Timothy Bartik: The economic case for preschool

32,801 views ・ 2013-05-06

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00:00
Translator: Joseph Geni Reviewer: Morton Bast
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翻译人员: Yuting Liu 校对人员: Wei Wu
00:13
In this talk today, I want to present a different idea
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在今天的演讲里,我想陈述一个不同的观点
00:17
for why investing in early childhood education
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关于为什么投资儿童的学龄前教育
00:21
makes sense as a public investment.
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可以被看做为一种公共投资。
00:24
It's a different idea, because usually,
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这是一个不同的观点,因为经常
00:26
when people talk about early childhood programs,
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人们谈论儿童学龄前教育方案时
00:28
they talk about all the wonderful benefits for participants
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他们探讨的是接受了学前教育的孩子是否
00:31
in terms of former participants, in preschool,
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比没有接受学前教育的孩子做得更好
00:34
they have better K-12 test scores,
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他们从小学到高中有更好的成绩
00:37
better adult earnings.
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成年之后有更高的收入。
00:39
Now that's all very important,
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的确这些都很重要
00:41
but what I want to talk about is what preschool does
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但我想讨论的是学前教育如何影响
00:45
for state economies
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各州的经济
00:47
and for promoting state economic development.
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并且促进各州的经济发展。
00:50
And that's actually crucial
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这其实是很关键的
00:53
because if we're going to get increased investment
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因为如果我们想要提高对
00:57
in early childhood programs,
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儿童学龄前教育计划的投资
00:59
we need to interest state governments in this.
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我们就需要各州政府对它感兴趣。
01:03
The federal government has a lot on its plate,
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联邦政府有很多问题需要解决
01:05
and state governments are going to have to step up.
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所以各州政府需要向前迈一步。
01:07
So we have to appeal to them,
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于是我们需要呼吁他们
01:10
the legislators in the state government,
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各州的立法者们
01:12
and turn to something they understand,
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并且转换成他们理解的东西
01:14
that they have to promote the economic development
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他们需要促进他们州的
01:16
of their state economy.
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经济发展。
01:18
Now, by promoting economic development,
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我所说的促进经济发展
01:20
I don't mean anything magical.
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并不是什么神奇的东西。
01:22
All I mean is, is that early childhood education
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我只是想说明,儿童学龄前教育
01:25
can bring more and better jobs to a state
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可以为各州带来更多与更好的工作
01:29
and can thereby promote higher per capita earnings
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也因此能够提高各州居民的
01:32
for the state's residents.
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人均收入。
01:34
Now, I think it's fair to say that when people think about
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现在,我认为一般人在谈及
01:38
state and local economic development,
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各个州和地方经济发展时
01:40
they don't generally think first about what they're doing
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他们大多不会想到这会跟当地的
01:44
about childcare and early childhood programs.
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儿童看护和早教计划有什么关系。
01:46
I know this. I've spent most of my career researching these programs.
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而我了解,我的整个职业生涯都在研究这些计划
01:50
I've talked to a lot of directors
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我与很多州际经济发展机构负责人
01:52
of state economic development agencies about these issues,
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讨论过这些问题
01:54
a lot of legislators about these issues.
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也与许多立法者讨论过。
01:57
When legislators and others think about economic development,
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当立法者和其他人思考关于经济发展时
02:00
what they first of all think about are business tax incentives,
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他们首先想到营业税优惠政策
02:03
property tax abatements, job creation tax credits,
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减免财产税, 创造就业机会税收抵免
02:06
you know, there are a million of these programs all over the place.
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正如你所知,这类计划多到数不清
02:09
So for example, states compete very vigorously
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例如,各州对在吸引新建汽车厂
02:11
to attract new auto plants or expanded auto plants.
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或扩展汽车厂项目上竞争非常激烈。
02:15
They hand out all kinds of business tax breaks.
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他们给予各种各样的营业税减免政策。
02:17
Now, those programs can make sense
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这些计划能够达到预期效果
02:19
if they in fact induce new location decisions,
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取决于他们是否吸引了新的制造厂来到本地
02:22
and the way they can make sense is,
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而吸引投资和制造业的目的
02:24
by creating more and better jobs,
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就是创造更多与更好的工作,
02:26
they raise employment rates, raise per capita earnings of state residents.
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提高就业率,提高居民人均收入。
02:30
So there is a benefit to state residents
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这对于当地的居民是有好处的
02:32
that corresponds to the costs that they're paying
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虽然他们也需要付出一些代价
02:34
by paying for these business tax breaks.
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他们需要承担那些减免的营业税
02:36
My argument is essentially that early childhood programs
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我的观点是儿童学龄前教育在本质上
02:40
can do exactly the same thing,
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可以达到一样的效果
02:44
create more and better jobs, but in a different way.
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创造更多更好的工作,但用另外一种方法
02:48
It's a somewhat more indirect way.
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这是一个间接的方法
02:50
These programs can promote more and better jobs by,
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这些计划可以带来更多更好的工作
02:54
you build it, you invest in high-quality preschool,
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如果我们投资建立高质量的学前教育
02:56
it develops the skills of your local workforce
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它会提高当地劳动力的技能
03:00
if enough of them stick around, and, in turn,
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如果这些孩子们有足够的人留在当地
03:04
that higher-quality local workforce
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那么这些更高质量的劳动人口
03:06
will be a key driver of creating jobs and creating
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将会成为当地创造新的工作机会的主力
03:11
higher earnings per capita in the local community.
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并成为提高当地社区人均收入水平的中坚力量。
03:13
Now, let me turn to some numbers on this.
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接下来让我给你们展示一些具体的数据。
03:16
Okay. If you look at the research evidence --
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如果你翻阅研究资料——
03:21
that's extensive -- on how much early childhood programs
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这方面的研究已经很多——关于学龄前教育计划
03:26
affect the educational attainment, wages and skills
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如何对参加过学龄前教育的人的
03:30
of former participants in preschool as adults,
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教育程度,薪水和技能的影响,
03:34
you take those known effects,
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我们把这些影响综合起来,
03:36
you take how many of those folks will be expected
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估算一下接受学前教育的人有多少大的比例
03:39
to stick around the state or local economy and not move out,
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会留在当地的经济圈中,没有搬走
03:43
and you take research on how much skills
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再考虑到通过学龄前教育提高的劳动技能
03:47
drive job creation, you will conclude,
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促进创造了多少就业机会,你就会得出结论,
03:50
from these three separate lines of research,
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这三个不同方向的研究结果表明
03:52
that for every dollar invested in early childhood programs,
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在儿童早教计划中每投入一美元
03:56
the per capita earnings of state residents
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会对各州居民的人均收入
03:59
go up by two dollars and 78 cents,
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增加2美金78美分
04:02
so that's a three-to-one return.
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所以这是三比一的回报率
04:04
Now you can get much higher returns,
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你可以得到更高的回报率
04:07
of up to 16-to-one, if you include anti-crime benefits,
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高达十六比一,如果你把社会治安的改进也考虑进来,
04:11
if you include benefits to former preschool participants
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并且把接受过学龄前教育,但是后来
04:16
who move to some other state,
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搬出去的人的收益也算在内的话。
04:18
but there's a good reason for focusing on these three dollars
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但是现在我们把注意力放在这三美元上
04:21
because this is salient and important
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因为这三个方面对于州立法者
04:23
to state legislators and state policy makers,
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和州政策制定者而言是最重要的
04:25
and it's the states that are going to have to act.
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而这也是让州政府行动起来的理由。
04:27
So there is this key benefit that is relevant
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所以对于各州的政策制定者而言
04:31
to state policy makers in terms of economic development.
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这将是一项对本州经济意义重大的举措。
04:34
Now, one objection you often hear,
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你可能听说过一些反对意见
04:37
or maybe you don't hear it because people are too polite to say it, is,
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或许你没有听说过因为人们不好意思说出来
04:42
why should I pay more taxes
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就是为什么我需要付更多的税
04:47
to invest in other people's children?
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去为别人孩子的教育投资
04:51
What's in it for me?
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我得到了什么?
04:54
And the trouble with that objection,
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这个异议的问题在于
04:56
it reflects a total misunderstanding
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它显示了人们的误解,
05:00
of how much local economies
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地方经济需要
05:03
involve everyone being interdependent.
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每一个人的参与
05:06
Specifically, the interdependency here is, is that
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特别在这里他们是相互关联的
05:10
there are huge spillovers of skills --
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有大量的技术外溢效应
05:14
that when other people's children get more skills,
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当其他人的孩子得到了更多的技术
05:19
that actually increases the prosperity of everyone,
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实际上这样会让每个人更富有
05:23
including people whose skills don't change.
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包括了那些技术没有提高的人们
05:26
So for example, numerous research studies have shown
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举个例子,众多的研究显示
05:29
if you look at what really drives
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如果你查看到底是什么驱动着
05:31
the growth rate of metropolitan areas,
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都市地区的增长率
05:34
it's not so much low taxes, low cost, low wages;
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并不是低税率,低成本,低工资
05:39
it's the skills of the area. Particularly, the proxy for skills
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是这个地区的技术。特别是
05:43
that people use is percentage of college graduates in the area.
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当地高校毕业生的比例
05:47
So when you look, for example, at metropolitan areas
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所以当你看一些都市地区
05:50
such as the Boston area, Minneapolis-St. Paul,
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比如波士顿,明尼阿波利斯 - 圣保罗
05:53
Silicon Valley, these areas are not doing well economically
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硅谷,这些地区经济发展良好
05:58
because they're low-cost.
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并不是因为它们成本很低
06:01
I don't know if you ever tried to buy a house in Silicon Valley.
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我不知道你有没有尝试过在硅谷买房子
06:03
It's not exactly a low-cost proposition.
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并不是一个低成本的投资。
06:05
They are growing because they have high levels of skills.
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它们在发展因为他们有高水准的技能
06:11
So when we invest in other people's children,
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所以当我们为别人的孩子投资
06:15
and build up those skills, we increase the overall job growth
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并且建立那些技能,我们提高了一个区域的
06:19
of a metro area.
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总体职业增长
06:20
As another example, if we look
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举另一个例子,如果我们看
06:24
at what determines an individual's wages,
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是什么决定了一个人的工资
06:27
and we do statistical exploration of that, what determines wages,
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我们对此进行数据分析,是什么决定了工资
06:32
we know that the individual's wages will depend, in part,
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我们知道一个人的工资一部分取决于
06:36
on that individual's education,
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这个人的教育
06:39
for example whether or not they have a college degree.
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比如有没有接受过本科教育
06:42
One of the very interesting facts is that, in addition,
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另外一个非常有趣的事实是
06:45
we find that even once we hold constant, statistically,
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我们发现就算我们在数据上
06:49
the effect of your own education,
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将你的教育程度对工资的影响保持不变
06:52
the education of everyone else in your metropolitan area
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在都市区里其他人的教育
06:55
also affects your wages.
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也会对你的工资产生影响
06:57
So specifically, if you hold constant your education,
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具体一些,如果你将你的教育保持不变
07:01
you stick in percentage of college graduates in your metro area,
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把当地的本科生比例加进去
07:05
you will find that has a significant positive effect on your wages
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你会发现它对你的工资有明显的改善
07:09
without changing your education at all.
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而完全不需要改变你的受教育程度
07:13
In fact, this effect is so strong
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事实上,这个影响强烈到
07:16
that when someone gets a college degree,
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当一个人获得了本科教育
07:20
the spillover effects of this on the wages
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它对于在大都市地区其他人
07:22
of others in the metropolitan area
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工资的溢出效应
07:24
are actually greater than the direct effects.
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实际大于(对你自己的)直接影响
07:27
So if someone gets a college degree, their lifetime earnings
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所以如果一个人获得了本科教育,他有生之年的收入
07:31
go up by a huge amount, over 700,000 dollars.
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将会增加超过700,000美金
07:34
There's an effect on everyone else in the metro area
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增加都市地区的高校毕业生比例
07:36
of driving up the percentage of college graduates in the metro area,
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对当地的人们都会产生影响
07:40
and if you add that up -- it's a small effect for each person,
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并且如果你把他们加起来 - 这是对每个人的小影响
07:44
but if you add that up across all the people in the metro area,
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但是如果你把整个都市地区的人们加起来
07:47
you actually get that the increase in wages for everyone else
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实际上每个人得到了薪水的提升
07:51
in the metropolitan area adds up to almost a million dollars.
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在都市地区增加了近百万美金
07:54
That's actually greater than the direct benefits
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这实际上是大于选择接受高等教育的人
07:56
of the person choosing to get education.
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所带来的直接效益
07:59
Now, what's going on here?
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现在,这是怎么回事呢?
08:00
What can explain these huge spillover effects of education?
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什么可以解释教育所带来的的巨大溢出效应?
08:04
Well, let's think about it this way.
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那么,让我们这样想
08:06
I can be the most skilled person in the world,
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我可以成为世界上技术能力最强的人
08:09
but if everyone else at my firm lacks skills,
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但是如果我的公司里的其他人缺乏技术
08:13
my employer is going to find it more difficult
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我的雇主会难以引进
08:16
to introduce new technology, new production techniques.
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新的技术,新的生产技术
08:20
So as a result, my employer is going to be less productive.
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因而导致我的雇主降低生产率
08:23
They will not be able to afford to pay me as good wages.
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他将无法支付我良好的工资
08:27
Even if everyone at my firm has good skills,
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就算在我公司里的每一个人有良好的技术
08:31
if the workers at the suppliers to my firm
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如果我的供应商的工人
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do not have good skills,
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没有良好的技术
08:36
my firm is going to be less competitive
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在国内和国际市场竞争时
08:39
competing in national and international markets.
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我的公司竞争力会降低
08:41
And again, the firm that's less competitive
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同样的,竞争力较弱的公司
08:44
will not be able to pay as good wages,
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将会没有能力支付更高的工资
08:47
and then, particularly in high-tech businesses,
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并且,特别是在高技术公司中
08:51
they're constantly stealing ideas and workers from other businesses.
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他们会经常从别的公司窃取理念和工人
08:54
So clearly the productivity of firms in Silicon Valley
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所以很明确硅谷的生产率
08:57
has a lot to do with the skills not only of the workers at their firm,
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不仅与公司职员的技巧有所关联
09:01
but the workers at all the other firms in the metro area.
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更与当地其他公司的员工相关
09:06
So as a result, if we can invest in other people's children
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因此,如果我们可以为他人的孩子投资
09:09
through preschool and other early childhood programs
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通过高质量的学前教育和其他儿童早期教育计划
09:11
that are high-quality, we not only help those children,
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我们不仅可以帮助那些孩子
09:15
we help everyone in the metropolitan area
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我们还会帮助都市地区的每一个人
09:19
gain in wages and we'll have the metropolitan area
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提高总体的工资,并且能够促进都市地区的
09:22
gain in job growth.
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就业增长。
09:24
Another objection used sometimes here
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另一个常见的反对意见
09:27
to invest in early childhood programs
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是担心早期儿童教育计划的投资
09:29
is concern about people moving out.
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会随着人们搬走而打水漂。
09:33
So, you know, maybe Ohio's thinking about investing
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因此,可能俄亥俄州打算为自己州的
09:37
in more preschool education
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哥伦布市的孩子们
09:39
for children in Columbus, Ohio,
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投资学前教育计划,
09:43
but they're worried that these little Buckeyes will,
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但是他们担心这些小朋友们将来可能
09:45
for some strange reason, decide to move to Ann Arbor, Michigan,
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因为一些奇怪的原因,决定搬去密歇根州的安阿伯市
09:48
and become Wolverines.
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并且变成密歇根人。
09:50
And maybe Michigan will be thinking about investing
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可能密歇根在想关于投资
09:53
in preschool in Ann Arbor, Michigan, and be worried
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密歇根州安阿伯市的幼儿教育,但他们也担心
09:56
these little Wolverines will end up moving to Ohio and becoming Buckeyes.
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这些密歇根人会最终搬到俄亥俄州然后变成俄州人
09:59
And so they'll both underinvest because everyone's going to move out.
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最终他们都因为担心人们搬走而减少学前教育投入
10:03
Well, the reality is, if you look at the data,
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事实上如果我们翻阅一下统计数据就会发现
10:06
Americans aren't as hyper-mobile as people sometimes assume.
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美国没有人们想象的那么喜爱搬家
10:10
The data is that over 60 percent of Americans
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数据显示百分之六十以上的美国人
10:15
spend most of their working careers
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大部分的职业生涯花在
10:18
in the state they were born in, over 60 percent.
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他们出生的州,多余百分之六十
10:21
That percentage does not vary much from state to state.
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这个比例在各州之间变化不大
10:25
It doesn't vary much with the state's economy,
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这并不会受到各州经济形势的影响。
10:29
whether it's depressed or booming,
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无论是萧条或是发展
10:30
it doesn't vary much over time.
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随着时间的推移它并不会有很大的改变
10:33
So the reality is, if you invest in kids,
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所以现实是,如果你为孩子投资
10:38
they will stay.
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他们会留下来
10:41
Or at least, enough of them will stay
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至少会有足够多的人留下来
10:44
that it will pay off for your state economy.
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为当地的经济发展做出贡献。
10:47
Okay, so to sum up, there is a lot of research evidence
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好的,总结一下,有很多的研究证据表明
10:51
that early childhood programs, if run in a high-quality way,
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为高质量的学龄前教育投入,能够通过
10:54
pay off in higher adult skills.
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提高成年劳动技能的方式得到补偿。
10:57
There's a lot of research evidence
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有很多的研究结果表明
10:59
that those folks will stick around the state economy,
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这些人会留在州经济圈中
11:03
and there's a lot of evidence that having more workers
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并且有很多证据表明在地区经济中
11:06
with higher skills in your local economy
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高技能劳动者数量的增加
11:08
pays off in higher wages and job growth for your local economy,
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能够提高平均工资,促进就业增长
11:12
and if you calculate the numbers for each dollar,
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并且我们计算得到每多投入一美元
11:15
we get about three dollars back
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就能够为当地经济
11:18
in benefits for the state economy.
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多贡献三美元的收益。
11:20
So in my opinion, the research evidence is compelling
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所以在我看来,这些研究成果是令人信服的
11:24
and the logic of this is compelling.
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并且这个逻辑是有说服力的
11:26
So what are the barriers to getting it done?
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那么有哪些障碍阻止我们去做这些事情?
11:30
Well, one obvious barrier is cost.
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嗯,一个明显的障碍就是费用
11:33
So if you look at what it would cost
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我们估算了所需要投入的总额
11:38
if every state government invested
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如果各州政府都参与投资
11:41
in universal preschool at age four, full-day preschool at age four,
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从4岁开始普及幼儿园,全日制幼儿园
11:45
the total annual national cost would be roughly
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每年全国总共的花销大约是
11:48
30 billion dollars.
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300亿美金
11:50
So, 30 billion dollars is a lot of money.
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那么,300亿美金是很大一笔资金
11:53
On the other hand, if you reflect on
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可是,如果你思考一下
11:57
that the U.S.'s population is over 300 million,
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美国有3亿人口
12:00
we're talking about an amount of money
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那么这笔投资平摊到每个人头上
12:03
that amounts to 100 dollars per capita.
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人均只需要承担100美金
12:06
Okay? A hundred dollars per capita, per person,
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清楚了么?每人一百美金,
12:09
is something that any state government can afford to do.
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每一个州政府都有能力做到
12:13
It's just a simple matter of political will to do it.
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这只是政府会不会去做的问题
12:18
And, of course, as I mentioned,
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当然,就如同我所说过的
12:19
this cost has corresponding benefits.
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这个支出有相对应的收益
12:22
I mentioned there's a multiplier of about three,
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我提过这有一个大约1比3的回报率
12:24
2.78, for the state economy,
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2.78,对于州政府来说
12:26
in terms of over 80 billion in extra earnings.
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代表着800亿美金的额外收入
12:29
And if we want to translate that from just billions of dollars
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如果我们想把上百亿的美金转化成
12:32
to something that might mean something,
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一些有意义的事情
12:34
what we're talking about is that, for the average low-income kid,
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那么我可以告诉你,仅仅通过提高学龄前教育的质量,
12:37
that would increase earnings by about 10 percent
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不需要对K-12(大学前教育)作任何的改动
12:40
over their whole career, just doing the preschool,
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不需要对大学做任何的改造
12:44
not improving K-12 or anything else after that,
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就能够使低收入家庭背景的孩子
12:46
not doing anything with college tuition or access,
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在成年后的总收入提高10%
12:49
just directly improving preschool,
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并能够为来自中等收入家庭的孩子
12:51
and we would get five percent higher earnings
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将他们的平均薪水
12:54
for middle-class kids.
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提高5%。
12:55
So this is an investment
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所以这是一个投资
12:57
that pays off in very concrete terms
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有非常实际的回报
13:00
for a broad range of income groups in the state's population
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能够为各州不同收入层次的人群
13:05
and produces large and tangible benefits.
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产生实实在在的利益
13:09
Now, that's one barrier.
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现在,这里有一个障碍
13:12
I actually think the more profound barrier
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我觉得更严重的障碍
13:15
is the long-term nature of the benefits from early childhood programs.
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是学龄前教育计划回报的长期性特点
13:19
So the argument I'm making is, is that we're increasing
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所以,我的论点是我们提高
13:22
the quality of our local workforce,
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当地劳动力的水平
13:24
and thereby increasing economic development.
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将会提高地方经济
13:27
Obviously if we have a preschool with four-year-olds,
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显然如果我们把4岁的孩子送到幼儿园
13:30
we're not sending these kids out at age five
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我们不会让这些孩子在5岁时
13:32
to work in the sweatshops, right? At least I hope not.
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送去糖果店工作,对吧?至少我希望如此
13:36
So we're talking about an investment
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所以我们在谈论一个投资
13:39
that in terms of impacts on the state economy
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对各州经济的影响
13:42
is not going to really pay off for 15 or 20 years,
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在15到20年以内是不会体现出来的
13:46
and of course America is notorious for being
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并且美国是众所周知的
13:49
a short term-oriented society.
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短期性社会
13:52
Now one response you can make to this,
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现在你可以对此作出的一个回应
13:53
and I sometimes have done this in talks,
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并且我有时会在谈论时这么做
13:55
is people can talk about, there are benefits for these programs
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人们可以讨论关于这些计划所带来的好处
13:58
in reducing special ed and remedial education costs,
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在减低特殊教育和补习教育成本
14:02
there are benefits, parents care about preschool,
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家长们关心学龄前教育
14:04
maybe we'll get some migration effects
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也许我们会得到一些迁移效果
14:06
from parents seeking good preschool,
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让家长们寻找好的幼儿园
14:08
and I think those are true,
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我觉得这是正确的
14:10
but in some sense they're missing the point.
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但是在某种意义上他们忽略了重点
14:12
Ultimately, this is something
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归根结底,这是我想说的
14:15
we're investing in now for the future.
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我们为未来而投资
14:19
And so what I want to leave you with is
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所以我将留给大家
14:23
what I think is the ultimate question.
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这个我认为的根本问题
14:25
I mean, I'm an economist, but this is ultimately
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我想说,我是一个经济学家,但这在根本上
14:28
not an economic question, it's a moral question:
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不是一个经济学问题,这是一个道德问题:
14:33
Are we willing, as Americans,
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我们是否愿意,作为美国人
14:38
are we as a society still capable
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我们作为一个社会是否仍然能够
14:41
of making the political choice to sacrifice now
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做出政治上的选择去牺牲现在
14:46
by paying more taxes
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以付出更多的税作为代价
14:48
in order to improve the long-term future
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以改善长远的未来
14:54
of not only our kids, but our community?
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不仅为了我们的孩子,也是为了我们的社会
14:57
Are we still capable of that as a country?
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作为一个国家我们是否还能够做到这一点?
15:02
And that's something that each and every citizen
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这是每一个公民
15:04
and voter needs to ask themselves.
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每一个选民需要问他们自己的问题
15:07
Is that something that you are still invested in,
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这是否是你仍然在坚持投资的,
15:09
that you still believe in the notion of investment?
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那个你始终相信的投资理念
15:12
That is the notion of investment.
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这就是投资的理念
15:14
You sacrifice now for a return later.
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为未来牺牲现在
15:16
So I think the research evidence
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所以我认为这些
15:20
on the benefits of early childhood programs
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对于儿童学龄前教育计划好处
15:22
for the local economy is extremely strong.
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的研究证据是极强的
15:26
However, the moral and political choice
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但是,道德和政治上的选择
15:30
is still up to us, as citizens and as voters.
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还是取决于我们,作为公民和投票者
15:35
Thank you very much. (Applause)
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谢谢(鼓掌)
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