Timothy Bartik: The economic case for preschool

32,801 views ・ 2013-05-06

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00:00
Translator: Joseph Geni Reviewer: Morton Bast
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譯者: Marssi Draw 審譯者: Yi-Hsuan Wu
00:13
In this talk today, I want to present a different idea
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今天我要用不同的角度解釋
00:17
for why investing in early childhood education
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為何早期幼兒教育
00:21
makes sense as a public investment.
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算的上是一種公共投資
00:24
It's a different idea, because usually,
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這是一種不同的見解
00:26
when people talk about early childhood programs,
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因為通常談到幼兒教育
00:28
they talk about all the wonderful benefits for participants
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都只想到孩子們的好處及利益
00:31
in terms of former participants, in preschool,
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對於上過幼兒園的孩童來說
00:34
they have better K-12 test scores,
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他們從小到大的成績都特別優異
00:37
better adult earnings.
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長大後的薪水也較高
00:39
Now that's all very important,
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的確,這些都很重要
00:41
but what I want to talk about is what preschool does
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但是,我今天想談的
00:45
for state economies
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是幼兒教育對一個州的經濟影響
00:47
and for promoting state economic development.
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以及在經濟發展上的重要性
00:50
And that's actually crucial
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主要原因是
00:53
because if we're going to get increased investment
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如果我們想增加
00:57
in early childhood programs,
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幼兒教育的投資
00:59
we need to interest state governments in this.
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就必須讓州政府重視這件事情
01:03
The federal government has a lot on its plate,
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聯邦政府要處理很多事情
01:05
and state governments are going to have to step up.
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因此州政府應該站出來
01:07
So we have to appeal to them,
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我們要呼籲
01:10
the legislators in the state government,
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各州的立法機關
01:12
and turn to something they understand,
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用他們能夠理解的方式
01:14
that they have to promote the economic development
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請機關想方設法
01:16
of their state economy.
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促進該州的經濟發展
01:18
Now, by promoting economic development,
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現在,藉由促進經濟發展
01:20
I don't mean anything magical.
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這不是神話故事
01:22
All I mean is, is that early childhood education
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我想說的是,幼兒教育
01:25
can bring more and better jobs to a state
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能為該州帶來更多、更好的工作
01:29
and can thereby promote higher per capita earnings
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藉此提高
01:32
for the state's residents.
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該州居民的平均所得
01:34
Now, I think it's fair to say that when people think about
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我想大家都很清楚,當我們想到
01:38
state and local economic development,
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州與地方的經濟發展時
01:40
they don't generally think first about what they're doing
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沒有人會優先想到
01:44
about childcare and early childhood programs.
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兒童保育及教育
01:46
I know this. I've spent most of my career researching these programs.
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我了解,因為我終其一生在做這項研究
01:50
I've talked to a lot of directors
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和許多州政府的經濟發展部門主管
01:52
of state economic development agencies about these issues,
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及許多立法者
01:54
a lot of legislators about these issues.
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討論過這個議題
01:57
When legislators and others think about economic development,
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在大夥談到經濟發展時
02:00
what they first of all think about are business tax incentives,
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他們第一個想到的 就是稅費獎勵方案、
02:03
property tax abatements, job creation tax credits,
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財產稅減免、 創造工作職位稅務優惠...等等
02:06
you know, there are a million of these programs all over the place.
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有上百萬種這類的方案
02:09
So for example, states compete very vigorously
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舉例來說,州政府間競爭激烈
02:11
to attract new auto plants or expanded auto plants.
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為了吸引汽車廠進駐或是擴建
02:15
They hand out all kinds of business tax breaks.
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他們會提出各式各樣的減稅方案
02:17
Now, those programs can make sense
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如果這些方案真的能增加設廠點
02:19
if they in fact induce new location decisions,
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那麼一切都說得通
02:22
and the way they can make sense is,
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說得通的原因是
02:24
by creating more and better jobs,
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藉由增加更多、更好的工作機會
02:26
they raise employment rates, raise per capita earnings of state residents.
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提高了就業率及平均所得
02:30
So there is a benefit to state residents
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居民能因此獲得利益
02:32
that corresponds to the costs that they're paying
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他們繳稅給這些減稅方案
02:34
by paying for these business tax breaks.
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而能得到這個好處
02:36
My argument is essentially that early childhood programs
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我的論點是,幼兒教育
02:40
can do exactly the same thing,
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也能達到同樣的目標
02:44
create more and better jobs, but in a different way.
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用另一種方式 來創造更多、更好的工作機會
02:48
It's a somewhat more indirect way.
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只是比較間接一點
02:50
These programs can promote more and better jobs by,
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這些計畫可以促進更多的好工作
02:54
you build it, you invest in high-quality preschool,
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藉由建立、投資優質幼兒園
02:56
it develops the skills of your local workforce
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能增進地方勞工的技術
03:00
if enough of them stick around, and, in turn,
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前提是有足夠的人留在當地
03:04
that higher-quality local workforce
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那麼這些高品質勞工
03:06
will be a key driver of creating jobs and creating
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將會是創造當地社區
03:11
higher earnings per capita in the local community.
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工作機會與提高所得的金鑰
03:13
Now, let me turn to some numbers on this.
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現在,來看看一些統計數據
03:16
Okay. If you look at the research evidence --
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你可以看到大量的研究證明
03:21
that's extensive -- on how much early childhood programs
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有上幼兒園的孩童
03:26
affect the educational attainment, wages and skills
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對於未來的學歷、薪資與技能
03:30
of former participants in preschool as adults,
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造成多大的影響
03:34
you take those known effects,
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以這些實際狀況
03:36
you take how many of those folks will be expected
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估算看看,有多少人會留在家鄉
03:39
to stick around the state or local economy and not move out,
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或是當地企業 而不會進都會區工作
03:43
and you take research on how much skills
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然後看看他們的技能 能夠創造多少工作機會
03:47
drive job creation, you will conclude,
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你會在這三種研究中
03:50
from these three separate lines of research,
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得到一個結論——
03:52
that for every dollar invested in early childhood programs,
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在幼兒教育中多投資 1 美元
03:56
the per capita earnings of state residents
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該州居民的平均所得
03:59
go up by two dollars and 78 cents,
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就會成長 2.78 美元
04:02
so that's a three-to-one return.
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因此這是三比一的報酬率
04:04
Now you can get much higher returns,
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而且還能有高達十六比一的報酬率
04:07
of up to 16-to-one, if you include anti-crime benefits,
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如果把降低犯罪率也算進來
04:11
if you include benefits to former preschool participants
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還有把在此就讀幼兒教育
04:16
who move to some other state,
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後來搬到其它地區的人也算進來
04:18
but there's a good reason for focusing on these three dollars
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我們有很好的理由著眼於這三美元
04:21
because this is salient and important
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因為這對立法者
04:23
to state legislators and state policy makers,
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和制定州政策的人來說極其重要
04:25
and it's the states that are going to have to act.
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州政府應該有所動作
04:27
So there is this key benefit that is relevant
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因此對制定經濟發展政策的人來說
04:31
to state policy makers in terms of economic development.
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這項利益是十分關鍵的因素
04:34
Now, one objection you often hear,
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常常能聽到人們反對的聲音
04:37
or maybe you don't hear it because people are too polite to say it, is,
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或者你沒聽到,因為大家講得很含蓄
04:42
why should I pay more taxes
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我為什麼要繳更多稅
04:47
to invest in other people's children?
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來投資別人的小孩?
04:51
What's in it for me?
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這跟我有什麼關係?
04:54
And the trouble with that objection,
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重點問題在於
04:56
it reflects a total misunderstanding
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它反應出人們完全不了解
05:00
of how much local economies
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地方經濟對相互依賴人們之間的影響
05:03
involve everyone being interdependent.
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地方經濟對相互依賴人們之間的影響
05:06
Specifically, the interdependency here is, is that
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特別是在這裡我們所說的相互依賴
05:10
there are huge spillovers of skills --
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指的是大量技職人口的外移--
05:14
that when other people's children get more skills,
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當別人的小孩有更多的技能
05:19
that actually increases the prosperity of everyone,
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就能夠讓每個人都富裕
05:23
including people whose skills don't change.
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即使那些人的技能都未改變
05:26
So for example, numerous research studies have shown
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舉例來說無數的研究報告指出
05:29
if you look at what really drives
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如果你檢視
05:31
the growth rate of metropolitan areas,
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影響大都市成長率的主因
05:34
it's not so much low taxes, low cost, low wages;
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其實跟較低的稅額、支出、薪資關係不大
05:39
it's the skills of the area. Particularly, the proxy for skills
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而是和該地區的技能有關
05:43
that people use is percentage of college graduates in the area.
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尤其是人們所雇用的代工 等於該地區學院畢業生的比率
05:47
So when you look, for example, at metropolitan areas
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比如說,當你在像波士頓
05:50
such as the Boston area, Minneapolis-St. Paul,
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明尼亞波利.聖保羅和矽谷等大都市
05:53
Silicon Valley, these areas are not doing well economically
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這些地區在經濟上的表現不佳
05:58
because they're low-cost.
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因為它們很廉價
06:01
I don't know if you ever tried to buy a house in Silicon Valley.
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不知道你有沒有試過在矽谷買房子
06:03
It's not exactly a low-cost proposition.
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其實根本不是廉價的問題
06:05
They are growing because they have high levels of skills.
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他們會成長是因為有很強的技能
06:11
So when we invest in other people's children,
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因此當我們投資別人的小孩
06:15
and build up those skills, we increase the overall job growth
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然後發展那些技能,我們就能全方位地
06:19
of a metro area.
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增加大都市的工作機會
06:20
As another example, if we look
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另一個例子是
06:24
at what determines an individual's wages,
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當我們尋找影響一個人薪資的原因
06:27
and we do statistical exploration of that, what determines wages,
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然後用統計來找出決定薪資的關鍵
06:32
we know that the individual's wages will depend, in part,
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我們就會發現,個人薪資
06:36
on that individual's education,
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會受到個人學歷的影響
06:39
for example whether or not they have a college degree.
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好比說有沒有大學文憑
06:42
One of the very interesting facts is that, in addition,
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很有趣的是
06:45
we find that even once we hold constant, statistically,
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我們還發現了,即使在數據上
06:49
the effect of your own education,
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去除學歷所造成的影響
06:52
the education of everyone else in your metropolitan area
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大都市中其他人的學歷
06:55
also affects your wages.
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還是會影響你的薪資
06:57
So specifically, if you hold constant your education,
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具體來說如果你的學歷不變
07:01
you stick in percentage of college graduates in your metro area,
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但是大都市中大專畢業生比率提高
07:05
you will find that has a significant positive effect on your wages
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你會發現,即使自己的學歷依舊
07:09
without changing your education at all.
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還是會對你的薪資 帶來很明顯、正向影響
07:13
In fact, this effect is so strong
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事實上,這個影響大到
07:16
that when someone gets a college degree,
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當某個人拿到學院學位
07:20
the spillover effects of this on the wages
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就會造成大都市中
07:22
of others in the metropolitan area
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其他人薪資的成長
07:24
are actually greater than the direct effects.
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甚至大於對他們自身的影響
07:27
So if someone gets a college degree, their lifetime earnings
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因此如果有某個人拿到學院學歷
07:31
go up by a huge amount, over 700,000 dollars.
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他們的終身所得 會大幅成長超過七十萬美元
07:34
There's an effect on everyone else in the metro area
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大都市中大專院校畢業生比例提升
07:36
of driving up the percentage of college graduates in the metro area,
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對大都市裡的其他人都有影響
07:40
and if you add that up -- it's a small effect for each person,
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如果加總起來——對每一個人來說雖小
07:44
but if you add that up across all the people in the metro area,
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但是如果加總對整體都市人口的影響
07:47
you actually get that the increase in wages for everyone else
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你會發現每個人的薪資都上升了
07:51
in the metropolitan area adds up to almost a million dollars.
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合計大約有上百萬美元
07:54
That's actually greater than the direct benefits
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這其實比一個人選擇要接受教育
07:56
of the person choosing to get education.
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直接得到的好處還多
07:59
Now, what's going on here?
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現在,發生了什麼事?
08:00
What can explain these huge spillover effects of education?
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有什麼可以解釋 教育上龐大的溢出效應?
08:04
Well, let's think about it this way.
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讓我們用另一種方式來思考看看
08:06
I can be the most skilled person in the world,
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假設我是世界上技術最好的人
08:09
but if everyone else at my firm lacks skills,
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但是我公司裡的每個人都很缺乏技術
08:13
my employer is going to find it more difficult
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我的老闆就會發現
08:16
to introduce new technology, new production techniques.
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要引進新的生產技術很難
08:20
So as a result, my employer is going to be less productive.
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結果就是老闆會得到較少的生產量
08:23
They will not be able to afford to pay me as good wages.
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他們就沒有辦法付高一點的薪水給我
08:27
Even if everyone at my firm has good skills,
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即使我公司裡的每個人都有很好的技術
08:31
if the workers at the suppliers to my firm
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如果我的原料供應商的員工
08:34
do not have good skills,
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技術不好
08:36
my firm is going to be less competitive
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我的公司也會缺乏競爭力
08:39
competing in national and international markets.
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無法在國內或國際間的市場競爭
08:41
And again, the firm that's less competitive
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同樣地,如果公司缺乏競爭力
08:44
will not be able to pay as good wages,
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就沒有辦法付出較好的薪水
08:47
and then, particularly in high-tech businesses,
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結果就變成——尤其是高科技的產業
08:51
they're constantly stealing ideas and workers from other businesses.
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會不斷地偷別人的點子和員工
08:54
So clearly the productivity of firms in Silicon Valley
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因此,很顯然矽谷的公司生產力
08:57
has a lot to do with the skills not only of the workers at their firm,
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不只與他們公司員工的技術有關
09:01
but the workers at all the other firms in the metro area.
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也和這個大都市其它所有公司的員工有關
09:06
So as a result, if we can invest in other people's children
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因此如果你可以透過幼兒園
09:09
through preschool and other early childhood programs
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以及高品質的幼兒教育
09:11
that are high-quality, we not only help those children,
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來投資別人的小孩
09:15
we help everyone in the metropolitan area
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我們不只幫助那些孩子 還幫助了在都市中的每個人
09:19
gain in wages and we'll have the metropolitan area
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能有更好的薪水
09:22
gain in job growth.
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也能在都市中有更多的工作機會
09:24
Another objection used sometimes here
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另一個反對因素通常是
09:27
to invest in early childhood programs
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人口的外移會影響
09:29
is concern about people moving out.
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人們投資幼兒教育的意願
09:33
So, you know, maybe Ohio's thinking about investing
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也許俄亥俄州會想投資
09:37
in more preschool education
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更多的幼兒園
09:39
for children in Columbus, Ohio,
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給在俄亥俄州哥倫布市的小孩
09:43
but they're worried that these little Buckeyes will,
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但是他們擔心小小七葉樹(俄亥俄州人)
09:45
for some strange reason, decide to move to Ann Arbor, Michigan,
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可能會因為某種奇怪的原因 決定搬到密西根州的安娜堡
09:48
and become Wolverines.
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然後變成貂熊(密西根人)
09:50
And maybe Michigan will be thinking about investing
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也許密西根人會想要投資
09:53
in preschool in Ann Arbor, Michigan, and be worried
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當地安娜堡的幼兒園
09:56
these little Wolverines will end up moving to Ohio and becoming Buckeyes.
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然後密西根人就會擔心 小貂熊會搬到俄刻俄州當七葉樹
09:59
And so they'll both underinvest because everyone's going to move out.
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因此他們都因為擔心 人口外移而投資不足
10:03
Well, the reality is, if you look at the data,
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然而,事實上數據顯示
10:06
Americans aren't as hyper-mobile as people sometimes assume.
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美國人並非如大家所想得那麼愛搬家
10:10
The data is that over 60 percent of Americans
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數據顯示超過六成的美國人
10:15
spend most of their working careers
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終其一生
10:18
in the state they were born in, over 60 percent.
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都在他們出生的州裡工作,有超過六成!
10:21
That percentage does not vary much from state to state.
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每個州的數據差別不大
10:25
It doesn't vary much with the state's economy,
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也和各州的經濟影響不大
10:29
whether it's depressed or booming,
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不管景氣是好是壞
10:30
it doesn't vary much over time.
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時間所造成的影響也不大
10:33
So the reality is, if you invest in kids,
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事實是如果你想投資孩童
10:38
they will stay.
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他們會想留在家鄉
10:41
Or at least, enough of them will stay
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至少,大部份的人會留下來
10:44
that it will pay off for your state economy.
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他們會為家鄉的經濟盡一份心力
10:47
Okay, so to sum up, there is a lot of research evidence
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總而言之有許多研究證明了
10:51
that early childhood programs, if run in a high-quality way,
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幼兒教育如果能有好的品質
10:54
pay off in higher adult skills.
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就能夠帶來成人良好的技能
10:57
There's a lot of research evidence
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有很多研究指出
10:59
that those folks will stick around the state economy,
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這些人會留在家鄉
11:03
and there's a lot of evidence that having more workers
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也有很多研究指出,在當地
11:06
with higher skills in your local economy
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如果有更多高技能的員工
11:08
pays off in higher wages and job growth for your local economy,
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就能夠帶來更高的薪水 和當地更多的工作機會
11:12
and if you calculate the numbers for each dollar,
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如果你仔細計算
11:15
we get about three dollars back
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每一美元能得到的回饋
11:18
in benefits for the state economy.
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將是三美元
11:20
So in my opinion, the research evidence is compelling
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因此我認為研究的可信度高
11:24
and the logic of this is compelling.
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而且這一整套邏輯也很有說服力
11:26
So what are the barriers to getting it done?
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那麼達到目標有哪些阻礙呢?
11:30
Well, one obvious barrier is cost.
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最明顯的就是金錢
11:33
So if you look at what it would cost
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如果每個州政府全面投資
11:38
if every state government invested
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四歲孩童、全天候的幼兒園
11:41
in universal preschool at age four, full-day preschool at age four,
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要花多少錢
11:45
the total annual national cost would be roughly
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每年的國家支出總額大約是
11:48
30 billion dollars.
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三百億美元
11:50
So, 30 billion dollars is a lot of money.
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三百億美元很多
11:53
On the other hand, if you reflect on
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另一方面,換算看看
11:57
that the U.S.'s population is over 300 million,
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美國的總人口數高達三億人
12:00
we're talking about an amount of money
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我們所說的總金額
12:03
that amounts to 100 dollars per capita.
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大約是每人平均一百美元
12:06
Okay? A hundred dollars per capita, per person,
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每人平均一百美元
12:09
is something that any state government can afford to do.
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這是每個國家都能夠負擔得起的
12:13
It's just a simple matter of political will to do it.
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這只是一個簡單的政策
12:18
And, of course, as I mentioned,
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當然,如我剛才所提到的
12:19
this cost has corresponding benefits.
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這項支出能帶來好處
12:22
I mentioned there's a multiplier of about three,
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我提到大概會為州的經濟
12:24
2.78, for the state economy,
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帶來三倍,即 2.78 倍的效益
12:26
in terms of over 80 billion in extra earnings.
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超過八百億的額外所得
12:29
And if we want to translate that from just billions of dollars
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如果你想要把十億美元
12:32
to something that might mean something,
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換算成某樣東西
12:34
what we're talking about is that, for the average low-income kid,
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我們指的是每一位低所得的孩童
12:37
that would increase earnings by about 10 percent
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在職涯中都會增加大約 10% 的所得
12:40
over their whole career, just doing the preschool,
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我們只是多做了幼兒園的部份
12:44
not improving K-12 or anything else after that,
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而不是改善從幼兒園到高中的十二年教育
12:46
not doing anything with college tuition or access,
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不是職校的學費或入學方式
12:49
just directly improving preschool,
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只要直接改善幼兒園
12:51
and we would get five percent higher earnings
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就會為中產階級的孩童增加
12:54
for middle-class kids.
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5% 的所得
12:55
So this is an investment
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因此這是一項投資
12:57
that pays off in very concrete terms
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是用非常具體的方式
13:00
for a broad range of income groups in the state's population
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來投資各個階層的州民
13:05
and produces large and tangible benefits.
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還能製造三倍的好處
13:09
Now, that's one barrier.
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但是還有一個阻礙
13:12
I actually think the more profound barrier
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我認為這影響更為深遠
13:15
is the long-term nature of the benefits from early childhood programs.
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就是幼兒教育中的長期自然效益
13:19
So the argument I'm making is, is that we're increasing
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我所說的論點是
13:22
the quality of our local workforce,
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我們增加當地生產力的品質
13:24
and thereby increasing economic development.
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因而帶動經濟成長
13:27
Obviously if we have a preschool with four-year-olds,
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很顯然,如果我們提供 四歲孩童就讀的幼兒園
13:30
we're not sending these kids out at age five
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我們就不會送五歲的孩子
13:32
to work in the sweatshops, right? At least I hope not.
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去血汗工廠當童工,對吧? 至少我希望如此
13:36
So we're talking about an investment
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因此我們所談的投資
13:39
that in terms of impacts on the state economy
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能夠影響當地經濟
13:42
is not going to really pay off for 15 or 20 years,
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並不需要負擔十五到二十年
13:46
and of course America is notorious for being
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當然美國人是短視近利的社會
13:49
a short term-oriented society.
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這件事眾所皆知
13:52
Now one response you can make to this,
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現在你所能做的是
13:53
and I sometimes have done this in talks,
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我有時會在演講中這麼做
13:55
is people can talk about, there are benefits for these programs
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那就是大家一起討論
13:58
in reducing special ed and remedial education costs,
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減少特殊教育和補救教育的支出
14:02
there are benefits, parents care about preschool,
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能有好處。家長都關心幼兒園
14:04
maybe we'll get some migration effects
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當他們在尋找優良幼兒園時
14:06
from parents seeking good preschool,
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也許能提高人口移入的可能
14:08
and I think those are true,
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我這些都是會發生的
14:10
but in some sense they're missing the point.
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但是人們常忽略了這一點
14:12
Ultimately, this is something
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最終
14:15
we're investing in now for the future.
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我們都是為了未來而投資現在
14:19
And so what I want to leave you with is
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我想要留給你的是
14:23
what I think is the ultimate question.
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一個很基本的問題
14:25
I mean, I'm an economist, but this is ultimately
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我是經濟學家
14:28
not an economic question, it's a moral question:
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但這在本質上並非經濟上的問題 而是道德問題:
14:33
Are we willing, as Americans,
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身為美國人,我們是否願意
14:38
are we as a society still capable
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或身為社會的一員
14:41
of making the political choice to sacrifice now
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我們是否能做提出政策——犧牲現在
14:46
by paying more taxes
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付出高一點的稅
14:48
in order to improve the long-term future
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來改善我們孩子長遠的未來
14:54
of not only our kids, but our community?
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以及我們的社區?
14:57
Are we still capable of that as a country?
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身為一個國家,我們是否做得到?
15:02
And that's something that each and every citizen
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每個市民與選民
15:04
and voter needs to ask themselves.
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都該捫心自問
15:07
Is that something that you are still invested in,
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這是你還在投資
15:09
that you still believe in the notion of investment?
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並且相信的投資概念嗎?
15:12
That is the notion of investment.
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這是投資概念
15:14
You sacrifice now for a return later.
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你為了未來的報酬而犧牲現在
15:16
So I think the research evidence
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因此我認為研究證明
15:20
on the benefits of early childhood programs
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幼兒教育對當地經濟
15:22
for the local economy is extremely strong.
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能夠帶來極大的利益
15:26
However, the moral and political choice
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然而,要做一個道德 還是政治上的選擇
15:30
is still up to us, as citizens and as voters.
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是由身為市民與選民的我們來決定
15:35
Thank you very much. (Applause)
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謝謝大家(鼓掌)
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