A Brain Implant That Turns Your Thoughts Into Text | Tom Oxley | TED

187,898 views ・ 2022-06-02

TED


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譯者: Yvonne Hsiao 審譯者: 至磊Zi Le 黃Ng
00:04
A few months ago,
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幾個月前,
00:06
I surrendered the password to my Twitter account
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我將我的推特密碼拱手交出,
00:09
to let a person with paralysis tweet out their thoughts.
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讓一位癱瘓者在推特上發文。
00:14
But I mean that literally.
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這是實際上發生的事。
00:16
Philip O'Keefe can't use his fingers to type like you or I,
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菲利普.奧基夫無法 像你我一樣用手指打字,
00:19
but thanks to a tiny brain implant,
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但多虧了一個微小的腦部植入裝置,
00:21
he was able to send the following tweets.
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他成功地發表了這篇推文——
00:26
"Hello world! Short tweet. Monumental progress."
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「你好世界!簡短的推文, 重大的突破。」
00:31
"No need for keystrokes or voices.
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「不需要按鍵或聲控,
00:33
I created this tweet just by thinking it."
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我光用想的來發這篇推文。」
00:37
"My hope is that I pave the way
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「希望這為人們開了先例,
00:39
for people to be able to tweet through thoughts. Phil."
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成功地靠思考來發文。菲利普。」
00:44
Now you might be thinking there are some people out there
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現在你也許在想,
有些人應該被禁止 直接從大腦發表推文。
00:47
who should not be allowed to tweet directly from their brain.
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00:50
(Laughter)
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(笑聲)
00:51
I agree.
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我同意。
00:53
But for people with paralysis and disability,
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但對於癱瘓和身心障礙者來說,
00:55
this technology can be life-changing.
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這項技術卻可能改變人生。
01:00
I’m very excited to introduce you to Philip and Rodney.
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我很興奮能向各位介紹 菲利普還有羅德尼。
01:04
They both have a neurodegenerative disease called ALS,
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他們兩位皆患有 神經退化性疾病「漸凍症」,
01:07
means they can't move their hands or speak clearly,
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手不能動,也不能清楚地說話,
01:10
but they can now text
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但他們現在卻可以打字。
01:12
thanks to a brain-computer interface or BCI.
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多虧這套腦機介面技術 BCI。
01:17
There were Philip’s brain signals up on the screen.
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螢幕上顯示的是菲利普的大腦訊號,
01:19
They’re connected to their computers via Bluetooth.
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此訊號透過藍芽的方式與電腦連線。
01:22
The device is fully internalized, invisible to the outside world,
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這部裝置完全內嵌, 無法用肉眼察覺。
01:26
and they learn to control the keyboard
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使用者學著在腦內直接點擊, 藉此操作鍵盤。
01:29
with clicks directly coming from their brain.
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01:33
Now BCIs conjure up images of science fiction like "The Matrix"
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腦機介面總讓人想到 《駭客任務》那種科幻畫面,
01:37
with a cable jacked up into your brain through a hole in your skull.
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想像著一把電線穿進頭顱連結大腦。
01:40
But I'm here to show you that the future can be much more elegant than that.
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但我想展示的未來, 其實比這更優美。
01:46
So we got this group chat going,
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有天我們開了個群組對話,
01:47
which I thought was a great idea,
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我以為是個好主意,
01:49
until they started roasting me about the TED Talk --
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直到他們開始損我的 TED 演說,
01:52
(Laughter)
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(笑聲)
01:53
Which they found hilarious.
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而且他們樂在其中。
01:55
Thanks for the vote of confidence, guys,
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多謝你們的精神支持,
這些澳洲來的。
01:57
bloody Australians.
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01:58
(Laughter)
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(笑聲)
01:59
Now you can see it's still quite slow for them to type this way,
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他們目前的打字速度還很慢,
02:02
but this is like dial up speeds at the beginning of the Internet.
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但這就如同早期的撥號上網。
02:07
This is a new Moore's Law.
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這是新的摩爾定律。
02:09
We're just getting started.
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我們才剛起步。
02:13
(Laughter)
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(笑聲)
02:16
(Applause)
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(掌聲)
02:18
That's Philip.
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這位是菲利普。
02:21
This has been the dream of patients and caregivers,
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這是病患、家屬、醫師、科學家 幾十年來的夢想。
02:23
doctors and scientists, for decades,
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02:25
and for good reason.
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原因很簡明。
02:28
You may know someone who's lost the ability to use their hands,
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你也許認識某個喪失手部功能的人,
02:31
maybe from a stroke or a spinal cord injury
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也許是因為中風或脊髓受傷,
02:33
or multiple sclerosis, paralysis.
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因為多發性硬化症或癱瘓。
02:36
It comes in all shapes and sizes,
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影響的層面各異,
02:38
from minor inconvenience to life-threatening.
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從造成輕微的不方便到危及性命。
02:43
During my neurology residency, I cared for a man in his 40s.
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在我當神經內科住院醫師時, 照護了一位四十多歲的病患。
02:47
He had a stroke and developed locked-in syndrome.
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他中風後併發閉鎖症後群。
02:51
Meant he couldn't move his body, except for his eyes, left or right.
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他全身癱瘓, 只剩眼球可以左右移動,
02:57
His brain still worked like yours.
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但他的大腦還正常運作著。
02:59
He could see and hear and think and feel just like normal,
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他的視覺、聽覺、 神智、感受都正常,
03:04
but he couldn't move or speak ever again.
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但他這輩子再也無法移動或說話。
03:09
And in what were horrific circumstances,
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在那悲慘的情況下,
03:12
we supported his wish to be taken off life support.
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我們依照病患的要求 移除了維生系統。
03:16
And so I've been wondering ever since,
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從那天起我就一直在想,
03:18
was there not anything else that could have been done?
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我們真的束手無策了嗎?
03:24
Connection is a fundamental human need.
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溝通是人類最基本的需求。
03:28
So many of our patients have lost the ability to speak,
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但我們的許多病患 失去了說話的能力,
03:30
let alone type, for years,
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更別提打字,數年來皆如此。
03:33
and they so desperately want to reconnect with their family,
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而他們最熱切的期望是 和家人及所愛的人重新連結。
03:36
with their loved ones.
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03:38
You know what the main request we get is?
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你知道最常見的願望是什麼嗎?
03:40
Text messaging.
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傳訊息、
03:42
And then email.
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使用電子郵件、
03:43
Control over their smartphone.
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使用自己的智慧型手機。
03:46
And shock horror,
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還有令人震驚的,
03:47
social media.
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上社群網站。
03:50
We've been speaking so much lately about the flaws of these technologies,
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近年來關於這些科技的 負面評論層出不窮,
03:54
but for people with paralysis, this is a return to life.
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但對於癱瘓者來說, 這卻是個重生的機會。
03:58
BCIs make all of this possible.
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腦機介面讓這一切有可能。
04:02
Now, part of the problem has been
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然而,部分問題在於腦機介面的植入 通常要求侵入式手術。
04:04
that BCIs typically require invasive surgery.
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04:07
This is the Utah Array.
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此裝置為 Utah Array。
04:10
This is designed similarly to all other BCIs
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它的設計概念與其他 開發中的腦機介面相似,
04:12
currently under development,
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04:14
which require drilling needles directly into the brain.
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以鑽釘把它固定在腦袋上。
04:17
Now, this has been the basis of critical fundamental research
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此方法一直是二十年來的研究基礎。
04:21
over the last 20 years
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04:22
and the early proof that this technology really can perform.
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初期證據顯示此方法真的可行。
04:26
But for patients, it means open-brain surgery,
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但對病患來說,這代表著開腦手術。
04:30
which involves cutting through the skull with a saw.
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病患的頭骨必須被鋸開。
04:33
And there are only about 150 functional neurosurgeons in the US
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而美國只有約一百五十位執業中的 腦神經專科醫師可以實行這項手術。
04:37
that can perform this procedure.
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04:39
Apart from the fact that the recovery is tricky,
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先不談手術後復癒的風險,
04:41
the brain doesn't really like having needles put into it.
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我們的大腦真的不喜歡有釘子在裡面。
04:45
It develops this foreign-body tissue rejection immune reaction over time.
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我們的身體會逐漸地 對異物產生排斥反應。
04:50
So I've been wondering, is there any other way into the brain?
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所以我一直在尋找 其他連結大腦的方式。
04:55
And there is, a secret back door.
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終於我們找到了這道隱藏式後門。
04:59
The blood vessels are the natural highways into the brain.
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血管是進入大腦的天然高速公路,
05:03
These are hollow tubes that connect every corner of the brain.
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它的中空結構連結著 大腦的每個角落。
05:07
The largest vein at the top there is right next to the motor cortex.
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腦內最粗的靜脈剛好流經 大腦的運動皮層旁,
05:12
The exact part of the brain that we want to connect to
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而這一區正是我們 需要連結的大腦部位,
05:15
to restore control to the outside world.
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以重新建立大腦對外部的控制。
05:17
How cool is that?
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這不是很酷嗎?
05:21
Now we already know how to travel through the blood vessels.
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而我們早就知道如何在血管裡游走,
05:24
We've been doing it for 40 years, mostly going to the heart.
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我們已經做了四十年, 大部分為了抵達心臟。
05:28
If anyone here today has had a heart attack,
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若現場任何人曾經心臟病發,
05:30
there's a pretty good chance you've had a stent.
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那他很有可能做過心臟支架。
05:34
A stent is a metal scaffold delivered through a catheter,
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心臟支架是一個 由心導管置入的金屬設備。
05:38
which opens up like a flower into the blood vessel.
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它在血管中能像花朵一樣展開。
05:41
Millions of stents are delivered each year,
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每年有數百萬隻支架被植入人體中,
05:44
not in the OR,
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不在手術室內進行,
05:45
but in the cath lab or catheter laboratory.
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而是在心導管室裡完成。
05:50
It's now common in the cath lab to navigate up into the brain
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心導管室內已經很常見到 導入大腦血管的動作。
05:54
through the blood vessels.
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05:55
And there are 2,500 physicians
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而目前有兩千五百名醫師有這項技術。
05:58
who can now navigate their way up into the brain.
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06:00
But what's really amazing about this
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但真正讓人驚豔的,
是這些我們剛提到的腦機介面裝置,
06:04
is that for BCIs we already know
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它可以被留在血管內,
06:07
that devices can be left inside a blood vessel,
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06:10
cells grow over it, incorporate it into the wall
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細胞組織會沿著裝置的周圍生長,
06:12
like a tattoo under the skin,
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就像是皮膚下層的刺青,
06:14
and we're protected from that immune reaction.
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因此它不會受到免疫系統攻擊。
06:18
This is part of the reason why our team became the first in the world
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這也是我們團隊成為第一個 得到美國食品藥物管理局批准,
06:21
to receive a green light from the FDA to conduct clinical trials
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進行永久置入性腦機介面 臨床試驗的其中一個原因。
06:25
of a permanently implanted BCI.
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06:28
(Applause)
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(掌聲)
06:33
So what we had to do was figure out a way to put a sensor,
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而我們需要想辦法將感應器
06:37
connected to this crosslinks of the stent
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連接上支架的交叉處,
06:40
that could record that brain activity.
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用以記錄大腦活動。
06:43
To do that, we had to do a complete overhaul of stent manufacturing.
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我們的辦法是 重新設計一個新的支架。
06:47
This is the end result.
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這是最終成果,
06:48
I think it's very beautiful.
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我認為它非常地美。
06:51
Then connect it to a cable
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然後連接上傳輸線,
06:53
which brings the information out of the brain
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將大腦的訊息傳輸出來,
06:56
and do it all in a way that it can be delivered in the cath lab.
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並確保整個手術能在心導管室完成,
07:00
This way we can make BCI accessible not to the thousands of people,
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如此一來,腦機界面 不僅能造福數千人,
07:04
but to the millions of people who need this technology.
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甚至數百萬人們能因此受惠。
07:09
So it wasn't easy, took us ten years,
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這一切都不容易,我們花了十年。
07:13
but I'm very excited to show you guys.
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如今我很興奮地要展現給各位——
07:19
We called this the Stentrode.
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我們叫它 Stentrode。
07:27
(Applause)
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(掌聲)
07:34
Graham Felstead, an incredible human being suffering with ALS,
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格拉姆.費爾斯特德是一位 受漸凍症所苦的不可思議的人,
07:39
became the first person in the world
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他成為史上第一位
07:41
to receive and use one of these brain-computer interfaces.
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使用這項腦機介面的人。
07:44
And he has very generously offered you, the world,
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他非常大方地與這個世界分享
07:47
a chance to see what it looks like inside his brain.
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一窺他大腦內部的機會。
07:50
Would you like to see?
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你們想看嗎?
07:51
Audience: Yes!
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觀眾:想!
07:59
TO: Seeing this video for the first time
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當我第一次看到這個影像,
08:01
was one of the most incredible moments of my life.
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是我此生最不可思議的一刻。
08:04
I was standing in the cath lab,
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我當時站在心導管室裡,
08:06
Dr. Peter Mitchell had just completed the surgery
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彼得.米切爾醫生 才剛完成這項手術。
08:09
and you can see the device, the outline of device,
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可以看見血管內的裝置的輪廓。
08:11
sitting inside the blood vessel there.
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08:13
So this popped up on the screen
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當這出現在螢幕上,
08:15
and it just felt like we were witnessing something new in the world.
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我們好像見證了世界的一項創舉。
08:20
I had tingles down my spine,
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我能感覺一陣電流經過我的身體,
08:22
I've got them now thinking about it again.
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我現在還是歷歷在目。
08:24
I turned to my colleague Pete,
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我轉身對我的同事彼得
08:25
and I said something poetic and profound like,
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說了極具詩意、激勵人心的一句話:
08:29
"Pete, holy shit!"
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「彼得,我靠!」
08:31
(Laughter)
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(笑聲)
08:35
And then two hours later, something even more amazing happened.
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兩小時過後,更美妙的事情發生了。
08:38
Graham woke up, and he asked, “Am I alive?”
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格拉姆醒來後問:「我還活著嗎?」
08:42
And our nurse Kristine broke out in tears of relief.
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護理師克莉斯汀 如釋重負地流出眼淚。
08:45
It was a phenomenal moment.
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這一切都很不可思議!
08:48
Once it's in place,
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當手術完成後,
08:50
it's connected to this tiny antenna that sits under the skin in the chest.
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有一個小小的接收器 被放置在胸部皮膚下
08:55
This collects the raw brain data
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來接受大腦訊號,
08:57
and sends it out of the body wirelessly
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然後將其無線傳輸到 另一個外部裝置。
08:59
to then connect with external devices.
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09:03
It's always on and ready to go.
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隨時就緒,
09:04
Kind of like how your brain is meant to work.
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如同大腦天生的設計。
09:09
So here's how it works.
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系統的運作如下:
09:11
Our engineers work with our patients to decode specific movements.
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我們的工程師和使用者 一同解碼大腦的動作指令。
09:17
So we tell the patient, “Press down your foot.”
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我們請病患蹬腳跟,
09:19
So they'll repeatedly press down their foot.
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並讓他們重複做一樣的動作。
09:22
You won't see the foot moving because they're paralyzed,
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不過因為他們癱瘓了, 你看不到腳跟的移動,
09:26
but we've been able to determine
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但我們已經可以分辨出
09:27
which brain signals are generally linked to “Press down your foot.”
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哪一些大腦訊號和蹬腳跟有關聯。
09:32
The black dotted line is the moment of pressing down the foot,
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這黑色的虛線代表的是 蹬腳跟訊號發出的瞬間,
09:35
and you can see the brain signal is different before to after,
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你可以看出大腦訊號的前後差別,
09:39
which means we can turn that into a switch.
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我們再把這些訊號轉換為開關。
09:43
Now we repeat this for several different types of movements,
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當我們加入其他不同的動作,
09:46
say, open/close your hand or pincer-grip your finger.
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比如說:睜、閉眼 或是用食指和拇指輕抓。
09:49
Now, that may not seem like much,
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這也許聽起來沒什麼,
09:51
but these become the building blocks for every single interaction
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但這些訊號累積成為
所有操作電子裝置所需的互動指令。
09:55
on a digital device that is needed for control.
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10:01
Converted to
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轉換成點擊、上、下、左、右、 選單和返回等功能。
10:03
click, up, down, left, right, menu, back, etc.
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10:08
But what's really amazing is that to some degree,
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但最驚人之處在於,
某程度上我們的大腦訊號非常相似。
10:11
this process,
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10:12
our brain signals, are universal.
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10:15
So the brain signal for “Press down your foot” for me
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我的大腦發出的蹬腳跟訊號
10:18
is the same as it is for you.
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跟你的是一樣的。
10:21
Now this means that we're creating a dictionary of the brain
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代表我們正在發展大腦訊號的辭典,
10:24
across all humans.
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全人類共通。
10:26
This is going to make BCI truly scalable.
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這使腦機介面得以 真正的大規模實行。
10:32
As Philip once said to me,
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就像菲利普說過的:
10:34
"It's kind of like learning how to ride a bike.
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「這有點像學騎腳踏車,
10:36
It takes a bit of practice, but once you're rolling,
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需要一些練習,一旦你抓到訣竅,
10:39
it becomes natural.
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一切就變得很自然。
10:40
Now I just look on the screen where I want to click and I'm texting,
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現在我只要看著螢幕上要按的按鍵,
我就可以發推文到全世界。」
10:44
messaging the world via Twitter."
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10:46
But Graham,
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格拉姆也說了,
10:48
he said, as his ALS was progressing,
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雖然他的漸凍症持續惡化,
10:51
that it gave him immense comfort to know that even if his body was failing,
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但讓他感到欣慰的是, 不管未來他的身體如何不聽使令,
10:55
he was always going to be able to tell his wife that he loved her.
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他都有辦法告訴他的妻子 他有多麼地愛她。
11:02
In the future,
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我對於腦機介面未來能造福的 不同人群感到非常興奮,
11:03
I'm really excited about the breakthroughs BCI could deliver to other conditions
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11:07
like epilepsy, depression and dementia.
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例如癲癇、憂鬱症和失智症。
11:10
But beyond that,
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不僅於此,
11:12
what is this going to mean for humanity?
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對於全人類能帶來什麼?
11:15
What's really got me thinking is the future of communication.
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我真正好奇的是未來的溝通模式。
11:22
Take emotion.
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像是情感,
11:25
Have you ever considered how hard it is to express how you feel?
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你有想過表達情感其實很困難嗎?
11:29
You have to self-reflect,
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你要先自省,
11:32
package the emotion into words
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找到適合的文字來表達,
11:34
and then use the muscles of your mouth to speak those words.
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然後動用臉部的肌肉說出這些話,
11:37
But you really just want someone to know how you feel.
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你終究只想讓這個人知道你的感覺。
11:40
For some people with certain conditions,
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但對於某些人來說,
11:42
that's impossible.
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這卻是不可能的任務。
11:44
So what if, rather than using your words,
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試著想像當你不需要仰賴文字,
11:46
you could throw your emotion just for a few seconds?
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你可以將情感完整的傳遞給別人, 只需幾秒鐘的時間,
11:52
And have them really feel how you feel.
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讓他人真正的感同身受。
11:56
At that moment, we would have realized
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這時我們才能了解,
11:58
that the necessary use of words to express our current state of being
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依賴文字來詮釋自己的狀態
12:02
was always going to fall short.
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總有它的局限。
12:06
The full potential of the brain would then be unlocked.
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這時大腦的潛力才能真正被解鎖。
12:11
But for right now,
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在此之前,
12:13
BCI is about restoring the lives of millions of people with paralysis.
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腦機介面 BCI 能幫助 百萬名癱瘓者重建生活,
12:18
After years of feeling trapped,
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將他們從多年的精神牢獄解救出來。
12:21
this technology promises the return of autonomy and independence.
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這項技術承諾幫助人們 找回自主性和獨立性。
12:27
But what I really mean is dignity.
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更深層的含義是:找回生命的尊嚴。
12:31
Thank you.
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謝謝。
12:32
(Applause)
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(掌聲)
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