Liz Diller: A giant bubble for debate

翻译人员: Kang Rong SUN 校对人员: 建松 刘

We conventionally divide space

我们时常把空间分割成

into private and public realms,

私人或公用空间

and we know these legal distinctions very well

我们对这两者在法律上的区别了解颇丰

because we've become experts

因为我们是

at protecting our private property and private space.

保护私有财产和私人空间的专家

But we're less attuned

然而，我们对

to the nuances of the public.

公用空间的各种细节却不甚合拍

What translates generic public space into qualitative space?

是什么把普通的公用空间变得有质感？

I mean, this is something

我的意思是

that our studio has been working on

这正是我们工作室一直以来在努力打造的

for the past decade.

这项工作至今已有十个年头

And we're doing this through some case studies.

我们一直通过案例研究的方式开展工作

A large chunk of our work

我们工作的一大部分

has been put into transforming

是改造

this neglected industrial ruin

这块被遗弃的老工业区

into a viable post-industrial space

把它变成后工业时代的新空间

that looks forward and backward

让它看上去既前卫，又不失历史感

同时兼具两种时代感

at the same time.

我们工作的另一大部分

And another huge chunk of our work

has gone into making relevant

是把一个陈旧的空间

a site that's grown out of sync with its time.

变得与时俱进

We've been working on democratizing Lincoln Center

我们在让林肯中心更加民主化

for a public that doesn't usually have $300

让人们不必为了在一个公用场所欣赏歌剧

to spend on an opera ticket.

而破费300美元

So we've been eating, drinking,

因而，我们在公用场所体验吃、喝、

thinking, living public space

思考、生活

for quite a long time.

体验了相当长一段时间

And it's taught us really one thing,

这段经历教了我们一件事

and that is to truly make good public space,

那就是：如果真的想让一个公用场所名副其实

you have to erase the distinctions

必须抹去一切“特殊性”，一切“与众不同”之处

between architecture, urbanism,

无论是建筑、城市规划、

landscape, media design

还是风景，或媒体设计

and so on.

诸如此类，等等

It really goes beyond distinction.

都应该摒弃“特殊性”

Now we're moving onto Washington, D.C.

现在，我们在首都华盛顿开展新项目

and we're working on another transformation,

在为另一个建筑打造新的转变

and that is for the existing Hirshhorn Museum

那就是美国国家博物馆（赫希杭博物馆和雕塑园）

that's sited

它位于

on the most revered public space in America,

美国最受尊敬的公用场所

the National Mall.

美国国家广场

The Mall is a symbol

美国国家广场是

of American democracy.

美利坚民主的象征

And what's fantastic is that this symbol

令我们心驰神往的是：这一象征

is not a thing, it's not an image,

并非一个物体，也非一张图片

it's not an artifact,

更不是飞机、火箭

actually it's a space,

而是一个真真切切的空间

and it's kind of just defined by a line of buildings

是一排排列整齐的建筑

on either side.

位于道路两边

It's a space where citizens can voice their discontent

公民可以在那里抒发不满

and show their power.

彰显力量

It's a place where pivotal moments in American history

它也见证了美国历史上无数

have taken place.

关键事件

And they're inscribed in there forever --

这些事在此留下永恒的印记

like the march on Washington for jobs and freedom

例如为了就业和自由的华盛顿大游行

and the great speech that Martin Luther King gave there.

还有马丁路德金的伟大演讲

The Vietnam protests, the commemoration of all that died

还有抗议越南战争，纪念为越战牺牲的同胞

in the pandemic of AIDS,

以及艾滋病大游行

the march for women's reproductive rights,

和为女人争取生育权的游行

right up until almost the present.

凡此种种，绵延至今

The Mall is the greatest civic stage

美国国家广场是最民主的舞台

in this country for dissent.

在这个意见不一的国度，包容各类观点

And it's synonymous with free speech,

它是言论自由的代名词

even if you're not sure what it is that you have to say.

纵使你不知道要说些什么

It may just be a place for civic commiseration.

它是一个让民众抒发怜悯之情的地方

There is a huge disconnect, we believe,

我们认为，有一个巨大的鸿沟

between the communicative and discursive space of the Mall

存在于国家广场

and the museums that line it to either side.

与两边的博物馆，似乎有一些空间交流的障碍

And that is that those museums are usually passive,

那是因为，周围的博物馆都是阳面的，突出的

they have passive relationships between the museum

体现了一种积极的空间关系

as the presenter and the audience,

仿佛就像演讲者与听众

as the receiver of information.

又如信息的接收者

And so you can see dinosaurs

因此，你可以看见恐龙

and insects and collections of locomotives

昆虫、各种机车

and all of that,

诸如此类，等等

but you're really not involved;

但是，同时你又置身事外

you're being talked to.

只是被告知这些信息

When Richard Koshalek took over as director of the Hirshhorn

当理查德科厦勒接管美国国家博物馆（赫希杭博物馆和雕塑园）时

in 2009,

那是2009年

he was determined to take advantage

他决定利用

of the fact that this museum was sited

这座博物馆的地理优势

at the most unique place:

因为它位于一个独特的地方

at the seat of power in the U.S.

那就是美国权利的中心

And while art and politics

尽管艺术和政治

are inherently and implicitly together always and all the time,

总是生来就密不可分，有着千丝万缕的关系

there could be some very special relationship

似乎总有些非常独特的关系

that could be forged here in its uniqueness.

可以把两者连接起来

The question is, is it possible ultimately

问题在于：最终是否可能

for art to insert itself

让艺术

into the dialogue of national and world affairs?

融入国内、国际事务的对话之中？

And could the museum be an agent of cultural diplomacy?

能否让博物馆变成文化大使？

There are over 180 embassies in Washington D.C.

首都华盛顿容纳了逾180个国家的大使馆

There are over 500 think tanks.

有超过500个智囊团

There should be a way

总有一种方式

of harnessing all of that intellectual and global energy

可以有效结合和利用文化元素合全球资源

into, and somehow through, the museum.

把这些融入博物馆，同时，也借助博物馆

There should be some kind of brain trust.

因而，需要建立一些信任

So the Hirshhorn, as we began to think about it,

美国国家博物馆（赫希杭博物馆和雕塑园）也是如此，因此，我们开始着手考虑这个问题

and as we evolved the mission,

随着我们一步步开展这项任务

with Richard and his team --

与理查德和他的团队

it's really his life blood.

他视之如生命

But beyond exhibiting contemporary art,

然而，在展示当代艺术之外，

the Hirshhorn will become a public forum,

美国国家博物馆（赫希杭博物馆和雕塑园）将成为一个公共场所

a place of discourse

一个展示

for issues around arts,

与艺术相关事宜的地方

culture, politics and policy.

包括文化、政治、政策

It would have the global reach of the World Economic Forum.

它甚至可以连接到世界经济论坛

It would have the interdisciplinarity of the TED Conference.

也可以举办TED会议

它可以不拘于城镇广场的形式

It would have the informality of the town square.

And for this new initiative,

为了这项新举措

the Hirshhorn would have to expand

国家博物馆（赫希杭博物馆和雕塑园）必须扩大规模

or appropriate a site

或者采取一个合适的结构

for a contemporary, deployable structure.

利用现有的空间

This is it. This is the Hirshhorn --

这就是崭新的国家博物馆（赫希杭博物馆和雕塑园）

so a 230-foot-diameter concrete doughnut

一个直径为230英尺的实心甜甜圈状物

designed in the early '70s

设计与70年代初期

by Gordon Bunshaft.

由戈登本夏特创作

It's hulking, it's silent,

它看上去笨重、沉默

it's cloistered, it's arrogant,

又很森严、很高傲

it's a design challenge.

它是个设计难题

Architects love to hate it.

建筑师喜欢憎恨它

One redeeming feature

它的一个特征

is it's lifted up off the ground

是它可以从地上被抬升起来

and it's got this void,

它可以被填充

and it's got an empty core

它的内部是真空的

kind of in the spirit and that facade

有点像披着那层外表的精神物质

very much corporate and federal style.

很像企业和联邦的类型

And around that space,

而这个空间的周围

the ring is actually galleries.

则是一个环状的长廊

Very, very difficult to mount shows in there.

很难在上面举办走秀（或“展示”）活动

When the Hirshhorn opened,

美国国家博物馆（赫希杭博物馆和雕塑园）开张时

Ada Louise Huxstable, the New York Times critic,

艾达路易斯，纽约时报的批评家

称之为

had some choice words:

"Neo-penitentiary modern."

“摩登监狱”

"A maimed monument and a maimed Mall

“致残的时刻与致残的广场”

for a maimed collection."

献给一个致残的群体”

Almost four decades later,

近四十年后

how will this building expand

这幢大楼会变成什么摸样

for a new progressive program?

在一个崭新的、发展的项目的支撑下

Where would it go?

它将何去何从？

It can't go in the Mall.

不能再扩张到广场上

There is no space there.

因为那里已经没有空间了

It can't go in the courtyard.

它也不能再往庭院里扩建

It's already taken up by landscape and by sculptures.

那儿早已坐落了很多地标和雕像

Well there's always the hole.

于是我们发现：那儿不是有个洞吗？

But how could it take the space of that hole

可是，怎么让洞挤出新的空间呢？

and not be buried in it invisibly?

并且在不被掩埋、不被视而不见的前提下？

How could it become iconic?

怎么样才能让它变成标志性建筑？

And what language would it take?

要用什么语言去诠释它？

The Hirshhorn sits among the Mall's monumental institutions.

美国国家博物馆（赫希杭博物馆和雕塑园）周围有众多纪念性的建筑

Most are neoclassical, heavy and opaque,

但大多数都是新古典主义风格，厚重而敦实

made of stone or concrete.

大多是由石头或水泥堆砌而成的

And the question is,

于是，问题是

if one inhabits that space,

如果在那儿建一个建筑

what is the material of the Mall?

应该使用什么材料？

It has to be different from the buildings there.

它得在材质上与众不同

It has to be something entirely different.

而且是截然不同

It has to be air.

最好是空气

In our imagination, it has to be light.

在我们的想象中，它应该是很轻盈的

It has to be ephemeral. It has to be formless.

它应该是短暂的、形态的

可以自由自在的变幻

And it has to be free.

(Video)

（视频短片）

So this is the big idea.

以上就是大致的概念

It's a giant airbag.

我们设想它为一个巨大的气囊

The expansion takes the shape of its container

将充满整个容器

and it oozes out wherever it can --

它可以渗透到四面八方

the top and sides.

充到顶端、到达周边

But more poetically,

但是更诗意的是

we like to think of the structure

我们要设计它的架构

as inhaling the democratic air of the Mall,

可以让它吸收博物馆的民主气息

bringing it into itself.

把这种气息融入它自身建筑之中

The before and the after.

随着时间推移

It was dubbed "the bubble" by the press.

媒体将它冠名为“气泡”

That was the lounge.

那里是一个酒廊

It's basically one big volume of air

从本质上来说就是一团空气

that just oozes out in every direction.

飘逸到各个角度

The membrane is translucent.

外部的膜是半透明

It's made of silcon-coated glass fiber.

这层膜是由有机硅涂层玻璃纤维做成的

And it's inflated twice a year for one month at a time.

每年为它充气两次，每次充一个月

This is the view from the inside.

这是从内部看出去的视觉效果

So you might have been wondering

你或许会有疑问

how in the world

我们是怎么

did we get this approved by the federal government.

得到联邦政府的批准的呢

It had to be approved by actually two agencies.

实际上，我们得获得两个部门的许可

And one is there to preserve

一个部门要保护

the dignity and sanctity of the Mall.

博物馆的庄严、肃穆

I blush whenever I show this.

每每说到这一点，我就不禁脸红

It is yours to interpret.

当然，如何解读就看你了

But one thing I can say

但是，我要说的是一点

is that it's a combination

那就是它是一个结合体

of iconoclasm

结合了破除迷信

and adoration.

以及崇拜感

There was also some creative interpretation involved.

曾经一度有一些颇有创意的解读

The Congressional Buildings Act of 1910

例如，1910年的国会建筑法案

limits the height of buildings in D.C.

它限制了华盛顿市内建筑的高度

to 130 feet,

规定它们不准找过130英尺

except for spires, towers, domes and minarets.

除非是尖顶、塔、圆顶、尖塔

This pretty much exempts monuments of the church and state.

这个法案挽救了很多教堂

And the bubble is 153 ft.

我们的“气泡”是153英尺

That's the Pantheon next to it.

这是“气泡”旁边的英雄纪念堂

It's about 1.2 million cubic feet of compressed air.

体积约有120万立方英尺，满满地填充了压缩气体

And so we argued it

于是我们称

on the merits of being a dome.

它的实质是一个圆顶

So there it is,

大家看，

very stately,

很显然是一个庄严的圆顶

among all the stately buildings in the Mall.

位于国家广场中一片庄严的建筑群内

And while this Hirshhorn is not landmarked,

尽管这座博物馆并非地标

it's very, very historically sensitive.

但它有很强的历史敏感性

And so we couldn't really touch its surfaces.

因而我们没有触及它的表面

We couldn't leave any traces behind.

我们不能留有任何可追溯回去的线索

So we strained it from the edges,

我们从周边开始建模

and we held it by cables.

用电缆拉住它

It's a study of some bondage techniques,

是一项关于线速技术的实验

which are actually very important

这项实验对整个建筑非常重要

because it's hit by wind all the time.

因为“气泡”周边无时不刻没有风

There's one permanent steel ring at the top,

在顶端有一根固定的钢丝环

but it can't be seen from any vantage point on the Mall.

但从博物馆内部是看不到这个环的

There are also some restrictions

另外，还有一些限制

about how much it could be lit.

关于它能承载多大分量

It glows from within, it's translucent.

由于它是从内部充气的，因此它是半透明的

But it can't be more lit than the Capitol

但它不能比国会大厦亮

or some of the monuments.

至少大多数时候不行

So it's down the hierarchy on lighting.

所以，它不能太亮

因此，每年充气两次

So it comes to the site twice a year.

It's taken off the delivery truck.

把它放在装载卡车商运送过去

It's hoisted.

然后把它悬挂起来

And then it's inflated

之后，就开始充气

with this low-pressure air.

用低压气体填充

And then it's restrained with the cables.

然后，用电缆固定住它

And then it's ballasted with water at the very bottom.

最后，用水在底部再固定一下

This is a very strange moment

这个时刻挺特殊的

where we were asked by the bureaucracy at the Mall

当时博物馆当局问了我们一些问题

how much time would it take to install.

它问我们：填充这些气体大约需要多少时间

And we said, well the first erection would take one week.

我们回答说：第一次填充满需要一周

And they really connected with that idea.

他们非常认同这个想法

And then it was really easy all the way through.

之后的事情就进行的非常顺利

So we didn't really have that many hurdles, I have to say,

我不得不说，我们确实没有经历太多坎坷

with the government and all the authorities.

在与政府打交道的各个环节

But some of the toughest hurdles

但是最艰难的时刻是

have been the technical ones.

在技术层面上的

This is the warp and weft.

就是经线与纬线

This is a point cloud.

这是一个点云

There are extreme pressures.

有几点受到的压力很大

This is a very, very unusual building

这对一幢建筑来说是很罕见的

这个气泡里没有承载重力

in that there's no gravity load,

but there's load in every direction.

但是气体又充满在每个角落

And I'm just going to zip through these slides.

让我来滚动播放这些幻灯片

And this is the space in action.

这是这部分气体动起来的样子

So flexible interior for discussions,

是个灵活的内部空间

just like this, but in the round --

就像这样，只是更加圆润一点

luminous and reconfigurable.

而且会发光，也可以重新塑形

Could be used for anything,

这个博物馆可以用于很多场合

for performances, films,

比如演出、发电影

for installations.

用于安装

And the very first program

第一个项目

will be one of cultural dialogue and diplomacy

将会是某个文化交流与外交活动

organized in partnership

这个活动是联合主办的

with the Council on Foreign Relations.

由博物馆方与外事关系委员会共同组织而成

Form and content are together here.

形式和内容并存

The bubble is an anti-monument.

这个气泡本身作为反对纪念的象征

The ideals of participatory democracy

其理念是共同参与民主

are represented through suppleness

这一点在气泡的柔韧性中彰显无遗

rather than rigidity.

而非任何刚性的（建筑）所能及的

Art and politics

艺术和政治

occupy an ambiguous site outside the museum walls,

占据了博物馆墙外的每一个角落

but inside of the museum's core,

但博物馆内部的核心

blending its air

则是交融的一团气体

with the democratic air of the Mall.

与博物馆的民主气氛完美结合

And the bubble will inflate

这个大气泡

hopefully for the first time

将在2013年首次填充

at the end of 2013.

于2013年末与大家见面

Thank you.

谢谢大家！

(Applause)