How we're using drones to deliver blood and save lives | Keller Rinaudo

翻译人员: Roxanne Zhang 校对人员: Wei Wu

Most people think

大多数人认为

that new technology or advanced technology can never start in Africa.

新科技或先进技术不可能始于非洲

Instead, they think that the best way to help the continent advance

而且他们认为帮助非洲大陆发展的最好方法

is by providing aid or services

是为大陆提供它自身无法自给自足的

that the continent can't provide for itself.

帮助或服务

So while we see advanced technology like robotics

那么当我们看到高科技技术如机器人技术

and artificial intelligence

人工智能技术

growing exponentially in the developed world,

在发达国家突飞猛进时

those same people are worried

这类人群会开始担忧

that a technologically backward Africa is falling behind.

科技发展缓慢的非洲会更加落后

That attitude couldn't be more wrong.

这种认知错得离谱

I'm a robotics entrepreneur who's spent a lot of time here in Africa.

我就是一位在非洲从事 机器人技术研发的企业家

And in 2014 we created Zipline,

在2014年时我们创立Zipline

which is a company that uses electric autonomous aircraft

这是一家使用无人机

to deliver medicine to hospitals and health centers on demand.

来为医院和健康中心运送他们 所需医疗物资的公司

Last year, we launched the world's first automated delivery system

去年我们发启了全球第一支自动运输系统

operating at national scale.

可在全国范围内运行

And guess what?

猜猜怎么着？

We did not do that in the US,

我们这些科技设施都不是在美国

we didn't do it in Japan,

不是在日本

and we didn't do it in Europe.

也不是在欧洲创建完成的

It was actually President Paul Kagame

事实上是卢旺达的总理保罗·卡加梅

and the Rwandan Ministry of Health

和卫生部

that made a big bet on the potential of this technology

决定支持这项具有潜力的科技技术

and signed a commercial contract

并签署了一份使用这项技术来输送

to deliver a majority of the country's blood on demand.

大部分全国所需血液的商业合同

(Applause)

（掌声）

Yeah, they deserve the applause.

没错，他们值得你们的鼓掌

So why is blood important?

那么为什么血液这么重要？

Rwanda collects between 60- and 80,000 units of blood a year.

卢旺达每年都会采集6万至8万单位血液

So this is a product that when you need it,

所以血液是一种当你需要的时候

you really, really need it.

真的非常需要的一种产品

But blood is also challenging,

但血液的保存却并非易事

because it has a very short shelf life,

因为它的活性时效非常短

there are lots of different storage requirements,

有许多不同的贮藏要求

and it's really hard to predict the demand

而且很难在病人诊断出

for all of these different blood groups

实际需要多少血液前

before a patient actually needs something.

预计出不同血型的血液需求量

But the cool thing is that using this technology,

而这项技术却能轻松解决这个问题

Rwanda has been able to keep more blood centralized

卢旺达已经能够集中采集更多的血液

and then provide it when a patient needs something

并将它送往需要该型血液的任意医院及健康中心

to any hospital or health center in an average of just 20 or 30 minutes.

平均送达时间只需要25至30分钟

Do you guys want to see how it works?

你们想看看这个系统是怎么操作的吗？

(Audience) Yes.

（观众）想看

All right. Nobody believes me, so ... better to show.

好吧，反正没人相信，还是...直接展示出来更好

This is our distribution center,

这就是我们的分配中心

which is about 20 kilometers outside of Kigali.

距离基加利20千米左右

This actually used to be a cornfield nine months ago,

九个月前那里曾是一片玉米田

and with the Rwandan government,

在与卢旺达政府的共同努力下

we leveled it and built this center in a couple weeks.

几个月内我们就将它改造升级成了现在这个分配中心

So when a patient is having an emergency,

所以当病人发生紧急情况时

a doctor or a nurse at that hospital can send us a WhatsApp,

在那家医院任职的医生或护士可以发WhatsApp短信给我们

telling us what they need.

告知我们他们需要什么

And then our team will immediately spring into action.

然后我们的工作人员会立马投入运输作业

We pull the blood from our stock,

我们的工作人员将从库存中找出该型血液

which is delivered from the National Center for Blood Transfusion;

这些血液是由国家输血中心送来的

we scan the blood into our system

我们会将找出的血液扫描到我们的系统中

so the Ministry of Health knows where the blood is going;

这样卢旺达卫生部就能知道这些血液的去向

and then we'll basically pack it into a Zip,

然后我们会把该血液打包装进Zip里

which is what we call these little autonomous airplanes

也就是我们所叫的小型无人机

that run on batteries.

这些无人机使用电池供电

And then once that Zip is ready to go,

一旦Zip准备好出发

we accelerate it from zero to 100 kilometers an hour

我们就会在半秒内

in about half of a second.

将它从静止加速至时速100千米每小时

(Audience) Whoa!

（观众）哇喔！

And from the moment it leaves the end of the launcher,

从它离开发射器的瞬间开始

it's completely autonomous.

这种小型飞行器就是全自动的了

(Video: Air traffic controller directs traffic)

（视频：航空管制员指挥交通运行）

This is our air traffic controller calling it in

这就是我们的航空管制员

正向基加利国际机场做汇报

to Kigali International Airport.

And when the Zip arrives at the hospital,

当Zip到达提出请求的医院时

it descends to about 30 feet and drops the package.

它会降落至30英尺的地方并投下血液包

We use a really simple paper parachute -- simple things are best --

我们用的是很简易的纸质降落伞， 简洁至上

that allows the package to come to the ground gently and reliably

这样才能使得每次血液包着地时

in the same place every time.

都轻柔无损坏

So it's just like ride sharing;

这个系统类似于共乘形式；

the doctors get a text message one minute before we arrive, saying,

医生们会在我们抵达前一分钟收到短信

“请出来接收包裹”

"Walk outside and receive your delivery."

(Laughter)

（笑声）

And then --

然后 --

(Applause)

（掌声）

and then the doctors have what they need to save a patient's life.

然后医生们就拿到了救助病人所需的物资

This is actually watching a delivery happen from our distribution center;

这是我们分配中心的实况跟踪

this vehicle is about 50 kilometers away.

这辆车在大概50千米远处

We're able to watch the vehicle as it makes a delivery at a hospital

我们可以看到这辆车在一家医院进行运输作业的

in real time.

实际情况

You may have noticed there are pings

或许你们已经注意到了

有一些

that are coming off of that vehicle on the screen.

Those pings are actually data packets

实际上那些砰砰声是我们的数据包

that we're getting over the cell phone networks.

我们通过手机网络获得的数据包

So these planes have SIM cards just like your cell phone does,

所以这些无人机和手机一样都装有SIM卡

and they're communicating over the cell network

通过电话通信网络来接收发送信息

to tell us where they are and how they're doing at all times.

告知我们它们目前在哪里，作业情况如何

Believe it or not, we actually buy family plans --

不管你们信不信，我们买的是家庭电话套餐

(Laughter)

（笑声）

for this fleet of vehicles,

-- 为这只无人机运输队

because that's how we get the best rates.

因为那样我们能得到最实惠的价格

(Laughter)

（笑声）

It's actually not a joke.

我说真的 不是笑话哦

(Laughter)

（笑声）

So today, we're delivering about 20 percent

那么目前，

除了基加利

我们还承担了运输卢旺达全国血液供给总量20%的任务

of the national blood supply of Rwanda

outside of Kigali.

We serve about 12 hospitals,

我们现为12家医院提供这项服务

and we're adding hospitals to that network at an accelerating rate.

并且加入我们运输系统的医院数量正不断增加

All of those hospitals only receive blood in this way,

这些医院只能通过这个渠道获得血液供给

and most of those hospitals actually place multiple orders every day.

而且事实上它们中的大部分每天都会多次要求血液补给

So the reason --

至于原因嘛 --

in all of health care logistics,

在所有的医疗后勤中

you're always trading off waste against access.

大家总是宁愿浪费资源来换取获取资源的途径

So if you want to solve waste, you keep everything centralized.

那么若想解决浪费的问题，就需要把所有资源都收集集中起来

As a result, when patients are having emergencies,

这样做的结果就是，当病人遇到紧急情况时

sometimes they don't have the medical product they need.

有时病人得不到他们所需要的医疗物资

If you want to solve access, you stock a lot of medicine at the last mile,

若想解决资源途径的问题，就需要在最后阶段才把所有物资都收拢

at hospitals or health centers,

集中到医院或医疗中心

and then patients have the medicine they need.

这样病人们就能得到他们所需要的医疗物资

但是这样的结果就是最后会扔掉很大一部分的物资

But you end up throwing a lot of medicine out,

这是非常昂贵的代价

which is very expensive.

令人惊喜的是卢旺达政府已经能够

What's so amazing is that the Rwandan government has been able

彻底告别这样陈旧不完善的循环链了

to break this cycle permanently.

Because doctors can get what they need instantly,

因为医生们可以及时地得到他们需求的医疗物资

they actually stock less blood at the hospitals.

实际上他们只在医院里存贮了少量血液

So although use of blood products has increased substantially

所以尽管血液物资的耗用量在不断增长

at all the hospitals we serve,

我们服务的所有医院都有此现象

in the last nine months, zero units of blood have expired

在前九个月里，这些医院

没有浪费掉一滴血液资源

at any of these hospitals.

(Applause)

（掌声）

That's an amazing result.

这是个了不起的结果

That's actually not been achieved by any other health care system

而这是全球其它任何医疗健康系统

都无法企及的

on the planet,

and it happened here.

但在这里却实现了

But obviously, when we're talking about delivering medical products instantly,

当然当我们谈论及时运送医疗产品时

the most important thing is patients.

最重要的对象还是病患

Let me give you an example.

举个例子来说吧

A couple months ago, a 24-year-old mother came into one of the hospitals

几个月前，一位24岁的母亲来到了

一家我们服务的医院

that we serve,

and she gave birth via C-section.

她是来做剖腹产的

But that led to complications, and she started to bleed.

但是手术过程中发生了并发症，她开始大出血

Luckily, the doctors had some blood of her blood type on hand

幸运的是，医生们手上有一些符合这位母亲的血型的血液

that had been delivered via Zipline's routine service,

这些血液就是之前通过Zipline运输服务运送过去的

and so they transfused her with a couple units of blood.

医生们就给她输了几个单位的血液

But she bled out of those units in about 10 minutes.

但是这母亲在10分钟左右后就输完了这些血液

In this case, that mother's life is in grave danger --

在这案例中，那位母亲的生命受到了极大的威胁 --

in any hospital in the world.

在全世界任何一家医院都是这样的

But luckily, the doctors who were taking care of her

然后非常幸运的是，这些治疗她的医生们

immediately called our distribution center,

立即联系了我们的分配中心

they placed an emergency order,

要求了紧急运输服务

and our team actually did emergency delivery after emergency delivery

我们的团队进行了一次又一次

一次又一次的紧急运输

after emergency delivery.

They ended up sending seven units of red blood cells,

他们最终发送了7个单位的红细胞

four units of plasma

4个单位的血浆

and two units of platelets.

2个单位的血小板

That's more blood than you have in your entire body.

这比你全身的血液都要多

All of it was transfused into her,

这些血浆、红细胞、血小板被输给她

the doctors were able to stabilize her,

医生稳定了她的病情

and she is healthy today.

她现在已经恢复健康了

(Applause)

（掌声）

Since we launched, we've done about 400 emergency deliveries like that,

从我们开工以来，我们已经进行了大约400次这样的紧急运输

and there's a story like that one behind most of those emergencies.

大部分紧急运输背后都有一个这样的故事

Here are just a couple of the moms

这里是通过这样的方式接受输血的

who have received transfusions in this way

母亲中的一部分

in the last couple months.

在过去的几个月里

We're always reminded: when we can help a doctor save a mom's life,

我们一直在被提醒：在我们帮助医生拯救一位母亲的生命的时候

it's not just her life that you're saving.

我们拯救的不仅仅是她一个人的生命

That's also a baby boy or a baby girl

同时我们也救了一个男宝宝或女宝宝

who has a mother while they're growing up.

他们成长的过程中有妈妈陪伴

(Applause)

（掌声）

But I want to be clear:

但是我想强调的一点是：

postpartum hemorrhaging -- it's not a Rwanda problem,

产后出血--这不仅仅是卢旺达有的问题

it's not a developing-world problem --

也不是发展中国家才有的问题

this is a global problem.

这是一个全球都要面临的问题

Maternal health is a challenge everywhere.

（如何确保）产妇的健康在哪都是一个挑战

The main difference is that Rwanda was the first country

最主要的不同是，卢旺达是第一个

to use radical technology to do something about it.

运用颠覆性科技来解决这个问题的国家

And that's the reason this attitude of Africa being disrupted

这就是为什么“非洲很混乱”

or advanced technology not working here

“先进科技在这里没有用”

or needing aid

“这里需要援助”

is so totally wrong.

这些观点都是错的

Africa can be the disrupter.

非洲也可以是颠覆者

These small, agile, developing economies can out-innovate large, rich ones.

这些小而灵活、发展中的经济体，能超越庞大而富有的经济体

And they can totally leapfrog over the absence of legacy infrastructure

而且他们完全可以跳过基础设施缺乏的问题

to go straight to newer and better systems.

直接发展更好、更新的系统

In 2000,

在2000年

if you had said that high-quality cellular networks were about to roll out

如果你说蜂窝网将会在

非洲大陆全面铺开

across all of Africa,

people would have told you that you were crazy.

人们会说你疯了

And yet, no one anticipated

然而，没有人预料到

how fast those networks were going to connect and empower people.

这些网络连接人们的速度会有多快

Today, 44 percent of the GDP of Kenya flows through M-Pesa,

今天，肯尼亚GDP的44%流经M-Pesa

their mobile payment platform.

一种移动支付软件

And not only that,

不止于此

but our autonomous fleet of vehicles relies on that cellular network.

我们的无人机队也依赖于蜂窝网

Over the next few years as we start serving private health care facilities,

在将来的几年里，当我们开始提供私人医疗服务时

we'll also use that mobile payment platform

我们也将使用移动支付平台

to collect fees for deliveries.

来收取运输费用

So innovation leads to more innovation leads to more innovation.

所以创新将引领更多的创新

And meanwhile,

同时

most people who live in developed economies

在发达国家生活的大多数人

think that drone delivery is technologically impossible,

认为无人机运输在技术上是不可能实现的

let alone happening at national scale in East Africa.

更不用说是在东非的一个国家范围内进行了

And I do mean East Africa, not just Rwanda.

我说的是东非，不仅仅是卢旺达

On Thursday, just a couple days ago,

在周四，几天之前

the Tanzanian Ministry of Health announced

坦桑尼亚卫生部宣布

that they are going to use this same technology

他们也将使用这种技术

to provide instant delivery of a wide range of medical products

为全国范围内最难获得医疗物资的1000万人民

to 10 million of the hardest to reach people in the country.

提供大量医疗物资的运输服务

(Applause)

（掌声）

It's actually going to be the largest autonomous system anywhere in the world.

这将是全世界最大的无人机网络

To give you a sense of what this looks like,

这是什么概念呢

this is one of the first distribution centers.

这是其中一个配送中心

You can see a 75-kilometer service radius around the distribution center,

你可以看到配送中心半径75千米内的一个圆

and that allows us to serve hundreds of health facilities and hospitals,

这让我们能够为数百家健康中心和医院提供服务

所有的这些都在乡村里

all of which are rural,

从这一个配送中心

from that single distribution center.

But to serve over 20 percent of the population of Tanzania,

能够服务超过20%的坦桑尼亚人口

we're going to need multiple distribution centers.

我们需要更多的配送中心

We'll actually need four.

事实上我们需要4个

And from these distribution centers,

从这些配送中心

we expect to be doing several hundred lifesaving deliveries every day,

我们希望每天进行数百次拯救生命的配送

and this system will ultimately serve over 1,000 health facilities

这个系统最终将支持在乡村的超过1000家

and hospitals in the country.

医疗中心和医院

So yeah, East Africa is moving really fast.

所以，东非正在飞快的行动

One thing that people, I think, often miss

我想，人们常常忽略的一点是

is that these kinds of leaps generate compounding gains.

这种进步产生了复合的增益

For example, Rwanda, by investing in this infrastructure for health care,

例如，卢旺达在发展了这项医疗基础设施后

now has an aerial logistics network that they can use

他们现在有了可以使用的空中物流网络

to catalyze other parts of their economy,

可借此促进其他方面的发展

like agriculture or e-commerce.

例如农业或电子商业的发展

Even more importantly,

更重要的是

100 percent of the teams we hire at these distribution centers are local.

在这些配送中心里工作的所有人都是本地人

So here's our Rwandan team,

这就是我们卢旺达的队伍

which is a group of extraordinary engineers and operators.

队伍里全是出色的工程师和接线员

They run the world's only automated delivery system

他们运行着世界上唯一一个

在全国范围内运行的自动配送系统

operating at national scale.

They have been able to master something

他们已经能够操纵

that the largest technology companies in the world

世界上最大的科技公司

have not yet been able to figure out.

都没能做出来的东西

So they are total heroes.

所以他们绝对是英雄

(Applause)

（掌声）

They're total heroes.

他们绝对是英雄

Our team's mission is to deliver basic access to medicine

我们团队的目标是把医疗物资传送给

to all seven billion people on the planet,

地球上的70亿人民

no matter how hard it is to reach them.

不管有多困难

We often tell people about that mission,

我们经常跟人们说起这个目标

and they say, "That's so generous of you, it's so philanthropic."

他们说：“你们真慷慨，这相当慈善。”

No!

不！

Philanthropy has nothing to do with it.

这跟慈善根本没有关系

Because of the commercial contracts that we sign with ministries of health,

因为我们和卫生部签订的商业合同

these networks are 100 percent sustainable and scalable.

这些网络是100%可持续和可拓展的

And the reason we feel so strongly about correcting that misperception

而我们之所以如此强烈的更正这个误解

is that entrepreneurship is the only force in human history

是因为企业家的职能是人类历史上

that has lifted millions of people out of poverty.

让成千上万的人民摆脱贫穷的唯一推动力

(Applause)

（掌声）

No amount of foreign aid is going to sustainably employ

没有多少外国援助能一直雇佣

250 million African youth.

2500万的非洲年轻人

And the jobs that these kids may have gotten 10 years ago

而这些年轻人在十年前可能获得的工作

are largely being automated

现在已经大部分自动化了

or are being changed dramatically by technology.

或者被科技急剧的改变了

So they are looking for new skill sets,

所以他们在寻找新的技能

new competitive advantages.

新的竞争优势

They're looking for start-ups.

他们在寻找新兴公司

So why aren't there more start-ups that are tackling these global problems

所以为什么我们不创立更多的新兴公司

that are faced by billions of people in developing economies?

来处理发展中国家成千上万的人民面对的国际问题呢？

The reason is that investors and entrepreneurs are totally blind

原因是投资者和企业家完全忽视了

to the opportunity.

这些机会

We think these problems are the domain of NGOs or governments,

我们认为这些问题是非政府组织或政府需要考虑的

not private companies.

不是私人公司

That's what we have to change.

这就是我们需要改变的地方

You may have noticed I left something out of the video

你也许注意到了我在视频中

that I showed you.

略去了一些东西

I didn't show you how the planes land

我没有展示当飞机回到配送中心的时候

when they get back to the distribution center.

他们是怎么降落的

So, it might be obvious to you:

所以，这可能很显然了：

none of our planes have landing gear.

我们的飞机没有降落装置

We also don't have runways where we operate.

在我们操作的地方也没有跑道

So we have to be able to decelerate the plane

所以我们要能使飞机在半秒的时间内

from about 100 kilometers an hour to zero in half of a second.

从约100km每小时的速度减速到0

And the way we do that

我们的方法是：

is we actually use a wire that tracks that plane as it comes in,

我们用一根线在飞机到达的时候绊住它

with centimeter-level accuracy.

在厘米量级的精度内

We snag the plane out of the sky,

我们在空中绊住飞机

and then we gently plop it onto an actively inflated cushion.

然后轻轻地使它掉在充气垫子上

This is basically a combination of an aircraft carrier

这基本上是一个航空母舰

和堡垒的组合体

and a bouncy castle.

（笑声）

(Laughter)

让我展示给你们看一下

So let me show you.

(Laughter)

（笑声）

(Applause)

（掌声）

And it might be obvious to you why I wanted to end with this video.

所以为什么我想用这个视频结尾就很显然了

I wanted to show you the kids and the teenagers

我想给你们看看这些在每天栅栏旁排着队的

who line up on the fence every day.

孩子们和青少年们

They cheer every launch and every landing.

他们为每一次发射和降落欢呼庆祝

(Laughter)

（笑声）

(Applause)

（掌声）

Sometimes I actually show up at the distribution center early

有时候我会很早到达运输中心

因为我受时差影响

because I'm jet-lagged.

我会在我们开始操作前1小时就到达

I'll show up an hour before we begin operation.

And there will be kids on the fence getting good seats.

那儿已经有孩子们在栅栏旁占座了

（笑声）

(Laughter)

And you go up and you ask them,

然后我走过去问他们

“你们觉得这些飞机怎么样”

"What do you think about the planes?"

And they'll say, "Oh, it's a sky ambulance."

他们会说：“噢，这是飞行急救车。”

So they get it.

所以他们懂了。

I mean, they get it more than most adults.

我指的是，他们比大多数成年人都了解了更多

So I was asking earlier:

所以我之前提出问题：

Who is going to be creating the disruptive technology companies of Africa

谁将会在接下来的十年

创造非洲颠覆性的科技公司？

over the next decade?

Ultimately, it's going to be up to these kids.

毫无疑问的，将会是这些孩子们

They are the engineers of Rwanda and Africa.

他们将会是卢旺达和非洲的工程师

They are the engineers of our shared future.

他们将会是我们共同未来里的工程师

But the only way they can build that future is if we realize

但是他们实现那样的未来的唯一途径是

我们认识到改变世界的公司能在非洲创立

that world-changing companies can scale in Africa,

and that disruptive technology can start here first.

颠覆性的科技能最先在非洲开始

Thanks.

谢谢！

(Applause)

（掌声）