A Brain Implant That Turns Your Thoughts Into Text | Tom Oxley | TED

199,766 views ・ 2022-06-02

TED


请双击下面的英文字幕来播放视频。

翻译人员: Bella He 校对人员: Yip Yan Yeung
00:04
A few months ago,
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几个月前,
00:06
I surrendered the password to my Twitter account
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我把我的推特密码交给了
00:09
to let a person with paralysis tweet out their thoughts.
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一位瘫痪患者, 让他用推文表达自己的想法。
00:14
But I mean that literally.
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而且大家可以就按字面意思去理解。
00:16
Philip O'Keefe can't use his fingers to type like you or I,
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菲利普·奥基夫(Philip O’Keefe) 无法像你我一样用手打字,
00:19
but thanks to a tiny brain implant,
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但多亏了一块 小小的大脑植入芯片,
00:21
he was able to send the following tweets.
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他才能发出以下推文。
00:26
"Hello world! Short tweet. Monumental progress."
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“你好,世界!(常用于首次编程演示) 很短的推文,但确是丰碑式的进步。”
00:31
"No need for keystrokes or voices.
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“不用敲键盘,也不用语音。
00:33
I created this tweet just by thinking it."
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我靠意念发出了这条推文。”
00:37
"My hope is that I pave the way
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“希望我为人们实现 通过想法发推一事
00:39
for people to be able to tweet through thoughts. Phil."
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开创了先河。 菲尔致上。”
00:44
Now you might be thinking there are some people out there
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你现在可能在想, 有些人不应该被允许
00:47
who should not be allowed to tweet directly from their brain.
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直接发出脑内的想法。
00:50
(Laughter)
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(大笑)
00:51
I agree.
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我同意。
00:53
But for people with paralysis and disability,
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但对于瘫痪和 有身体障碍的群体来说,
00:55
this technology can be life-changing.
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这项技术会起到改变人生的作用。
01:00
I’m very excited to introduce you to Philip and Rodney.
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我很激动能向你介绍 菲利普和罗德尼(Rodney)。
01:04
They both have a neurodegenerative disease called ALS,
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他们都患有神经退行性疾病, 即渐冻症(ALS),
01:07
means they can't move their hands or speak clearly,
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这意味着他们的手部不能 灵活移动,口齿也不太伶俐,
01:10
but they can now text
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不过在脑机接口技术
01:12
thanks to a brain-computer interface or BCI.
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(简称BCI)的支持下, 现在他们能够发消息了。
01:17
There were Philip’s brain signals up on the screen.
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屏幕上显示的是 菲利普的大脑信号。
01:19
They’re connected to their computers via Bluetooth.
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信号通过蓝牙连接着电脑。
01:22
The device is fully internalized, invisible to the outside world,
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脑机接口设备是完全内置在体内的, 从外面看是见不到的,
01:26
and they learn to control the keyboard
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然后用户学会通过脑内
01:29
with clicks directly coming from their brain.
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输出的“点击”控制键盘。
01:33
Now BCIs conjure up images of science fiction like "The Matrix"
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脑机接口通常会让人联想到 科幻电影的场景,比如《黑客帝国》,
01:37
with a cable jacked up into your brain through a hole in your skull.
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电线插进头骨的开孔里,连接大脑。
01:40
But I'm here to show you that the future can be much more elegant than that.
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但我想让你们知道脑机接口 在未来会比上述画面做得更人性化。
01:46
So we got this group chat going,
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我们平时都有群聊,
01:47
which I thought was a great idea,
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我本来觉得是个很棒的做法,
01:49
until they started roasting me about the TED Talk --
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但在他们都开始拿 TED Talk 捉弄我之后,我不这么认为了,
01:52
(Laughter)
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(大笑)
01:53
Which they found hilarious.
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他们觉得我上 TED Talk 这件事很滑稽。
01:55
Thanks for the vote of confidence, guys,
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谢谢你们的加油打气,朋友们,
01:57
bloody Australians.
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“可恶”的澳大利亚人。
01:58
(Laughter)
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(大笑)
01:59
Now you can see it's still quite slow for them to type this way,
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如你们所见,他们这种方式的 打字速度还是挺慢的,
02:02
but this is like dial up speeds at the beginning of the Internet.
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但这就类似于互联网 刚开始时的拨号上网阶段。
02:07
This is a new Moore's Law.
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这是新的摩尔定律。
02:09
We're just getting started.
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我们的未来可期。
02:13
(Laughter)
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(大笑)
02:16
(Applause)
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(掌声)
02:18
That's Philip.
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这位是菲利普。
02:21
This has been the dream of patients and caregivers,
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这是患者、护理者、医生、科学家们
02:23
doctors and scientists, for decades,
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多年来梦寐以求的技术,
02:25
and for good reason.
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而且理由很充分。
02:28
You may know someone who's lost the ability to use their hands,
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你可能认识某个失去了 双手使用能力的人,
02:31
maybe from a stroke or a spinal cord injury
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可能是由中风引起, 可能是脊髓损伤,
02:33
or multiple sclerosis, paralysis.
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也有可能是因为 多发性硬化、麻痹症。
02:36
It comes in all shapes and sizes,
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行动不便会导致各种各样的情况:
02:38
from minor inconvenience to life-threatening.
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小到轻微的不便之处, 大到威胁生命安全。
02:43
During my neurology residency, I cared for a man in his 40s.
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在我神经内科实习期间, 我看护了一个 40 来岁的病人。
02:47
He had a stroke and developed locked-in syndrome.
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他中风后出现闭锁综合征。
02:51
Meant he couldn't move his body, except for his eyes, left or right.
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这意味着除去他的双眼能左右 运动外,身体皆有运动障碍。
02:57
His brain still worked like yours.
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他的大脑仍能正常运作, 跟各位的一样。
02:59
He could see and hear and think and feel just like normal,
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他的视听能力、思考能力 和感官一切正常,
03:04
but he couldn't move or speak ever again.
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但是他再也无法运动或说话。
03:09
And in what were horrific circumstances,
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回想起来,还是很遗憾,
03:12
we supported his wish to be taken off life support.
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那时我们遵循了他的意愿, 停用了他的生命支持设备。
03:16
And so I've been wondering ever since,
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自此之后,我就在想,
03:18
was there not anything else that could have been done?
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难道就真的没有其他办法了吗?
03:24
Connection is a fundamental human need.
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情感联结是人类的基本需求。
03:28
So many of our patients have lost the ability to speak,
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我的很多患者在很早之前就失去了
03:30
let alone type, for years,
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言语能力,更别说打字的能力了,
03:33
and they so desperately want to reconnect with their family,
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他们很渴望能和家人和所爱之人
03:36
with their loved ones.
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再次交流联系起来。
03:38
You know what the main request we get is?
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你猜我们最常听到的请求是什么?
03:40
Text messaging.
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他们想要发文字消息的能力。
03:42
And then email.
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发邮件的能力。
03:43
Control over their smartphone.
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他们希望能掌控自己的手机。
03:46
And shock horror,
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更让人意外的是,
03:47
social media.
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他们希望参与到社交媒体中。
03:50
We've been speaking so much lately about the flaws of these technologies,
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我们近来经常说起这些科技的缺点,
03:54
but for people with paralysis, this is a return to life.
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但对瘫痪的人来说, 上述的科技能助他们重获新生。
03:58
BCIs make all of this possible.
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脑机接口能让这一切变得可行。
04:02
Now, part of the problem has been
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现在有个问题是
04:04
that BCIs typically require invasive surgery.
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脑机接口一般都要开刀手术。
04:07
This is the Utah Array.
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屏幕上是多通道神经电极 (Utah Array)。
04:10
This is designed similarly to all other BCIs
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这个电极跟其他研发中的脑机接口
04:12
currently under development,
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大同小异,
04:14
which require drilling needles directly into the brain.
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它们都需要把针头径直 钻进脑内才能使用。
04:17
Now, this has been the basis of critical fundamental research
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这类电极是过去 20 年间
基本且关键研究中的基石,
04:21
over the last 20 years
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04:22
and the early proof that this technology really can perform.
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也是脑机接口技术有 可能实现的早期证明。
04:26
But for patients, it means open-brain surgery,
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然而对于患者来说, 这意味着开颅手术,
04:30
which involves cutting through the skull with a saw.
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包括用锯子锯开头骨。
04:33
And there are only about 150 functional neurosurgeons in the US
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在美国只有大概 150 名 功能性神经外科医生
04:37
that can perform this procedure.
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能够操刀进行这项手术。
04:39
Apart from the fact that the recovery is tricky,
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除了恢复过程很棘手 这个事实以外,
04:41
the brain doesn't really like having needles put into it.
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人类的大脑实际上 也十分抗拒与针头接触。
04:45
It develops this foreign-body tissue rejection immune reaction over time.
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手术后会多次引发 排斥异物组织的免疫反应。
04:50
So I've been wondering, is there any other way into the brain?
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所以我一直在想, 有没有更好的接入大脑的方式?
04:55
And there is, a secret back door.
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实际上是有的, 我们发现了一个秘密通道。
04:59
The blood vessels are the natural highways into the brain.
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血管是连接大脑的天然通道。
05:03
These are hollow tubes that connect every corner of the brain.
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这些空心的管道遍布大脑。
05:07
The largest vein at the top there is right next to the motor cortex.
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大脑顶部最粗的那根血管 紧挨着运动皮层。
05:12
The exact part of the brain that we want to connect to
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这个区域正是我们想要连接的地方,
05:15
to restore control to the outside world.
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能让患者重获掌控外界能力的区域。
05:17
How cool is that?
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太酷了吧。
05:21
Now we already know how to travel through the blood vessels.
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我们早就掌握了 游走于血管间的技术。
05:24
We've been doing it for 40 years, mostly going to the heart.
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40 年来,我们都在进行类似的操作, 对象多数是连接心脏的血管。
05:28
If anyone here today has had a heart attack,
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在场的各位 如果以前发作过心脏病,
05:30
there's a pretty good chance you've had a stent.
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相信你很有可能装过心脏支架。
05:34
A stent is a metal scaffold delivered through a catheter,
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血管支架是一种 通过导管输送的金属支架,
05:38
which opens up like a flower into the blood vessel.
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进入血管后会像花瓣一样展开。
05:41
Millions of stents are delivered each year,
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每年有数百万个支架投入使用,
05:44
not in the OR,
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但不是在手术室,
05:45
but in the cath lab or catheter laboratory.
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而是只用在导管室。
05:50
It's now common in the cath lab to navigate up into the brain
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如今在导管室里进行 将支架通过血管送至大脑的操作,
05:54
through the blood vessels.
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已经很普遍了。
05:55
And there are 2,500 physicians
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而且现有 2500 名左右的 医生有能力
05:58
who can now navigate their way up into the brain.
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进行这项操作。
06:00
But what's really amazing about this
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不过这项技术真正惊艳的地方在于:
06:04
is that for BCIs we already know
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现在我们已经知道了脑机接口
06:07
that devices can be left inside a blood vessel,
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装置可置于血管内,
06:10
cells grow over it, incorporate it into the wall
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血管细胞会沿着装置增殖, 将其包裹在血管壁内,
06:12
like a tattoo under the skin,
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成为皮肤之下的纹身一般的存在,
06:14
and we're protected from that immune reaction.
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并且不会引起免疫反应。
06:18
This is part of the reason why our team became the first in the world
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这也是我们团队成为世界上 第一支获得美国食品和药物管理局
06:21
to receive a green light from the FDA to conduct clinical trials
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许可的个中原因, 我们团队是首支能进行
06:25
of a permanently implanted BCI.
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永久性植入型脑机接口 临床试验的团队。
06:28
(Applause)
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(掌声)
06:33
So what we had to do was figure out a way to put a sensor,
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我们接着要做的事就是 找到放置感应器的方法,
06:37
connected to this crosslinks of the stent
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感应器连接着支架的交联点,
06:40
that could record that brain activity.
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交联点是记录大脑活动的地方。
06:43
To do that, we had to do a complete overhaul of stent manufacturing.
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为解决问题,我们需全面 改造支架的生产方式。
06:47
This is the end result.
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这就是最终成果。
06:48
I think it's very beautiful.
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我觉得它十分美观。
06:51
Then connect it to a cable
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再将它跟一条线缆相连,
06:53
which brings the information out of the brain
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线缆起到将信息输送出大脑的作用,
06:56
and do it all in a way that it can be delivered in the cath lab.
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并且以上过程皆能在导管室完成。
07:00
This way we can make BCI accessible not to the thousands of people,
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这样脑机接口不会成为只有 几千人能够有机会接触的技术,
07:04
but to the millions of people who need this technology.
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而是所有需要这项技术辅助的 数百数千万人都有机会。
07:09
So it wasn't easy, took us ten years,
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所以即使过程很艰难, 花费了长达十年的时间,
07:13
but I'm very excited to show you guys.
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我也很高兴能为你们展示:
07:19
We called this the Stentrode.
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Stentrode 电子支架。
07:27
(Applause)
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(掌声)
07:34
Graham Felstead, an incredible human being suffering with ALS,
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格雷厄姆·费尔斯特德(Graham Felstead), 美好的灵魂受困于渐冻症的折磨,
07:39
became the first person in the world
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是世界上第一位
07:41
to receive and use one of these brain-computer interfaces.
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接受并使用这款脑机接口的人。
07:44
And he has very generously offered you, the world,
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他愿意向世界展示
07:47
a chance to see what it looks like inside his brain.
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他的大脑内部影像。
07:50
Would you like to see?
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你们想要看看吗?
07:51
Audience: Yes!
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观众:想!
07:59
TO: Seeing this video for the first time
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汤姆:初次看到这视频的瞬间,
08:01
was one of the most incredible moments of my life.
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是我人生中 最不可思议的瞬间之一。
08:04
I was standing in the cath lab,
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我在导管室里,
08:06
Dr. Peter Mitchell had just completed the surgery
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彼得·米切尔(Peter Mitchell)医生 刚完成了这项手术,
08:09
and you can see the device, the outline of device,
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你能看见这个装置,
08:11
sitting inside the blood vessel there.
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血管内的装置轮廓,
08:13
So this popped up on the screen
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这个场景能透过屏幕看到,
08:15
and it just felt like we were witnessing something new in the world.
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那时我们感觉在见证世界的新奇迹。
08:20
I had tingles down my spine,
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我起了一身鸡皮疙瘩,激动不已,
08:22
I've got them now thinking about it again.
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再次想起那个瞬间也会起鸡皮疙瘩。
08:24
I turned to my colleague Pete,
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我对我的同事彼得(Pete)说了一句话,
08:25
and I said something poetic and profound like,
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充满诗意与深意的一句话:
08:29
"Pete, holy shit!"
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“彼得,我去!”
08:31
(Laughter)
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(大笑)
08:35
And then two hours later, something even more amazing happened.
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两个小时后,更奇妙的事情发生了。
08:38
Graham woke up, and he asked, “Am I alive?”
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格雷厄姆醒来并问道: “我还活着吗?”
08:42
And our nurse Kristine broke out in tears of relief.
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我们的护士克里斯汀(Kristine) 忍不住大哭,同时松了一口气。
08:45
It was a phenomenal moment.
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这是历史的一个新篇章。
08:48
Once it's in place,
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装置放好后,
08:50
it's connected to this tiny antenna that sits under the skin in the chest.
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会连接位于胸腔内的微型天线,
08:55
This collects the raw brain data
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天线负责收集 未经处理的大脑数据,
08:57
and sends it out of the body wirelessly
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再将数据无线传到
08:59
to then connect with external devices.
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体外的外部设备。
09:03
It's always on and ready to go.
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这套设施是全天候运行的, 而且技术成熟。
09:04
Kind of like how your brain is meant to work.
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跟我们大脑的运转方式差不多。
09:09
So here's how it works.
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装置系统的工作原理如下:
09:11
Our engineers work with our patients to decode specific movements.
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我们的工程师跟患者 合作解码指定动作。
09:17
So we tell the patient, “Press down your foot.”
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我们跟患者说:“脚趾压地。”
09:19
So they'll repeatedly press down their foot.
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他们会反复地执行这个动作。
09:22
You won't see the foot moving because they're paralyzed,
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不过实际上你是看不到脚在移动的, 因为患者是瘫痪的。
09:26
but we've been able to determine
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这样做的目的是我们能定位
09:27
which brain signals are generally linked to “Press down your foot.”
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大脑里哪个区域 在发出“脚趾压地”的信号。
09:32
The black dotted line is the moment of pressing down the foot,
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图上的黑点就是“脚趾压地”时 发出信号的相关区域。
09:35
and you can see the brain signal is different before to after,
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你能看到,执行动作之前与 之后的大脑信号是不同的,
09:39
which means we can turn that into a switch.
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这意味着我们可以据此转化。
09:43
Now we repeat this for several different types of movements,
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我们接着重复不同类型的行动,
09:46
say, open/close your hand or pincer-grip your finger.
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比如,张手、握拳、捏住等。
09:49
Now, that may not seem like much,
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这听上去似乎没什么大不了,
09:51
but these become the building blocks for every single interaction
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但这是掌控电子设备的过程中
09:55
on a digital device that is needed for control.
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每一项操作的基石。
10:01
Converted to
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执行动作能转变成
10:03
click, up, down, left, right, menu, back, etc.
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点击、上下左右移动、打开菜单、 返回等电子操作。
10:08
But what's really amazing is that to some degree,
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然而真正的奇妙之处在于:
10:11
this process,
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大脑信号在某种程度上来说
10:12
our brain signals, are universal.
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是世界通用的。
10:15
So the brain signal for “Press down your foot” for me
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我发出的“脚趾压地”的大脑信号
10:18
is the same as it is for you.
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跟你的是一样的。
10:21
Now this means that we're creating a dictionary of the brain
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这意味着我们在建立全人类
10:24
across all humans.
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通用的大脑字典。
10:26
This is going to make BCI truly scalable.
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脑机接口真的有可能 被广泛运用起来。
10:32
As Philip once said to me,
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菲利普有一次对我说,
10:34
"It's kind of like learning how to ride a bike.
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“这个过程跟学骑自行车差不多。”
10:36
It takes a bit of practice, but once you're rolling,
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需要一点练习,但一旦学会了,
10:39
it becomes natural.
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自然而然就会骑车了。
10:40
Now I just look on the screen where I want to click and I'm texting,
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我能随意看着屏幕 点开我感兴趣的内容,
10:44
messaging the world via Twitter."
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也能在推特上发信息。
10:46
But Graham,
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可是,格雷厄姆他说,
10:48
he said, as his ALS was progressing,
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在他的渐冻症病情 逐渐恶化的过程中,
10:51
that it gave him immense comfort to know that even if his body was failing,
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就算身体越来越差, 如果他还能够跟他的妻子说爱她,
10:55
he was always going to be able to tell his wife that he loved her.
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可以让他感到巨大的欣慰。
11:02
In the future,
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将来,
11:03
I'm really excited about the breakthroughs BCI could deliver to other conditions
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我很期待脑机接口能有新突破 并适用于其他病症,
11:07
like epilepsy, depression and dementia.
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例如,癫痫、抑郁或阿尔兹海默症。
11:10
But beyond that,
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但除此之外,
11:12
what is this going to mean for humanity?
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这对全人类来说代表着什么?
11:15
What's really got me thinking is the future of communication.
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我不断联想到未来的交流方式。
11:22
Take emotion.
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拿情感为例,
11:25
Have you ever considered how hard it is to express how you feel?
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你有想过表达自己的情感是 一件多么困难的事情吗?
11:29
You have to self-reflect,
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你得先自我总结,
11:32
package the emotion into words
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然后将情感转化为文字,
11:34
and then use the muscles of your mouth to speak those words.
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再通过嘴部肌肉说出来。
11:37
But you really just want someone to know how you feel.
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可你想要的是让别人知道你的情感。
11:40
For some people with certain conditions,
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对部分受局限的人来说,
11:42
that's impossible.
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这是不可能的。
11:44
So what if, rather than using your words,
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但假如,不需要用文字包装好,
11:46
you could throw your emotion just for a few seconds?
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你就能直接将情感传给别人呢?
11:52
And have them really feel how you feel.
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让别人切身地体会到你的情感。
11:56
At that moment, we would have realized
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那时,我们就会意识到
11:58
that the necessary use of words to express our current state of being
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只用文字来表达自身的状态,
12:02
was always going to fall short.
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是远远不够的。
12:06
The full potential of the brain would then be unlocked.
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那时,大脑的所有潜能 也能被激发出来。
12:11
But for right now,
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不过就目前来说,
12:13
BCI is about restoring the lives of millions of people with paralysis.
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脑机接口的主要任务是让数百万 瘫痪患者重返社会生活。
12:18
After years of feeling trapped,
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体会到多年社会活动受限的烦闷,
12:21
this technology promises the return of autonomy and independence.
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这项技术能让患者重拾 自主独立的权力。
12:27
But what I really mean is dignity.
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但我认为,重拾的更是患者的尊严。
12:31
Thank you.
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谢谢大家。
12:32
(Applause)
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(掌声)
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