A Brain Implant That Turns Your Thoughts Into Text | Tom Oxley | TED

200,543 views ใƒป 2022-06-02

TED


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืชืจื’ื•ื: Zohar Bloom ืขืจื™ื›ื”: Ido Dekkers
00:04
A few months ago,
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ืœืคื ื™ ื›ืžื” ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื,
00:06
I surrendered the password to my Twitter account
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ื•ื•ื™ืชืจืชื™ ืขืœ ื”ืกื™ืกืžื” ืœื—ืฉื‘ื•ืŸ ื”ื˜ื•ื•ื™ื˜ืจ ืฉืœื™
00:09
to let a person with paralysis tweet out their thoughts.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœืชืช ืœืื“ื ืขื ืฉื™ืชื•ืง ืœืฆื™ื™ืฅ ืืช ื”ืžื—ืฉื‘ื•ืช ืฉืœื•
00:14
But I mean that literally.
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ืื‘ืœ ืื ื™ ืžืชื›ื•ื•ืŸ ืœื–ื” ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืžื™ืœื•ืœื™.
00:16
Philip O'Keefe can't use his fingers to type like you or I,
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ืคื™ืœื™ ืื•โ€™ืงื™ืคื™ ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ืืฆื‘ืขื•ืช ืฉืœื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืงืœื™ื“ ื›ืžื•ื ื™ ื•ื›ืžื•ื›ื,
00:19
but thanks to a tiny brain implant,
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื•ื“ื•ืช ืœืฉืชืœ ืžื•ื— ื–ืขื™ืจ,
00:21
he was able to send the following tweets.
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ื”ื•ื ื”ื™ื” ืžืกื•ื’ืœ ืœืฉืœื•ื— ืืช ื”ืฆื™ื•ืฆื™ื ื”ื‘ืื™ื.
00:26
"Hello world! Short tweet. Monumental progress."
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โ€œืฉืœื•ื ืขื•ืœื! ืฆื™ื•ืฅ ืงืฆืจ. ื”ืชืงื“ืžื•ืช ื›ื‘ื™ืจื”โ€
00:31
"No need for keystrokes or voices.
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โ€œืื™ืŸ ืฆื•ืจืš ื‘ื”ืงืœื“ื•ืช ืื• ืงื•ืœื•ืช.
00:33
I created this tweet just by thinking it."
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ื™ืฆืจืชื™ ืืช ื”ืฆื™ื•ืฅ ื”ื–ื” ืจืง ืžืœื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืื•ืชื•.โ€
โ€œื”ืชืงื•ื•ื” ืฉืœื™ ื”ื™ื ืฉืื ื™ ืกื•ืœืœ ืืช ื”ื“ืจืš
00:37
"My hope is that I pave the way
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ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืื ืฉื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžืกื•ื’ืœื™ื ืœืฆื™ื™ืฅ ื“ืจืš ืžื—ืฉื‘ื•ืช. ืคื™ืœ.โ€
00:39
for people to be able to tweet through thoughts. Phil."
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00:44
Now you might be thinking there are some people out there
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ืืชื ืขืฉื•ื™ื™ื ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘, ื™ืฉ ืฉื ืื ืฉื™ื ื‘ื—ื•ืฅ
ืฉืืกื•ืจ ืœื”ืจืฉื•ืช ืœื”ื ืœืฆื™ื™ืฅ ื”ื™ืฉืจ ืžื”ืžื•ื— ืฉืœื”ื.
00:47
who should not be allowed to tweet directly from their brain.
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00:50
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
00:51
I agree.
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ืื ื™ ืžืกื›ื™ื.
00:53
But for people with paralysis and disability,
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ืื‘ืœ ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœ ืื ืฉื™ื ืขื ืฉื™ืชื•ืง ื•ืžื•ื’ื‘ืœื•ืช,
00:55
this technology can be life-changing.
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ื”ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื”ื–ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžืฉื ืช ื—ื™ื™ื.
01:00
Iโ€™m very excited to introduce you to Philip and Rodney.
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ืื ื™ ืžืื•ื“ ื ืจื’ืฉ ืœื”ื›ื™ืจ ืœื›ื ืืช ืคื™ืœื™ืค ื•ืจื•ื“ื ื™.
01:04
They both have a neurodegenerative disease called ALS,
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ืœืฉื ื™ื”ื ื™ืฉ ืžื—ืœื” ื ื™ื•ื•ื ื™ืช ืฉื ืงืจืืช ALS,
01:07
means they can't move their hands or speak clearly,
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ื›ืœื•ืžืจ ื”ื ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื–ื™ื– ืืช ื”ื™ื“ื™ื™ื ืฉืœื”ื ืื• ืœื“ื‘ืจ ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื‘ืจื•ืจ,
01:10
but they can now text
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ืœืฉืœื•ื— ื”ื•ื“ืขื”
01:12
thanks to a brain-computer interface or BCI.
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ื”ื•ื“ืขื•ืช ืœืžืžืฉืง ืžื•ื—-ืžื—ืฉื‘ ืื• โ€œBCIโ€.
01:17
There were Philipโ€™s brain signals up on the screen.
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ื”ื ื” ืื•ืชื•ืช ื”ืžื•ื— ืฉืœ ืคื™ืœื™ืค ืขืœ ื”ืžืกืš.
01:19
Theyโ€™re connected to their computers via Bluetooth.
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ื”ื ืžื—ื•ื‘ืจื™ื ืœืžื—ืฉื‘ื™ื ืฉืœื”ื ื“ืจืš ื‘ืœื•ื˜ื•ืชโ€ฒ.
01:22
The device is fully internalized, invisible to the outside world,
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ื”ืžื›ืฉื™ืจ ื”ื•ื ืœื’ืžืจื™ ืคื ื™ืžื™, ื‘ืœืชื™ ื ืจืื” ืœืขื•ืœื ื”ื—ื™ืฆื•ืŸ,
01:26
and they learn to control the keyboard
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ื•ื”ื ืœืžื“ื• ืื™ืš ืœืฉืœื•ื˜ ื‘ืžืงืœื“ืช
01:29
with clicks directly coming from their brain.
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ืขื ืงืœื™ืงื™ื ืฉืžื’ื™ืขื™ื ื”ื™ืฉืจ ืžื”ืžื•ื— ืฉืœื”ื.
01:33
Now BCIs conjure up images of science fiction like "The Matrix"
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ืžืžืฉืงื™ ื”-BCI ื™ื•ืฆืจื™ื ืชืžื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืžื“ืข ื‘ื“ื™ื•ื ื™ ื›ืžื• ื”โ€œืžื˜ืจื™ืงืกโ€
01:37
with a cable jacked up into your brain through a hole in your skull.
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ืขื ื›ื‘ืœ ืžื—ื•ื‘ืจ ืœืžื•ื— ืฉืœื›ื ื“ืจืš ื—ื•ืจ ื‘ื’ื•ืœื’ื•ืœืช.
01:40
But I'm here to show you that the future can be much more elegant than that.
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ืื‘ืœ ืื ื™ ื›ืืŸ ืœื”ืจืื•ืช ืœื›ื ืฉื”ืขืชื™ื“ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืืœื’ื ื˜ื™ ืžื–ื”.
01:46
So we got this group chat going,
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ืื– ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ืืช ื”ืฆโ€™ืื˜ ื”ืงื‘ื•ืฆืชื™ ื”ื–ื”,
01:47
which I thought was a great idea,
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ืฉืื ื™ ื—ืฉื‘ืชื™ ืฉื”ื•ื ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ืื“ื™ืจ,
01:49
until they started roasting me about the TED Talk --
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ืขื“ ืฉื”ื ื”ืชื—ื™ืœื• ืœืจื“ืช ืขืœื™ื™ ืขืœ ื”ืจืฆืืช ื”ื˜ื“ --
01:52
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
01:53
Which they found hilarious.
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ืฉื”ื ื—ืฉื‘ื• ืฉื”ื™ื ืžืฆื—ื™ืงื”.
01:55
Thanks for the vote of confidence, guys,
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ืชื•ื“ื” ืขืœ ื”ื‘ืขืช ื”ืืžื•ืŸ, ื—ื‘ืจื”,
01:57
bloody Australians.
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ืื•ืกื˜ืจืœื™ื ืืจื•ืจื™ื.
01:58
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
01:59
Now you can see it's still quite slow for them to type this way,
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ืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื–ื” ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืื™ื˜ื™ ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœื ืœื”ืงืœื™ื“ ื‘ื“ืจืš ื”ื–ื•,
02:02
but this is like dial up speeds at the beginning of the Internet.
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ืื‘ืœ ื–ื” ื›ืžื• ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช ื—ื™ื•ื’ ื‘ืชื—ื™ืœืช ื”ืื™ื ื˜ืจื ื˜.
02:07
This is a new Moore's Law.
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ื–ื” ื—ื•ืง ืžื•ืจ ื”ื—ื“ืฉ.
02:09
We're just getting started.
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืจืง ืžืชื—ื™ืœื™ื.
02:13
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
02:16
(Applause)
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(ื›ืคื™ื™ื)
02:18
That's Philip.
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ื–ื” ืคื™ืœื™ืค
02:21
This has been the dream of patients and caregivers,
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ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ื”ื—ืœื•ื ืฉืœ ืžื˜ื•ืคืœื™ื ื•ืžื˜ืคืœื™ื,
02:23
doctors and scientists, for decades,
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ืจื•ืคืื™ื ื•ืžื“ืขื ื™ื, ืœื“ื•ืจื•ืช,
02:25
and for good reason.
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ื•ืžืกื™ื‘ื” ื˜ื•ื‘ื”.
02:28
You may know someone who's lost the ability to use their hands,
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ืืชื ืขืฉื•ื™ื™ื ืœื”ื›ื™ืจ ืžื™ืฉื”ื• ืฉืื™ื‘ื“ ืืช ื”ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ื™ื“ื™ื™ื ืฉืœื”ื,
02:31
maybe from a stroke or a spinal cord injury
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ืื•ืœื™ ืžืฉื‘ืฅ ืื• ื—ื‘ืœื” ื‘ื—ื•ื˜ ื”ืฉื“ืจื”
02:33
or multiple sclerosis, paralysis.
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ืื• ื˜ืจืฉืช ื ืคื•ืฆื”, ืฉื™ืชื•ืง.
02:36
It comes in all shapes and sizes,
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ื–ื” ื‘ื ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ืฆื•ืจื•ืช ื•ื”ื’ื“ืœื™ื,
02:38
from minor inconvenience to life-threatening.
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ืžืื™- ื ื•ื—ื•ืช ืžื–ืขืจื™ืช ืœืื™ื•ื ืงื™ื•ืžื™.
02:43
During my neurology residency, I cared for a man in his 40s.
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ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ื”ืชืžื—ื•ืช ื”ื ื•ื™ืจื•ืœื•ื’ื™ืช ืฉืœื™, ื˜ื™ืคืœืชื™ ื‘ืื“ื ื‘ืฉื ื•ืช ื”-40 ืฉืœื•.
02:47
He had a stroke and developed locked-in syndrome.
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ื”ื™ื” ืœื• ืฉื‘ืฅ ื•ื”ื•ื ืคื™ืชื— ืชืกืžื•ื ืช โ€œืื“ื ื ืขื•ืœโ€œ.
02:51
Meant he couldn't move his body, except for his eyes, left or right.
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ื”ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ื”ื™ื ืฉื”ื•ื ืœื ื™ื›ืœ ืœื”ื–ื™ื– ืืช ื’ื•ืคื•, ืžืœื‘ื“ ื”ืขื™ื ื™ื™ื ืฉืœื•, ืฉืžืืœ ืื• ื™ืžื™ืŸ.
02:57
His brain still worked like yours.
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ื”ืžื•ื— ืฉืœื• ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืขื‘ื“ ื›ืžื• ืฉืœื›ื.
02:59
He could see and hear and think and feel just like normal,
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ื”ื”ื•ื ื™ื›ืœ ืœืจืื•ืช ื•ืœืฉืžื•ืข ื•ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘ ื•ืœื”ืจื’ื™ืฉ ืžืžืฉ ืจื’ื™ืœ,
03:04
but he couldn't move or speak ever again.
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื•ื ืœื ื™ื›ืœ ืœื–ื•ื– ืื• ืœื“ื‘ืจ ืœืฆืžื™ืชื•ืช.
03:09
And in what were horrific circumstances,
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ื•ื‘ืžื” ืฉื”ื™ื• ื ืกื™ื‘ื•ืช ืžื–ื•ื•ื™ืขื•ืช,
03:12
we supported his wish to be taken off life support.
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ืชืžื›ื ื• ื‘ืžืฉืืœืชื• ืœื”ื•ืจื™ื“ ืื•ืชื• ืžืชื•ืžืš ื—ื™ื™ื.
03:16
And so I've been wondering ever since,
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ืื– ืื ื™ ืชื•ื”ื” ืžืื–,
03:18
was there not anything else that could have been done?
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ื”ืื ืœื ื”ื™ื” ื“ื‘ืจ ืฉื”ื™ื” ืืคืฉืจ ืœืขืฉื•ืช?
03:24
Connection is a fundamental human need.
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ื—ื™ื‘ื•ืจ ื”ื•ื ืฆื•ืจืš ืื ื•ืฉื™ ื‘ืกื™ืกื™
03:28
So many of our patients have lost the ability to speak,
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ื›ืœ ื›ืš ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžื”ืžื˜ื•ืคืœื™ื ืฉืœื ื• ืื™ื‘ื“ื• ืืช ื”ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืœื“ื‘ืจ,
03:30
let alone type, for years,
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ืœื ื›ืœ ืฉื›ืŸ ืœื”ืงืœื™ื“, ืœืฉื ื™ื,
03:33
and they so desperately want to reconnect with their family,
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ื•ื”ื ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืœื”ืชืชื—ื‘ืจ ืžื—ื“ืฉ ืขื ืžืฉืคื—ืชื ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื›ื” ื ื•ืืฉ
03:36
with their loved ones.
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ืขื ืื”ื•ื‘ื™ื”ื.
03:38
You know what the main request we get is?
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ืืชื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืžื” ื”ื‘ืงืฉื” ื”ืขื™ืงืจื™ืช ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืžืงื‘ืœื™ื?
03:40
Text messaging.
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ืฉืœื™ื—ืช ื”ื•ื“ืขื•ืช.
03:42
And then email.
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ื•ืื– ืื™ืžื™ื™ืœ.
03:43
Control over their smartphone.
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ืฉืœื™ื˜ื” ืขืœ ื”ืกืžืืจื˜ืคื•ืŸ ืฉืœื”ื.
03:46
And shock horror,
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ื•ื”ืœื-
03:47
social media.
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ืžื“ื™ื” ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ืช.
03:50
We've been speaking so much lately about the flaws of these technologies,
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืžื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื›ืœ ื›ืš ื”ืจื‘ื” ืœืื—ืจื•ื ื” ืขืœ ื”ื—ืกืจื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ื”ืืœื”,
03:54
but for people with paralysis, this is a return to life.
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ืื‘ืœ ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœ ืื ืฉื™ื ืขื ืฉื™ืชื•ืง, ื–ื• ื—ื–ืจื” ืœื—ื™ื™ื.
03:58
BCIs make all of this possible.
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BCI ื”ื•ืคื›ื™ื ืืช ื›ืœ ื–ื” ืœืืคืฉืจื™.
04:02
Now, part of the problem has been
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ื—ืœืง ืžื”ื‘ืขื™ื” ื”ื™ื™ืชื”
04:04
that BCIs typically require invasive surgery.
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ืฉ-BCI ื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ ื“ื•ืจืฉ ื ื™ืชื•ื— ื—ื•ื“ืจื ื™.
04:07
This is the Utah Array.
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ื–ื” ืžืขืจืš ื”โ€œื™ื•ื˜ื”โ€œ.
04:10
This is designed similarly to all other BCIs
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ื–ื” ืžืขื•ืฆื‘ ื‘ื“ื•ืžื” ืœื›ืœ ื”-BCI ื”ืื—ืจื™ื
04:12
currently under development,
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ืชื—ืช ืคื™ืชื•ื— ื›ืขืช,
04:14
which require drilling needles directly into the brain.
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ืฉื“ื•ืจืฉื™ื ื”ื‘ืจื’ืช ืžื—ื˜ื™ื ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื™ืฉื™ืจ ืœืžื•ื—.
04:17
Now, this has been the basis of critical fundamental research
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ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ื”ื‘ืกื™ืก ืฉืœ ืžื—ืงืจ ื‘ืกื™ืกื™ ืงืจื™ื˜ื™,
04:21
over the last 20 years
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ืœืื•ืจืš 20 ื”ืฉื ื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื•ืช,
04:22
and the early proof that this technology really can perform.
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ื•ื”ื•ื›ื—ื” ืžื•ืงื“ืžืช ืฉื”ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื”ื–ื• ืื›ืŸ ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœืชืคืงื“.
04:26
But for patients, it means open-brain surgery,
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ืื‘ืœ ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืžื˜ื•ืคืœื™ื, ื–ื” ืื•ืžืจ ื ื™ืชื•ื— ืžื•ื— ืคืชื•ื—,
04:30
which involves cutting through the skull with a saw.
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ืฉื›ื•ืœืœ ื—ื™ืชื•ืš ื“ืจืš ื”ืงืจืงืคืช ืขื ืžืกื•ืจ.
04:33
And there are only about 150 functional neurosurgeons in the US
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ื™ืฉ ืจืง ื›-150 ืžื ืชื—ื™ ืžื•ื— ืคื•ื ืงืฆื™ื•ื ืœื™ื™ื ื‘ืืจื”โ€œื‘,
04:37
that can perform this procedure.
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ืฉื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื‘ืฆืข ืืช ื”ืคืจื•ืฆื“ื•ืจื” ื”ื–ื•.
04:39
Apart from the fact that the recovery is tricky,
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ืžืขื‘ืจ ืœืขื•ื‘ื“ื” ืฉื”ื”ืชืื•ืฉืฉื•ืช ื”ื™ื ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ืช,
04:41
the brain doesn't really like having needles put into it.
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ื”ืžื•ื— ืœื ืžืžืฉ ืื•ื”ื‘ ื›ืฉืžื—ื˜ื™ื ืžื•ื›ื ืกื•ืช ืืœื™ื•.
04:45
It develops this foreign-body tissue rejection immune reaction over time.
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ื”ื•ื ืžืคืชื— ืœืื•ืจืš ื”ื–ืžืŸ ืชื’ื•ื‘ืช ื“ื—ื™ื™ื” ื›ืœืคื™ ืจืงืžื•ืช ื’ื•ืฃ ื–ืจื•ืช
04:50
So I've been wondering, is there any other way into the brain?
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ืื– ืื ื™ ืชื•ื”ื”, ื™ืฉ ื“ืจืš ืื—ืจืช ืœืชื•ืš ื”ืžื•ื—?
04:55
And there is, a secret back door.
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ื•ื™ืฉ, ื“ืœืช ืื—ื•ืจื™ืช ืกื•ื“ื™ืช.
04:59
The blood vessels are the natural highways into the brain.
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ื›ืœื™ ื”ื“ื ื”ื ื”ืฆื™ืจื™ื ื”ื˜ื‘ืขื™ื™ื ืœืชื•ืš ื”ืžื•ื—
05:03
These are hollow tubes that connect every corner of the brain.
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ืืœื” ื”ื ืฆื™ื ื•ืจื•ืช ื—ืœื•ืœื™ื ืฉืžื—ื‘ืจื™ื ื›ืœ ืคื™ื ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืžื•ื—.
05:07
The largest vein at the top there is right next to the motor cortex.
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ื”ืขื•ืจืง ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉื ืœืžืขืœื” ื ืžืฆื ืžื™ืžื™ืŸ ืœืงื•ืจื˜ืงืก (ืงืœื™ืคืช ื”ืžื•ื—) ื”ืžื•ื˜ื•ืจื™.
05:12
The exact part of the brain that we want to connect to
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ืื•ืชื• ื—ืœืง ืžื“ื•ื™ืง ืฉืœ ื”ืžื•ื— ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืœื”ืชื—ื‘ืจ ืืœื™ื•
05:15
to restore control to the outside world.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื—ื–ื™ืจ ืฉืœื™ื˜ื” ืœืขื•ืœื ื”ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™
05:17
How cool is that?
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ืื™ื–ื” ืžื’ื ื™ื‘ ื–ื”?
05:21
Now we already know how to travel through the blood vessels.
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ืื ื—ื ื• ื›ื‘ืจ ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืื™ืš ืœื˜ื™ื™ืœ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื›ืœื™ ื”ื“ื
05:24
We've been doing it for 40 years, mostly going to the heart.
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืขื•ืฉื™ื ืืช ื–ื” ื›ื‘ืจ 40 ืฉื ื™ื, ื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ ืืœ ื”ืœื‘.
05:28
If anyone here today has had a heart attack,
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ืื ืœืžื™ืฉื”ื• ื›ืืŸ ื”ื™ื•ื ื”ื™ื” ื”ืชืงืฃ ืœื‘,
05:30
there's a pretty good chance you've had a stent.
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ืงื™ื™ื ืกื™ื›ื•ื™ ื“ื™ ื˜ื•ื‘ ืฉื”ื™ื” ืœื›ื โ€œืกื˜ื ื˜โ€œ.
05:34
A stent is a metal scaffold delivered through a catheter,
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ืกื˜ื ื˜ ื”ื•ื ืชื•ืžืš ืžืชื›ืชื™ ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจ ื“ืจืš ืงื˜ื˜ืจ,
05:38
which opens up like a flower into the blood vessel.
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ื•ื ืคืชื— ื›ืžื• ืคืจื— ืœืชื•ืš ื›ืœื™ ื”ื“ื.
05:41
Millions of stents are delivered each year,
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ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ืกื˜ื ื˜ื™ื ื ืฉืœื—ื™ื ื›ืœ ืฉื ื”,
05:44
not in the OR,
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ืœื ื‘ื—ื“ืจ ื”ื ื™ืชื•ื—,
05:45
but in the cath lab or catheter laboratory.
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ืืœื ื‘ืžืขื‘ื“ืช ื”ืงื˜ื˜ืจ.
05:50
It's now common in the cath lab to navigate up into the brain
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ื›ืขืช, ,ื–ื” ื ืคื•ืฅ ื‘ืžืขื‘ื“ืช ื”ืงื˜ื˜ืจ ืœื ื•ื•ื˜ ืžืขืœื” ืœืชื•ืš ื”ืžื•ื—
05:54
through the blood vessels.
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ื“ืจืš ื›ืœื™ ื”ื“ื.
05:55
And there are 2,500 physicians
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ื•ื™ืฉ 2,500 ืจื•ืคืื™ื
05:58
who can now navigate their way up into the brain.
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ืฉื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ืœื ื•ื•ื˜ ืืช ื“ืจื›ื ืœืžืขืœื” ื”ืžื•ื—.
06:00
But what's really amazing about this
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ืื‘ืœ ืžื” ืฉืžืžืฉ ืžื“ื”ื™ื ืœื’ื‘ื™ ื–ื”
06:04
is that for BCIs we already know
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ื”ื•ื ืฉืขื‘ื•ืจ BCI ืื ื—ื ื• ื›ื‘ืจ ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื
06:07
that devices can be left inside a blood vessel,
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ืฉื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื”ืฉืื™ืจ ืžื›ืฉื™ืจื™ื ื‘ืชื•ืš ื›ืœื™ ื“ื,
06:10
cells grow over it, incorporate it into the wall
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ืชืื™ื ื’ื“ืœื™ื ืžืขืœื™ื•, ืžืฉืœื‘ื™ื ืื•ืชื• ืœืชื•ืš ื”ืงื™ืจ
06:12
like a tattoo under the skin,
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ื›ืžื• ืงืขืงื•ืข ืžืชื—ืช ืœืขื•ืจ,
06:14
and we're protected from that immune reaction.
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ื•ืื ื—ื ื• ืžื•ื’ื ื™ื ืžื”ืชื’ื•ื‘ื” ื”ื—ื™ืกื•ื ื™ืช ื”ื–ื•.
06:18
This is part of the reason why our team became the first in the world
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ื–ื• ื—ืœืง ืžื”ืกื™ื‘ื” ืฉื”ืฆื•ื•ืช ืฉืœื ื• ื ื”ื™ื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื‘ืขื•ืœื
06:21
to receive a green light from the FDA to conduct clinical trials
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ืœืงื‘ืœ ืื•ืจ ื™ืจื•ืง ืžื”-FDA ืœื‘ืฆืข ื”ืœื™ื›ื™ ื ื™ืกื™ื•ืŸ ืงืœื™ื ื™ื™ื
06:25
of a permanently implanted BCI.
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ืฉืœ ืฉืชืœ BCI ืงื‘ื•ืข.
06:28
(Applause)
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(ื›ืคื™ื™ื)
06:33
So what we had to do was figure out a way to put a sensor,
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ืื– ืžื” ืฉื”ื™ื™ื ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื”ื•ื ืœืคืขื ื— ื“ืจืš ืœืฉื™ื ื—ื™ื™ืฉืŸ,
06:37
connected to this crosslinks of the stent
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ืฉืžื—ื•ื‘ืจ ืœื”ืฆื˜ืœื‘ื•ืช ื”ื—ื™ื‘ื•ืจ ืฉืœ ื”ืกื˜ื ื˜
06:40
that could record that brain activity.
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ืฉื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ืงืœื™ื˜ ืืช ืคืขื™ืœื•ืช ื”ืžื•ื— ื”ื”ื™ื.
06:43
To do that, we had to do a complete overhaul of stent manufacturing.
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ืขืœ ืžื ืช ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืืช ื–ื”, ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื”ืฉืœื™ื ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ืžื—ื“ืฉ ืฉืœ ื™ื™ืฆื•ืจ ืกื˜ื ื˜ื™ื.
06:47
This is the end result.
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ื–ื• ื”ืชื•ืฆืื” ื”ืกื•ืคื™ืช.
06:48
I think it's very beautiful.
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ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉื–ื” ื™ืคื™ืคื”.
06:51
Then connect it to a cable
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ืื– ืœื—ื‘ืจ ืืช ื–ื” ืœื›ื‘ืœ
06:53
which brings the information out of the brain
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ืฉืžื‘ื™ื ืืช ื”ืžื™ื“ืข ืืœ ืžื—ื•ืฅ ืœืžื•ื—
06:56
and do it all in a way that it can be delivered in the cath lab.
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ื•ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืืช ื”ื›ืœ ื‘ื“ืจืš ื‘ื” ื–ื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžื•ืขื‘ืจ ื‘ืžืขื‘ื“ืช ื”ืงื˜ื˜ืจ.
07:00
This way we can make BCI accessible not to the thousands of people,
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ื‘ื“ืจืš ื–ื•, ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ื ื’ื™ืฉ BCI ืœื ืœืืœืคื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืื ืฉื™ื,
07:04
but to the millions of people who need this technology.
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ืืœื ืœืžื™ืœื™ื•ื ื™ ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืืช ื”ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื”ื–ื•.
07:09
So it wasn't easy, took us ten years,
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ืื– ื–ื” ืœื ื”ื™ื” ืงืœ, ืœืงื— ืœื ื• ืขืฉืจ ืฉื ื™ื.
07:13
but I'm very excited to show you guys.
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ืื‘ืœ ืื ื™ ืžืื•ื“ ื ืจื’ืฉ ืœื”ืจืื•ืช ืœื›ื ื—ื‘ืจื™ื.
07:19
We called this the Stentrode.
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืงืจืื ื• ืœื–ื” ื”โ€œืกื˜ื ื˜ืจื•ื“โ€œ.
07:27
(Applause)
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(ื›ืคื™ื™ื)
07:34
Graham Felstead, an incredible human being suffering with ALS,
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ื’ืจื”ื ืคืœืกื˜ื™ื“, ืื“ื ืื“ื™ืจ ืฉืกื•ื‘ืœ ืž-ALS
07:39
became the first person in the world
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ื ื”ื™ื” ื”ืื™ืฉ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื‘ืขื•ืœื
07:41
to receive and use one of these brain-computer interfaces.
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ืฉืงื™ื‘ืœ ื•ื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ืื—ื“ ืžืžืฉืงื™ ืžื—ืฉื‘-ืžื•ื— ื”ืืœื”.
07:44
And he has very generously offered you, the world,
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ื•ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื ื“ื™ื‘ ืžืื•ื“ ื”ื•ื ื”ืฆื™ืข ืœื›ื, ื”ืขื•ืœื,
07:47
a chance to see what it looks like inside his brain.
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ื”ื–ื“ืžื ื•ืช ืœืจืื•ืช ืื™ืš ื ืจืื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืชื•ืš ื”ืžื•ื— ืฉืœื•.
07:50
Would you like to see?
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ื”ื™ื™ืชื ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืœืจืื•ืช?
07:51
Audience: Yes!
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[ืงื”ืœ: ื›ืŸ!]
07:59
TO: Seeing this video for the first time
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ื”ืฆืคื™ื™ื” ื‘ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื”ื–ื” ื‘ืคืขื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื”
08:01
was one of the most incredible moments of my life.
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ื”ื™ื” ืื—ื“ ืžื”ืจื’ืขื™ื ื”ืžื“ื”ื™ืžื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ื—ื™ื™.
08:04
I was standing in the cath lab,
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ืขืžื“ืชื™ ื‘ืžืขื‘ื“ืช ื”ืงื˜ื˜ืจ,
08:06
Dr. Peter Mitchell had just completed the surgery
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ื“โ€œืจ ืคื™ื˜ืจ ืžื™ื˜ืฉืœ ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ื”ืฉืœื™ื ืืช ื”ื ื™ืชื•ื—
08:09
and you can see the device, the outline of device,
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ื•ืืคืฉืจ ืœืจืื•ืช ืืช ื”ืžื›ืฉื™ืจ, ืงื• ื”ืžืชืืจ ืฉืœ ื”ืžื›ืฉื™ืจ,
08:11
sitting inside the blood vessel there.
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ื™ื•ืฉื‘ ื‘ืชื•ืš ื›ืœื™ ื”ื“ื ืฉื.
08:13
So this popped up on the screen
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ืื– ื–ื” ื”ื•ืคื™ืข ืขืœ ื”ืžืกืš
08:15
and it just felt like we were witnessing something new in the world.
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ื•ื–ื” ืคืฉื•ื˜ ื”ืจื’ื™ืฉ ื›ืื™ืœื• ืื ื—ื ื• ืขื“ื™ื ืœืžืฉื”ื• ื—ื“ืฉ ื‘ืขื•ืœื.
08:20
I had tingles down my spine,
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ื”ื™ื• ืœื™ ืขืงืฆื•ืฆื™ื ื‘ืžื•ืจื“ ื”ืฉื“ืจื”,
08:22
I've got them now thinking about it again.
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ื™ืฉ ืœื™ ืื•ืชืŸ ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ื›ืฉืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืขืœ ื–ื” ืฉื•ื‘.
08:24
I turned to my colleague Pete,
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ืคื ื™ืชื™ ืœืฉื•ืชืฃ ืฉืœื™ ืคื™ื˜,
08:25
and I said something poetic and profound like,
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ื•ืืžืจืชื™ ืžืฉื”ื• ืคื•ืื˜ื™ ื•ืขืžื•ืง ื›ืžื•,
08:29
"Pete, holy shit!"
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โ€œืคื™ื˜, ืืœื•ื”ื™ื ืื“ื™ืจื™ื!โ€
08:31
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
08:35
And then two hours later, something even more amazing happened.
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ื•ืื– ืฉืขืชื™ื™ื ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ, ืžืฉื”ื• ืืคื™ืœื• ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื“ื”ื™ื ืงืจื”.
08:38
Graham woke up, and he asked, โ€œAm I alive?โ€
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ื’ืจื”ื ื”ืชืขื•ืจืจ, ื•ืฉืืœ โ€œืื ื™ ื‘ื—ื™ื™ื?โ€
08:42
And our nurse Kristine broke out in tears of relief.
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ื•ื”ืื—ื•ืช ืฉืœื ื• ื›ืจื™ืกื˜ื™ืŸ ืคืจืฆื” ื‘ื“ืžืขื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืงืœื”.
08:45
It was a phenomenal moment.
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ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ืจื’ืข ืคื ื•ืžื ืœื™.
08:48
Once it's in place,
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ื‘ืจื’ืข ืฉื–ื” ื‘ืžืงื•ื,
08:50
it's connected to this tiny antenna that sits under the skin in the chest.
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ื–ื” ืžืชื—ื‘ืจ ืœืื ื˜ื ื” ื”ืงื˜ื ื” ื”ื–ื• ืฉื™ื•ืฉื‘ืช ืžืชื—ืช ืœืขื•ืจ ื‘ื—ื–ื”.
08:55
This collects the raw brain data
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ื”ื™ื ืื•ืกืคืช ืืช ื ืชื•ื ื™ ื”ืžื•ื— ื”ื’ื•ืœืžื™ื™ื
08:57
and sends it out of the body wirelessly
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ื•ืฉื•ืœื—ืช ืื•ืชื ืžื—ื•ืฅ ืœื’ื•ืฃ ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืืœื—ื•ื˜ื™
08:59
to then connect with external devices.
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ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœ ืฉื™ืชื—ื‘ืจ ืขื ื”ืžื›ืฉื™ืจื™ื ื”ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ื™ื.
09:03
It's always on and ready to go.
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ื–ื” ืชืžื™ื“ ื“ื•ืœืง ื•ืžื•ื›ืŸ ืœืคืขื•ืœื”.
09:04
Kind of like how your brain is meant to work.
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ืงืฆืช ื›ืžื• ืฉื”ืžื•ื— ืืžื•ืจ ืœืขื‘ื•ื“.
09:09
So here's how it works.
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ืื– ื›ื›ื” ื–ื” ืขื•ื‘ื“.
09:11
Our engineers work with our patients to decode specific movements.
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ื”ืžื”ื ื“ืกื™ื ืฉืœื ื• ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ืขื ื”ืžื˜ื•ืคืœื™ื ืฉืœื ื• ืœืคืขื ื— ืชื ื•ืขื•ืช ืžืกื•ื™ืžื•ืช.
09:17
So we tell the patient, โ€œPress down your foot.โ€
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืื•ืžืจื™ื ืœืžื˜ื•ืคืœ/ืช, โ€œืœื—ืฆื• ืืช ื”ืจื’ืœ ืžื˜ื”โ€œ.
09:19
So they'll repeatedly press down their foot.
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ืื– ื”ื ื™ืœื—ืฆื• ืžื˜ื” ืืช ื”ืจื’ืœ ืฉืœื”ื ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื—ื•ื–ืจ.
09:22
You won't see the foot moving because they're paralyzed,
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ืœื ืชืจืื• ืืช ื”ืจื’ืœ ื–ื–ื” ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื”ื ืžืฉื•ืชืงื™ื,
09:26
but we've been able to determine
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ืื‘ืœ ืื ื—ื ื• ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ืžืกื•ื’ืœื™ื ืœื”ื—ืœื™ื˜
09:27
which brain signals are generally linked to โ€œPress down your foot.โ€
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ืื™ืœื• ืื•ืชื•ืช ืžื•ื— ื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ ืžื—ื•ื‘ืจื™ื ืœโ€œืœื—ืฆื• ืืช ื”ืจื’ืœ ืžื˜ื”โ€œ.
09:32
The black dotted line is the moment of pressing down the foot,
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ื”ืงื• ืฉื”ื—ื•ืจ ื”ืžืงื•ื•ืงื•ื• ื–ื” ื”ืจื’ืข ืฉืœ ืœื—ื™ืฆืช ื”ืจื’ืœ ืžื˜ื”,
09:35
and you can see the brain signal is different before to after,
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ื•ืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื”ืื•ืชืช ื”ืžื•ื—ื™ ื”ื•ื ืฉื•ื ื” ืœืคื ื™ ื•ืื—ืจื™,
09:39
which means we can turn that into a switch.
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ืžื” ืฉืื•ืžืจ ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืคื•ืš ืืช ื–ื” ืœืžืชื’.
09:43
Now we repeat this for several different types of movements,
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ืื ื—ื ื• ื—ื•ื–ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื–ื” ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืกื•ื’ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ืชื ื•ืขื•ืช,
09:46
say, open/close your hand or pincer-grip your finger.
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ืื•ืžืจื™ื, ืคืชื—ื• ืื• ืกื’ืจื• ืืช ื”ื™ื“ ืื• ืฆื‘ื˜ื• ืืช ื”ืืฆื‘ืขื•ืช.
09:49
Now, that may not seem like much,
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ื–ื” ืื•ืœื™ ืœื ื ืจืื” ื›ืžื• ื”ืจื‘ื”,
09:51
but these become the building blocks for every single interaction
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ืื‘ืœ ืืœื” ื ื”ื™ื™ื ืื‘ื ื™ ื”ื‘ื ื™ื™ืŸ ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื›ืœ ืื™ื ื˜ืจืืงืฆื™ื” ื‘ื•ื“ื“ืช
09:55
on a digital device that is needed for control.
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ืขืœ ืžื›ืฉื™ืจ ื“ื™ื’ื™ื˜ืœื™ ืฉื“ืจื•ืฉ ืœืฉืœื™ื˜ื”.
10:01
Converted to
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ืžื•ืžืจ ืœืงืœื™ืง,
10:03
click, up, down, left, right, menu, back, etc.
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ืœืžืขืœื”, ืœืžื˜ื”, ืฉืžืืœื”, ื™ืžื™ื ื” ืชืคืจื™ื˜, ืื—ื•ืจื” ื•ื›ื•โ€™.
10:08
But what's really amazing is that to some degree,
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ืื‘ืœ ืžื” ืฉื‘ืืžืช ืžืžืฉ ืžื“ื”ื™ื ื–ื” ืฉืขื“ ืžื™ื“ื” ืžืกื•ื™ืžืช,
10:11
this process,
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ื”ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ื–ื”,
10:12
our brain signals, are universal.
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ืื•ืชื•ืช ื”ืžื•ื— ืฉืœื ื•, ื”ื ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกืœื™ื™ื.
10:15
So the brain signal for โ€œPress down your footโ€ for me
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ืื– ืื•ืช ื”ืžื•ื— ืขื‘ื•ืจ โ€œืœื—ืฅ ืžื˜ื” ืืช ื”ืจื’ืœ ืฉืœืšโ€ ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœื™
10:18
is the same as it is for you.
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ื”ื•ื ื–ื”ื” ื’ื ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœื›ื.
10:21
Now this means that we're creating a dictionary of the brain
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ื”ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ืฉืœ ื›ืš ื”ื™ื ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื•ืฆืจื™ื ืžื™ืœื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ืžื•ื—
10:24
across all humans.
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ืฉื—ื•ืฆื” ืืช ื›ืœ ื‘ื ื™ ื”ืื“ื.
10:26
This is going to make BCI truly scalable.
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ื–ื” ื”ื•ืœืš ืœื”ืคื•ืš BCI ืœื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื’ื“ื™ืœื” ื‘ืืžืช.
10:32
As Philip once said to me,
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ื›ืคื™ ืฉืคื™ืœื™ืค ืคืขื ืืžืจ ืœื™,
10:34
"It's kind of like learning how to ride a bike.
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โ€œื–ื” ืกื•ื’ ืฉืœ ื›ืžื• ืœืœืžื•ื“ ืื™ืš ืœืจื›ื‘ ืขืœ ืื•ืคื ื™ื™ืโ€œ.
10:36
It takes a bit of practice, but once you're rolling,
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ื–ื” ื“ื•ืจืฉ ืงืฆืช ืื™ืžื•ืŸ, ืื‘ืœ ื‘ืจื’ืข ืฉืžืชื’ืœื’ืœื™ื,
10:39
it becomes natural.
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ื–ื” ื ื”ื™ื” ื˜ื‘ืขื™.
10:40
Now I just look on the screen where I want to click and I'm texting,
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ืื ื™ ืžืกืชื›ืœ ืขืœ ื”ืžืกืš ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืฉืื ื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืœืœื—ื•ืฅ ื‘ื• ื•ืื ื™ ืžืกืžืก,
10:44
messaging the world via Twitter."
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ืฉื•ืœื— ื”ื•ื“ืขื•ืช ืœืขื•ืœื ื“ืจืš ื˜ื•ื•ื™ื˜ืจโ€œ.
10:46
But Graham,
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ืื‘ืœ ื’ืจื”ื,
10:48
he said, as his ALS was progressing,
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ื”ื•ื ืืžืจ, ื‘ืขื•ื“ ื”-ALS ืฉืœื• ืžืชืงื“ื,
10:51
that it gave him immense comfort to know that even if his body was failing,
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ืฉื–ื” ื ืชืŸ ืœื• ื ื—ืžื” ืขืฆื•ืžื” ืœื“ืขืช ืฉืืคื™ืœื• ืื ื”ื’ื•ืฃ ืฉืœื• ื ื›ืฉืœ,
10:55
he was always going to be able to tell his wife that he loved her.
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ื”ื•ื ื™ื•ื›ืœ ืชืžื™ื“ ืœื•ืžืจ ืœืืฉืชื• ืฉื”ื•ื ืื•ื”ื‘ ืื•ืชื”.
11:02
In the future,
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ื‘ืขืชื™ื“, ืื ื™ ืžืื•ื“ ื ืจื’ืฉ
11:03
I'm really excited about the breakthroughs BCI could deliver to other conditions
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ืœื’ื‘ื™ ืคืจื™ืฆื•ืช ื”ื“ืจืš ืฉ BCI ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืฉืžืฉ ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืžืฆื‘ื™ื ืจืคื•ืื™ื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื
11:07
like epilepsy, depression and dementia.
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ื›ืžื• ืืคื™ืœืคืกื™ื”, ื“ื™ื›ืื•ืŸ ื•ื“ืžื ืฆื™ื”.
11:10
But beyond that,
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ืื‘ืœ ืžืขื‘ืจ ืœื›ืš,
11:12
what is this going to mean for humanity?
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ืžื” ื”ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ืฉืœ ื–ื” ืœืื ื•ืฉื•ืช?
11:15
What's really got me thinking is the future of communication.
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ืžื” ืฉื‘ืืžืช ื’ืจื ืœื™ ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘ ื–ื” ื”ืขืชื™ื“ ืฉืœ ืชืงืฉื•ืจืช.
11:22
Take emotion.
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ืงื—ื• ืจื’ืฉ ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื”.
11:25
Have you ever considered how hard it is to express how you feel?
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ื”ืื ืื™ ืคืขื ื—ืฉื‘ืชื ื›ืžื” ืงืฉื” ื–ื” ืœื‘ื˜ื ืืช ืžื” ืฉืืชื ืžืจื’ื™ืฉื™ื?
11:29
You have to self-reflect,
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ืฆืจื™ืš ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืฉื™ืงื•ืฃ-ืขืฆืžื™,
11:32
package the emotion into words
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ืœืืจื•ื– ืืช ื”ืจื’ืฉ ืœืžื™ืœื™ื
11:34
and then use the muscles of your mouth to speak those words.
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ื•ืื– ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ืฉืจื™ืจื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืคื” ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœ ืœื“ื‘ืจ ืืช ื”ืžื™ืœื™ื ื”ืืœื”.
11:37
But you really just want someone to know how you feel.
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ืื‘ืœ ืืชื ื‘ืืžืช ืจืง ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืฉืžื™ืฉื”ื• ื™ื“ืข ืื™ืš ืืชื ืžืจื’ื™ืฉื™ื.
11:40
For some people with certain conditions,
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ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœ ืื ืฉื™ื ื‘ืžืฆื‘ื™ื ืžืกื•ื™ืžื™ื,
11:42
that's impossible.
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ื–ื” ื‘ืœืชื™ ืืคืฉืจื™.
11:44
So what if, rather than using your words,
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ืื– ืžื” ืื, ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ืžื™ืœื™ื ืฉืœื›ื,
11:46
you could throw your emotion just for a few seconds?
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ื”ื™ื™ืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื–ืจื•ืง ืืช ื”ืจื’ืฉ ืฉืœื ื• ืจืง ืœื›ืžื” ืฉื ื™ื•ืช
11:52
And have them really feel how you feel.
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ื•ื”ื™ื™ืชื ื’ื•ืจืžื™ื ืœื”ื ืœื”ืจื’ื™ืฉ ืื™ืš ืืชื ืžืจื’ื™ืฉื™ื ื‘ืืžืช
11:56
At that moment, we would have realized
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ื‘ืื•ืชื• ื”ืจื’ืข, ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ืžื‘ื™ื ื™ื
11:58
that the necessary use of words to express our current state of being
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ืฉื”ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื”ื”ื›ืจื—ื™ ื‘ืžื™ืœื™ื ืœื˜ื•ื‘ืช ื”ื‘ืขื” ืฉืœ ื”ืžืฆื‘ ื”ืงื™ื™ื
12:02
was always going to fall short.
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ืชืžื™ื“ ืœื ื™ื”ื™ื” ืžืกืคืง.
12:06
The full potential of the brain would then be unlocked.
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ื”ืคื•ื˜ื ืฆื™ืืœ ื”ืžืœื ืฉืœ ื”ืžื•ื— ื™ืคืชื— ืื–.
12:11
But for right now,
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ืื‘ืœ ื ื›ื•ืŸ ืœืขื›ืฉื™ื•,
12:13
BCI is about restoring the lives of millions of people with paralysis.
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BCI ื”ื•ื ืกื‘ื™ื‘ ืฉื™ืงื•ื ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ืžื™ืœื™ื•ื ื™ ืื ืฉื™ื ืขื ืฉื™ืชื•ืง.
12:18
After years of feeling trapped,
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ืื—ืจื™ ืฉื ื™ื ืฉืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืœื›ื•ื“ื™ื,
12:21
this technology promises the return of autonomy and independence.
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ื”ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ืžื‘ื˜ื™ื—ื” ืืช ื”ื—ื–ืจื” ืฉืœ ืื•ื˜ื•ื ื•ืžื™ื” ื•ืขืฆืžืื•ืช.
12:27
But what I really mean is dignity.
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ืื‘ืœ ืžื” ืฉืื ื™ ื‘ืืžืช ืžืชื›ื•ื•ืŸ ืืœื™ื•, ื–ื” ื›ื‘ื•ื“.
12:31
Thank you.
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ืชื•ื“ื”.
12:32
(Applause)
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(ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื)
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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