New York -- before the City | Eric Sanderson

1,698,522 views ・ 2009-10-13

TED


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翻译人员: Winnie LIU 校对人员: Angelia King
00:15
The substance of things unseen.
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事物的本质是不可见的,
00:18
Cities, past and future.
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城市的往昔和未来也是如此。
00:21
In Oxford, perhaps we can use Lewis Carroll
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在牛津,我们或许从刘易斯·卡洛尔的著作,
00:25
and look in the looking glass that is New York City
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从纽约市这面镜子里,
00:28
to try and see our true selves,
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试图寻见真我;
00:31
or perhaps pass through to another world.
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或者进入另一个世界。
00:34
Or, in the words of F. Scott Fitzgerald,
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或者,正如F·斯科特菲茨杰拉德所写:
00:37
"As the moon rose higher,
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“每当明月升高,
00:39
the inessential houses began to melt away
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微不足道的房屋开始消逝,
00:42
until gradually I became aware of the old island
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直到我逐渐意识到这座古老岛屿,
00:44
here that once flowered for Dutch sailors' eyes,
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曾是荷兰水手眼中繁花盛开之地,
00:47
a fresh green breast of the new world."
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新世界中一处翠绿的处女地。”
00:50
My colleagues and I have been working for 10 years
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我和我的同事用了十年时间
00:52
to rediscover this lost world
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重新探索这个失落的世界,
00:55
in a project we call The Mannahatta Project.
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并将其命名为“曼娜哈特”(曼哈顿的印第安语)计划。
00:58
We're trying to discover what Henry Hudson would have seen
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我们试图探索亨利‧哈德逊船长
01:00
on the afternoon of September 12th, 1609,
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在1609年9月12日的下午
01:03
when he sailed into New York harbor.
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航行至纽约港时所见的一切。
01:06
And I'd like to tell you the story in three acts,
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而我想把这个故事分成三段讲,
01:08
and if I have time still, an epilogue.
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如果时间允许的话,我也想再做一个总结。
01:11
So, Act I: A Map Found.
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那么,第一部分:一张地图的发现。
01:13
So, I didn't grow up in New York.
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是的,我并不在纽约长大。
01:15
I grew up out west in the Sierra Nevada Mountains, like you see here,
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正如你们看到的照片,我在西瓦内华达山区
01:18
in the Red Rock Canyon.
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红岩峡谷长大。
01:20
And from these early experiences as a child
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由于我儿时的经历,
01:22
I learned to love landscapes.
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我渐渐地爱上了自然景观。
01:24
And so when it became time for me to do my graduate studies,
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所以,当我要着手我的研究生课程时,
01:26
I studied this emerging field of landscape ecology.
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我学习了景观生态学--这门新兴领域的研究。
01:30
Landscape ecology concerns itself
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景观生态学关注诸如
01:32
with how the stream and the meadow and the forest and the cliffs
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河流、草地、森林和悬崖是怎样
01:36
make habitats for plants and animals.
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为动植物提供栖息地的问题。
01:38
This experience and this training
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而这份经历和学术培训,
01:40
lead me to get a wonderful job with the Wildlife Conservation Society,
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使我获得了与野生动物保护协会共事的绝佳机会,
01:43
which works to save wildlife and wild places all over the world.
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这份工作致力于拯救世界各地的野生动物和野生地区生态。
01:46
And over the last decade,
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在过去的10年中,
01:48
I traveled to over 40 countries
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我前往四十多个国家,
01:50
to see jaguars and bears and elephants
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观察那里的美洲虎、熊、大象,
01:52
and tigers and rhinos.
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以及老虎和犀牛。
01:54
But every time I would return from my trips I'd return back to New York City.
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但是每一次我旅途回来,到纽约市。
01:57
And on my weekends I would go up, just like all the other tourists,
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在周末,我就会像所有的游客一样,
02:00
to the top of the Empire State Building,
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爬到帝国大厦的顶楼。
02:02
and I'd look down on this landscape, on these ecosystems,
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我也会向下俯瞰这里的风景和生态系统,
02:05
and I'd wonder, "How does this landscape
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于是我便疑惑:“这里的景观
02:07
work to make habitat for plants and animals?
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是怎样为动植物提供居住场所的?
02:09
How does it work to make habitat for animals like me?"
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它又是怎样为像我这样的动物提供居住地的呢?”
02:13
I'd go to Times Square and I'd look at the amazing ladies on the wall,
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我也会去时代广场,看一看那墙上美丽的女士们,
02:17
and wonder why nobody is looking at the historical figures just behind them.
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然后疑惑:为什么没有人关注她们过去的祖辈?
02:22
I'd go to Central Park and see the rolling topography of Central Park
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我也到中央公园去,看着中央公园起伏的地形,
02:25
come up against the abrupt and sheer
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与此对比的是陡峭的
02:27
topography of midtown Manhattan.
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曼哈顿中城地形。
02:31
I started reading about the history and the geography in New York City.
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于是,我开始阅读有关纽约市的历史和地理资料。
02:34
I read that New York City was the first mega-city,
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我了解到纽约市是第一座特大城市,
02:36
a city of 10 million people or more, in 1950.
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在1950年便拥有超过一千万人口。
02:40
I started seeing paintings like this.
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我开始察看这样的画作。
02:42
For those of you who are from New York,
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对于你们这些来自纽约的人而言,
02:44
this is 125th street under the West Side Highway.
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这是城西高速公路下的125街。
02:47
(Laughter)
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(笑声)
02:49
It was once a beach. And this painting
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这里曾是一个沙滩。而这幅图里
02:51
has John James Audubon, the painter, sitting on the rock.
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有画家奥杜邦坐在岩石上的身影。
02:54
And it's looking up on the wooded heights of Washington Heights
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上方的林地便是华盛顿高地,
02:56
to Jeffrey's Hook, where the George Washington Bridge goes across today.
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杰佛瑞虎克灯塔方向,即是今日乔治‧华盛顿大桥横跨的所在。
03:00
Or this painting, from the 1740s, from Greenwich Village.
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再来看这幅图,描绘的是18世纪40年代的格林威治村。
03:03
Those are two students at King's College -- later Columbia University --
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国王学院(后来成为哥伦比亚大学)的两位学生
03:06
sitting on a hill, overlooking a valley.
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坐在山丘上俯瞰整个村庄。
03:09
And so I'd go down to Greenwich Village and I'd look for this hill,
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所以我来到格林威治村,想要找到那座山丘。
03:12
and I couldn't find it. And I couldn't find that palm tree.
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但是我找不到它,当然也找不到那棵棕榈树。
03:15
What's that palm tree doing there?
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那棵棕榈树到底在哪呢?
03:17
(Laughter)
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(笑声)
03:18
So, it was in the course of these investigations that I ran into a map.
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所以,我是在调查的过程中偶遇这张地图的。
03:21
And it's this map you see here.
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也就是你所见的这一张。
03:23
It's held in a geographic information system
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它被保存在地理信息系统中,
03:25
which allows me to zoom in.
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我把它放大。
03:27
This map isn't from Hudson's time, but from the American Revolution,
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但这幅地图并不来自于哈德逊的时代,而是来自于美国革命时期。
03:30
170 years later, made by British military cartographers
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170年后,由英国军事制图员
03:34
during the occupation of New York City.
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在英占领纽约市时绘制的。
03:36
And it's a remarkable map. It's in the National Archives here in Kew.
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这是一张很杰出的地图,现存于伦敦克佑区的英国国立档案馆中。
03:40
And it's 10 feet long and three and a half feet wide.
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它长10英尺,宽3.5英尺。
03:42
And if I zoom in to lower Manhattan
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如果我放大到曼哈顿下城区,
03:45
you can see the extent of New York City as it was,
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你便可以看见纽约市
03:47
right at the end of the American Revolution.
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在美国革命末的模样。
03:49
Here's Bowling Green. And here's Broadway.
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这里是鲍灵格林,而这里是百老汇街。
03:52
And this is City Hall Park.
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这里是市府公园。
03:54
So the city basically extended to City Hall Park.
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所以这座城市基本延伸到市府公园。
03:57
And just beyond it you can see features
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再往上走,便能看到
03:59
that have vanished, things that have disappeared.
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地形已改变,景观已消失。
04:01
This is the Collect Pond, which was the fresh water source for New York City
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这个蓄水池,曾是纽约市建立初的200年间
04:04
for its first 200 years,
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城市的淡水来源。
04:06
and for the Native Americans for thousands of years before that.
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它也是土著美国人此前千百年来的淡水来源。
04:09
You can see the Lispenard Meadows
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你可以看到利兹本纳德草地
04:11
draining down through here, through what is TriBeCa now,
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水流流经此地,即现在的三角地翠贝卡区。
04:13
and the beaches that come up from the Battery,
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而海滩从炮台
04:15
all the way to 42nd St.
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一路延伸至42街。
04:17
This map was made for military reasons.
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这幅图的绘制出于军事考虑。
04:20
They're mapping the roads, the buildings, these fortifications
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所以他们标记了道路、楼房
04:22
that they built.
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和他们所建造的堡垒。
04:24
But they're also mapping things of ecological interest,
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但是他们也标记了一些富有生态意义
04:26
also military interest: the hills,
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以及军事意义的事物:山丘
04:28
the marshes, the streams.
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沼泽和水流。
04:31
This is Richmond Hill, and Minetta Water,
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这是列治文山,还有米尼塔河。
04:33
which used to run its way through Greenwich Village.
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它从前经由这条路流入格林威治村。
04:36
Or the swamp at Gramercy Park, right here.
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格拉姆西公园的沼泽在这儿,
04:41
Or Murray Hill. And this is the Murrays' house
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还有莫里山,这儿是莫里之家
04:43
on Murray Hill, 200 years ago.
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200年前在莫里山上。
04:46
Here is Times Square,
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这里是时代广场,
04:49
the two streams that came together to make a wetland
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两股水流在这里汇合,形成了湿地。
04:51
in Times Square, as it was at the end of the American Revolution.
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这时正值美国革命末。
04:56
So I saw this remarkable map in a book.
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我在一本书上看到这张了不起的地图。
04:58
And I thought to myself, "You know, if I could georeference this map,
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当时我想,“如果我可以对这张地图进行地理座标参照,
05:02
if I could place this map in the grid of the city today,
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把这张地图放在今日纽约市的格局上,
05:05
I could find these lost features
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我就能找出
05:07
of the city,
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这座城市失落的景观。
05:09
in the block-by-block geography that people know,
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一块块地拼出人们熟悉的地貌,
05:12
the geography of where people go to work, and where they go to live,
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比如人们上班地点和他们居住地方的地貌,
05:15
and where they like to eat."
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以及他们喜爱的餐厅的地貌。”
05:17
So, after some work we were able to georeference it,
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所以经过一些努力之后,我们对它进行了地理座标参照定位,
05:19
which allows us to put the modern streets on the city,
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使我们能够把现代的道路、
05:22
and the buildings, and the open spaces,
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楼房和空地放到城市中。
05:27
so that we can zoom in to where the Collect Pond is.
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这样我们就可以放大蓄水湖的位置。
05:32
We can digitize the Collect Pond and the streams,
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我们可以将蓄水湖和水流都数字化,
05:36
and see where they actually are in the geography of the city today.
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我们也就可以知道它们在今天的城市地理中的位置。
05:41
So this is fun for finding where things are
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有趣的是比照旧的地形
05:44
relative to the old topography.
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找出现在的位置。
05:49
But I had another idea about this map.
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但是我对这张地图还有别的想法。
05:51
If we take away the streets, and if we take away the buildings,
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如果我们拿走这些街道,如果我们拿走这些楼房,
05:54
and if we take away the open spaces,
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如果我们拿走这些绿色空地,
05:56
then we could take this map.
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然后我们可以得到这张地图。
05:58
If we pull off the 18th century features
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如果我们可以展现18世纪的特征,
06:00
we could drive it back in time.
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我们回到过去的时间。
06:02
We could drive it back to its ecological fundamentals:
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我们也可以还原过去生态基础的特征:
06:06
to the hills, to the streams,
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那些山丘、水流
06:08
to the basic hydrology and shoreline, to the beaches,
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基本水文、海岸线、海滩……
06:12
the basic aspects that make the ecological landscape.
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那些构成生态景观的基本方面。
06:16
Then, if we added maps like the geology, the bedrock geology,
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随后,如果我们加上地质学、基岩地质学,
06:19
and the surface geology, what the glaciers leave,
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和地表地质学,冰川遗迹;
06:22
if we make the soil map,
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如果我们制作土壤地图,
06:24
with the 17 soil classes,
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包含国家土壤保护所认定的
06:27
that are defined by the National Conservation Service,
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17种土壤;
06:30
if we make a digital elevation model
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如果我们可以制作一个数字地形高度模型
06:32
of the topography that tells us how high the hills were,
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告诉我们那些山丘的高度,
06:35
then we can calculate the slopes.
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我们就可以计算它们的坡度。
06:38
We can calculate the aspect.
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是的,我们可以计算各方面的数据。
06:41
We can calculate the winter wind exposure --
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我们可以计算冬季风的风向--
06:43
so, which way the winter winds blow across the landscape.
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也就是冬季风是怎样吹过地面景观的。
06:45
The white areas on this map are the places protected from the winter winds.
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地图上白色的部分是不受冬季风侵扰的地方。
06:50
We compiled all the information about where the Native Americans were, the Lenape.
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我们收集了美洲原住民勒纳佩族所有曾居住的地点的信息。
06:53
And we built a probability map of where they might have been.
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然后我们建立了一个他们可能居住地点的地图。
06:57
So, the red areas on this map indicate the places
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地图上红色的部分指出
06:59
that are best for human sustainability on Manhattan,
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曼哈顿岛上最适宜人类可持续居住的地点。
07:01
places that are close to water,
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那些靠近水源的,
07:03
places that are near the harbor to fish,
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靠近渔港的,
07:05
places protected from the winter winds.
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不受冬季风侵扰的地方。
07:10
We know that there was a Lenape settlement
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我们知道从前有一个勒纳佩族的定居点,
07:12
down here by the Collect Pond.
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位于南部毗邻蓄水池的地方。
07:15
And we knew that they planted a kind of horticulture,
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我们也了解到他们有园艺种植的习惯,
07:17
that they grew these beautiful gardens of corn, beans, and squash,
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他们有美丽的玉米,豆类和南瓜园地,
07:20
the "Three Sisters" garden.
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即“蔬菜三姐妹”园地。
07:22
So, we built a model that explains where those fields might have been.
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于是,我们建立了一个模型,来解释这些园地可能存在的地方。
07:26
And the old fields, the successional fields that go.
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还有过去的园地及其周边园地的情况。
07:28
And we might think of these as abandoned.
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我们或许会以为它们被遗弃了。
07:30
But, in fact, they're grassland habitats
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但事实上,它们现在是草地,
07:32
for grassland birds and plants.
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为草地鸟类和植物提供栖息地;
07:34
And they have become successional shrub lands,
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或是已经形成灌木林地。
07:37
and these then mix in to a map of all the ecological communities.
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这就混合成这张汇集所有生态社区的地图。
07:41
And it turns out that Manhattan had 55 different ecosystem types.
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由此,我们了解到曼哈顿岛曾有55种不同的生态系统。
07:45
You can think of these as neighborhoods,
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你可以把它们想作邻里关系,
07:47
as distinctive as TriBeCa and the Upper East Side and Inwood --
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各自独特的就像三角地翠贝卡去,上东城区和Inwood区--
07:52
that these are the forest and the wetlands
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那里有森林和湿地;
07:54
and the marine communities, the beaches.
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水生群落和沙滩。
07:57
And 55 is a lot. On a per-area basis,
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55种生态系统很庞大。在平均面积的角度上,
08:00
Manhattan had more ecological communities
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曼哈顿岛每英亩拥有的生态群落的数量
08:02
per acre than Yosemite does,
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甚至比优山美地国家公园多,
08:04
than Yellowstone, than Amboseli.
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也比美国黄石公园和肯尼亚安伯塞利保护公园多。
08:07
It was really an extraordinary landscape
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这实在是非常奇异的景观,
08:09
that was capable of supporting an extraordinary biodiversity.
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竟能够支持如此奇特的生物多样性。
08:13
So, Act II: A Home Reconstructed.
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接下来,第二部分:一个重建的家园。
08:17
So, we studied the fish and the frogs and the birds and the bees,
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我们对鱼类、蛙类、鸟类和蜂类进行了研究,
08:21
the 85 different kinds of fish that were on Manhattan,
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在曼哈顿,曾有85种鱼类,
08:24
the Heath hens, the species that aren't there anymore,
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有已经灭绝的新英格兰草原松鸡,
08:28
the beavers on all the streams, the black bears,
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还有曾经在所有溪流中发现的海狸及黑熊。
08:31
and the Native Americans, to study how they used
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我们也研究了土著居民怎样利用、
08:34
and thought about their landscape.
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思考他们的地质景观的。
08:36
We wanted to try and map these. And to do that what we did
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我们想要标记它们。为此我们做的是
08:39
was we mapped their habitat needs.
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标记它们的居住需要。
08:41
Where do they get their food?
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他们从哪儿得到食物?
08:43
Where do they get their water? Where do they get their shelter?
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他们从哪儿取水?他们避护住所是什么样的?
08:45
Where do they get their reproductive resources?
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他们从哪儿得到生殖资源?
08:48
To an ecologist, the intersection of these is habitat,
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对于一个生态学家而言,这之间的交汇便是栖息地。
08:51
but to most people, the intersection of these is their home.
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但对于大多数人而言,这之间的交汇是他们的家。
08:56
So, we would read in field guides, the standard field guides
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所以,我们想要阅读野外指南,标准野外指南,
08:58
that maybe you have on your shelves,
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就是你们书架上可能会有的那一类。
09:00
you know, what beavers need is, "A slowly meandering stream
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你知道,海狸需要的是“一条流速缓而曲折的溪流,
09:02
with aspen trees and alders and willows,
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边上还得有白杨,赤杨和柳树。”
09:05
near the water." That's the best thing for a beaver.
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这就是最适合海狸的。
09:07
So we just started making a list.
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所以我们开始列表。
09:09
Here is the beaver. And here is the stream,
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这里是海狸,这里是水流,
09:11
and the aspen and the alder and the willow.
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这里则是白杨,赤杨和柳树。
09:13
As if these were the maps that we would need
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如果这些就是我们所需的地图,
09:15
to predict where you would find the beaver.
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我们就可以预测在哪里你能够找到一只海狸。
09:17
Or the bog turtle, needing wet meadows and insects and sunny places.
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或者一只牟氏龟,需要湿草地、昆虫和阳光充裕的地方。
09:21
Or the bobcat, needing rabbits and beavers and den sites.
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或者是一只山猫,需要野兔、海狸和洞穴。
09:25
And rapidly we started to realize that beavers can be
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于是我们很快意识到海狸可能会是
09:28
something that a bobcat needs.
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山猫需要的东西。
09:31
But a beaver also needs things. And that having it
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但是海狸本身也需要某些东西。所以无论
09:33
on either side means that we can link it together,
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把它们放在捕食者或被捕食者的一边,我们都能把它们连接起来。
09:35
that we can create the network
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于是,我们有了
09:37
of the habitat relationships for these species.
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这些物种栖息关系的网络。
09:40
Moreover, we realized that you can start out
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另外,我们也意识到你可以
09:42
as being a beaver specialist,
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以一个海狸专家的身份开始研究,
09:44
but you can look up what an aspen needs.
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但是你需要知道白杨需要的东西。
09:46
An aspen needs fire and dry soils.
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白杨喜光,强阳性和干燥的土壤。
09:49
And you can look at what a wet meadow needs.
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然后你可以知道湿草地需要什么。
09:52
And it need beavers to create the wetlands,
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它需要海狸创造湿地,
09:54
and maybe some other things.
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或许还有其它的东西。
09:56
But you can also talk about sunny places.
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但是你可以再想想阳光灿烂的地方。
09:58
So, what does a sunny place need? Not habitat per se.
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那么,阳光灿烂的地方需要什么?本身不是栖息地。
10:01
But what are the conditions that make it possible?
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但是,在何种情况下才有可能呢?
10:03
Or fire. Or dry soils.
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或为阳光,或为干土。
10:06
And that you can put these on a grid that's 1,000 columns long
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这样一来,你可以将这些联系画在1000栏的格线上,
10:09
across the top and 1,000 rows down the other way.
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左侧也填入1000格资料。
10:12
And then we can visualize this data like a network,
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然后我们将这些数据网状图像化,
10:15
like a social network.
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就像一个社交网络。
10:17
And this is the network of all the habitat relationships
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这张网络汇集所有的栖息关系,
10:19
of all the plants and animals on Manhattan,
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所有生活在曼哈顿岛上的动植物,
10:21
and everything they needed,
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以及所有它们需要的东西。
10:23
going back to the geology,
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我们于是能够回到地质学的范畴,
10:25
going back to time and space at the very core of the web.
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回到网络核心的时间和空间位置。
10:28
We call this the Muir Web. And if you zoom in on it it looks like this.
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我们把这叫做缪尔网络。如果你放大,它会是这样的。
10:31
Each point is a different species
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每一个点都代表一个不同的物种
10:33
or a different stream or a different soil type.
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或者一条不同的溪流或土壤种类。
10:36
And those little gray lines are the connections that connect them together.
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而这些灰色的线表示将它们联系起来的关联。
10:39
They are the connections that actually make nature resilient.
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这些连线恢复了自然生态活力。
10:42
And the structure of this is what makes nature work,
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这种结构则是自然的运作机理,
10:46
seen with all its parts.
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每一个部分,正如你所见。
10:48
We call these Muir Webs after the Scottish-American naturalist
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我们把它称作缪尔网络,以纪念美籍苏格兰裔自然学家
10:51
John Muir, who said, "When we try to pick out anything by itself,
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约翰·缪尔,他曾说:“当我们试着举出一个自身事物,
10:54
we find that it's bound fast by a thousand invisible cords
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我们总会发现它被数以千计的看不见的关系牵连,
10:57
that cannot be broken, to everything in the universe."
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对于任何宇宙中的事物,这种联系都不能被打破。”
11:01
So then we took the Muir webs and we took them back to the maps.
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之后我们引用了缪尔网络并把它带回地图上。
11:04
So if we wanted to go between 85th and 86th,
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如果我们想去85街和86街之间的区域,
11:06
and Lex and Third,
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以及莱克星顿街和3街之间的地方,
11:08
maybe there was a stream in that block.
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或许在那个街区里曾有一条溪流。
11:10
And these would be the kind of trees that might have been there,
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或许某种树类曾在那里生长,
11:12
and the flowers and the lichens and the mosses,
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还有花、地衣和苔藓,
11:16
the butterflies, the fish in the stream,
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蝴蝶和水中的鱼,
11:19
the birds in the trees.
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树上的鸟。
11:21
Maybe a timber rattlesnake lived there.
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或许还有一只森林响尾蛇生活在那儿。
11:23
And perhaps a black bear walked by. And maybe Native Americans were there.
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或许一只黑熊曾出没过,或许土著居民也生活在那里。
11:26
And then we took this data.
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然后我们应用了这些资料。
11:28
You can see this for yourself on our website.
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你可以亲自访问我们的网站,
11:30
You can zoom into any block on Manhattan,
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你可以放大曼哈顿任何的街区,
11:32
and see what might have been there 400 years ago.
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然后看一看400年前那里的模样。
11:35
And we used it to try and reveal a landscape
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而我们用它来重现景观。
11:38
here in Act III.
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最后,第三部分。
11:40
We used the tools they use in Hollywood
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我们使用了当今好莱坞惯用的工具
11:42
to make these fantastic landscapes that we all see in the movies.
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来制作这些只有在电影中才看得到的奇幻的自然景观。
11:45
And we tried to use it to visualize Third Avenue.
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我们尝试图像化第三大道。
11:48
So we would take the landscape and we would build up the topography.
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我们取得并绘制地貌地形。
11:52
We'd lay on top of that the soils and the waters, and illuminate the landscape.
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我们还原土壤和河流,恢复以前地貌。
11:56
We would lay on top of that the map of the ecological communities.
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我们把生态群落放到地图的顶层,
11:59
And feed into that the map of the species.
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并填充物种地图。
12:02
So that we would actually take a photograph,
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这样一来,我们甚至可以拍照片,
12:04
flying above Times Square, looking toward the Hudson River,
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飞跃时代广场,面朝哈得逊河的方向,
12:06
waiting for Hudson to come.
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等待哈得逊先生的到来。
12:08
Using this technology, we can make these
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使用这种技术,我们有了
12:10
fantastic georeferenced views.
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这些引人入胜的地理坐标参照景观。
12:12
We can basically take a picture out of any window
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我们很容易拍摄到曼哈顿岛上任何视角的照片,
12:14
on Manhattan and see what that landscape looked like 400 years ago.
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然后看一看它四百年前的样子。
12:17
This is the view from the East River, looking up Murray Hill
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这是从东河向莫里山看到
12:20
at where the United Nations is today.
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今天联合国总部所在的位置。
12:23
This is the view looking down the Hudson River,
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这是俯瞰哈德逊河。
12:25
with Manhattan on the left, and New Jersey out on the right,
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左边是曼哈顿,右边是新泽西州,
12:28
looking out toward the Atlantic Ocean.
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朝着大西洋。
12:31
This is the view over Times Square,
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这是时代广场上空的景致,
12:33
with the beaver pond there, looking out toward the east.
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海狸水塘在那儿,朝东面看。
12:37
So we can see the Collect Pond, and Lispenard Marshes back behind.
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我们可以看见蓄水池,立兹本纳德沼泽在其后。
12:41
We can see the fields that the Native Americans made.
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我们可以看见那些土著美国人开垦的园地。
12:44
And we can see this in the geography of the city today.
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我们也可以在今天的城市中看到它。
12:48
So when you're watching "Law and Order," and the lawyers walk up the steps
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所以当你看到电视剧“法律与秩序”中的律师沿着纽约法院前的阶梯径直走,
12:51
they could have walked back down those steps
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要是400年前,他们则是
12:53
of the New York Court House, right into the Collect Pond,
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走进蓄水塘
12:55
400 years ago.
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12:59
So these images are the work of my friend and colleague,
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这些图像是我的朋友和同事的杰作。
13:02
Mark Boyer, who is here in the audience today.
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马克波耶尔先生,今天他也在观众席中。
13:04
And I'd just like, if you would give him a hand,
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在这里我希望在座各位可以为他鼓掌,
13:06
to call out for his fine work.
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感谢他的出色表现。
13:09
(Applause)
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(鼓掌)
13:18
There is such power in bringing science and visualization together,
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科技与视觉化技术确实能够有这样的力量,
13:21
that we can create images like this,
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使我们创造出了如此的图像。
13:23
perhaps looking on either side of a looking glass.
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或许这就是看着镜子的两面。
13:26
And even though I've only had a brief time to speak,
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尽管今天时间有限,
13:28
I hope you appreciate that Mannahatta was a very special place.
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我仍希望你们能够意识到曼哈顿是一个很特别的地方。
13:31
The place that you see here on the left side
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在这里,你所看到左侧生态是相互关联的,
13:34
was interconnected. It was based on this diversity.
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而这是基于生态的多样性而言的。
13:36
It had this resilience that is what we need in our modern world.
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它拥有的活力正是当今世界所需要的。
13:41
But I wouldn't have you think that I don't like the place
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但是我不希望让你们认为我不喜欢右边的地方(现在的曼哈顿),
13:44
on the right, which I quite do. I've come to love the city
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事实上,我很爱纽约,让我爱上它的
13:47
and its kind of diversity, and its resilience,
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正是这座城市的多样性和活力,
13:49
and its dependence on density and how we're connected together.
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以及人口稠密区的互相依存、我们是怎样联系在一起的。
13:54
In fact, that I see them as reflections of each other,
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实际上,我把它们看作是各自的倒影。
13:58
much as Lewis Carroll did in "Through the Looking Glass."
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确实很像是刘易斯卡洛尔在“透过镜子看”中的想法。
14:01
We can compare these two and hold them in our minds at the same time,
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我们可以比较这两者,并同时在心中拥有它们,
14:05
that they really are the same place,
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因为它们确实是同一处地点,
14:07
that there is no way that cities can escape from nature.
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城市也是无论如何离不开自然的。
14:10
And I think this is what we're learning about building cities in the future.
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我认为,这是我们学习如何建造未来城市的一种借鉴。
14:14
So if you'll allow me a brief epilogue, not about the past,
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所以允许我做一个简短的总结,这不仅关于过去的,
14:17
but about 400 years from now,
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而是以后的400年,
14:19
what we're realizing is that
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我们想到,
14:21
cities are habitats for people,
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城市是人类居住的场所,
14:23
and need to supply what people need:
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需要提供人类需要的东西:
14:25
a sense of home, food, water, shelter,
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一种家的感觉、食物、水和庇护住所,
14:28
reproductive resources, and a sense of meaning.
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繁殖资源和一种有意义的感觉。
14:32
This is the particular additional habitat requirement of humanity.
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这是一种人类特有的对栖息地的要求。
14:35
And so many of the talks here at TED are about meaning,
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也有这么多TED演讲是关于意义的,
14:38
about bringing meaning to our lives
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关于如何将意义带入我们的生活
14:40
in all kinds of different ways, through technology,
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的方方面面,通过技术、
14:42
through art, through science,
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通过艺术、通过科学,
14:44
so much so that I think we focus so much on
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多到我认为我们把太多的关注
14:47
that side of our lives, that we haven't given enough
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投向生活方面,同时我们对于
14:49
attention to the food and the water and the shelter,
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食物、水源、住所,
14:52
and what we need to raise the kids.
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以及我们所需供给孩子的东西的关注却不够。
14:55
So, how can we envision the city of the future?
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所以,我们又该怎样展望城市的未来呢?
14:58
Well, what if we go to Madison Square Park,
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那么,如果我们走到麦迪逊广场公园,
15:00
and we imagine it without all the cars,
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想象周围没有汽车,
15:03
and bicycles instead
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而是自行车,
15:05
and large forests, and streams instead of sewers and storm drains?
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以及大片的森林、溪流,而不是下水道和排水管,世界会怎样?
15:10
What if we imagined the Upper East Side
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如果我们想象在上东区,
15:12
with green roofs, and streams winding through the city,
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有绿色的自然屋顶,溪流蜿蜒穿过城市,
15:16
and windmills supplying the power we need?
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风车提供我们所需的能量,世界又会怎样?
15:19
Or if we imagine the New York City metropolitan area,
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又或者,当我们想象,纽约市的大都会地区,
15:22
currently home to 12 million people,
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目前是一千两百万人的家,
15:24
but 12 million people in the future, perhaps living at the density of Manhattan,
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但未来可能将有一千两百万人住在曼哈顿的人口稠密区,
15:28
in only 36 percent of the area,
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那仅仅是本区36%的土地面积,
15:30
with the areas in between covered by farmland,
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其间被人们所需的农田、
15:33
covered by wetlands,
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湿地、
15:35
covered by the marshes we need.
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沼泽覆盖。
15:37
This is the kind of future I think we need,
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这就是我心目中,人们所需的未来,
15:40
is a future that has the same diversity
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一个同样多的生物多样性、
15:43
and abundance and dynamism of Manhattan,
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丰富性和活力性的曼哈顿,
15:46
but that learns from the sustainability of the past,
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同时借鉴了过去的可持续生存之道,
15:49
of the ecology, the original ecology, of nature with all its parts.
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无论是生态学、原始生态学还是大自然的一切。
15:54
Thank you very much.
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非常感谢!
15:56
(Applause)
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(鼓掌)
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