Liz Diller: A giant bubble for debate

譯者: Yuguo Zhang 審譯者: Yu-Sheng Lin

We conventionally divide space

我們通常都把空間分為

into private and public realms,

公共和私人區域

and we know these legal distinctions very well

而且我們對這樣的區分很瞭解

because we've become experts

因為我們對於保護我們私有財產

at protecting our private property and private space.

和私有空間來說都是專家

But we're less attuned

不過我們卻對於公共的部分

to the nuances of the public.

不那麼在意細節

What translates generic public space into qualitative space?

是什麼把一般的公共空間轉變為好品質的空間呢?

I mean, this is something

這可是一個很重要的問題

that our studio has been working on

我們工作室一直在研究這個

for the past decade.

在過去的十年裏

And we're doing this through some case studies.

透過幾項個案的實務運作來進行

A large chunk of our work

我們主要的工作內容

has been put into transforming

是著力在把這個

this neglected industrial ruin

被忽視的工業廢墟

into a viable post-industrial space

變為一個可運作的後工業時代的空間

that looks forward and backward

並同時兼顧到

未來的發展與過去的延續

at the same time.

另一部分的主要工作內容

And another huge chunk of our work

has gone into making relevant

是針對那些與時代脫節的地方

a site that's grown out of sync with its time.

建立與我們生活的相關性

We've been working on democratizing Lincoln Center

我們正在準備對林肯中心進行民主化

for a public that doesn't usually have $300

讓一般不常有辦法花300美元買票看歌劇的民眾

to spend on an opera ticket.

也能用到這個空間

So we've been eating, drinking,

我們團隊不管是在吃,喝,

thinking, living public space

思考, 生活, 都一直跟公共場所脫不了關係

for quite a long time.

有很長時間了

And it's taught us really one thing,

我們從這裡面學到了一件重要的事

and that is to truly make good public space,

就是 若要創造真正理想的公共空間

you have to erase the distinctions

你必須放棄門戶之見,

between architecture, urbanism,

把 建築, 城市化,

landscape, media design

地貌, 媒體設計 還有其他專業之間

and so on.

的區隔打破

It really goes beyond distinction.

好的空間必須超越這些區隔之上來思考

Now we're moving onto Washington, D.C.

我們的工作也將推進到首都華盛頓

and we're working on another transformation,

在這裡我們正在進行一項

and that is for the existing Hirshhorn Museum

改造現有的Hirshhorn博物館的工作

that's sited

這個博物館位於

on the most revered public space in America,

美國最受尊敬的公共空間

the National Mall.

國家廣場

The Mall is a symbol

國家廣場是

of American democracy.

美國的民主的象徵。

And what's fantastic is that this symbol

這個象徵最特別的

is not a thing, it's not an image,

就是它不是一個物品, 也不是圖像

it's not an artifact,

也不是一個人造物，

actually it's a space,

它實際上是一個空間，

and it's kind of just defined by a line of buildings

一個由廣場兩邊整排的建築物

on either side.

包圍起來的空間

It's a space where citizens can voice their discontent

在這個空間, 公民可以表達他們的不滿

and show their power.

並展示他們的權力。

It's a place where pivotal moments in American history

在這個空間，也是美國歷史的關鍵時刻

have taken place.

發生的地方

And they're inscribed in there forever --

這些歷史事件都會如同刻在那裡一般的流傳下去

like the march on Washington for jobs and freedom

像是 1963年的 爭取工作權和自由的華盛頓遊行

and the great speech that Martin Luther King gave there.

當時由 馬丁· 路德 · 金 發表的偉大演說。

The Vietnam protests, the commemoration of all that died

反越戰的活動, 悼念愛滋病亡者

in the pandemic of AIDS,

的活動

the march for women's reproductive rights,

爭取婦女的生育權的遊行 (2004年)

right up until almost the present.

一直到現在都還有各種活動。

The Mall is the greatest civic stage

廣場是這個國家流傳給後代的

in this country for dissent.

最偉大的公民舞臺

And it's synonymous with free speech,

這是言論自由的代名詞

even if you're not sure what it is that you have to say.

即使你不知道你要說的是什麼。

It may just be a place for civic commiseration.

它可能只是一個公民表達同理心的地方。

There is a huge disconnect, we believe,

我們認為在這裡有一個巨大的斷裂性

between the communicative and discursive space of the Mall

介於 廣場這個溝通與漫談的空間

and the museums that line it to either side.

還有兩邊的博物館建築 之間

And that is that those museums are usually passive,

這些博物館是通常是被動的

they have passive relationships between the museum

這種被動的關係是

as the presenter and the audience,

由博物館扮演呈現者, 而由民眾

as the receiver of information.

作為資訊的接收者。

And so you can see dinosaurs

所以你可以看到各種恐龍

and insects and collections of locomotives

各種昆蟲, 各種火車頭

and all of that,

和各種的展示品

but you're really not involved;

但你並沒有真正的參與感

you're being talked to.

你只是在接受告知

When Richard Koshalek took over as director of the Hirshhorn

當理查 · 科沙萊克接任Hirshhorn博物館主任時

in 2009,

那是在2009 年，

he was determined to take advantage

他決心利用

of the fact that this museum was sited

這座博物館的地理位置優勢

at the most unique place:

在最獨特的地方

at the seat of power in the U.S.

也就是美國權力中心的所在地

And while art and politics

同時這裡也是藝術和政治

are inherently and implicitly together always and all the time,

總是渾然天成地聚集的地方

there could be some very special relationship

可能有一些非常特殊的關係

that could be forged here in its uniqueness.

可以在這個獨特之處發展出來

The question is, is it possible ultimately

問題是，究竟有沒有可能

for art to insert itself

把藝術結合到

into the dialogue of national and world affairs?

全國和世界事務的對話中呢？

And could the museum be an agent of cultural diplomacy?

而博物館能不能是文化外交的媒介呢？

There are over 180 embassies in Washington D.C.

在華盛頓特區有超過 180 使館

There are over 500 think tanks.

有超過 500 的智囊團。

There should be a way

應該有一種方法

of harnessing all of that intellectual and global energy

可以把這些具有智慧且全球化的能量

into, and somehow through, the museum.

透過博物館結合, 並運用到博物館裡。

There should be some kind of brain trust.

應該有某種形式的腦力的基金

So the Hirshhorn, as we began to think about it,

所以，當我們開始構思

and as we evolved the mission,

並逐步釐清我們的使命

with Richard and his team --

與 理查和他的團隊一起執行

it's really his life blood.

Hirshhorn博物館可算是 理查 的心血結晶

But beyond exhibiting contemporary art,

但除了展示當代藝術展之外

the Hirshhorn will become a public forum,

Hirshhorn博物館將成為一個公共論壇，

a place of discourse

一個交流討論的空間

for issues around arts,

主題環繞著 藝術

culture, politics and policy.

文化、 政治和政策。

It would have the global reach of the World Economic Forum.

這裡會有如同 世界經濟論壇 的全球普及性

It would have the interdisciplinarity of the TED Conference.

這裡會有像 TED 會議這樣的 跨領域性

這裡會有像鄉鎮廣場的 不拘形式

It would have the informality of the town square.

And for this new initiative,

為了這一個新的倡議，

the Hirshhorn would have to expand

Hirshhorn 博物館必須要擴展

or appropriate a site

或者轉型成為一個空間

for a contemporary, deployable structure.

採用一種現代的, 容易佈建的結構

This is it. This is the Hirshhorn --

這就是 Hirshhorn 博物館的樣子

so a 230-foot-diameter concrete doughnut

像 一個直徑 230 英尺的混凝土甜甜圈

designed in the early '70s

在七十年代早期的時候

by Gordon Bunshaft.

由戈登 · 邦沙夫特所設計。

It's hulking, it's silent,

樸拙而寂靜

it's cloistered, it's arrogant,

超群而高傲

it's a design challenge.

它是一個設計挑戰。

Architects love to hate it.

建築師對它又愛又恨

One redeeming feature

有一個可取的特徵

is it's lifted up off the ground

就是好像把整個博物館抬離地面

and it's got this void,

形成了這樣的空間感

and it's got an empty core

它有一個空的核心

kind of in the spirit and that facade

具有某種神韻與門面

very much corporate and federal style.

很像企業及聯邦政府的樣式

And around that space,

包圍著中空的區域

the ring is actually galleries.

的環狀建築, 實際上是畫廊。

Very, very difficult to mount shows in there.

在佈置展場的時候非常非常的具挑戰性

When the Hirshhorn opened,

當年 Hirshhorn 博物館 開幕的時候

Ada Louise Huxstable, the New York Times critic,

阿達 · 路易絲 · Huxstable，紐約時報的批評員，

用了一些特別的譬喻來形容

had some choice words:

"Neo-penitentiary modern."

"新監獄現代形態"。

"A maimed monument and a maimed Mall

"一個殘缺的紀念碑和殘缺的廣場

for a maimed collection."

用來陳列殘缺的收藏品"

Almost four decades later,

開幕至今過了四十年

how will this building expand

這座建築將如何擴建

for a new progressive program?

來滿足新的進化的展示內容呢?

Where would it go?

該往哪個方向擴展?

It can't go in the Mall.

它不能往廣場那邊。

There is no space there.

因為已沒有空地了

It can't go in the courtyard.

它不能往庭園那邊。

It's already taken up by landscape and by sculptures.

因為已經被造景與雕塑佔據了。

Well there's always the hole.

那就往中間的洞吧

But how could it take the space of that hole

但要如何利用中間的空洞空間

and not be buried in it invisibly?

而又不會被原本的建築擋住而無法被看到?

How could it become iconic?

怎樣的設計才能具有視覺上的標誌性呢?

And what language would it take?

要如何說出自己的話語呢?

The Hirshhorn sits among the Mall's monumental institutions.

Hirshhorn博物館, 就座落在 廣場這群具有紀念性的機構之間。

Most are neoclassical, heavy and opaque,

大部分都是 新古典主義的、 厚重而不透明的

made of stone or concrete.

石造的 或是 混凝土的建築物

And the question is,

問題是，

if one inhabits that space,

位於這樣的一個空間的建築

what is the material of the Mall?

國家廣場整體的材質給人什麼樣的感覺呢?

It has to be different from the buildings there.

這個博物館必須要和其他的建築物有所差異

It has to be something entirely different.

某種全面的差異性

It has to be air.

在我們的想像中, 這種差異性應該

In our imagination, it has to be light.

會有空氣的特質，如光線般輕盈

It has to be ephemeral. It has to be formless.

會像是曇花一現, 也不會有固定的型態

而且是自由的

And it has to be free.

(Video)

（視頻）

So this is the big idea.

這就是主要的想法。

It's a giant airbag.

像是個巨大的安全氣囊。

The expansion takes the shape of its container

脹大後就是外面的容器的形狀

and it oozes out wherever it can --

而且會從每個可能的開口冒出來

the top and sides.

像是頂部和底邊。

But more poetically,

更詩意的來想像，

we like to think of the structure

我們覺得這樣的氣囊結構

as inhaling the democratic air of the Mall,

會自己把國家廣場的民主空氣

bringing it into itself.

呼吸進這裡面來

The before and the after.

充氣前, 和充氣之後的樣子

It was dubbed "the bubble" by the press.

它被新聞界稱為"大泡泡"。

That was the lounge.

這是休息區

It's basically one big volume of air

基本上就像一個大氣囊的空間

that just oozes out in every direction.

從各個方向冒出去

The membrane is translucent.

氣囊的膜是半透明的。

It's made of silcon-coated glass fiber.

是用鍍了矽層的玻璃纖維做的

And it's inflated twice a year for one month at a time.

它充氣一年兩次，一次一個月。

This is the view from the inside.

這是從博物館裡面看的樣子

So you might have been wondering

您大概已經開始覺得好奇

how in the world

到底我們是怎樣

did we get this approved by the federal government.

讓聯邦政府批准這樣的設計的

It had to be approved by actually two agencies.

實際上要經過兩個機構批准。

And one is there to preserve

一個機構是要保持

the dignity and sanctity of the Mall.

國家廣場的尊嚴和神聖不可侵犯性

I blush whenever I show this.

每當我展示這個圖的時候都會臉紅

It is yours to interpret.

怎麼看就隨你想像了

But one thing I can say

但至少我可以說

is that it's a combination

它是一個組合了

of iconoclasm

顛覆傳統

and adoration.

卻又結合崇拜

There was also some creative interpretation involved.

另外也有一些富有創造性的解釋方式

The Congressional Buildings Act of 1910

1910 年設立的的國會建築群法案

limits the height of buildings in D.C.

限制了在華盛頓特區的建築物高度

to 130 feet,

不能超過130 英尺

except for spires, towers, domes and minarets.

但是 尖頂，塔、 圓頂和尖塔不在此限

This pretty much exempts monuments of the church and state.

所以大部分的教會和國家機構的古建築都符合規定

And the bubble is 153 ft.

我們設計的大泡泡是 153 呎高。

That's the Pantheon next to it.

跟它旁邊的萬神殿排在一起會像這樣

It's about 1.2 million cubic feet of compressed air.

大泡泡裡面的壓縮空氣約有120 萬立方呎。

And so we argued it

我們把它

on the merits of being a dome.

說成是一種圓頂

So there it is,

看起來會像這樣

very stately,

非常的... 莊嚴魁偉

among all the stately buildings in the Mall.

處身在廣場內其他的 莊嚴魁偉的建築群中

And while this Hirshhorn is not landmarked,

雖然 Hirshhorn博物館 不算是地標建築，

it's very, very historically sensitive.

但是這建築也具有豐富的歷史意義

And so we couldn't really touch its surfaces.

所以在施工的時候不能真的動到建築表面

We couldn't leave any traces behind.

也不能留下任何的痕跡

So we strained it from the edges,

所以我們從邊緣來框住它

and we held it by cables.

用鋼纜來支撐它

It's a study of some bondage techniques,

過程中研究了一些束縛的做法

which are actually very important

這些都非常重要

because it's hit by wind all the time.

因為整個結構一直會受風吹

There's one permanent steel ring at the top,

在頂部有一個固定的鋼環

but it can't be seen from any vantage point on the Mall.

從廣場的任何角度看過來都不能被看到

There are also some restrictions

還有一些限制

about how much it could be lit.

就是大泡泡的亮度

It glows from within, it's translucent.

它是半透明, 裡面的照明會亮出來

But it can't be more lit than the Capitol

但它不能亮得超過 國會大廈

or some of the monuments.

和其他一些紀念建築

So it's down the hierarchy on lighting.

在亮度排行榜上是排在後段的

大泡泡每年會被架起來兩次

So it comes to the site twice a year.

It's taken off the delivery truck.

用卡車載運過來

It's hoisted.

然後掛起來

And then it's inflated

然後用低壓空氣

with this low-pressure air.

吹脹起來

And then it's restrained with the cables.

再以鋼纜固定

And then it's ballasted with water at the very bottom.

底部用水來壓艙固定

This is a very strange moment

這是一個非常奇異的時刻

where we were asked by the bureaucracy at the Mall

當我們被國家廣場的主管單位問到

how much time would it take to install.

大泡泡的安裝要花多少時間

And we said, well the first erection would take one week.

我們回答說, 第一次立起來會需要一週的時間

And they really connected with that idea.

他們就相信了

And then it was really easy all the way through.

然後就一路輕鬆的過關了

So we didn't really have that many hurdles, I have to say,

事實上在政府與主管單位的溝通與程序

with the government and all the authorities.

都沒有什麼阻礙

But some of the toughest hurdles

一些最棘手的障礙

have been the technical ones.

反而是在技術上

This is the warp and weft.

這是經編和緯編設計圖

This is a point cloud.

這是一個點雲數據圖

There are extreme pressures.

幾個地方有極端的壓力

This is a very, very unusual building

這是一個非常，非常不尋常的建築結構

裡面沒有常見的向下的重力負載

in that there's no gravity load,

but there's load in every direction.

而是在每個方向都有壓力附載

And I'm just going to zip through these slides.

我只打算很快掃過這些投影片...

And this is the space in action.

這是活動空間的使用場景

So flexible interior for discussions,

具有靈活彈性的內部, 可用來開討論會

just like this, but in the round --

周遭的照明配置

luminous and reconfigurable.

是可以調整的配置方式

Could be used for anything,

適用於各種用途

for performances, films,

演出，電影

for installations.

或是裝置藝術

And the very first program

而第一次登場的節目

will be one of cultural dialogue and diplomacy

將會是一個文化對話的外交活動

organized in partnership

是和 國際關係委員會

with the Council on Foreign Relations.

共同規劃辦理的

Form and content are together here.

形式與內容在這裡合而為一

The bubble is an anti-monument.

大泡泡就像是一個反紀念建築

The ideals of participatory democracy

參與式民主的理念

are represented through suppleness

藉由柔軟度來呈現

rather than rigidity.

取代了僵固的體制

Art and politics

藝術和政治

occupy an ambiguous site outside the museum walls,

佔據了博物館牆外的模糊空間

but inside of the museum's core,

卻又被包含在博物館的核心之內

blending its air

裡面的氛圍

with the democratic air of the Mall.

與廣場上的民主氛圍交流著

And the bubble will inflate

我們滿心期待

hopefully for the first time

這個大泡泡第一次鼓起來的時候

at the end of 2013.

將會發生在2013年底

Thank you.

謝謝

(Applause)