A Brain Implant That Turns Your Thoughts Into Text | Tom Oxley | TED

203,504 views ・ 2022-06-02

TED


μ•„λž˜ μ˜λ¬Έμžλ§‰μ„ λ”λΈ”ν΄λ¦­ν•˜μ‹œλ©΄ μ˜μƒμ΄ μž¬μƒλ©λ‹ˆλ‹€.

λ²ˆμ—­: Hae Lin Kim κ²€ν† : JY Kang
00:04
A few months ago,
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λͺ‡ 달 μ „,
00:06
I surrendered the password to my Twitter account
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μ €λŠ” 제 νŠΈμœ„ν„° κ³„μ •μ˜ λΉ„λ°€λ²ˆν˜Έλ₯Ό μ „μ‹  λ§ˆλΉ„μΈ μ‚¬λžŒμ—κ²Œ μ£Όκ³ 
00:09
to let a person with paralysis tweet out their thoughts.
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자기 생각을 μ˜¬λ¦¬λ„λ‘ ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:14
But I mean that literally.
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말 κ·ΈλŒ€λ‘œμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:16
Philip O'Keefe can't use his fingers to type like you or I,
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필립 μ˜€ν‚€ν”„λŠ” 우리처럼 μ†κ°€λ½μœΌλ‘œ 타이핑할 수 μ—†μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:19
but thanks to a tiny brain implant,
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ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ μž‘μ€ λ‡Œ 이식 μž₯λΉ„μ˜ λ„μ›€μœΌλ‘œ
00:21
he was able to send the following tweets.
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λ‹€μŒκ³Ό 같은 νŠΈμœ—μ„ 보낼 수 μžˆμ—ˆμ£ .
00:26
"Hello world! Short tweet. Monumental progress."
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β€œμ•ˆλ…•, μ„Έμƒμ‚¬λžŒλ“€! 짧은 νŠΈμœ—. μœ„λŒ€ν•œ 도약.”
00:31
"No need for keystrokes or voices.
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β€œμŒμ„± μΈμ‹μ΄λ‚˜ 타이핑 없이 μƒκ°λ§ŒμœΌλ‘œ 이 νŠΈμœ—μ„ μΌμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.”
00:33
I created this tweet just by thinking it."
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00:37
"My hope is that I pave the way
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β€œλ” λ§Žμ€ μ‚¬λžŒλ“€μ΄ μƒκ°μœΌλ‘œ νŠΈμœ—ν•  수 μžˆλ„λ‘
00:39
for people to be able to tweet through thoughts. Phil."
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μ œκ°€ 길을 κ°œμ²™ν•˜κ³  있기λ₯Ό λ°”λžλ‹ˆλ‹€. ν•„ λ“œλ¦Ό.”
00:44
Now you might be thinking there are some people out there
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μƒκ°λ‚˜λŠ” λŒ€λ‘œ νŠΈμœ„ν„°μ— μ“°λ©΄ μ•ˆ λ˜λŠ” μ‚¬λžŒλ“€λ„ μžˆλ‹€κ³  ν•˜μ‹œκ² μ£ .
00:47
who should not be allowed to tweet directly from their brain.
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(μ›ƒμŒ)
00:50
(Laughter)
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00:51
I agree.
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저도 λ™μ˜ν•΄μš”.
00:53
But for people with paralysis and disability,
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ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ μž₯μ• λ‚˜ λ§ˆλΉ„μ¦μ„Έκ°€ μžˆλŠ” μ‚¬λžŒλ“€μ—κ²ŒλŠ”
00:55
this technology can be life-changing.
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이 기술이 인생을 λ°”κΏ€ 수 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:00
I’m very excited to introduce you to Philip and Rodney.
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μ—¬λŸ¬λΆ„μ—κ²Œ 필립과 λ‘œλ“œλ‹ˆλ₯Ό μ†Œκ°œν•΄λ“œλ¦΄κ²Œμš”.
01:04
They both have a neurodegenerative disease called ALS,
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그듀은 λ£¨κ²Œλ¦­λ³‘μ΄λΌλŠ” 신경퇴행 μ§ˆν™˜μ„ μ•“κ³  μžˆμ–΄
01:07
means they can't move their hands or speak clearly,
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손을 μ›€μ§μ΄κ±°λ‚˜ λ˜λ ·ν•˜κ²Œ λ§ν•˜λŠ” 게 λΆˆκ°€λŠ₯ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:10
but they can now text
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ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ 이제 그듀은
01:12
thanks to a brain-computer interface or BCI.
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λ‡Œ-컴퓨터 μΈν„°νŽ˜μ΄μŠ€μΈ BCIλ₯Ό μ‚¬μš©ν•΄ 문자λ₯Ό μ“Έ 수 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:17
There were Philip’s brain signals up on the screen.
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μŠ€ν¬λ¦°μ— λ„μ›Œμ§„ ν•„λ¦½μ˜ λ‡Œ μ‹ ν˜Έκ°€
01:19
They’re connected to their computers via Bluetooth.
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λΈ”λ£¨νˆ¬μŠ€λ₯Ό 톡해 컴퓨터에 μ—°κ²°λ©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:22
The device is fully internalized, invisible to the outside world,
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κΈ°κΈ° 전체가 λͺΈ μ•ˆμ— μ„€μΉ˜λ˜μ–΄ λ°–μœΌλ‘œ λ“œλŸ¬λ‚˜μ§€λ„ μ•Šμ£ .
01:26
and they learn to control the keyboard
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그리고 λ‡Œλ₯Ό μ‚¬μš©ν•΄ 직접 ν‚€λ₯Ό λˆ„λ₯΄κ³  ν‚€λ³΄λ“œλ₯Ό μ‘°μ’…ν•˜λŠ” 법을 μ΅νž™λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:29
with clicks directly coming from their brain.
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01:33
Now BCIs conjure up images of science fiction like "The Matrix"
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BCIλŠ” β€œλ§€νŠΈλ¦­μŠ€β€ 같은 κ³΅μƒκ³Όν•™μ˜ ν•œ μž₯면을 μ—°μƒμ‹œν‚΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:37
with a cable jacked up into your brain through a hole in your skull.
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λ‘κ°œκ³¨μ— ꡬ멍을 뚫고 λ‡Œμ— 케이블을 μ—°κ²°ν•˜λŠ” 것 말이죠.
01:40
But I'm here to show you that the future can be much more elegant than that.
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ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ 우리의 λ―Έλž˜λŠ” 그것보닀 훨씬 μ„Έλ ¨λ˜μ—ˆλ‹€λŠ” κ±Έ μ•Œλ¦¬κ³  μ‹ΆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:46
So we got this group chat going,
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우린 κ·Έλ£Ή μ±„νŒ…λ°©μ„ λ§Œλ“€μ—ˆλŠ”λ°μš”.
01:47
which I thought was a great idea,
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이게 μ•„μ£Ό 쒋은 아이디어라고 μƒκ°ν–ˆμ–΄μš”.
01:49
until they started roasting me about the TED Talk --
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두 μ‚¬λžŒμ΄ TED κ°•μ—°μœΌλ‘œ μ €λ₯Ό 놀리기 μ „κΉŒμ§€λŠ”μš”.
01:52
(Laughter)
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(μ›ƒμŒ)
01:53
Which they found hilarious.
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그듀은 μ•„μ£Ό μ¦κ±°μ›Œ ν–ˆμ–΄μš”.
01:55
Thanks for the vote of confidence, guys,
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[톰이 κΈ΄μž₯ν–ˆλ„€μš”] 응원 κ³ λ§ˆμ›Œμš”, μ—¬λŸ¬λΆ„.
01:57
bloody Australians.
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호주 μ‚¬λžŒλ“€μ΄λž€.
01:58
(Laughter)
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(μ›ƒμŒ)
01:59
Now you can see it's still quite slow for them to type this way,
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μž…λ ₯ 방식이 아직은 κ½€λ‚˜ 느렀 보일 ν…Œμ§€λ§Œ
02:02
but this is like dial up speeds at the beginning of the Internet.
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이건 인터넷 초기의 λͺ¨λŽ€ 속도와 κ°™μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:07
This is a new Moore's Law.
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여기도 λ¬΄μ–΄μ˜ 법칙이 적용되죠.
02:09
We're just getting started.
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우린 이제 막 μ‹œμž‘ν–ˆλ‹€κ³ μš”.
[큰 λ¬΄λŒ€κ΅°μš”.] [λ‚΄κ°€ 보기엔 별거 μ•„λ‹Œλ°.]
02:13
(Laughter)
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(μ›ƒμŒ)
02:16
(Applause)
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(λ°•μˆ˜)
02:18
That's Philip.
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저뢄이 ν•„λ¦½μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:21
This has been the dream of patients and caregivers,
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이것은 ν™˜μž, 간병인, μ˜μ‚¬, κ³Όν•™μžλ“€μ΄ μ§€λ‚œ μˆ˜μ‹­ λ…„ κ°„ μ›ν•΄μ™”λ˜ κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:23
doctors and scientists, for decades,
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02:25
and for good reason.
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κ·ΈλŸ΄λ§Œν•˜μ£ .
02:28
You may know someone who's lost the ability to use their hands,
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μ—¬λŸ¬λΆ„λ„ 손을 움직일 수 μ—†κ²Œ λ˜μ—ˆκ±°λ‚˜
02:31
maybe from a stroke or a spinal cord injury
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λ‡Œμ‘Έμ€‘μ΄λ‚˜ μ²™μΆ”λ₯Ό λ‹€μΉœ μ‚¬λžŒλ“€μ„ μ•Œμ§€λ„ λͺ¨λ¦…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:33
or multiple sclerosis, paralysis.
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λ‹€λ°œμ„± κ²½ν™”μ¦μ΄λ‚˜ λ§ˆλΉ„ 증세도 μžˆκ³ μš”.
02:36
It comes in all shapes and sizes,
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κ·Έ ν˜•νƒœμ™€ 정도가 λ‹€μ–‘ν•˜μ£ .
02:38
from minor inconvenience to life-threatening.
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μž‘μ€ λΆˆνŽΈν•¨λΆ€ν„° 생λͺ…에 μœ„ν—˜ν•œ κ²ƒκΉŒμ§€μš”.
02:43
During my neurology residency, I cared for a man in his 40s.
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μ‹ κ²½λ‚΄κ³Ό λ ˆμ§€λ˜νŠΈλ‘œ μžˆμ„ λ•Œ, 40λŒ€ 남성을 λ‹΄λ‹Ήν•œ 적이 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:47
He had a stroke and developed locked-in syndrome.
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λ‡Œμ‘Έμ€‘μ΄ μžˆμ—ˆκ³  감금 증후ꡰ을 μ•“κ³  μžˆμ—ˆμ£ .
02:51
Meant he couldn't move his body, except for his eyes, left or right.
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λˆˆμ„ 쒌우둜 μ›€μ§μ΄λŠ” 것 μ™Έμ—λŠ” λͺΈμ„ 움직일 수 μ—†μ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:57
His brain still worked like yours.
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그의 λ‡ŒλŠ” μ—¬λŸ¬λΆ„κ³Ό λ˜‘κ°™μ΄ κΈ°λŠ₯ν•˜κ³  μžˆμ—ˆμ–΄μš”.
02:59
He could see and hear and think and feel just like normal,
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μ •μƒμ μœΌλ‘œ 보고, λ“£κ³ , μƒκ°ν•˜κ³ , λŠλ‚„ 수 μžˆμ—ˆμ§€λ§Œ
03:04
but he couldn't move or speak ever again.
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μ˜μ›νžˆ 말을 ν•˜κ±°λ‚˜ 움직일 수 μ—†μ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:09
And in what were horrific circumstances,
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그런 λ”μ°ν•œ 상황 μ†μ—μ„œ,
03:12
we supported his wish to be taken off life support.
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μš°λ¦¬λŠ” 생λͺ…μœ μ§€λ₯Ό μ€‘λ‹¨ν•˜κ³ μžν•˜λŠ” 그의 λœ»μ„ λ°›μ•„λ“€μ˜€μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:16
And so I've been wondering ever since,
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κ·Έ μ΄ν›„λ‘œ μ €λŠ” μ§€κΈˆκΉŒμ§€ μžλ¬Έν•˜κ³  μžˆμ–΄μš”.
03:18
was there not anything else that could have been done?
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그것 말고 λ‹€λ₯Έ 방법이 μ—†μ—ˆμ„κΉŒ?
03:24
Connection is a fundamental human need.
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μ†Œν†΅μ€ μΈκ°„μ˜ κΈ°λ³Έ μš•κ΅¬μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:28
So many of our patients have lost the ability to speak,
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λ„ˆλ¬΄λ‚˜ λ§Žμ€ ν™˜μžλ“€μ΄ 말할 수 μžˆλŠ” λŠ₯λ ₯을 μžƒκ³ 
03:30
let alone type, for years,
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νƒ€μžμ‘°μ°¨ μΉ  수 μ—†μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€. μ•„μ£Ό μ˜€λž«λ™μ•ˆμ΄μš”.
03:33
and they so desperately want to reconnect with their family,
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그듀은 κ°€μ‘±λ“€κ³Ό λ‹€μ‹œ μ†Œν†΅ν•˜κΈ°λ₯Ό 정말 κ°„μ ˆνžˆ λ°”λžλ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:36
with their loved ones.
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μ‚¬λž‘ν•˜λŠ” μ‚¬λžŒλ“€κ³Όμš”.
03:38
You know what the main request we get is?
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μš°λ¦¬κ°€ λ°›λŠ” 주된 μš”μ²­μ΄ λ­”μ§€ μ•„μ‹œλ‚˜μš”?
03:40
Text messaging.
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λ¬Έμžν•˜κΈ°.
03:42
And then email.
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그리고 이메일 ν•˜κΈ°.
03:43
Control over their smartphone.
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슀마트폰 ν•˜κΈ°.
03:46
And shock horror,
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그리고 λ†€λžκ²Œλ„,
03:47
social media.
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μ†Œμ…œ λ―Έλ””μ–΄μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:50
We've been speaking so much lately about the flaws of these technologies,
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μš°λ¦¬λŠ” 이 기술의 단점에 λŒ€ν•΄ λ§Žμ€ 이야기λ₯Ό λ‚˜λˆ΄μ§€λ§Œ,
03:54
but for people with paralysis, this is a return to life.
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λ§ˆλΉ„λ₯Ό κ°€μ§„ μ‚¬λžŒλ“€μ—κ²Œ μžˆμ–΄μ„œ 이것은 λ‹€μ‹œ μ‚΄μ•„λ‚˜λŠ” κΈ°λΆ„μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:58
BCIs make all of this possible.
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BCIλŠ” 이 λͺ¨λ“  것을 κ°€λŠ₯ν•˜κ²Œ ν•΄μ€¬μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:02
Now, part of the problem has been
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이제, 문제 쀑 ν•˜λ‚˜λŠ”
04:04
that BCIs typically require invasive surgery.
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BCIκ°€ λŒ€λΆ€λΆ„ μ™Έκ³Ό μˆ˜μˆ μ„ ν•„μš”λ‘œ ν•œλ‹€λŠ” κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:07
This is the Utah Array.
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이것은 μœ νƒ€ μ–΄λ ˆμ΄μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:10
This is designed similarly to all other BCIs
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이것은 λ‹€λ₯Έ κ°œλ°œμ€‘μΈ BCI와 λΉ„μŠ·ν•˜κ²Œ μ„€κ³„λœ κ²ƒμœΌλ‘œ
04:12
currently under development,
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04:14
which require drilling needles directly into the brain.
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λ°”λŠ˜μ„ λ‡Œμ— 직접 μ‚½μž…ν•΄μ•Ό ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:17
Now, this has been the basis of critical fundamental research
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μ§€λ‚œ 20λ…„ λ™μ•ˆ 이것은 μ€‘μš”ν•œ 기초 μ—°κ΅¬μ˜ 근본이 λ˜μ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:21
over the last 20 years
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04:22
and the early proof that this technology really can perform.
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μ‹€ν˜„ κ°€λŠ₯ν•œ κΈ°μˆ μž„μ΄ 증λͺ…λ˜μ—ˆκ³ μš”.
04:26
But for patients, it means open-brain surgery,
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ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ ν™˜μžλ“€μ—κ² κ°œλ‘μˆ μ„ ν•΄μ•Ό ν•œλ‹€λŠ” λœ»μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:30
which involves cutting through the skull with a saw.
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λ‘κ°œκ³¨μ„ ν†±μœΌλ‘œ μ ˆλ‹¨ν•˜λŠ” 과정을 κ²ͺμ–΄μ•Ό ν•˜μ£ .
04:33
And there are only about 150 functional neurosurgeons in the US
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그리고 λ―Έκ΅­μ—λŠ” 150μ—¬ λͺ…μ˜ μ‹ κ²½μ™Έκ³Ό μ˜μ‚¬λ°–μ—
04:37
that can perform this procedure.
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이 μˆ˜μˆ μ„ 집도할 수 μžˆλŠ” μ‚¬λžŒμ΄ μ—†μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:39
Apart from the fact that the recovery is tricky,
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회볡이 μ–΄λ ΅λ‹€λŠ” 사싀 외에도,
04:41
the brain doesn't really like having needles put into it.
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λ‡ŒλŠ” λ°”λŠ˜μ΄ λ“€μ–΄μ˜€λŠ” κ±Έ μ’‹μ•„ν•˜μ§€ μ•ŠμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:45
It develops this foreign-body tissue rejection immune reaction over time.
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μ‹œκ°„μ΄ μ§€λ‚ μˆ˜λ‘ λ‹€λ₯Έ 쑰직을 κ±°λΆ€ν•˜λŠ” λ©΄μ—­ λ°˜μ‘μ΄ μΌμ–΄λ‚©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:50
So I've been wondering, is there any other way into the brain?
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κ·Έλž˜μ„œ μƒκ°ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€, λ‡Œλ‘œ λ“€μ–΄κ°€λŠ” λ‹€λ₯Έ 방법이 μ—†μ„κΉŒ?
04:55
And there is, a secret back door.
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그런데 감좰진 λΉ„λ°€ ν†΅λ‘œκ°€ μžˆμ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:59
The blood vessels are the natural highways into the brain.
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ν˜ˆκ΄€μ€ λ‡Œλ‘œ ν†΅ν•˜λŠ” μžμ—° κ³ μ†λ„λ‘œμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
05:03
These are hollow tubes that connect every corner of the brain.
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λ‡Œμ˜ κ΅¬μ„κ΅¬μ„κΉŒμ§€ μ—°κ²°λœ 관이라고 ν•  수 있죠.
05:07
The largest vein at the top there is right next to the motor cortex.
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μ € μœ„μ— 제일 큰 μ •λ§₯은 μš΄λ™ν”Όμ§ˆ λ°”λ‘œ μ˜†μ— μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
05:12
The exact part of the brain that we want to connect to
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μ™ΈλΆ€ 세계λ₯Ό λ‹€μ‹œ ν†΅μ œν•˜κΈ° μœ„ν•΄ μš°λ¦¬κ°€ μ—°κ²°ν•΄μ•Ό ν•˜λŠ” λΆ€μœ„μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
05:15
to restore control to the outside world.
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05:17
How cool is that?
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μ–Όλ§ˆλ‚˜ λ©‹μ§„ μΌμΈκ°€μš”?
05:21
Now we already know how to travel through the blood vessels.
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μš°λ¦¬λŠ” ν˜ˆκ΄€ μ†μœΌλ‘œ μ—¬ν–‰ν•˜λŠ” 법을 이미 μ•Œκ³  μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
05:24
We've been doing it for 40 years, mostly going to the heart.
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40λ…„κ°„ ν•΄μ™”μ–΄μš”. 주둜 심μž₯으둜 κ°€λŠ” 길이죠.
05:28
If anyone here today has had a heart attack,
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μ—¬κΈ° 계신 λΆ„ 쀑에 심μž₯ λ§ˆλΉ„λ₯Ό κ²ͺ은 뢄이 μžˆλ‹€λ©΄
05:30
there's a pretty good chance you've had a stent.
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μŠ€ν…νŠΈλ₯Ό ν•˜κ³  μžˆμ„ ν™•λ₯ μ΄ ν½λ‹ˆλ‹€.
05:34
A stent is a metal scaffold delivered through a catheter,
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μŠ€ν…νŠΈλŠ” μ‚½μž… 관을 톡해 λ“€μ–΄μ˜€λŠ” κΈˆμ† λ°œνŒκ°™μ€ κ²ƒμœΌλ‘œ
05:38
which opens up like a flower into the blood vessel.
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ν˜ˆκ΄€ μ•ˆμ—μ„œ κ½ƒμ²˜λŸΌ νŽΌμ³μ§‘λ‹ˆλ‹€.
05:41
Millions of stents are delivered each year,
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λ§€λ…„ 수백만 건의 μŠ€ν…νŠΈ μ‹œμˆ μ΄ μ΄λ£¨μ–΄μ§‘λ‹ˆλ‹€.
05:44
not in the OR,
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μˆ˜μˆ μ‹€μ΄ μ•„λ‹Œ,
05:45
but in the cath lab or catheter laboratory.
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캐슀랩이라고 ν•˜λŠ” μ‹¬ν˜ˆκ΄€ μ‘°μ˜μ‹€μ—μ„œμš”.
05:50
It's now common in the cath lab to navigate up into the brain
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ν˜ˆκ΄€μ„ 톡해 λ‡Œλ‘œ ν–₯ν•˜λŠ” 길을 μ°ΎλŠ” 건 μ§€κΈˆ μΊμŠ€λž©μ—μ„œλŠ” ν”ν•œ μΌμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
05:54
through the blood vessels.
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05:55
And there are 2,500 physicians
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그리고 2,500μ—¬ λͺ…μ˜ μ˜μ‚¬λ“€μ΄
05:58
who can now navigate their way up into the brain.
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λ‡Œλ‘œ κ°€λŠ” 길을 μ•ˆλ‚΄ν•  수 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
06:00
But what's really amazing about this
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ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ μ§„μ§œλ‘œ λ†€λΌμš΄ 점은
06:04
is that for BCIs we already know
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BCIλ₯Ό ν˜ˆκ΄€ μ•ˆμ— 남겨두면
06:07
that devices can be left inside a blood vessel,
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06:10
cells grow over it, incorporate it into the wall
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κ·Έ μœ„μ— 세포가 자라 ν˜ˆκ΄€ 벽의 일뢀가 λœλ‹€λŠ” κ±°μ˜ˆμš”.
06:12
like a tattoo under the skin,
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마치 ν”ΌλΆ€ μ•„λž˜ 문신을 μƒˆκΈ°λ“―μ΄ 말이죠.
06:14
and we're protected from that immune reaction.
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λ©΄μ—­ λ°˜μ‘μœΌλ‘œλΆ€ν„° λ³΄ν˜Έλ˜λŠ” 것이죠.
06:18
This is part of the reason why our team became the first in the world
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λ°”λ‘œ κ·Έ 덕뢄에 우리 νŒ€μ΄ 세계 졜초둜 FDA의 μŠΉμΈμ„ λ°›μ•„
06:21
to receive a green light from the FDA to conduct clinical trials
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BCI 영ꡬ 이식에 λŒ€ν•œ μž„μƒ μ‹€ν—˜μ„ ν•  수 μžˆμ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
06:25
of a permanently implanted BCI.
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06:28
(Applause)
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(λ°•μˆ˜)
06:33
So what we had to do was figure out a way to put a sensor,
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μš°λ¦¬λŠ” μ„Όμ„œλ₯Ό λΆ€μ°©ν•  방법을 μ°Ύμ•„μ•Ό ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
06:37
connected to this crosslinks of the stent
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μŠ€ν…νŠΈμ˜ ꡐ차된 뢀뢄에 μ—°κ²°ν•˜μ—¬ λ‡Œ ν™œλ™μ„ 기둝할 방법이 ν•„μš”ν–ˆμ£ .
06:40
that could record that brain activity.
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06:43
To do that, we had to do a complete overhaul of stent manufacturing.
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κ·Έλž˜μ„œ μš°λ¦¬λŠ” μŠ€ν…νŠΈ 제쑰의 λͺ¨λ“  과정을 μ κ²€ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
06:47
This is the end result.
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이게 κ·Έ κ²°κ³Όμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€. μ œκ°€ 보기엔 μ•„μ£Ό μ•„λ¦„λ‹€μ›Œμš”.
06:48
I think it's very beautiful.
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06:51
Then connect it to a cable
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이걸 λ‡Œμ˜ 정보λ₯Ό κ°€μ Έμ˜€λŠ” 케이블에 μ—°κ²°ν•˜κ³ 
06:53
which brings the information out of the brain
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06:56
and do it all in a way that it can be delivered in the cath lab.
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μΊμŠ€λž©μ—μ„œ κ°€λŠ₯ν•œ λ°©μ‹μœΌλ‘œ λͺ¨λ“  과정을 μˆ˜ν–‰ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
07:00
This way we can make BCI accessible not to the thousands of people,
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μš°λ¦¬λŠ” 이 λ°©λ²•μœΌλ‘œ 이 기술이 ν•„μš”ν•œ 수천 λͺ…을 λ„˜μ–΄
07:04
but to the millions of people who need this technology.
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수백만 λͺ…μ—κ²Œ BCIλ₯Ό 보급할 수 있게 λ˜μ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
07:09
So it wasn't easy, took us ten years,
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그리 쉽지 μ•Šμ•˜μ£ . 10년이 κ±Έλ ΈμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
07:13
but I'm very excited to show you guys.
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기쁜 마음으둜 μ†Œκ°œν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
07:19
We called this the Stentrode.
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μŠ€νƒ νŠΈλ‘œλ“œλΌκ³  ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
07:27
(Applause)
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(λ°•μˆ˜)
07:34
Graham Felstead, an incredible human being suffering with ALS,
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λ£¨κ²Œλ¦­λ³‘μœΌλ‘œ κ³ ν†΅λ°›λŠ” κ·Έλ ˆμ΄μ—„ νŽ μŠ€ν…Œλ“œλŠ”
07:39
became the first person in the world
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λ‡Œ-컴퓨터 μΈν„°νŽ˜μ΄μŠ€λ₯Ό 심고 μ‚¬μš©ν•˜λŠ” 첫 번째 μ‚¬λžŒμ΄ λ˜μ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
07:41
to receive and use one of these brain-computer interfaces.
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07:44
And he has very generously offered you, the world,
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κ·ΈλŠ” μΉœμ ˆν•˜κ²Œλ„ μ—¬λŸ¬λΆ„κ³Ό μ „ 세계에
07:47
a chance to see what it looks like inside his brain.
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그의 λ‡Œ 속이 μ–΄λ–»κ²Œ λ³΄μ΄λŠ”μ§€λ₯Ό κ³΅κ°œν•΄μ€¬μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
07:50
Would you like to see?
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ν•œλ²ˆ λ³΄μ‹œκ² μ–΄μš”?
07:51
Audience: Yes!
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관객듀: λ„€!
07:59
TO: Seeing this video for the first time
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이 λΉ„λ””μ˜€λ₯Ό 처음 λ³Έ μˆœκ°„μ€
08:01
was one of the most incredible moments of my life.
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제 인생에 κ°€μž₯ λ©‹μ§„ μˆœκ°„λ“€ 쀑 ν•˜λ‚˜μ˜€μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
08:04
I was standing in the cath lab,
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μ €λŠ” μΊμŠ€λž©μ— μ„œ μžˆμ—ˆκ³ 
08:06
Dr. Peter Mitchell had just completed the surgery
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ν”Όν„° λ―Έμ²Ό μ„ μƒλ‹˜μ΄ 막 μˆ˜μˆ μ„ λ§ˆμ³€μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
08:09
and you can see the device, the outline of device,
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μ—¬λŸ¬λΆ„μ€ 이 기기의 윀곽이
08:11
sitting inside the blood vessel there.
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ν˜ˆκ΄€ μ•ˆμ— μ•ˆμ°©λœ 것을 보싀 수 μžˆμ–΄μš”.
08:13
So this popped up on the screen
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이게 화면에 λ„μ›Œμ‘Œμ„ λ•Œ
08:15
and it just felt like we were witnessing something new in the world.
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μ™„μ „νžˆ μƒˆλ‘œμš΄ 것이 λ“±μž₯ν•˜λŠ” 것을 λͺ©κ²©ν•˜λŠ” 기뢄이 λ“€μ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
08:20
I had tingles down my spine,
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제 μ²™μΆ”λ₯Ό 타고 μ†Œλ¦„μ΄ λ‹μ•˜κ³ ,
08:22
I've got them now thinking about it again.
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λ‹€μ‹œ μƒκ°ν•˜λ‹ˆ μ§€κΈˆλ„ μ†Œλ¦„μ΄ λ‹λ„€μš”.
08:24
I turned to my colleague Pete,
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μ €λŠ” 제 λ™λ£ŒμΈ ν”ΌνŠΈλ₯Ό ν–₯ν•΄μ„œ λ­”κ°€ μ‹œμ μ΄κ³  μ‹¬μ˜€ν•œ 말을 λ±‰μ—ˆμ–΄μš”.
08:25
and I said something poetic and profound like,
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08:29
"Pete, holy shit!"
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β€œν”ΌνŠΈ, 이 미친...!”
08:31
(Laughter)
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(μ›ƒμŒ)
08:35
And then two hours later, something even more amazing happened.
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그리고 두 μ‹œκ°„ ν›„, 더 λ†€λΌμš΄ 일이 λ²Œμ–΄μ‘ŒμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
08:38
Graham woke up, and he asked, β€œAm I alive?”
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κ·Έλ ˆμ΄μ—„μ΄ μΌμ–΄λ‚˜μ„œ μ΄λ ‡κ²Œ λ¬»λ”κ΅°μš”.
β€œμ œκ°€ 아직 μ‚΄μ•„μžˆλ‚˜μš”?”
08:42
And our nurse Kristine broke out in tears of relief.
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그러자 κ°„ν˜Έμ‚¬ ν¬λ¦¬μŠ€ν‹΄μ€ μ•ˆλ„μ˜ λˆˆλ¬Όμ„ μŸμ•˜μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
08:45
It was a phenomenal moment.
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경이둜운 μˆœκ°„μ΄μ—ˆμ£ .
08:48
Once it's in place,
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이것이 μž₯착된 ν›„μ—λŠ”
08:50
it's connected to this tiny antenna that sits under the skin in the chest.
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κ°€μŠ΄ μͺ½ ν”ΌλΆ€ μ•„λž˜μ˜ μž‘μ€ μ•ˆν…Œλ‚˜μ— μ—°κ²°λ©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
08:55
This collects the raw brain data
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λ‡Œ λ°μ΄ν„°μ˜ 원본을 μˆ˜μ§‘ν•œ ν›„,
08:57
and sends it out of the body wirelessly
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λ¬΄μ„ μœΌλ‘œ λͺΈ λ°–μœΌλ‘œ μ‹ ν˜Έλ₯Ό 보내
08:59
to then connect with external devices.
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μ™ΈλΆ€ 기기에 μ—°κ²°ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
09:03
It's always on and ready to go.
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이것은 항상 μΌœμ§„ 채 늘 λŒ€κΈ° μƒνƒœμ— μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
09:04
Kind of like how your brain is meant to work.
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μ—¬λŸ¬λΆ„μ˜ λ‡Œκ°€ ν™œλ™ν•˜λŠ” κ²ƒμ²˜λŸΌμš”.
09:09
So here's how it works.
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μž‘λ™ 방식은 λ‹€μŒκ³Ό κ°™μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
09:11
Our engineers work with our patients to decode specific movements.
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저희 κΈ°μˆ μ§„μ€ ν™˜μžλ“€κ³Ό ν•¨κ»˜ νŠΉμ • λ™μž‘μ˜ λ‡Œ μ‹ ν˜Έλ₯Ό ν•΄λ…ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
09:17
So we tell the patient, β€œPress down your foot.”
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μš°λ¦¬κ°€ ν™˜μžλ“€μ—κ²Œ λ°œμ„ μ•„λž˜λ‘œ λˆ„λ₯΄λΌκ³  ν•˜λ©΄
09:19
So they'll repeatedly press down their foot.
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ν™˜μžλ“€μ€ 반볡적으둜 λ°œμ„ μ•„λž˜λ‘œ λˆ„λ¦…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
09:22
You won't see the foot moving because they're paralyzed,
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λ§ˆλΉ„ 증세 λ•Œλ¬Έμ— μ‹€μ œλ‘œ 발이 μ›€μ§μ΄μ§€λŠ” μ•Šμ§€λ§Œ,
09:26
but we've been able to determine
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β€œλ°œμ„ μ•„λž˜λ‘œ μ›€μ§μ΄λŠ” λ™μž‘β€œκ³Ό μ—°κ²°λœ λ‡Œ μ‹ ν˜Έλ₯Ό 식별할 수 있게 λ©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
09:27
which brain signals are generally linked to β€œPress down your foot.”
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09:32
The black dotted line is the moment of pressing down the foot,
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검은 μ μ„ μœΌλ‘œ ν‘œμ‹œλœ 뢀뢄이 λ°œμ„ μ•„λž˜λ‘œ λˆ„λ₯΄λŠ” μˆœκ°„μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
09:35
and you can see the brain signal is different before to after,
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κ·Έ 이전과 μ΄ν›„μ˜ λ‡Œ μ‹ ν˜Έκ°€ λ‹€λ₯Έ 게 보이죠.
09:39
which means we can turn that into a switch.
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이것을 μ΄μš©ν•˜λ©΄ μŠ€μœ„μΉ˜λ‘œ λ§Œλ“€ 수 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
09:43
Now we repeat this for several different types of movements,
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이제 λ‹€λ₯Έ μ’…λ₯˜μ˜ λ™μž‘μ—λ„ 이 과정을 λ°˜λ³΅ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
09:46
say, open/close your hand or pincer-grip your finger.
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예λ₯Ό λ“€λ©΄, 손을 펴고 μ₯κ±°λ‚˜ μ†κ°€λ½μœΌλ‘œ μ§‘λŠ” λ™μž‘μ΄μš”.
09:49
Now, that may not seem like much,
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별거 μ•„λ‹Œ κ²ƒμ²˜λŸΌ λ³΄μ΄μ§€λ§Œ,
09:51
but these become the building blocks for every single interaction
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이것듀이 각각의 κ΅¬μ„±μš”μ†Œκ°€ λ˜μ–΄
λ””μ§€ν„Έ κΈ°κΈ°λ₯Ό μ‘°μ’…ν•˜κΈ° μœ„ν•œ λͺ¨λ“  μƒν˜Έμž‘μš©μ΄ κ°€λŠ₯ν•˜κ²Œ λ©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
09:55
on a digital device that is needed for control.
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10:01
Converted to
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λ‡Œ μ‹ ν˜Έλ₯Ό λ³€ν™˜ν•΄μ„œ
10:03
click, up, down, left, right, menu, back, etc.
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클릭, μœ„, μ•„λž˜, μ™Όμͺ½, 였λ₯Έμͺ½, 메뉴, λ’€λ‘œ κ°€κΈ° 등을 ν•˜λŠ” κ±°μ£ .
10:08
But what's really amazing is that to some degree,
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ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ μ§„μ§œ λ†€λΌμš΄ 것은
우리의 λ‡Œ μ‹ ν˜Έκ°€ λ³€ν™˜λ˜λŠ” 과정이 μ–΄λŠ 정도 λ³΄νŽΈμ μ΄λΌλŠ” κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
10:11
this process,
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10:12
our brain signals, are universal.
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10:15
So the brain signal for β€œPress down your foot” for me
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μ €μ˜ λ‡Œμ—μ„œ λ°œμ„ μ•„λž˜λ‘œ λˆ„λ₯΄λŠ” μ‹ ν˜Έκ°€
10:18
is the same as it is for you.
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μ—¬λŸ¬λΆ„μ˜ 것과 κ°™λ‹€λŠ” 것이죠.
10:21
Now this means that we're creating a dictionary of the brain
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인간 λͺ¨λ‘μ—κ²Œ ν†΅μš©λ˜λŠ” λ‡Œμ˜ 사전을 λ§Œλ“€ 수 μžˆλ‹€λŠ” κ²λ‹ˆλ‹€.
10:24
across all humans.
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10:26
This is going to make BCI truly scalable.
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이것은 BCIλ₯Ό ν™•μž₯ν•  수 있게 λ§Œλ“€ κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
10:32
As Philip once said to me,
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필립이 μ–Έμ  κ°€ μ €μ—κ²Œ λ§ν–ˆλ“―μ΄ 말이죠.
10:34
"It's kind of like learning how to ride a bike.
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β€œμ΄κ±΄ μžμ „κ±°λ₯Ό νƒ€λŠ” 것과 κ°™μ•„μš”.
10:36
It takes a bit of practice, but once you're rolling,
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μ—°μŠ΅μ΄ 쑰금 ν•„μš”ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ, ν•œλ²ˆ κ΅΄λŸ¬κ°€κΈ° μ‹œμž‘ν•˜λ©΄
10:39
it becomes natural.
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μžμ—°μŠ€λŸ½κ²Œ νƒ€κ²Œ λ©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
10:40
Now I just look on the screen where I want to click and I'm texting,
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이제 μ €λŠ” ν™”λ©΄μ˜ 클릭할 곳을 바라보고 문자λ₯Ό μ“°λ©΄
10:44
messaging the world via Twitter."
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세상에 νŠΈμœ„ν„° λ©”μ‹œμ§€λ₯Ό μ“Έ 수 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.”
10:46
But Graham,
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ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ κ·Έλ ˆμ΄μ—„μ€
10:48
he said, as his ALS was progressing,
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근윑 μœ„μΆ•μ΄ μ§„ν–‰λ˜λ©΄μ„œ
10:51
that it gave him immense comfort to know that even if his body was failing,
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그의 λͺΈμ΄ λ¬΄λ„ˆμ§€κ³  μžˆλŠ” 쀑에도 μ—„μ²­λ‚œ μ•ˆλ„κ°μ„ λŠλ‚€λ‹€κ³  λ§ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
10:55
he was always going to be able to tell his wife that he loved her.
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μ–Έμ œλΌλ„ μ•„λ‚΄μ—κ²Œ μ‚¬λž‘ν•œλ‹€κ³  말할 수 μžˆμœΌλ‹ˆκΉŒμš”.
11:02
In the future,
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λ―Έλž˜μ—λŠ”,
11:03
I'm really excited about the breakthroughs BCI could deliver to other conditions
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BCIκ°€ λ‹€λ₯Έ μ¦μƒμ˜ λŒνŒŒκ΅¬κ°€ 될 κ²ƒμœΌλ‘œ κΈ°λŒ€ν•˜κ³  μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
11:07
like epilepsy, depression and dementia.
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κ°„μ§ˆ, 우울증, 치맀 같은 μ§ˆν™˜μ΄μš”.
11:10
But beyond that,
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ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ κ·Έ μ΄μƒμœΌλ‘œ,
11:12
what is this going to mean for humanity?
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인λ₯˜ μ „μ²΄μ—κ²ŒλŠ” μ–΄λ–€ μ˜λ―ΈμΌκΉŒμš”?
11:15
What's really got me thinking is the future of communication.
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μ œκ°€ μƒκ°ν•˜λŠ” 것은 μ˜μ‚¬ μ†Œν†΅μ˜ λ―Έλž˜μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
11:22
Take emotion.
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감정을 예둜 듀어보죠.
11:25
Have you ever considered how hard it is to express how you feel?
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μžμ‹ μ˜ 감정을 ν‘œν˜„ν•˜λŠ” 것이 μ–Όλ§ˆλ‚˜ κ³ μƒμŠ€λŸ¬μš΄μ§€
생각해 보신 적 μžˆλ‚˜μš”?
11:29
You have to self-reflect,
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슀슀둜 감정을 μΆ”μŠ€λ¦¬κ³ 
11:32
package the emotion into words
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κ·Έ 감정을 μ–Έμ–΄λ‘œ λ°”κΎΈμ–΄
11:34
and then use the muscles of your mouth to speak those words.
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μž…μ˜ κ·Όμœ‘μ„ 움직여 κ·Έ 말을 ν•˜λŠ” κ³Όμ •μ„μš”.
11:37
But you really just want someone to know how you feel.
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ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ 정말 μ›ν•˜λŠ” 건 κ·Έ 감정을 λˆ„κ΅°κ°€κ°€ μ•Œμ•„μ£ΌλŠ” κ±°κ² μ£ .
11:40
For some people with certain conditions,
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μ–΄λ–€ μƒνƒœμ— μžˆλŠ” μ‚¬λžŒλ“€μ—κ²ŒλŠ”, λΆˆκ°€λŠ₯ν•œ μΌμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
11:42
that's impossible.
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11:44
So what if, rather than using your words,
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μ–΄μ©Œλ©΄, μ–Έμ–΄λ₯Ό μ‚¬μš©ν•˜μ§€ μ•Šκ³ 
11:46
you could throw your emotion just for a few seconds?
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감정을 λ°–μœΌλ‘œ κΊΌλ‚΄ λ³Ό 수 μžˆμ§€ μ•Šμ„κΉŒμš”?
단 λͺ‡ μ΄ˆλ§Œμ΄λΌλ„μš”.
11:52
And have them really feel how you feel.
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κ·Έλž˜μ„œ λ‹Ήμ‹ μ˜ 감정을 μ§„μ§œλ‘œ λŠλ‚„ 수 μžˆλ„λ‘ 말이죠.
11:56
At that moment, we would have realized
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κ·Έ μˆœκ°„, μš°λ¦¬λŠ” 깨달을지도 λͺ¨λ¦…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
11:58
that the necessary use of words to express our current state of being
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우리의 ν˜„μž¬ μƒνƒœλ₯Ό ν‘œν˜„ν•˜κΈ° μœ„ν•΄ ν•„μš”ν•œ 말듀은
12:02
was always going to fall short.
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항상 λΆ€μ‘±ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
12:06
The full potential of the brain would then be unlocked.
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κ·Έλ•Œ, λ‡Œμ˜ μ™„μ „ν•œ 잠재λ ₯이 κΉ¨μ–΄λ‚  κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
12:11
But for right now,
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ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ μ§€κΈˆμ€,
12:13
BCI is about restoring the lives of millions of people with paralysis.
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BCIκ°€ λ§ˆλΉ„ μ¦μ„Έμ˜ 수백만 λͺ…μ˜ 인생을 되돌렀 μ£Όκ³  μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
12:18
After years of feeling trapped,
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λͺ‡ λ…„ λ™μ•ˆ κ°‡ν˜€ μžˆλ‹€κ³  느꼈던 그듀이
12:21
this technology promises the return of autonomy and independence.
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이 기술둜 인해 μžμœ¨μ„±κ³Ό 독립성을 λ˜μ°Ύμ€ κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
12:27
But what I really mean is dignity.
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μ§„μ •ν•œ μ˜λ―Έλ‘œλŠ” 긍지λ₯Ό λ˜μ°Ύμ•˜λ‹€κ³  λ³Ό 수 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
12:31
Thank you.
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κ°μ‚¬ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
12:32
(Applause)
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(λ°•μˆ˜)
이 μ›Ήμ‚¬μ΄νŠΈ 정보

이 μ‚¬μ΄νŠΈλŠ” μ˜μ–΄ ν•™μŠ΅μ— μœ μš©ν•œ YouTube λ™μ˜μƒμ„ μ†Œκ°œν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€. μ „ 세계 졜고의 μ„ μƒλ‹˜λ“€μ΄ κ°€λ₯΄μΉ˜λŠ” μ˜μ–΄ μˆ˜μ—…μ„ 보게 될 κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€. 각 λ™μ˜μƒ νŽ˜μ΄μ§€μ— ν‘œμ‹œλ˜λŠ” μ˜μ–΄ μžλ§‰μ„ 더블 ν΄λ¦­ν•˜λ©΄ κ·Έκ³³μ—μ„œ λ™μ˜μƒμ΄ μž¬μƒλ©λ‹ˆλ‹€. λΉ„λ””μ˜€ μž¬μƒμ— 맞좰 μžλ§‰μ΄ μŠ€ν¬λ‘€λ©λ‹ˆλ‹€. μ˜κ²¬μ΄λ‚˜ μš”μ²­μ΄ μžˆλŠ” 경우 이 문의 양식을 μ‚¬μš©ν•˜μ—¬ λ¬Έμ˜ν•˜μ‹­μ‹œμ˜€.

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