced in the competition.
197
597774
2988
其比赛的入围者已公布
10:00
Can you imagine, in the bureaucratic world of yesteryear,
198
600762
2989
你能想象吗?去年,在官僚主义的世界里
10:03
getting anything done in a four-month period of time?
199
603751
2746
他们在四个月的期间内完成该做的事!
10:06
You can barely fill out the forms in that amount of time,
200
606497
2136
你仅仅能在同样的时间内填写表格
10:08
let alone generate real, palpable innovations
201
608633
2864
更别提创建一个改善人民生活的
10:11
that improve people's lives.
202
611497
1891
真正与明确的革新
10:13
And I want to be clear to mention that this open government
203
613388
3233
我想明确地声明其开放政府革命
10:16
revolution is not about privatizing government,
204
616621
3777
并不是私有化的政府
10:20
because in many cases what it can do when we have
205
620398
2898
因为在诸多情况下,当我们有意愿完成这些事时,
10:23
the will to do so is to deliver more progressive
206
623296
3096
我们会提交
10:26
and better policy than the regulations and the legislative
207
626392
4123
比我们目前政策中的
10:30
and litigation-oriented strategies
208
630515
2960
规范和立法与以诉讼为导向的策略
10:33
by which we make policy today.
209
633475
2600
一个更进取与更优秀的政策
10:36
In the State of Texas, they regulate 515 professions,
210
636075
3727
在德克萨斯州 ,他们监管515种行业
10:39
from well-driller to florist.
211
639802
2064
从钻井员工到花商
10:41
Now, you can carry a gun into a church in Dallas,
212
641866
3223
目前,你能够带枪进入达拉斯的教堂
10:45
but do not make a flower arrangement without a license,
213
645089
3159
但若没有许可证,你无法进行插花行为
10:48
because that will land you in jail.
214
648248
2616
因为这将使你入狱
10:50
So what is Texas doing? They're asking you and me,
215
650864
4017
所以,德克萨斯怎么做?他们要求我们
10:54
using online policy wikis, to help not simply get rid of
216
654881
4088
用网上的政策百科不仅摆脱
10:58
burdensome regulations that impede entrepreneurship,
217
658969
3561
阻碍企业发展的繁琐条文,
11:02
but to replace those regulations with more innovative
218
662530
2999
而且用更创新的规章来代替,
11:05
alternatives, sometimes using transparency in the creation
219
665529
2864
有时新应用开发的透明度
11:08
of new iPhone apps that will allows us
220
668393
1982
会使得我们
11:10
both to protect consumers and the public
221
670375
2273
不仅保护消费者和公众
11:12
and to encourage economic development.
222
672648
3511
也能激励经济发展
11:16
That is a nice sideline of open government.
223
676159
3154
这是对于开放政府是个不错的副业
11:19
It's not only the benefits that we've talked about with regard
224
679313
2711
它不仅有利于我们谈论到的发展
11:22
to development. It's the economic benefits and the
225
682024
3457
而且谈论到这方面的开放创新工作时
11:25
job creation that's coming from this open innovation work.
226
685481
4626
有利于经济和创造就业
11:30
Sberbank, the largest and oldest bank in Russia,
227
690107
2820
作为俄罗斯最大最古老的俄罗斯联邦储蓄银行
11:32
largely owned by the Russian government,
228
692927
1800
它主要归俄罗斯政府所有
11:34
has started practicing crowdsourcing, engaging
229
694727
3000
开始实践众包这种方式,
11:37
its employees and citizens in the public in developing innovations.
230
697727
3352
鼓励员工和市民创新
11:41
Last year they saved a billion dollars, 30 billion rubles,
231
701079
4420
去年他们从开放创新中
11:45
from open innovation, and they're pushing radically
232
705499
2757
省下了10亿美元,即300亿卢布,并且他们很激进的推进
11:48
the extension of crowdsourcing, not only from banking,
233
708256
2659
众包的范围,不仅限于银行
11:50
but into the public sector.
234
710915
2043
还有公共部门
11:52
And we see lots of examples of these innovators using
235
712958
2741
我们看到很多这样创新者用开放政府数据的例子,
11:55
open government data, not simply to make apps,
236
715699
2850
不仅用了开发应用,
11:58
but then to make companies and to hire people
237
718549
2062
而且用来开公司,
12:00
to build them working with the government.
238
720611
2301
雇员工来与政府合作
12:02
So a lot of these innovations are local.
239
722912
2130
所以很多创新者都是本地的
12:05
In San Ramon, California, they published an iPhone app
240
725042
3106
在加州的圣拉蒙,有人开发了一个iphone应用
12:08
in which they allow you or me to say we are certified
241
728148
3557
允许我们上传CPR训练的认证,
12:11
CPR-trained, and then when someone has a heart attack,
242
731705
3567
并且有人突发心脏病时,
12:15
a notification goes out so that you
243
735272
2240
就会有消息推送给你
12:17
can rush over to the person over here and deliver CPR.
244
737512
3956
这样你就可以赶过去进行CPR
12:21
The victim who receives bystander CPR
245
741468
2304
接受CPR的病人
12:23
is more than twice as likely to survive.
246
743772
2465
有两倍的机会存活下来
12:26
"There is a hero in all of us," is their slogan.
247
746237
3675
他们的口号是“我们身边就有英雄”
12:29
But it's not limited to the local.
248
749912
2543
但对于地区来说并没有受到限制
12:32
British Columbia, Canada, is publishing a catalogue
249
752455
2661
加拿大的英属哥伦比亚发布了一个目录
12:35
of all the ways that its residents and citizens can engage
250
755116
3084
目录里包含了居民和市民可以参与的
12:38
with the state in the cocreation of governance.
251
758200
3718
州发起的政府创新。
12:41
Let me be very clear,
252
761918
3061
我要澄清一点
12:44
and perhaps controversial,
253
764979
1469
这可能会引起争议
12:46
that open government is not
254
766448
2789
那就是“政府开放”并不是
12:49
about transparent government.
255
769237
1973
等同于“政府工作透明”
12:51
Simply throwing data over the transom doesn't change
256
771210
2918
简单的把数据公开并没有改变
12:54
how government works.
257
774128
1412
政府的工作方式
12:55
It doesn't get anybody to do anything with that data
258
775540
2567
仅仅是做到透明并不能让任何人利用这些数据
12:58
to change lives, to solve problems, and it doesn't change
259
778107
3709
来解决问题,这也不能使政府
13:01
government.
260
781816
1272
发生改变
13:03
What it does is it creates an adversarial relationship
261
783088
3019
它所做的是在公民社会和政府之间
13:06
between civil society and government
262
786107
1728
围绕着对信息的所有权和使用权的争夺
13:07
over the control and ownership of information.
263
787835
3043
创造出一种相互敌对的关系。
13:10
And transparency, by itself, is not reducing the flow
264
790878
2584
并且透明化本身并不减少政治的经济成本
13:13
of money into politics, and arguably,
265
793462
2412
一个尚有争议的观点是
13:15
it's not even producing accountability as well as it might
266
795874
2733
它甚至不会如预期的那样明确政府的责任,
13:18
if we took the next step of combining participation and
267
798607
3463
除非我们通过接下来要提到的方式携手合作
13:22
collaboration with transparency to transform how we work.
268
802070
4111
并结合透明性来革新我们工作的协同方式。
13:26
We're going to see this evolution really in two phases,
269
806181
2737
我想我们将会看到这个革命将会有两个阶段,
13:28
I think. The first phase of the open government revolution
270
808918
3289
开放政府革命的第一阶段
13:32
is delivering better information from the crowd
271
812207
3776
是从公众传递更好的信息
13:35
into the center.
272
815983
1394
到中心。
13:37
Starting in 2005, and this is how this open government
273
817377
2947
从2005年开始,在美国
13:40
work in the U.S. really got started,
274
820324
1954
这也是开放政府如何真正开始的
13:42
I was teaching a patent law class to my students and
275
822278
2256
当时我给学生们教专利法
13:44
explaining to them how a single person in the bureaucracy
276
824534
3771
并解释在官僚主义里的个人
13:48
has the power to make a decision
277
828305
2131
如何有权利做
13:50
about which patent application becomes the next patent,
278
830436
4485
那个专利应用成为专利的决定
13:54
and therefore monopolizes for 20 years the rights
279
834921
2742
并在整个创造性活动的领域内
13:57
over an entire field of inventive activity.
280
837663
3007
能单独拥有20年的权利
14:00
Well, what did we do? We said, we can make a website,
281
840670
2912
那我们怎么做?我们说可以做网站
14:03
we can make an expert network, a social network,
282
843582
2393
做一个专家的网络,社会的网络
14:05
that would connect the network to the institution
283
845975
2272
把机构连接到网络上
14:08
to allow scientists and technologists to get
284
848247
2381
使得科学家和科技家们能
14:10
better information to the patent office
285
850628
2635
得到更好的专利局的消息
14:13
to aid in making those decisions.
286
853263
2463
来帮助做出这些决定
14:15
We piloted the work in the U.S. and the U.K. and Japan
287
855726
2632
我们在美国,英国,日本和澳大利亚开展了这个工作,
14:18
and Australia, and now I'm pleased to report
288
858358
2793
现在我很高兴的宣布
14:21
that the United States Patent Office will be rolling out
289
861151
2256
美国专利局将会变得
14:23
universal, complete, and total openness,
290
863407
4465
全球化,全面化和全面的开放,
14:27
so that all patent applications will now be open
291
867872
3046
今年开始,所有的专利申请将会对
14:30
for citizen participation, beginning this year.
292
870918
3668
市民开放参与。
14:34
The second phase of this evolution — Yeah. (Applause)
293
874586
2936
这个革命的第二阶段——(掌声)
14:37
They deserve a hand. (Applause)
294
877522
2953
他们值得这掌声(掌声)
14:40
The first phase is in getting better information in.
295
880475
2535
第一阶段是更高效的收集民意
14:43
The second phase is in getting decision-making power out.
296
883010
3857
第二阶段是将决策权下放
14:46
Participatory budgeting has long been practiced
297
886867
2615
在巴西的阿雷格里港
14:49
in Porto Alegre, Brazil.
298
889482
1419
参与式预算已经存在已久。
14:50
They're just starting it in the 49th Ward in Chicago.
299
890901
2982
在芝加哥的49区则正开始。
14:53
Russia is using wikis to get citizens writing law together,
300
893883
3536
俄罗斯用百科让市民一起写法律
14:57
as is Lithuania. When we start to see
301
897419
2352
立陶宛也有类似的形式。
14:59
power over the core functions of government
302
899771
2304
当我们看到政府核心作用的权利
15:02
— spending, legislation, decision-making —
303
902075
3620
——消费,立法,决策——
15:05
then we're well on our way to an open government revolution.
304
905695
4061
然后我们开始走上开放政府革命的道路
15:09
There are many things that we can do to get us there.
305
909756
3831
我们可以做很多事情使我们走到这条路。
15:13
Obviously opening up the data is one,
306
913587
2663
很明显开放数据是其中之一
15:16
but the important thing is to create lots more --
307
916250
2363
但更重要的事情是创造更多
15:18
create and curate -- lots more participatory opportunities.
308
918613
4230
更多参与的机会
15:22
Hackathons and mashathons and working with data
309
922843
2698
编程马拉松和用数据开发应用
15:25
to build apps is an intelligible way for people to engage
310
925541
3709
是个很好的方式让人们有兴趣参与其中,
15:29
and participate, like the jury is,
311
929250
2500
就好像审判团一样。
15:31
but we're going to need lots more things like it.
312
931750
3024
但我们需要更多想这样的事
15:34
And that's why we need to start with our youngest people.
313
934774
4651
这就是为什么我们要从娃娃抓起
15:39
We've heard talk here at TED about people
314
939425
2616
我们在TED上听到有人利用Arduino设备 (译注:一种可以自己动手定制的“电脑”)
15:42
biohacking and hacking their plants with Arduino,
315
942041
4069
做生物实验(biohacking)并改造他们的植物,
15:46
and Mozilla is doing work around the world in getting
316
946110
3044
而 Mozilla 在全球范围内
15:49
young people to build websites and make videos.
317
949154
3359
鼓励年轻人动手制作网站和视频
15:52
When we start by teaching young people that we live,
318
952513
2736
当我们开始教育年轻人我们并不生活在
15:55
not in a passive society, a read-only society,
319
955249
3518
一个被动的、以接受为主的社会
15:58
but in a writable society, where we have the power
320
958767
2567
而是可以动手改变的社会时,我们有力量来
16:01
to change our communities, to change our institutions,
321
961334
3624
改变我们的社区,改变我们的机构
16:04
that's when we begin to really put ourselves on the pathway
322
964958
3136
那也是我们开始真正让我们走上那条路
16:08
towards this open government innovation,
323
968094
3211
一条通往开放政府创新的道路
16:11
towards this open government movement,
324
971305
1709
一条通过开放政府运动的道路
16:13
towards this open government revolution.
325
973014
2523
一条通往开放政府革命的道路
16:15
So let me close by saying that I think the important thing
326
975537
2246
让我以下面这段话结尾:我认为对我们来说
16:17
for us to do is to talk about and demand this revolution.
327
977783
5859
最重要的事情是谈论并号召这次革命
16:23
We don't have words, really, to describe it yet.
328
983642
3295
我们还没有伟大的作品来描述它。
16:26
Words like equality and fairness and the traditional
329
986937
2225
像平等、公平、传统选举、民主等议题都已经有了
16:29
elections, democracy, these are not really great terms yet.
330
989162
4367
伟大的作品,但是开放政府还没有。
16:33
They're not fun enough. They're not exciting enough
331
993529
2748
它们还不够有趣,还不够激动人心到促使我们
16:36
to get us engaged in this tremendous opportunity
332
996277
3319
投入到这一巨大的机会中。
16:39
that awaits us. But I would argue that if we want to see
333
999596
3408
但我认为如果我们想要实现
16:43
the kinds of innovations, the hopeful and exciting
334
1003004
2703
其它的创新,那些在TED听到的
16:45
innovations that we hear talked about here at TED,
335
1005707
2664
关于洁净能源,教育和发展的
16:48
in clean energy, in clean education,
336
1008371
2177
充满希望和激情的创新
16:50
in development, if we want to see those adopted
337
1010548
2591
如果我们想要使这些技术被采纳
16:53
and we want to see those scaled,
338
1013139
2256
想要这些创新成果被规模化
16:55
we want to see them become the governance of tomorrow,
339
1015395
2792
想要这些成果成为未来政府的一部分
16:58
then we must all participate,
340
1018187
1705
那么我们必须人人参与
16:59
then we must get involved.
341
1019892
1498
我们必须参与其中
17:01
We must open up our institutions, and like the leaf,
342
1021390
3210
我们必须开放我们的机构,像叶子一样
17:04
we must let the nutrients flow throughout our body politic,
343
1024600
4194
我们必须让营养完全的流经我们的政治团体
17:08
throughout our culture, to create open institutions
344
1028794
3200
流经我们的文化,创造开放的机构
17:11
to create a stronger democracy, a better tomorrow.
345
1031994
2669
创造更稳固的民主和更美好的明天
17:14
Thank you. (Applause)
346
1034663
2903
谢谢(掌声)
关于本网站

这个网站将向你介绍对学习英语有用的YouTube视频。你将看到来自世界各地的一流教师教授的英语课程。双击每个视频页面上显示的英文字幕,即可从那里播放视频。字幕会随着视频的播放而同步滚动。如果你有任何意见或要求,请使用此联系表与我们联系。

https://forms.gle/WvT1wiN1qDtmnspy7