Timothy Bartik: The economic case for preschool

33,021 views ใƒป 2013-05-06

TED


์•„๋ž˜ ์˜๋ฌธ์ž๋ง‰์„ ๋”๋ธ”ํด๋ฆญํ•˜์‹œ๋ฉด ์˜์ƒ์ด ์žฌ์ƒ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

00:00
Translator: Joseph Geni Reviewer: Morton Bast
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๋ฒˆ์—ญ: Surie Lee ๊ฒ€ํ† : Tae Young Choi
00:13
In this talk today, I want to present a different idea
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์˜ค๋Š˜ ๊ฐ•์—ฐ์—์„œ๋Š” ์ƒ‰๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์•„์ด๋””์–ด๋ฅผ ๋ง์”€๋“œ๋ฆฌ๋ ค๊ณ  ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:17
for why investing in early childhood education
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์™œ ์กฐ๊ธฐ ์œ ์•„ ๊ต์œก์— ํˆฌ์žํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด
00:21
makes sense as a public investment.
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๊ณต์  ํˆฌ์ž๋ถ€๋ฌธ์—์„œ ์ฃผ์š”ํ•œ์ง€ ๋ง์ด์ง€์š”.
00:24
It's a different idea, because usually,
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์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ๋‚จ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์ƒ๊ฐ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:26
when people talk about early childhood programs,
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๋ณดํ†ต ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด ์œ ์•„๊ธฐ ํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋žจ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐํ•  ๋•Œ
00:28
they talk about all the wonderful benefits for participants
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๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ํ•™์ƒ๋“ค์ด ๋ฐ›๋Š” ์ข‹์€ ํ˜œํƒ์„
00:31
in terms of former participants, in preschool,
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์œ ์น˜์› ์ž…ํ•™ ์ „ ๋‹จ๊ณ„ ๊ต์œก์—์„œ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ
00:34
they have better K-12 test scores,
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์œ ์น˜์›์„ ๊ฑฐ์ณ ์ดˆ์ค‘๊ณ ๋“ฑ ๊ณผ์ •๊นŒ์ง€ ํ•™์—… ์„ฑ์ ์ด ๋” ์ข‹์•„์ง€๊ณ ,
00:37
better adult earnings.
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์„ฑ์ธ์ด ๋˜์–ด์„œ๋„ ๋” ๋‚˜์€ ์†Œ๋“์„ ๊ฑฐ๋‘”๋‹ค๋Š” ์ ์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ์–˜๊ธฐํ•˜์ง€์š”.
00:39
Now that's all very important,
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์ด๋Ÿฐ ๊ฒƒ๋“ค์€ ๋งค์šฐ ์ค‘์š”ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:41
but what I want to talk about is what preschool does
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์ œ๊ฐ€ ๋ง์”€๋“œ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์‹ถ์€ ์ ์€
00:45
for state economies
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์ทจํ•™ ์ „ ๊ต์œก์ด ์ฃผ ๊ฒฝ์ œ์™€
00:47
and for promoting state economic development.
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์ฃผ ๊ฒฝ์ œ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ ์ด‰์ง„์— ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š” ์˜ํ–ฅ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:50
And that's actually crucial
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์ด๋Š” ๋งค์šฐ ๊ฒฐ์ •์ ์ธ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ
00:53
because if we're going to get increased investment
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์œ ์•„๊ธฐ ๊ต์œก ํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋žจ์—
00:57
in early childhood programs,
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ํˆฌ์ž๋ฅผ ๋Š˜๋ฆฌ๋ ค๋ฉด
00:59
we need to interest state governments in this.
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์ฃผ ์ •๋ถ€๊ฐ€ ์ด๊ฒƒ์— ๊ด€์‹ฌ์„ ๊ฐ–๋„๋ก ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด์•ผ ํ•˜๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ด์ฃ .
01:03
The federal government has a lot on its plate,
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์—ฐ๋ฐฉ ์ •๋ถ€๋Š” ํ•  ์ผ์ด ์‚ฐ๋”๋ฏธ๊ฐ™๊ณ ,
01:05
and state governments are going to have to step up.
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์ฃผ ์ •๋ถ€์˜ ํ•  ์ผ๋„ ์ ์ฐจ ๋Š˜์–ด๊ฐ€๊ณ  ์žˆ์ง€์š”.
01:07
So we have to appeal to them,
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š”
01:10
the legislators in the state government,
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์ฃผ ์ •๋ถ€ ์˜์›๋“ค์ด
01:12
and turn to something they understand,
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์ดํ•ดํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ, ์ฆ‰
01:14
that they have to promote the economic development
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์ฃผ ๊ฒฝ์ œ์— ๋„์›€์ด ๋˜๊ณ  ๊ฒฝ์ œ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ์„ ์ด‰์ง„ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐฉํ–ฅ์—
01:16
of their state economy.
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์‹œ๊ฐ์„ ๋งž์ถ”์–ด์•ผ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:18
Now, by promoting economic development,
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๊ฒฝ์ œ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ์„ ์ด‰์ง„ํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€
01:20
I don't mean anything magical.
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์–ด๋–ค ๋งˆ์ˆ  ๊ฐ™์€ ๊ฒƒ์ด ์•„๋‹™๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:22
All I mean is, is that early childhood education
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์ œ๊ฐ€ ์˜๋ฏธํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ”๋Š”, ์กฐ๊ธฐ ์œ ์•„ ๊ต์œก์ด
01:25
can bring more and better jobs to a state
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์ง€์—ญ์— ๋” ๋งŽ๊ณ , ๋” ๋‚˜์€ ์ผ์ž๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด ๋‚ด๊ณ ,
01:29
and can thereby promote higher per capita earnings
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์ง€์—ญ ๊ฑฐ์ฃผ์ž๋“ค์ด
01:32
for the state's residents.
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์ธ๊ตฌ ๋‹น ๋” ๋งŽ์€ ์†Œ๋“์„ ์–ป๋„๋ก ํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:34
Now, I think it's fair to say that when people think about
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์ž, ์ €๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด ์ฃผ์™€ ์ง€์—ญ ๊ฒฝ์ œ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด
01:38
state and local economic development,
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์ƒ๊ฐํ•  ๋•Œ ์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ฒ˜์Œ์—
01:40
they don't generally think first about what they're doing
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๊ทธ๋“ค์ด ์•„๋™ ๋ณดํ˜ธ์™€ ์œ ์•„ ํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋žจ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ๋ฌด์—‡์„ ํ•˜๋Š”์ง€
01:44
about childcare and early childhood programs.
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์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๋Š”๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋ด…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:46
I know this. I've spent most of my career researching these programs.
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์ž˜ ์•Œ๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ œ ๊ฒฝ๋ ฅ์˜ ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„์„ ์ด๋Ÿฐ ํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋žจ์„ ์—ฐ๊ตฌํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ ์Ÿ์•˜์ง€์š”.
01:50
I've talked to a lot of directors
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์ €๋Š” ์ด๋Ÿฐ ์ˆ˜๋งŽ์€ ๋ฌธ์ œ๋ฅผ ๋‹ค๋ฃจ๋Š”
01:52
of state economic development agencies about these issues,
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์ฃผ ๊ฒฝ์ œ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ ์œ„์›ํšŒ ์œ„์›๋“ค๊ณผ ๋˜ ์ˆ˜๋งŽ์€ ์˜ํšŒ ์˜์›๋“ค๊ณผ
01:54
a lot of legislators about these issues.
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์ด ๋ฌธ์ œ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์–˜๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๋‚˜๋ˆด์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:57
When legislators and others think about economic development,
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์˜์›๋“ค์„ ๋น„๋กฏํ•œ ์ด๋“ค์ด ๊ฒฝ์ œ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€
02:00
what they first of all think about are business tax incentives,
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์‚ฌ์—… ์„ธ์ œ ํ˜œํƒ์ด๋‚˜, ์žฌ์‚ฐ์„ธ ์ถ•์†Œ,
02:03
property tax abatements, job creation tax credits,
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์ผ์ž๋ฆฌ ์ฐฝ์ถœ ์„ธ์ œ ํ˜œํƒ ๋“ฑ
02:06
you know, there are a million of these programs all over the place.
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„๋“ค์ด ์•„์‹œ๋Š” ์ด๋Ÿฐ ์ˆ˜๋งŒ๊ฐ€์ง€์˜ ํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋žจ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:09
So for example, states compete very vigorously
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์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ๋“ค์ž๋ฉด ์ฃผ ์ •๋ถ€๋Š” ๋งค์šฐ ํ™œ๋ฐœํ•˜๊ฒŒ
02:11
to attract new auto plants or expanded auto plants.
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์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ์ž๋™์ฐจ ๊ณต์žฅ์„ ์œ ์น˜ํ•˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ํ™•์žฅํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ๊ฒฝ์Ÿํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:15
They hand out all kinds of business tax breaks.
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๋ชจ๋“  ์ข…๋ฅ˜์˜ ์„ธ๊ธˆ ๊ฐ๋ฉด ํ˜œํƒ์„ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ๋‚˜์˜ค์ฃ .
02:17
Now, those programs can make sense
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์ž, ์ด๋Ÿฐ ํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋žจ๋“ค์€
02:19
if they in fact induce new location decisions,
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์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ์žฅ์†Œ๋ฅผ ๊ฒฐ์ •ํ•  ๋•Œ ์˜๋ฏธ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:22
and the way they can make sense is,
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๊ทธ๋“ค์ด ์ดํ•ด๋ฅผ ๊ตฌํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์€
02:24
by creating more and better jobs,
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๋” ๋งŽ๊ณ , ๋‚˜์€ ์ผ์ž๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๋งŒ๋“ ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด๊ณ ,
02:26
they raise employment rates, raise per capita earnings of state residents.
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์ทจ์—…๋ฅ ์„ ๋†’์ด๊ณ , ์ง€์—ญ ๊ฑฐ์ฃผ์ž์˜ ์ธ๊ตฌ๋‹น ์†Œ๋“์„ ๋Š˜๋ฆฐ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด์ฃ .
02:30
So there is a benefit to state residents
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์ฆ‰ ์ง€์—ญ ์ฃผ๋ฏผ๋“ค์ด
02:32
that corresponds to the costs that they're paying
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์ด๋Ÿฐ ์‚ฌ์—… ์„ธ์ œ ํ˜œํƒ์— ์†Œ์š”๋˜๋Š”
02:34
by paying for these business tax breaks.
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๋น„์šฉ์„ ์ง€๋ถˆํ•จ์œผ๋กœ์จ ์–ป๋Š” ์†Œ๋“์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด์ฃ .
02:36
My argument is essentially that early childhood programs
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์ œ ์ฃผ์žฅ์€ ๊ทผ๋ณธ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์œ ์•„ ํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋žจ๋“ค์ด
02:40
can do exactly the same thing,
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์ •ํ™•ํžˆ ๊ฐ™์€ ํšจ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ ธ์˜จ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:44
create more and better jobs, but in a different way.
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๋” ๋งŽ๊ณ  ๋‚˜์€ ์ผ์ž๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ์ฐฝ์ถœํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ, ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์œผ๋กœ ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์ง‘๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:48
It's a somewhat more indirect way.
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๋‹ค์†Œ๊ฐ„ ๊ฐ„์ ‘์ ์ธ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์ด์ง€์š”.
02:50
These programs can promote more and better jobs by,
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์ด๋Ÿฐ ํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋žจ๋“ค์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ๋†’์€ ์ˆ˜์ค€์˜ ์œ ์น˜์›์„ ๋งŒ๋“œ๋Š” ๋ฐ ํˆฌ์žํ•จ์œผ๋กœ์„œ
02:54
you build it, you invest in high-quality preschool,
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๋” ๋งŽ๊ณ  ์ข‹์€ ์ผ์ž๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ์ฐฝ์ถœํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:56
it develops the skills of your local workforce
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์ง€์—ญ ๋…ธ๋™๋ ฅ์˜ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์„ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœํ•˜๊ณ 
03:00
if enough of them stick around, and, in turn,
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๊ทธ๋“ค์ด ๊ณ„์† ๊ทธ ์ง€์—ญ์— ๋จธ๋ฌธ๋‹ค๋ฉด
03:04
that higher-quality local workforce
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๋†’์€ ์ˆ˜์ค€์˜ ์ง€์—ญ ๋…ธ๋™๋ ฅ์ด
03:06
will be a key driver of creating jobs and creating
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์ผ์ž๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๋งŒ๋“ค๊ณ  ์ง€์—ญ ์‚ฌํšŒ์— ๋†’์€ ์ธ๊ตฌ ๋Œ€๋น„ ์†Œ๋“์„
03:11
higher earnings per capita in the local community.
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์ฐฝ์ถœํ•˜๋Š” ์ค‘์š” ๋™๋ ฅ์ด ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:13
Now, let me turn to some numbers on this.
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์ด์ œ ๋ช‡๋ช‡ ์ˆซ์ž๋“ค์„ ์‚ดํŽด๋ณผ๊นŒ์š”.
03:16
Okay. If you look at the research evidence --
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์ž, ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ์ž๋ฃŒ๋“ค์„ ์‚ดํŽด๋ณด๋ฉด
03:21
that's extensive -- on how much early childhood programs
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๋งค์šฐ ๊ด‘๋ฒ”์œ„ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.-- ์œ ์•„ ํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋žจ์ด ์–ผ๋งˆ๋‚˜
03:26
affect the educational attainment, wages and skills
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ํ•™์—… ์„ฑ์ทจ๋„์— ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฏธ์น˜๊ณ , ์„ฑ์ธ์œผ๋กœ์จ
03:30
of former participants in preschool as adults,
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์œ ์น˜์› ์ด์ „ ๋ณด์œก์›์ƒ๋“ค์˜ ์†Œ๋“๊ณผ ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ์— ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š”์ง€
03:34
you take those known effects,
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์•Œ๋ ค์ง„ ํšจ๊ณผ๋“ค์„ ์•Œ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ณ ,
03:36
you take how many of those folks will be expected
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์ด ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค ๊ฐ€์šด๋ฐ ์–ผ๋งˆ๋‚˜ ๋งŽ์€ ์ด๋“ค์ด
03:39
to stick around the state or local economy and not move out,
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์ฃผ์™€ ์ง€์—ญ ๊ฒฝ์ œ์— ์ด๋ฐ”์ง€ํ•˜๊ณ  ์™ธ๋ถ€๋กœ ์œ ์ถœ๋˜์ง€ ์•Š๋Š”์ง€,
03:43
and you take research on how much skills
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๋˜ ์–ผ๋งˆ๋‚˜ ๋งŽ์€ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ๋“ค์ด ์ผ์ž๋ฆฌ ์ฐฝ์ถœ์„ ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด๋‚ด๋Š”์ง€๋ฅผ ๋ณด๊ณ 
03:47
drive job creation, you will conclude,
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๊ฒฐ๋ก ์„ ๋‚ด๋ฆด ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:50
from these three separate lines of research,
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์ด ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ์„œ๋กœ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์„ธ ๋ถ€๋ถ„์„ ๋ณด๋ฉด
03:52
that for every dollar invested in early childhood programs,
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์œ ์•„ ํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋žจ์— ํˆฌ์žํ•˜๋Š” ๋งค 1๋ถˆ๋งˆ๋‹ค
03:56
the per capita earnings of state residents
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์ง€์—ญ ์ฃผ๋ฏผ์˜ ์ธ๊ตฌ๋‹น ์†Œ๋“์ด
03:59
go up by two dollars and 78 cents,
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2๋‹ฌ๋Ÿฌ 78์„ผํŠธ์”ฉ ์˜ฌ๋ผ๊ฐ€,
04:02
so that's a three-to-one return.
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1 ๋Œ€ 3์˜ ํˆฌ์ž ํšŒ์ˆ˜์œจ์„ ๋ณด์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:04
Now you can get much higher returns,
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1 ๋Œ€ 16์— ์ด๋ฅด๋Š” ๋” ๋†’์€ ์ˆ˜์ต์„ ๊ฑฐ๋‘˜ ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:07
of up to 16-to-one, if you include anti-crime benefits,
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๋ฒ”์ฃ„์œจ ๊ฐ์†Œ์˜ ํšจ๊ณผ๋ผ๋“ ๊ฐ€,
04:11
if you include benefits to former preschool participants
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๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์ฃผ๋กœ ์ด์‚ฌ๊ฐ€๋Š” ๋ณด์œก์›์ƒ๋“ค์˜
04:16
who move to some other state,
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ํšจ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ์•ˆํ•œ๋‹ค๋ฉด ๋ง์ด์ง€์š”.
04:18
but there's a good reason for focusing on these three dollars
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์ด 3๋‹ฌ๋Ÿฌ์— ์ง‘์ค‘ํ•ด์•ผ ํ•  ์ข‹์€ ์ด์œ ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋Š”๋ฐ,
04:21
because this is salient and important
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์ด๋Š” ์ฃผ ์˜ํšŒ ์˜์›๋“ค๊ณผ ์ •์ฑ… ์ž…์•ˆ์ž๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ
04:23
to state legislators and state policy makers,
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ํ•ต์‹ฌ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ค‘์š”ํ•˜๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ด๊ณ ,
04:25
and it's the states that are going to have to act.
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๋˜ ์ฃผ ์ •๋ถ€๊ฐ€ ํ–‰๋™ํ•ด์•ผ๋งŒ ํ•˜๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:27
So there is this key benefit that is relevant
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์ฆ‰ ์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ์ฃผ ์ •์ฑ… ์ž…์•ˆ์ž๋“ค์ด ๊ฐ–๋Š”
04:31
to state policy makers in terms of economic development.
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๊ฒฝ์ œ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ์˜ ๊ด€์ ์— ๋ถ€์‘ํ•˜๋Š” ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ์ด๋“์ธ ๊ฒƒ์ด์ฃ .
04:34
Now, one objection you often hear,
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ํ•œํŽธ ์ข…์ข… ๋“ค์–ด๋ณด์…จ์„ ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ๊ณ , ๋•Œ๋ก  ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด ๋„ˆ๋ฌด ์ •์ค‘ํ•ด์„œ
04:37
or maybe you don't hear it because people are too polite to say it, is,
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๋“ค์–ด๋ณด์‹œ์ง€ ๋ชปํ–ˆ์„ ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ๋Š” ํ•œ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ๋ฐ˜๋Œ€ ์˜๊ฒฌ์€
04:42
why should I pay more taxes
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์™œ ๋‚ด๊ฐ€ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์˜
04:47
to invest in other people's children?
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์•„์ด๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ํˆฌ์žํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ ์„ธ๊ธˆ์„ ๋” ๋‚ด์•ผํ•˜๋Š”๊ฐ€?
04:51
What's in it for me?
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๋‚˜์—๊ฒŒ ์ข‹์€ ์ ์€ ๋ญ์ฃ ? ๋ผ๋Š” ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:54
And the trouble with that objection,
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์ด ๋ฐ˜๋Œ€ ์˜๊ฒฌ์˜ ๋ฌธ์ œ์ ์€
04:56
it reflects a total misunderstanding
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์ง€์—ญ ๊ฒฝ์ œ๊ฐ€ ์–ผ๋งˆ๋‚˜
05:00
of how much local economies
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์ƒํ˜ธ ์˜์กด์ ์ธ์ง€๋ฅผ
05:03
involve everyone being interdependent.
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์™„์ „ํžˆ ์ดํ•ดํ•˜์ง€ ๋ชปํ–ˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:06
Specifically, the interdependency here is, is that
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ํŠน๋ณ„ํžˆ ์ด ๋ถ€๋ถ„์—์„œ ์ƒํ˜ธ ์˜์กด์ ์ธ ์ ์€
05:10
there are huge spillovers of skills --
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๊ธฐ์ˆ ์—๋Š” ์—„์ฒญ๋‚œ ํ™•์‚ฐ ํšจ๊ณผ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด์ฃ .
05:14
that when other people's children get more skills,
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๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์˜ ์•„์ด๋“ค์ด ๋” ๋งŽ์€ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์„ ๋ฐฐ์šฐ๊ฒŒ ๋˜๊ณ 
05:19
that actually increases the prosperity of everyone,
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์ด๋กœ ์ธํ•ด ์‹ค์งˆ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ชจ๋“  ์ด๋“ค์„ ๋ฒˆ์˜ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:23
including people whose skills don't change.
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์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์„ ์Šต๋“ํ•˜์ง€ ๋ชปํ•˜๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค๋„ ํฌํ•จํ•ด์„œ ๋ง์ด์ง€์š”.
05:26
So for example, numerous research studies have shown
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์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ๋“ค์–ด ์ˆ˜์—†์ด ๋งŽ์€ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด
05:29
if you look at what really drives
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์‹ค์ œ๋กœ ๋ฌด์—‡์ด ๊ด‘์—ญ ์ง€์—ญ์˜ ์„ฑ์žฅ์œจ์„
05:31
the growth rate of metropolitan areas,
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๋Œ์–ด์˜ฌ๋ฆฌ๋Š”์ง€ ์‚ดํŽด๋ณธ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ,
05:34
it's not so much low taxes, low cost, low wages;
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์„ฑ์žฅ์€ ๋‚ฎ์€ ์„ธ๊ธˆ์ด๋‚˜ ๋น„์šฉ, ์ž„๊ธˆ ๋“ฑ์ด ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ
05:39
it's the skills of the area. Particularly, the proxy for skills
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๊ทธ ์ง€์—ญ์˜ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์ด ์ขŒ์šฐํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์‹ค์งˆ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ธฐ์ˆ  ์ •๋„๋ฅผ ์ธก์ •ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด
05:43
that people use is percentage of college graduates in the area.
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๊ทธ ์ง€์—ญ์˜ ๋Œ€ํ•™ ์กธ์—…์œจ์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:47
So when you look, for example, at metropolitan areas
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ๊ด‘์—ญ ์ง€์—ญ, ์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ๋“ค์–ด
05:50
such as the Boston area, Minneapolis-St. Paul,
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๋ณด์Šคํ†ค ์ง€์—ญ์ด๋‚˜ ๋ฏธ๋„ค์•„ํด๋ฆฌ์Šค- ์„ธ์ธํŠธ ํด ์ง€์—ญ,
05:53
Silicon Valley, these areas are not doing well economically
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์‹ค๋ฆฌ์ฝ˜ ๋ฐธ๋ฆฌ์™€ ๊ฐ™์€ ๊ณณ์„ ์‚ดํŽด๋ณด๋ฉด, ์ด ์ง€์—ญ์ด ๊ฒฝ์ œ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ฐœ์ „ํ•œ ์ด์œ ๋Š”
05:58
because they're low-cost.
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์ €๋น„์šฉ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ด ์•„๋‹™๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:01
I don't know if you ever tried to buy a house in Silicon Valley.
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์‹ค๋ฆฌ์ฝ˜ ๋ฐธ๋ฆฌ ์ง€์—ญ์— ์ง‘์„ ์‚ฌ๋ ค๊ณ  ์‹œ๋„ํ•ด๋ณด์…จ๋Š”์ง€ ๋ชจ๋ฅด๊ฒ ์–ด์š”.
06:03
It's not exactly a low-cost proposition.
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์ •ํ™•ํžˆ ์ €๋น„์šฉ๊ณผ๋Š” ๋ฐ˜๋Œ€์ธ ๊ณณ์ด์ฃ .
06:05
They are growing because they have high levels of skills.
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์ด๋Ÿฐ ์ง€์—ญ์€ ๋†’์€ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ๋ ฅ ๋•๋ถ„์— ์„ฑ์žฅํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:11
So when we invest in other people's children,
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์˜ ์•„์ด๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ํˆฌ์žํ•˜๊ณ 
06:15
and build up those skills, we increase the overall job growth
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๊ทธ๋“ค์˜ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์„ ํ‚ค์›Œ์ค„ ๋•Œ, ๋Œ€๋„์‹œ๊ถŒ์˜ ์ „์ฒด์ ์ธ
06:19
of a metro area.
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์ผ์ž๋ฆฌ ์„ฑ์žฅ์„ ๊ฐ€์ ธ์˜ต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:20
As another example, if we look
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๋˜๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์˜ˆ๋กœ๋Š”,
06:24
at what determines an individual's wages,
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๊ฐœ์ธ๋ณ„ ์ž„๊ธˆ์„ ๊ฒฐ์ •ํ•˜๋Š” ์š”์ธ์„ ์‚ดํŽด๋ณด๊ณ 
06:27
and we do statistical exploration of that, what determines wages,
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ํ†ต๊ณ„์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ฌด์—‡์ด ์ž„๊ธˆ์„ ๊ฒฐ์ •ํ•˜๋Š”์ง€ ์—ฐ๊ตฌํ•ด๋ณด๋ฉด
06:32
we know that the individual's wages will depend, in part,
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๊ฐœ์ธ๋ณ„ ์ž„๊ธˆ์€ ํ•œํŽธ์œผ๋กœ๋Š”
06:36
on that individual's education,
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๊ฐœ์ธ๋ณ„ ๊ต์œก ์ˆ˜์ค€์— ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฐ›์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:39
for example whether or not they have a college degree.
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์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ๋“ค์–ด ๊ฐœ์ธ์ด ๋Œ€ํ•™ ํ•™์œ„๋ฅผ ๋ณด์œ ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š”์ง€ ๋ง์ด์ฃ .
06:42
One of the very interesting facts is that, in addition,
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ๋ฐ, ๋งค์šฐ ํฅ๋ฏธ๋กœ์šด ์‚ฌ์‹ค ์ค‘ ํ•˜๋‚˜๋Š”
06:45
we find that even once we hold constant, statistically,
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๊ฐœ์ธ์ ์ธ ๊ต์œก์˜ ํšจ๊ณผ๋ฅผ
06:49
the effect of your own education,
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ํ†ต๊ณ„์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ผ์ •ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๊ณ ์ •ํ•˜๊ณ  ๋ณด๋ฉด,
06:52
the education of everyone else in your metropolitan area
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๊ด‘์—ญ ์ง€์—ญ์— ์‚ฌ๋Š” ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์˜๊ต์œก ์ˆ˜์ค€๋„ ๋งˆ์ฐฌ๊ฐ€์ง€๋กœ
06:55
also affects your wages.
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์ž„๊ธˆ์— ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฏธ์นœ๋‹ค๋Š” ์ ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:57
So specifically, if you hold constant your education,
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๊ตฌ์ฒด์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋งํ•ด, ๊ต์œก ์ˆ˜์ค€์„ ์ผ์ •ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์žก๊ณ 
07:01
you stick in percentage of college graduates in your metro area,
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๊ทธ ๋Œ€๋„์‹œ๊ถŒ์˜ ๋Œ€ํ•™ ์กธ์—…์œจ์„ ์ผ์ • ์ˆ˜์ค€์œผ๋กœ ๊ณ ์ •ํ•˜๋ฉด,
07:05
you will find that has a significant positive effect on your wages
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๊ฐœ๊ฐœ์ธ์˜ ๊ต์œก ์ˆ˜์ค€์„ ๋ฐ”๊พธ์ง€ ์•Š๋”๋ผ๋„
07:09
without changing your education at all.
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์ž„๊ธˆ์— ํ˜„์ €ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๊ธ์ •์ ์ธ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฏธ์นฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:13
In fact, this effect is so strong
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์‚ฌ์‹ค ์ด ํšจ๊ณผ๋Š” ๋งค์šฐ ๊ฐ•๋ ฅํ•ด์„œ
07:16
that when someone gets a college degree,
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์–ด๋–ค ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์ด ๋Œ€ํ•™ ํ•™์œ„๋ฅผ ๋ฐ›์œผ๋ฉด
07:20
the spillover effects of this on the wages
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๊ทธ ๋Œ€๋„์‹œ๊ถŒ์˜ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์ด๋“ค์˜
07:22
of others in the metropolitan area
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์ž„๊ธˆ์— ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š” ์ „๋ฐ˜์  ์˜ํ–ฅ์ด
07:24
are actually greater than the direct effects.
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์ง์ ‘์ ์ธ ์˜ํ–ฅ๋ณด๋‹ค ์‚ฌ์‹ค์ƒ ๋” ํฝ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:27
So if someone gets a college degree, their lifetime earnings
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์ฆ‰ ํ•œ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์ด ๋Œ€ํ•™ ํ•™์œ„๋ฅผ ๋ฐ›์œผ๋ฉด
07:31
go up by a huge amount, over 700,000 dollars.
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๊ทธ ๊ทผ๋กœ์ž๋“ค์˜ ํ‰์ƒ ์ž„๊ธˆ์ด 70๋งŒ ๋ถˆ์„ ๋„˜๋Š” ๊ฑฐ์•ก์ด ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:34
There's an effect on everyone else in the metro area
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์ด๋Š” ๊ทธ ๋Œ€๋„์‹œ๊ถŒ์˜ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋ชจ๋“  ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ๋„ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š”๋ฐ
07:36
of driving up the percentage of college graduates in the metro area,
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๋Œ€ํ•™ ์กธ์—…์ƒ์˜ ๋น„์œจ์„ ๋†’์ด๋Š” ๋™๋ ฅ์ด ๋˜์–ด
07:40
and if you add that up -- it's a small effect for each person,
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์ด๋ฅผ ๋ชจ๋‘ ํ•ฉํ•˜๋ฉด -- ๊ฐ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์—๊ฒŒ๋Š” ์ž‘์€ ์˜ํ–ฅ์ด์ง€๋งŒ--
07:44
but if you add that up across all the people in the metro area,
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๋Œ€๋„์‹œ๊ถŒ์˜ ๋ชจ๋“  ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์„ ํ•ฉํ•˜๋ฉด
07:47
you actually get that the increase in wages for everyone else
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๊ทธ ์ง€์—ญ ๋‚ด์˜ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋ชจ๋“  ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์˜ ํ‰์ƒ ์ž„๊ธˆ์ด ๊ฑฐ์˜ ๋ฐฑ๋งŒ๋ถˆ๊นŒ์ง€ ์œก๋ฐ•ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋˜์–ด
07:51
in the metropolitan area adds up to almost a million dollars.
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„๋“ค๋„ ์ž„๊ธˆ ์ƒ์Šน ํšจ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ–๊ฒŒ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:54
That's actually greater than the direct benefits
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์ด๋Š” ์‹ค์ œ๋กœ ๊ต์œก์„ ๋ฐ›๊ธฐ๋กœ ์„ ํƒํ•œ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด ๋ฐ›๋Š”
07:56
of the person choosing to get education.
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์ง์ ‘์ ์ธ ์˜ํ–ฅ๋ณด๋‹ค ํฐ ํšจ๊ณผ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:59
Now, what's going on here?
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์ž, ๋ฌด์Šจ ์ผ์ด ์ผ์–ด๋‚œ๊ฑฐ์ฃ ?
08:00
What can explain these huge spillover effects of education?
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๊ต์œก์„ ํ†ตํ•œ ์ด ๊ฑฐ๋Œ€ํ•œ ํ™•์‚ฐ ํšจ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ์„ค๋ช…ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์„๊นŒ์š”?
08:04
Well, let's think about it this way.
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์ž, ์ด๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ํ•œ ๋ฒˆ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ด๋ด…์‹œ๋‹ค.
08:06
I can be the most skilled person in the world,
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๋งŒ์•ฝ ์ œ๊ฐ€ ์„ธ์ƒ์—์„œ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์ด ๋›ฐ์–ด๋‚œ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์ด๊ณ 
08:09
but if everyone else at my firm lacks skills,
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์ง์žฅ ๋‚ด์˜ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋ชจ๋“  ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์ด ๋–จ์–ด์ง„๋‹ค๋ฉด
08:13
my employer is going to find it more difficult
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์‚ฌ์žฅ์€ ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ๊ณผํ•™ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์ด๋‚˜
08:16
to introduce new technology, new production techniques.
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์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ๊ณต์ •์„ ๋„์ž…ํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ ์–ด๋ ค์›€์„ ๊ฒช์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:20
So as a result, my employer is going to be less productive.
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ๊ทธ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ์‚ฌ์žฅ์€ ๋” ์ ์€ ์ƒ์‚ฐ์„ฑ์„ ์–ป๊ฒ ์ง€์š”.
08:23
They will not be able to afford to pay me as good wages.
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์ €์—๊ฒŒ๋„ ์ž„๊ธˆ์„ ๋งŽ์ด ์ฃผ์ง€ ๋ชปํ•  ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:27
Even if everyone at my firm has good skills,
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๋งŒ์•ฝ ํšŒ์‚ฌ์— ๋ชจ๋“  ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์ด ์ข‹์€ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์„ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ์–ด๋„
08:31
if the workers at the suppliers to my firm
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ ํšŒ์‚ฌ์— ๋‚ฉํ’ˆํ•˜๋Š” ํšŒ์‚ฌ์˜ ์ง์›๋“ค์ด
08:34
do not have good skills,
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๊ธฐ์ˆ ์ด ๋ถ€์กฑํ•˜๋‹ค๋ฉด
08:36
my firm is going to be less competitive
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์—ญ์‹œ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ ํšŒ์‚ฌ๋„ ๊ตญ๋‚ด๋‚˜ ํ•ด์™ธ ์‹œ์žฅ์—์„œ
08:39
competing in national and international markets.
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๊ฒฝ์Ÿ๋ ฅ์ด ์•ฝํ•ด์งˆ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:41
And again, the firm that's less competitive
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ํšŒ์‚ฌ๊ฐ€ ๊ฒฝ์Ÿ๋ ฅ์ด ์•ฝํ•˜๋ฉด
08:44
will not be able to pay as good wages,
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์ž„๊ธˆ์„ ๋„‰๋„‰ํžˆ ์ค„ ์ˆ˜ ์—†์„ํ…Œ๊ณ ,
08:47
and then, particularly in high-tech businesses,
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋ฉด ํŠนํžˆ ์ฒจ๋‹จ ๊ธฐ์ˆ  ์—…๊ณ„์—์„œ๋Š”
08:51
they're constantly stealing ideas and workers from other businesses.
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๋‹ค๋ฅธ ํšŒ์‚ฌ์—์„œ ์•„์ด๋””์–ด๋‚˜ ์ธ๋ ฅ์„ ๋นผ๊ฐˆ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:54
So clearly the productivity of firms in Silicon Valley
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์ฆ‰ ์‹ค๋ฆฌ์ฝ˜ ๋ฐธ๋ฆฌ์— ์žˆ๋Š” ํšŒ์‚ฌ๋“ค์˜ ์ƒ์‚ฐ์„ฑ์€
08:57
has a lot to do with the skills not only of the workers at their firm,
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๊ทธ ํšŒ์‚ฌ ๋‚ด ์ง์›๋“ค์˜ ๊ธฐ์ˆ  ๋ฟ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ
09:01
but the workers at all the other firms in the metro area.
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๊ทธ ์ง€์—ญ์˜ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ํšŒ์‚ฌ์˜ ์ˆ˜์ค€์—๋„ ๋‹ฌ๋ ค์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:06
So as a result, if we can invest in other people's children
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ๊ฒฐ๋ก ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์˜ ์•„์ด๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ
09:09
through preschool and other early childhood programs
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์œ ์น˜์› ๋ฐ ๋ณด์œก ํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋žจ์— ๋†’์€ ์ˆ˜์ค€์„ ์œ ์ง€ํ•˜๋„๋ก
09:11
that are high-quality, we not only help those children,
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ํˆฌ์žํ•œ๋‹ค๋ฉด ๋‹จ์ง€ ๋Œ€์ƒ ์•„์ด๋“ค๋งŒ์„ ๋•๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ
09:15
we help everyone in the metropolitan area
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๋Œ€๋„์‹œ๊ถŒ ๋‚ด์˜ ๋ชจ๋“  ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด
09:19
gain in wages and we'll have the metropolitan area
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์ž„๊ธˆ์„ ๋” ๋ฐ›๋Š”๋ฐ ๋„์›€์ด ๋  ๋ฟ๋”๋Ÿฌ,
09:22
gain in job growth.
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์ง€์—ญ ๋‚ด ์ผ์ž๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๋Š˜๋ฆฌ๋Š”๋ฐ ๋„์›€์ด ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:24
Another objection used sometimes here
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์œ ์•„ ๋ณด์œก ํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋žจ ํˆฌ์ž์— ๋Œ€ํ•˜์—ฌ
09:27
to invest in early childhood programs
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์ข…์ข… ์ œ๊ธฐ๋˜๋Š” ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋ฐ˜๋Œ€ ์˜๊ฒฌ์€
09:29
is concern about people moving out.
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์ด์ฃผํ•˜๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ฑฑ์ •์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:33
So, you know, maybe Ohio's thinking about investing
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์ž, ์•„๋งˆ๋„ ์˜คํ•˜์ด์˜ค ์ฃผ ์ •๋ถ€๋Š”
09:37
in more preschool education
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์ฝœ๋กฌ๋ฒ„์Šค ์‹œ์˜ ์•„๋™๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ์ทจํ•™ ์ „ ๊ต์œก์— ๋” ๋งŽ์ด
09:39
for children in Columbus, Ohio,
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ํˆฌ์žํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ๊ณ ๋ฏผํ•  ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:43
but they're worried that these little Buckeyes will,
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ํ•œํŽธ ์ด ์•„๋™๋“ค์ด
09:45
for some strange reason, decide to move to Ann Arbor, Michigan,
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์ดํ•ดํ•˜๊ธฐ ํž˜๋“  ์ด์œ ๋กœ ๋ฏธ์‹œ๊ฐ„์ฃผ ์•ค์•„๋ฒ„๋กœ ์ด์‚ฌํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„
09:48
and become Wolverines.
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๊ฑฑ์ •ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:50
And maybe Michigan will be thinking about investing
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์•„๋งˆ๋„ ๋ฏธ์‹œ๊ฐ„ ์ฃผ ์ •๋ถ€๋„
09:53
in preschool in Ann Arbor, Michigan, and be worried
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์•ค์•„๋ฒ„์˜ ์ทจํ•™ ์ „ ์•„๋™์— ํˆฌ์žํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๊ณ ๋ คํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ๋„
09:56
these little Wolverines will end up moving to Ohio and becoming Buckeyes.
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๊ทธ ์•„๋™๋“ค์ด ์˜คํ•˜์ด์˜ค ์ฃผ๋กœ ์ด์‚ฌํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๊ฑฑ์ •ํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ด๊ณ  ๋˜ ์ด์ฃผํ•˜๊ธฐ๋„ ํ•  ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:59
And so they'll both underinvest because everyone's going to move out.
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๋ชจ๋“  ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด ์ด์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ํ•˜๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ์„œ๋กœ ํˆฌ์ž๋ฅผ ์ ๊ฒŒํ• ํ…Œ์ฃ .
10:03
Well, the reality is, if you look at the data,
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์ž, ์‹ค์ œ๋กœ๋Š” ์ž๋ฃŒ๋ฅผ ๋“ค์—ฌ๋‹ค๋ณด๋ฉด
10:06
Americans aren't as hyper-mobile as people sometimes assume.
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๋ฏธ๊ตญ์ธ๋“ค์€ ์ƒ๊ฐ๋งŒํผ ๋งŽ์ด ์ด์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ๋‹ค๋‹ˆ์ง€ ์•Š์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:10
The data is that over 60 percent of Americans
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์ž๋ฃŒ์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅด๋ฉด 60%์˜ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์ธ๋“ค์€
10:15
spend most of their working careers
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์ž์‹ ์˜ ์ง์—… ๊ฒฝ๋ ฅ์„
10:18
in the state they were born in, over 60 percent.
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์ž์‹ ์ด ํƒœ์–ด๋‚œ ๊ณณ์—์„œ ์Œ“์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. 60%๊ฐ€ ๋„˜๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด์š”.
10:21
That percentage does not vary much from state to state.
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์ด ๋น„์œจ์€ ์ฃผ ๋ณ„๋กœ ํฐ ์ฐจ์ด๊ฐ€ ๋‚˜์ง€ ์•Š์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:25
It doesn't vary much with the state's economy,
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์ฃผ ๊ฒฝ์ œ์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ์ฐจ์ด๋„ ๊ฑฐ์˜ ์—†์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:29
whether it's depressed or booming,
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์นจ์ฒด๋‚˜ ์„ฑ์žฅํ•˜๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ด€์—†์ด ๋ง์ด์ฃ .
10:30
it doesn't vary much over time.
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์‹œ๋Œ€์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ์ฐจ์ด๋„ ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ ํฌ์ง€ ์•Š์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:33
So the reality is, if you invest in kids,
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์ฆ‰ ์‹ค์ œ๋กœ๋Š”, ์•„์ด๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ํˆฌ์žํ•ด๋„
10:38
they will stay.
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๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ๋‚จ์•„ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:41
Or at least, enough of them will stay
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์•„๋‹ˆ๋ฉด ์ตœ์†Œํ•œ ์ฃผ ๊ฒฝ์ œ์— ์ด๋ฐ”์ง€ํ•  ๋งŒํผ์˜
10:44
that it will pay off for your state economy.
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์ธ์›์€ ๋‚จ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:47
Okay, so to sum up, there is a lot of research evidence
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์ž, ์ •๋ฆฌํ•ด๋ณด๋ฉด ์ˆ˜๋งŽ์€ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋“ค์ด
10:51
that early childhood programs, if run in a high-quality way,
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์œ ์•„ ๋ณด์œก ํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋žจ์ด ๋†’์€ ์ˆ˜์ค€์œผ๋กœ ์šด์šฉ๋˜๋ฉด
10:54
pay off in higher adult skills.
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์„ฑ์ธ์ด ๋˜์–ด ๋” ๋†’์€ ์ˆ˜์ค€์˜ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์„ ๊ฐ–๊ฒŒ ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:57
There's a lot of research evidence
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๋˜ํ•œ ๋งŽ์€ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋“ค์ด
10:59
that those folks will stick around the state economy,
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์ด ์•„์ด๋“ค์ด ์ฃผ ๊ฒฝ์ œ์— ๋„์›€์„ ์ค„ ๋ฟ๋”๋Ÿฌ
11:03
and there's a lot of evidence that having more workers
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์ง€์—ญ ์‚ฌํšŒ์— ๋†’์€ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์„ ๊ฐ€์ง„ ์ธ๋ ฅ๋“ค์„
11:06
with higher skills in your local economy
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๋ณด์œ ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์„ ๋•Œ
11:08
pays off in higher wages and job growth for your local economy,
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๋” ๋†’์€ ์ž„๊ธˆ๊ณผ ์ผ์ž๋ฆฌ์˜ ์„ฑ์žฅ์„ ๊ฐ€์ ธ๋‹ค ์ฃผ๊ณ 
11:12
and if you calculate the numbers for each dollar,
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ํˆฌ์ž ํšŒ์ˆ˜์œจ์„ ๊ณ„์‚ฐํ•ด๋ณด๋ฉด
11:15
we get about three dollars back
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1๋‹ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ฅผ ํˆฌ์žํ•  ๋•Œ๋งˆ๋‹ค
11:18
in benefits for the state economy.
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์ฃผ ๊ฒฝ์ œ์—๋Š” 3๋‹ฌ๋Ÿฌ์˜ ํ˜œํƒ์ด ๋Œ์•„์˜ต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:20
So in my opinion, the research evidence is compelling
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์ฆ‰ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋„, ๋…ผ๋ฆฌ์ ์œผ๋กœ๋„,
11:24
and the logic of this is compelling.
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์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ๋ถ„๋ช…ํ•˜๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ์ œ ์˜๊ฒฌ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:26
So what are the barriers to getting it done?
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๊ทธ๋ ‡๋‹ค๋ฉด ์žฅ์• ๋ฌผ์€ ๋ญ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์„๊นŒ์š”?
11:30
Well, one obvious barrier is cost.
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๊ธ€์Ž„์š”, ๋ถ„๋ช…ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์€ ๋น„์šฉ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:33
So if you look at what it would cost
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๋น„์šฉ์ด ์–ผ๋งˆ๋‚˜ ๋“ค์ง€ ์‚ดํŽด๋ณด๋ฉด
11:38
if every state government invested
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๋ชจ๋“  ์ฃผ ์ •๋ถ€๊ฐ€
11:41
in universal preschool at age four, full-day preschool at age four,
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์ทจํ•™ ์ „ 4์„ธ ์•„๋™์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ํˆฌ์žํ•˜๋ฉด
11:45
the total annual national cost would be roughly
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๊ตญ๋‚ด ์—ฐ๊ฐ„ ์ด ๋น„์šฉ์€ ๋Œ€๋žต์ ์œผ๋กœ
11:48
30 billion dollars.
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3๋ฐฑ์–ต๋‹ฌ๋Ÿฌ ๊ฐ€๋Ÿ‰ ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:50
So, 30 billion dollars is a lot of money.
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์ž, 3๋ฐฑ์–ต๋‹ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋Š” ์—„์ฒญ๋‚œ ๊ธˆ์•ก์ด์ฃ .
11:53
On the other hand, if you reflect on
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ํ•œํŽธ์œผ๋กœ
11:57
that the U.S.'s population is over 300 million,
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๋ฏธ๊ตญ ์ธ๊ตฌ๊ฐ€ 3์–ต๋ช…์ธ ๊ฒƒ์„ ๊ณ ๋ คํ•˜๋ฉด
12:00
we're talking about an amount of money
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์ธ๊ตฌ๋‹น 100๋‹ฌ๋Ÿฌ์— ํ•ด๋‹นํ•˜๋Š”
12:03
that amounts to 100 dollars per capita.
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๊ธˆ์•ก์ธ ๊ฒƒ์ด์ฃ .
12:06
Okay? A hundred dollars per capita, per person,
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๊ทธ๋ ‡์ฃ ? ์ธ๊ตฌ ๋‹น 100๋‹ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋Š”
12:09
is something that any state government can afford to do.
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์–ด๋Š ์ฃผ ์ •๋ถ€๋‚˜ ๊ฐ๋‹นํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ธˆ์•ก์ด์—์š”.
12:13
It's just a simple matter of political will to do it.
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๋‹จ์ง€ ์ •์น˜์  ์˜์ง€๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋Š๋ƒ์˜ ๋ฌธ์ œ์ผ ๋ฟ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:18
And, of course, as I mentioned,
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋ฌผ๋ก  ์ œ๊ฐ€ ์–ธ๊ธ‰ํ–ˆ๋“ฏ์ด
12:19
this cost has corresponding benefits.
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์ด ๋น„์šฉ์€ ํ˜œํƒ์„ ๊ฐ€์ ธ๋‹ค์ค๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:22
I mentioned there's a multiplier of about three,
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์•ฝ ์„ธ ๋ฐฐ, ์ •ํ™•ํžˆ๋Š” 2.78๋ฐฐ์˜
12:24
2.78, for the state economy,
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์ฃผ ๊ฒฝ์ œ ํˆฌ์ž ํšจ๊ณผ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋ง์”€๋“œ๋ ธ์ง€์š”.
12:26
in terms of over 80 billion in extra earnings.
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8์–ต๋‹ฌ๋Ÿฌ ์ด์ƒ์˜ ์ถ”๊ฐ€ ๊ฒฝ์ œ ํšจ๊ณผ๊ฐ€ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:29
And if we want to translate that from just billions of dollars
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์ˆ˜์‹ญ์–ต๋‹ฌ๋Ÿฌ์— ๋‹ฌํ•˜๋Š” ๋ˆ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋…ผ์˜์—์„œ
12:32
to something that might mean something,
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ํ‰๊ท ์ ์ธ ์ €์†Œ๋“์ธต ์•„์ด๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ
12:34
what we're talking about is that, for the average low-income kid,
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์˜๋ฏธ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋Š” ๋…ผ์˜๋กœ ์ƒ๊ฐ์„ ๋ฐ”๊ฟ”๋ณด๋ฉด
12:37
that would increase earnings by about 10 percent
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๋‹จ์ง€ ์ทจํ•™ ์ „ ๊ต์œก์„ ํ†ตํ•ด
12:40
over their whole career, just doing the preschool,
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์ดˆ์ค‘๊ณ ๋“ฑ ๊ณผ์ •์ด๋‚˜,
12:44
not improving K-12 or anything else after that,
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๋Œ€ํ•™ ํ•™๋น„๋‚˜ ์ž…ํ•™ ์ ‘๊ทผ์„ฑ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ฐœ์„  ์—†์ด๋„
12:46
not doing anything with college tuition or access,
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ํ‰์ƒ 10%์˜ ์ž„๊ธˆ ์ƒ์Šน ํšจ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ ธ์˜ต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:49
just directly improving preschool,
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๋‹จ์ง€ ์ทจํ•™ ์ „ ๊ต์œก์— ํˆฌ์žํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ ๋งŒ์œผ๋กœ์š”.
12:51
and we would get five percent higher earnings
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ค‘์‚ฐ์ธต ์•„๋™๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ๋„
12:54
for middle-class kids.
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5%์˜ ์ž„๊ธˆ ์ƒ์Šน ํšจ๊ณผ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:55
So this is an investment
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์ฆ‰ ์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ๋งค์šฐ ํ™•์‹คํ•˜๊ฒŒ
12:57
that pays off in very concrete terms
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์ฃผ ์ธ๊ตฌ์˜ ๊ด‘๋ฒ”์œ„ํ•œ ์†Œ๋“ ๊ณ„์ธต์—๊ฒŒ
13:00
for a broad range of income groups in the state's population
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ํšจ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ ธ์˜ค๊ณ ,
13:05
and produces large and tangible benefits.
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์‹ค์งˆ์ ์œผ๋กœ ํฐ ํ˜œํƒ์„ ๊ฐ€์ ธ์˜ค๊ฒŒ ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:09
Now, that's one barrier.
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์ž, ๋น„์šฉ์ด ํ•œ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ์žฅ์• ๋ฌผ์ด์—ˆ๊ณ ์š”.
13:12
I actually think the more profound barrier
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์œ ์•„ ๋ณด์œก ํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋žจ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์žฅ๊ธฐ์  ํ˜œํƒ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ
13:15
is the long-term nature of the benefits from early childhood programs.
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ํ•œ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ๋” ํฐ ์žฅ์• ๋ฌผ์„ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ด๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š”๋ฐ์š”.
13:19
So the argument I'm making is, is that we're increasing
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์ œ๊ฐ€ ์šฐ๋ คํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ”๋Š”,
13:22
the quality of our local workforce,
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์ง€์—ญ ์ธ๋ ฅ์˜ ์ˆ˜์ค€์„ ๋†’์ž„์œผ๋กœ์จ
13:24
and thereby increasing economic development.
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๊ฒฝ์ œ ๋ฐœ์ „์„ ๊ฐ€์ ธ์˜จ๋‹ค๋Š” ์ ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:27
Obviously if we have a preschool with four-year-olds,
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๋ถ„๋ช…ํžˆ 4์„ธ ์•„๋™๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ์ทจํ•™ ์ „ ๊ต์œก์„ ํ•œ๋‹ค๊ณ ํ•ด์„œ
13:30
we're not sending these kids out at age five
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์ด ์•„์ด๋“ค์„ ๋‹ค์„ฏ ์‚ด๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ๊ณผ์ž ๊ฐ€๊ฒŒ์—์„œ ์ผํ•˜๊ฒŒ ํ•˜์ง€๋Š” ์•Š์ง€์š”.
13:32
to work in the sweatshops, right? At least I hope not.
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๋งž์ฃ ? ์ตœ์†Œํ•œ ๊ทธ๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ๋˜์ง€ ์•Š๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๋ฐ”๋ž๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:36
So we're talking about an investment
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์ฆ‰ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์ฃผ ๊ฒฝ์ œ์— ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š” ์˜ํ–ฅ์˜ ๊ด€์ ์—์„œ
13:39
that in terms of impacts on the state economy
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ํˆฌ์ž์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์–˜๊ธฐํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€
13:42
is not going to really pay off for 15 or 20 years,
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์‹ค์ œ๋กœ 15๋…„์ด๋‚˜ 20๋…„ ํ›„์— ๊ฒฐ์‹ค์„ ๋งบ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ์•„๋‹™๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:46
and of course America is notorious for being
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋ฌผ๋ก  ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์€ ๋‹จ๊ธฐ ์„ฑ๊ณผ์—
13:49
a short term-oriented society.
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์น˜์ค‘ํ•˜๋Š” ์‚ฌํšŒ์ด์ง€์š”.
13:52
Now one response you can make to this,
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์ œ๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ•์—ฐ์—์„œ
13:53
and I sometimes have done this in talks,
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์ด ์–˜๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ํ•˜๋ฉด ์ข…์ข… ๋“ฃ๋Š” ๋‹ต๋ณ€์€
13:55
is people can talk about, there are benefits for these programs
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์ด ํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋žจ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์–˜๊ธฐํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ํ˜œํƒ์œผ๋กœ
13:58
in reducing special ed and remedial education costs,
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ํŠน์ˆ˜ ๊ต์œก ๋ฐ ๊ต์ • ๊ต์œก์— ๋“ค์–ด๊ฐ€๋Š” ๋น„์šฉ์„ ์ค„์ผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ์ ๊ณผ
14:02
there are benefits, parents care about preschool,
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๋ถ€๋ชจ๋“ค์ด ์ทจํ•™ ์ „ ๋ณด์œก ์‹œ์„ค์— ์‹ ๊ฒฝ์„ ์“ฐ๋ฉด์„œ
14:04
maybe we'll get some migration effects
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๋ถ€๋ชจ๋“ค์ด ์ข‹์€ ๋ณด์œก ์‹œ์„ค์„ ์ฐพ๋Š”
14:06
from parents seeking good preschool,
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๊ณ๊ฐ€์ง€ ํšจ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ์–ป์„ ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ์ ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:08
and I think those are true,
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์ €๋Š” ๋งž๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ,
14:10
but in some sense they're missing the point.
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๋ช‡๋ช‡ ๋ถ€๋ถ„์— ์žˆ์–ด์„œ๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์€ ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋†“์น˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์–ด์š”.
14:12
Ultimately, this is something
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์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ๋ถ„๋ช…ํžˆ
14:15
we're investing in now for the future.
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๋ฏธ๋ž˜์— ํˆฌ์žํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:19
And so what I want to leave you with is
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์ œ๊ฐ€ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„๊ป˜ ๋‚จ๊ฒจ๋‘๊ณ  ์‹ถ์€ ๊ฒƒ์€
14:23
what I think is the ultimate question.
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์ ˆ๋Œ€์ ์ธ ๋ฌธ์ œ๋ผ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:25
I mean, I'm an economist, but this is ultimately
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๋ง์ธ ์ฆ‰์Šจ, ์ €๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์ œํ•™์ž์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:28
not an economic question, it's a moral question:
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์ด๊ฑด ์ ˆ๋Œ€ ๊ฒฝ์ œ์  ๋ฌธ์ œ๊ฐ€ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ ์œค๋ฆฌ์  ๋ฌธ์ œ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:33
Are we willing, as Americans,
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๋ฏธ๊ตญ์ธ์œผ๋กœ์จ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์˜์ง€๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ ,
14:38
are we as a society still capable
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ ์•„์ด ๋ฟ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ, ์ด์›ƒ ๊ณต๋™์ฒด์˜
14:41
of making the political choice to sacrifice now
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๋จผ ๋ฏธ๋ž˜๋ฅผ ๋ฐœ์ „์‹œํ‚ค๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด
14:46
by paying more taxes
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ํ˜„์žฌ ์„ธ๊ธˆ์„ ๋” ์ง€๋ถˆํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š”
14:48
in order to improve the long-term future
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์ •์น˜์  ์„ ํƒ์„
14:54
of not only our kids, but our community?
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์—ฌ์ „ํžˆ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์‚ฌํšŒ์ธ๊ฐ€์š”?
14:57
Are we still capable of that as a country?
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์—ฌ์ „ํžˆ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€์  ์ฐจ์›์—์„œ ๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ ์ผ์ด ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•œ๊ฐ€์š”?
15:02
And that's something that each and every citizen
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์ด๋Š” ๊ฐ๊ฐ์˜ ๋ชจ๋“  ์‹œ๋ฏผ๋“ค๊ณผ ์œ ๊ถŒ์ž๋“ค์ด
15:04
and voter needs to ask themselves.
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์Šค์Šค๋กœ์—๊ฒŒ ๋ฌผ์–ด์•ผ ํ•  ์งˆ๋ฌธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
15:07
Is that something that you are still invested in,
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์—ฌ์ „ํžˆ ํˆฌ์ž์˜ ๊ฐœ๋…์œผ๋กœ ๋ฏฟ์œผ๋ฉฐ
15:09
that you still believe in the notion of investment?
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๊ณ„์†ํ•ด์„œ ํˆฌ์žํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ธ๊ฐ€์š”?
15:12
That is the notion of investment.
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๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์€ ํˆฌ์ž์˜ ๊ฐœ๋…์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
15:14
You sacrifice now for a return later.
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๋ฏธ๋ž˜์˜ ํšŒ์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•ด ์ง€๊ธˆ ํฌ์ƒํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
15:16
So I think the research evidence
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์ฆ‰ ์กฐ๊ธฐ ์œ ์•„ ํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋žจ์˜ ํ˜œํƒ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ
15:20
on the benefits of early childhood programs
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์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋“ค์ด
15:22
for the local economy is extremely strong.
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์ง€์—ญ ๊ฒฝ์ œ๋ฅผ ๋งค์šฐ ๊ฐ•ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ํ•ด์ค„ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ผ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
15:26
However, the moral and political choice
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์–ด์จŒ๋“ , ๋„๋•์ ์ด๊ณ  ์ •์น˜์ ์ธ ์„ ํƒ์€
15:30
is still up to us, as citizens and as voters.
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์‹œ๋ฏผ์ด์ž ์œ ๊ถŒ์ž๋กœ์จ ์—ฌ์ „ํžˆ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ์—๊ฒŒ ๋‹ฌ๋ ค ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
15:35
Thank you very much. (Applause)
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๋Œ€๋‹จํžˆ ๊ฐ์‚ฌํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. (๋ฐ•์ˆ˜)
์ด ์›น์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ ์ •๋ณด

์ด ์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ๋Š” ์˜์–ด ํ•™์Šต์— ์œ ์šฉํ•œ YouTube ๋™์˜์ƒ์„ ์†Œ๊ฐœํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ „ ์„ธ๊ณ„ ์ตœ๊ณ ์˜ ์„ ์ƒ๋‹˜๋“ค์ด ๊ฐ€๋ฅด์น˜๋Š” ์˜์–ด ์ˆ˜์—…์„ ๋ณด๊ฒŒ ๋  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ ๋™์˜์ƒ ํŽ˜์ด์ง€์— ํ‘œ์‹œ๋˜๋Š” ์˜์–ด ์ž๋ง‰์„ ๋”๋ธ” ํด๋ฆญํ•˜๋ฉด ๊ทธ๊ณณ์—์„œ ๋™์˜์ƒ์ด ์žฌ์ƒ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋น„๋””์˜ค ์žฌ์ƒ์— ๋งž์ถฐ ์ž๋ง‰์ด ์Šคํฌ๋กค๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์˜๊ฒฌ์ด๋‚˜ ์š”์ฒญ์ด ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์ด ๋ฌธ์˜ ์–‘์‹์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ฌธ์˜ํ•˜์‹ญ์‹œ์˜ค.

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