The Case for a 4-Day Work Week | Juliet Schor | TED

199,513 views ・ 2022-05-27

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翻译人员: Ying Du 校对人员: Thomas Tam
00:04
I've been studying work since the 1980s,
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我从20世纪80年代 开始研究工作机制,
00:08
and I've never seen anything like what's happening today.
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我从未见过像今天这样的情况。
00:12
Pandemic-fueled anxiety is surging around the world.
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大流行疫情引发的焦虑情绪 正在全球蔓延。
00:16
In the US, more than half of all employees report feeling stressed
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在美国,超过一半的员工表示 每天都感到压力很大。
00:21
a lot of the day.
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00:22
Job quits are at record levels, running at four million a month.
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辞职人数创历史新高, 每月400万人。
00:27
People are burning out.
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人们精疲力竭。
00:30
In response,
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作为回应,
00:32
a growing number of companies are offering a four-day,
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越来越多的公司提供每周工作4天、
00:36
32-hour week,
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32小时的工作时间,
00:38
but with five days of pay.
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但5天带薪。
00:40
Now, it's not a new idea,
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现在,这不是一个新的想法,
00:42
but the pandemic has turbocharged it.
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但大流行疫情使其更加强劲。
00:45
Employers are realizing
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雇主们意识到,
00:47
that if they can rethink where people work,
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如果他们可以重新考虑 员工的工作地点,
00:50
they can also rethink how many days they're on the job.
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他们也可以重新考虑 员工的工作天数
00:54
Sounds pretty great, but is it realistic?
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听起来不错,但现实吗?
00:59
Well, actually, yes.
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实际上,是的。
01:02
Unlike policies in which one party profits at the expense of another,
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不同于以牺牲另一方利益 为代价的政策,
01:06
the four-day week can benefit workers, companies and society,
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四天工作制有益于 员工、公司和社会,
01:12
and it can even be a gateway for addressing climate change.
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它甚至可以成为 应对气候变化的途径。
01:17
But first, let's talk about the workplace.
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但首先,让我们谈谈工作场所。
01:20
For nearly a decade,
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近十年来,
01:22
companies and governments have been experimenting with shorter hours
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公司和政府一直在尝试 在不减薪的情况下缩短工作时间。
01:26
with no cuts in pay.
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01:28
While the results do vary,
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尽管结果有所不同,
01:30
the research shows that people are less stressed,
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研究均表明,人们的压力更小,
01:34
value their jobs more
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更重视自己的工作,
01:36
and have better lives outside of work.
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在工作之外过更好的生活。
01:38
In most cases,
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在大多数情况下,
01:40
they are as productive in four days as they are in five.
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他们四天的工作效率 和五天一样高。
01:44
Companies can also see benefits through lower turnover
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企业也可以从较低的人员流动率
01:48
and a higher-quality applicant pool.
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以及更高质量的申请者中获益。
01:51
Less burnout reduces health care costs, mistakes and poor service.
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减少职业倦怠可以减少医疗成本、 差错和糟糕的服务。
01:56
With colleagues,
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我和同事们一起,
01:57
I'm studying four-day week trials now in progress in the United States
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我们正在研究美国和爱尔兰实行的四天工作制,
02:01
and Ireland,
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02:03
with summer start dates for the UK, New Zealand and Australia.
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并将在夏天开始对英国、新西兰和澳大利亚的研究。
02:07
We have thousands of employees participating.
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我们有数千名员工参与其中。
02:12
Healthwise, an education company, didn't wait for our trial to begin.
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一家教育公司健康智慧, 没有等到我们的试验开始。
02:16
In June, their employees were quitting in droves.
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6月份,他们的员工纷纷辞职。
02:21
By August, they'd implemented a four-day week.
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到了8月,他们实施了 四天工作制。
02:24
Six months later,
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六个月后,
02:26
CEO Adam Husney reports that people are dramatically happier
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首席执行官亚当·哈斯尼报告称, 人们的幸福感显著提高,
02:30
and have never been more productive.
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并且达到了前所未有的水平。
02:33
Resignations and sick days are down,
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辞职和病假减少了,
02:35
revenue has grown
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收入持续增长
02:36
and customer satisfaction scores are outstanding.
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客户满意度得分也很高。
02:41
Healthwise employees are spending their Fridays off
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其员工会把周五的假期 花在家庭活动上,
02:44
doing family activities like sports or errands.
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比如运动或其他琐事。
02:48
One mother of young children reported that now she can occasionally manage
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一位有小孩的母亲说,
现在她偶尔可以做一次 没有负罪感的足疗。
02:52
a guilt-free pedicure.
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02:57
The four-day week can help with self-care
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四天工作制有助于自我护理
03:00
and managing the daily stresses of systemic racism,
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管理日常的系统性种族主义、 性别歧视和阶级歧视的压力。
03:03
sexism and classism.
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03:06
Now a key part of the model
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这个模式的一个关键部分是,
03:08
is that in return for the gift of a day off,
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作为一日假期礼物的回报,
03:12
people are willing to squeeze all their productivity into four days.
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人们愿意把所有的生产力 都挤在四天里。
03:17
So while they may be spending less time at work,
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所以,虽然他们在工作上 花的时间可能更少,
03:20
they're not necessarily doing less work.
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他们做的工作不一定更少。
03:24
The secret sauce is work reorganization,
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秘诀是工作重组,
03:28
cutting out the least productive activities.
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放弃那些效率最低的活动。
03:31
Meetings are a prime target.
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会议是一个主要目标。
是的,我看到大家都在点头。
03:35
Yes, I see everyone nodding.
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03:36
Most companies reduce their frequency and length
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大多数公司会减少 出席会议的频率、时间和人数。
03:40
and the number of attendees.
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03:42
At Healthwise,
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在健康智慧,
03:43
people save time by messaging colleagues rather than making phone calls,
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人们通过给同事发信息 而不是打电话来节省时间,
03:47
which inevitably includes some social chatting.
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因为电话不可避免地 包括一些社交聊天。
03:51
They shifted personal tasks, like doctor's appointments,
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他们会转移个人任务, 比如看医生,
03:54
to the off-day.
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在休息日完成。
03:55
And yes, the pace of work at the office does go up.
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是的,办公室的工作节奏 确实提高了。
04:00
"Let's be honest," one explained,
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“老实说,”其中一人解释道,
04:02
"I'm not goofing off or looking at Facebook,
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“我不像过去一样,不是在偷懒, 也不是在看脸书。”
04:05
which I was."
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04:07
But people have adapted
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但人们已经适应了,
04:09
and they prefer getting their downtime as a whole day off
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他们更喜欢一整天的休息,
04:13
rather than in snippets.
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而不是零碎的休息。
04:17
Government initiatives have similar findings.
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政府的倡议也有类似的发现。
04:20
In 2015, the city of Reykjavik
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2015年,雷克雅未克市
04:22
and then the National Government of Iceland
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然后是冰岛国民政府
04:26
started offering 36 and 35-hour weeks,
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开始提供每周 36到35小时的工作,
04:30
eventually enrolling more than 2,500 employees.
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最终招募2500多名员工。
04:34
The results have been remarkable.
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结果是显著的。
04:36
Physical and mental stress went down
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身体和精神压力都下降了,
04:39
while work ethic, job satisfaction,
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而职业道德、工作满意度、
04:42
work-life balance, energy levels, all improved.
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工作与生活的平衡、 精力水平都提高了。
04:45
Productivity and service quality stayed the same or got better,
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生产率和服务质量 保持不变或有所改善,
04:49
and the trial was revenue-neutral.
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而且这个试验的收入是中性的。
04:52
Today, roughly 85 percent of all Icelandic employees
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如今,大约85%的冰岛员工
04:57
are either on or eligible for these schedules.
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都正在享受或有资格 享受这些时间表。
05:01
The governments of Spain and Scotland have announced four-day week trials
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西班牙和苏格兰政府宣布 试行四天工作制,
05:05
in which they'll be subsidizing the fifth day's pay.
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他们将补贴第5天的工资。
05:11
Now one reason for these successes
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这些成功的一个原因是,
05:14
is that with reduced work time,
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随着工作时间的减少,
05:16
each hour typically becomes more productive.
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每个小时通常会变得更有效率。
05:20
Norway and Denmark,
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挪威和丹麦,
05:22
the two European countries with the shortest average hours of work
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这两个欧洲国家平均工作时间最短,
05:26
at about 1,380,
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约为1380小时,
05:29
have outsized productivity.
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有巨大的生产力。
05:31
France and Germany are similar.
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法国和德国的情况类似。
05:34
In contrast,
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相比之下,
05:36
the long-hours countries like the UK and Italy
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英国和意大利等工作时间较长的国家,
05:40
have much, much lower productivity.
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其生产率要低得多。
05:43
The US historically led the world in productivity
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美国的生产力历来领先世界,
05:47
and would likely do better now if its work time weren't so high.
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如果工作时间不那么长, 现在可能会做得更好。
05:52
While tech firms comprise the biggest group
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虽然采用缩短工作时间4天工作制的 企业中,科技公司是最大的群体,
05:55
adopting four-day reduced hours schedules,
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05:58
companies are also making the switch in banking,
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随着银行、公关、营销和设计、 非营利组织、消费品,
06:01
PR, marketing and design,
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06:04
nonprofits, consumer goods, even a restaurant chain.
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甚至是连锁餐厅的企业 也在进行这种转变。
06:09
But it's also true
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但同样的事实是,
06:10
that doing 100 percent of the work in 80 percent of the time
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在80%的时间内完成100%的工作 并不是在任何地方都可行的。
06:14
isn't feasible everywhere.
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06:16
Manufacturing was sped up decades ago.
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制造业在几十年前就加快了速度。
06:19
Many teachers and flight attendants need to slow down, not intensify.
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许多教师和空乘人员需要放慢脚步, 而不是加强力度。
06:25
And of course, health care workers on the front lines of the pandemic
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当然,在大流行前线的医护人员 需要减少工作,
06:29
need to work less, not more.
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而不是增加工作。
06:34
(Applause)
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(掌声)
06:37
Thank you, health care workers.
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谢谢你们,医护人员。
06:39
Here, another government effort is instructive.
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在这方面,政府的另一项努力 具有启发性。
06:42
In 2014, the city of Gothenburg in Sweden
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2014年,瑞典哥德堡市为护士
06:45
gave nurses at one of its facilities a six-hour day.
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提供了每天6小时的工作时间。
06:49
As expected, the nurses' health and overall well-being improved,
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正如预期的那样,护士的健康 和整体福祉得到了改善,
06:53
as did productivity and patient care.
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生产力和病人护理也得到了改善。
06:56
But in this trial,
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但在这个试验中,
06:57
they hired new staff for the hours that weren't being covered.
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他们雇佣了新员工来处理 那些没有被覆盖的时间。
07:01
The striking finding was how much lower sick pay
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令人震惊的发现是,
较低的病假工资和失业福利 在多大程度上抵消了这些额外工资。
07:05
and unemployment benefits helped offset those additional salaries.
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07:11
Now the Swedish case raises a bigger, more existential question.
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现在,瑞典的案例引发了一个更大、 更关乎生死存亡的问题。
07:17
How much time should we be dedicating to work?
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我们应该投入多少时间在工作上?
07:22
In many countries,
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在许多国家,
07:23
jobs are getting more, not less demanding.
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工作岗位要求越来越高, 而不是越来越低。
07:25
And scarcity thinking,
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稀缺性思维,
07:27
the idea that even rich countries need to tighten their belts,
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即使是富裕国家 也需要勒紧裤腰带的想法,
07:30
has taken hold.
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已经站稳了脚跟。
07:32
But really,
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但实际上,
07:34
we should be heading in the opposite direction
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随着数字化和人工智能 提供了减少工作时间的机会,
07:37
as digitization and artificial intelligence
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我们应该朝着相反的方向前进。
07:40
offer the chance to reduce work time.
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07:44
Amid pandemic fatigue,
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在大流行期间,
07:45
we should be doubling down on restoring the quality of life and our social fabric,
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我们应该加倍努力恢复生活质量 和我们的社会结构,
07:51
especially in wealthy countries where we already produce enough
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特别是在富裕国家,
我们已经生产了足以让每个人 都过上良好生活的产品。
07:55
for everyone to have a good standard of living.
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08:00
And this path has the added benefit of addressing the climate crisis.
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这条道路还有 解决气候危机的额外好处。
08:07
"How so," you may ask.
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你可能会问:“怎么会呢?”
08:09
Well, with the four-day week,
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在四天工作周中,
08:11
there's the obvious impact of less commuting.
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通勤时间的减少有明显的影响。
08:14
But if we use productivity growth to continue to reduce hours of work
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但是,如果我们利用生产力的增长,
继续每年减少百分之几的工作时间,
08:19
just by a couple of percent a year,
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08:22
we can create a longer-term dynamic of decarbonization.
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我们就可以创造 一个长期的动态脱碳。
08:27
Research by me and others has shown this time and again
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我和其他人的研究一次又一次地
08:30
across countries, across states, across households.
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在不同国家、不同州、 不同家庭中证明了这一点。
08:35
One reason is that when people are time-stressed,
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原因之一是,当人们时间紧张时,
08:39
they tend to choose faster and more polluting modes of travel
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他们倾向于选择更快、污染更严重的 出行方式和日常生活活动。
08:43
and daily life activities.
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08:45
In contrast,
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相比之下,
08:46
when people get time rather than money,
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当人们有时间而不是金钱时,
08:49
they tend to have a lower carbon footprint.
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他们往往会有更低的碳足迹。
08:52
But the bigger reason has to do with the size of the economy.
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但更重要的原因与经济规模有关。
08:56
By opting to work less,
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通过选择减少工作,
08:59
countries are choosing not to expand production to its max,
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各国选择不将产量扩大到最大,
09:04
thereby avoiding additional emissions.
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从而避免了额外的排放。
09:07
Carbon success stories like Germany and Denmark
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像德国和丹麦这样在碳排放方面取得成功的国家,
09:10
tend to have low annual hours.
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其年工作时间往往较低。
09:13
France and the Netherlands are also low on both carbon and work time.
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法国和荷兰的碳排放 和工作时间都很低。
09:18
The four-day week is a down payment on a new way to live and work.
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四天工作周是一种新的生活 和工作方式的首付。
09:24
And yes, we're going to need government help
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是的,如果我们要超越 已经看到其优点创新公司的数量,
09:27
if we're going to move beyond the innovative companies
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我们将需要政府的帮助。
09:29
that already see its virtues.
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09:32
But as the three-day weekend spreads,
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但随着为期三天的周末的蔓延,
09:34
we can realize everyone deserves a right to free time.
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我们可以意识到每个人 都应该有自由时间的权利。
09:39
And that brings the logic of a universal basic income squarely into view.
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这就把全民基本收入的逻辑 直接带入了视野。
09:45
Because without financial support,
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因为如果没有经济支持,
09:47
low-earners can't afford to take that fifth day off.
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低收入者就无法享受第5天的假期。
09:53
There's a lot of talk these days about the future of work
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现在有很多人在谈论工作的未来
09:57
and the opportunities that it offers.
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以及它所提供的机会。
10:00
But there's more at stake here than opportunity.
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但这里有比机会更重要的东西。
10:04
We have an imperative.
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我们有一个命当务之急
10:07
An imperative to face the challenges of our current moment.
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即我们必须面对当前的挑战。
10:11
The pandemic, burnout and depression,
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流行病、倦怠和抑郁,
10:15
inequalities of race and income,
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种族和收入的不平等,
10:17
the climate crisis.
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气候危机。
10:19
A four-day week addresses each one of these.
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四天工作周解决了 上述每一个问题。
10:24
For now, we're starting company by company.
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现在,我们正在一家一家地开始。
10:28
But as momentum builds and it becomes universal,
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但随着动力的建立,它变得普遍,
10:32
we'll have made the transition from scarcity thinking
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我们将从稀缺思维
10:36
to appreciating the true wealth that we possess.
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过渡到欣赏我们所拥有的真正财富。
10:40
Our ingenuity,
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我们的聪明才智,
10:42
our compassion
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我们的同情心
10:44
and our humanity.
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和我们的人性。
10:46
Thank you.
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谢谢你!
10:48
(Applause)
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(掌声)
10:55
Helen Walters: Juliet, thank you so much.
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海伦·沃尔特斯:“朱丽叶, 非常感谢你。”
10:57
I have a very practical question for you.
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我有一个非常实际的问题要问你。
10:59
So you mentioned in the talk that people were taking Friday off.
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你在演讲中提到人们周五休假。
11:04
Is the recommendation that people all take the same day off,
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是建议所有人都在同一天休假,
11:07
or is this something that people can take, kind of, any day they want off?
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还是说这是人们可以在 任何一天休假的建议?
11:11
What's the ideal mechanism to have in place here?
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这里理想的机制是什么?”
11:15
JS: Every company does it the way that works for them.
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朱:“每个公司都以 适合自己的方式来做这件事。
11:18
And that's one of the things in our trial.
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这是我们试验的内容之一。
11:20
We do coaching, and we work with the companies before they start
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我们提供指导,我们与这些公司合作,
在他们开始弄清楚他们是一家 可以关闭一天的公司之前?
11:24
to figure out are they a company that can shut down for one day?
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11:27
Do they need to have 24/7, you know, customer service available?
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他们需要全天候的客户服务吗?
11:33
So really, it depends, and we're seeing every type.
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所以,我们就每一种类型, 视情况而定。”
11:36
HW: Juliet, thank you so much.
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海:“朱丽叶,非常感谢你。”
11:38
(Applause)
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(掌声)
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