New York -- before the City | Eric Sanderson

譯者: Cate Kuo 審譯者: Adrienne Lin

The substance of things unseen.

看不見的事物的本質。

Cities, past and future.

城市的過去和未來。

In Oxford, perhaps we can use Lewis Carroll

在牛津，我們或許可以將路易斯．卡洛爾

and look in the looking glass that is New York City

做為借鏡，藉由紐約市反映出的現況，

to try and see our true selves,

並試著看清我們真實的自我，

or perhaps pass through to another world.

或許還能穿越到另一個世界。

Or, in the words of F. Scott Fitzgerald,

或者，就像史考特‧費茲傑羅所說的，

"As the moon rose higher,

“當明月冉冉升起時，

the inessential houses began to melt away

那些微不足道的房屋慢慢消逝，

until gradually I became aware of the old island

直到我逐漸意識到這座古老島嶼

here that once flowered for Dutch sailors' eyes,

當年曾讓荷蘭水手驚艷，

a fresh green breast of the new world."

是新世界中的一塊翠綠寶石。"

My colleagues and I have been working for 10 years

我和我的同事花了10年功夫

to rediscover this lost world

去重現這個消失的世界，

in a project we call The Mannahatta Project.

這則是“Mannahatta計畫”的主要任務。

We're trying to discover what Henry Hudson would have seen

我們試圖再現Henry Hudson

on the afternoon of September 12th, 1609,

在1609年9月12日下午，

when he sailed into New York harbor.

駕船駛入紐約港時看到的景象。

And I'd like to tell you the story in three acts,

我把故事分成三個部分，

and if I have time still, an epilogue.

如果講完還有時間，就再做個總結。

So, Act I: A Map Found.

第一部分：發現地圖。

So, I didn't grow up in New York.

我不是在紐約長大的。

I grew up out west in the Sierra Nevada Mountains, like you see here,

我的家鄉在内華達州山區西部，大家可以看到，

in the Red Rock Canyon.

就在紅岩峽谷。

And from these early experiences as a child

由於小時候的成長經歷

I learned to love landscapes.

讓我愛上了自然景觀。

And so when it became time for me to do my graduate studies,

因此，當我在念研究所時，

I studied this emerging field of landscape ecology.

我選擇了當時新興的景觀生態學作為我的研究方向。

Landscape ecology concerns itself

景觀生態學主要是在研究

with how the stream and the meadow and the forest and the cliffs

溪流、草地、森林和懸崖

make habitats for plants and animals.

如何構成適合動植物生存的環境。

This experience and this training

這段研究過程

lead me to get a wonderful job with the Wildlife Conservation Society,

讓我在國際野生生物保護協會找到了一份很棒的工作，

which works to save wildlife and wild places all over the world.

主要致力於保護世界各地的野生生物和自然環境。

And over the last decade,

在過去的十年内，

I traveled to over 40 countries

我到過40多個國家，

to see jaguars and bears and elephants

去觀察美洲豹、熊、大象、

and tigers and rhinos.

老虎和犀牛。

But every time I would return from my trips I'd return back to New York City.

每次旅行結束後，我就會回到紐約，

And on my weekends I would go up, just like all the other tourists,

在周末時，我就會跟大多數的遊客一樣，

to the top of the Empire State Building,

登上帝國大廈頂樓，

and I'd look down on this landscape, on these ecosystems,

俯看這片土地，和其生態系統，

and I'd wonder, "How does this landscape

然後我就會想：“這片土地

work to make habitat for plants and animals?

是如何為動植物提供合適的居住地？

How does it work to make habitat for animals like me?"

如何為人們提供合適的居住地？”

I'd go to Times Square and I'd look at the amazing ladies on the wall,

我也會去時代廣場，而當我看着廣告牆上的美女時，

and wonder why nobody is looking at the historical figures just behind them.

我會想，為何没有人看看她們身後的歷史人物呢。

I'd go to Central Park and see the rolling topography of Central Park

我還會去中央公園，

come up against the abrupt and sheer

看著那裡起伏的地形

topography of midtown Manhattan.

和曼哈頓中城高聳的地形形成了鮮明對比。

I started reading about the history and the geography in New York City.

於是我開始研讀紐約市的歷史和地理。

I read that New York City was the first mega-city,

我發現紐約市是世界上第一座超级大城，

a city of 10 million people or more, in 1950.

在1950年居住人口就破千萬。

I started seeing paintings like this.

我開始研究這樣的畫作。

For those of you who are from New York,

在坐來自紐約的聽眾，我要告訴你們，

this is 125th street under the West Side Highway.

這裡是西城高速公路下的125街。

(Laughter)

(笑聲)

It was once a beach. And this painting

這裡曾是一片海灘。

has John James Audubon, the painter, sitting on the rock.

而圖中有一位名叫John James Audubon的畫家，坐在礁石上。

And it's looking up on the wooded heights of Washington Heights

圖中上方長滿樹木的高地是華盛頓高地。

to Jeffrey's Hook, where the George Washington Bridge goes across today.

Jeffrey’s Hook燈塔的方向，即是今天喬治華盛頓大橋横跨之處。

Or this painting, from the 1740s, from Greenwich Village.

或是這幅1740年描繪格林威治村的畫作。

Those are two students at King's College -- later Columbia University --

圖中有兩位國王學院（即現今的哥倫比亞大學）的學生

sitting on a hill, overlooking a valley.

坐在山丘上俯瞰山谷。

And so I'd go down to Greenwich Village and I'd look for this hill,

但是當我到格林威治村去找這座山丘時。

and I couldn't find it. And I couldn't find that palm tree.

卻早就找不到了。就連那棵棕櫚樹也找不到。

What's that palm tree doing there?

不過那裡怎麼會有一棵棕櫚樹？

(Laughter)

(笑聲)

So, it was in the course of these investigations that I ran into a map.

但就在尋訪過程中，我發現到一張地圖，

And it's this map you see here.

就是螢幕上大家看到的這張圖。

It's held in a geographic information system

它存在於地理資訊系统中，

which allows me to zoom in.

因此我就可以進行缩放。

This map isn't from Hudson's time, but from the American Revolution,

這張地圖並非繪製於哈德遜時期，而是在170年後美國獨立革命時，

170 years later, made by British military cartographers

由英國軍事製圖師所繪製，

during the occupation of New York City.

當時英軍占領了紐約市。

And it's a remarkable map. It's in the National Archives here in Kew.

這是一張令人讚嘆的地圖，現存於英國Kew的國家檔案館中。

And it's 10 feet long and three and a half feet wide.

整張地圖長10英尺，寬3.5英尺。

And if I zoom in to lower Manhattan

如果我把曼哈頓下城放大，

you can see the extent of New York City as it was,

大家就可以看到美國獨立革命末期

right at the end of the American Revolution.

紐約市的範圍。

Here's Bowling Green. And here's Broadway.

這裡是Bowling Green，而這裡是百老匯。

And this is City Hall Park.

這邊則是市府公園。

So the city basically extended to City Hall Park.

所以，當時的城市就只有到市府公園。

And just beyond it you can see features

再往上看，

that have vanished, things that have disappeared.

景觀就消失了。

This is the Collect Pond, which was the fresh water source for New York City

這裡是Collect 水塘，它是紐約市

for its first 200 years,

最初200年的飲用水源，

and for the Native Americans for thousands of years before that.

在此之前它滋養了美國原住民數千年。

You can see the Lispenard Meadows

你們可以看到Lispenard草地，

draining down through here, through what is TriBeCa now,

它流過此處，即Tribeca的現址，

and the beaches that come up from the Battery,

而當時的海灘則從Battery

all the way to 42nd St.

一路延伸到42街。

This map was made for military reasons.

這張地圖是為了軍事用途而繪製的。

They're mapping the roads, the buildings, these fortifications

所以他們繪製了道路、建築物以及

that they built.

他們建造的防禦工事。

But they're also mapping things of ecological interest,

除此之外，他們還繪製了具有生態價值的事物，

also military interest: the hills,

當然也具有軍事價值，像是山丘、

the marshes, the streams.

沼澤和溪流。

This is Richmond Hill, and Minetta Water,

這裡則是Richmond山丘和Minetta Water

which used to run its way through Greenwich Village.

它曾經穿過格林威治村。

Or the swamp at Gramercy Park, right here.

Gramercy公園的沼澤在這。

Or Murray Hill. And this is the Murrays' house

這是Murray高地。這則是200年前位於Murray高地上的

on Murray Hill, 200 years ago.

Murray’s House。

Here is Times Square,

這邊是時代廣場，

the two streams that came together to make a wetland

兩條河川交會在此形成一片濕地

in Times Square, as it was at the end of the American Revolution.

也就是在時代廣場的位置，當時是美國獨立戰爭末期。

So I saw this remarkable map in a book.

我是在一本書上看到這張了不起的地圖。

And I thought to myself, "You know, if I could georeference this map,

當時我想：“如果我可以對這張地圖作地理坐標參照，

if I could place this map in the grid of the city today,

如果我可以把這張地圖放在今日紐約市地圖的格線上，

I could find these lost features

那我就能找到

of the city,

這座城市曾有的景觀，

in the block-by-block geography that people know,

一塊塊拼湊出大家熟悉的地貌，

the geography of where people go to work, and where they go to live,

像是我們上班的地點、居住的地方，

and where they like to eat."

以及常去的餐廳。”

So, after some work we were able to georeference it,

在經過一番努力之後，我們完成了地理座標參照，

which allows us to put the modern streets on the city,

我們就可以把現今城市的街道、

and the buildings, and the open spaces,

建築物和開放空間放上去，

so that we can zoom in to where the Collect Pond is.

然後我們就能放大Collect 池塘的所在地，

We can digitize the Collect Pond and the streams,

我們可以將Collect 池塘和溪流數位化，

and see where they actually are in the geography of the city today.

以看出這些地點在現今城市中的實際位置。

So this is fun for finding where things are

有趣的地方在於

relative to the old topography.

找出和原先地形相對應的位置。

But I had another idea about this map.

關於這張地圖我有另一個想法。

If we take away the streets, and if we take away the buildings,

假如我們移除街道、建築，

and if we take away the open spaces,

和開放空間，

then we could take this map.

我們就可以重複使用這張地圖。

If we pull off the 18th century features

如果我們移除18世紀的景觀，

we could drive it back in time.

我們便能穿越時空，

We could drive it back to its ecological fundamentals:

讓它回到最初的基本生態，

to the hills, to the streams,

例如山丘、溪流、

to the basic hydrology and shoreline, to the beaches,

基礎水文、海岸線、海灘等，

the basic aspects that make the ecological landscape.

也就是構成生態地景的基本要素。

Then, if we added maps like the geology, the bedrock geology,

然後，假若我們再加上像地質地圖、床岩地質地圖、

and the surface geology, what the glaciers leave,

地表地質、冰川遺跡，

if we make the soil map,

或是土壤地圖，

with the 17 soil classes,

含有17種

that are defined by the National Conservation Service,

經由國家土壤保育署所界定的土壤類型，

if we make a digital elevation model

如果我們用數值高程模型，

of the topography that tells us how high the hills were,

描繪出代表山丘高度的地形，

then we can calculate the slopes.

我們便能計算出坡度，

We can calculate the aspect.

並算出方位，

We can calculate the winter wind exposure --

還能算出冬季風向，

so, which way the winter winds blow across the landscape.

算出吹過地景的冬季季風走向。

The white areas on this map are the places protected from the winter winds.

地圖上白色的部份是冬季季風吹不到的地方。

We compiled all the information about where the Native Americans were, the Lenape.

我們編輯所有關於當時美國原住民，Lenape部落居住地的資訊

And we built a probability map of where they might have been.

並且繪製他們可能駐足處的機率地圖

So, the red areas on this map indicate the places

紅色區塊是全曼哈頓裡

that are best for human sustainability on Manhattan,

最適合人類居住的地區，

places that are close to water,

因為最靠近河流，

places that are near the harbor to fish,

和可捕魚的港口，

places protected from the winter winds.

也可抵擋冬季刺骨寒風的侵襲。

We know that there was a Lenape settlement

我們都知道Lenape聚落曾居住之處，

down here by the Collect Pond.

就在Collect 池塘旁。

And we knew that they planted a kind of horticulture,

我們也得知他們在那種植花草樹木，

that they grew these beautiful gardens of corn, beans, and squash,

他們一手打造了美麗且生氣蓬勃的穀物、豆類、及南瓜花園，

the "Three Sisters" garden.

也就是“三姐妹”花園。

So, we built a model that explains where those fields might have been.

所以，我們製作了這個模型，來解釋這些花園的可能位置。

And the old fields, the successional fields that go.

以及舊時園地，和後來新園地的位置

And we might think of these as abandoned.

我們也許會以為它們早已荒蕪

But, in fact, they're grassland habitats

但事實上，

for grassland birds and plants.

它們已變成草原鳥類和植物的棲息地。

And they have become successional shrub lands,

並進而演變為灌木林地，

and these then mix in to a map of all the ecological communities.

所有的一切都集合於生態社區地圖中。

And it turns out that Manhattan had 55 different ecosystem types.

所以有55種不同生態系統共同存在於曼哈頓。

You can think of these as neighborhoods,

你可以把他們看成是各有特色的鄰近社區，

as distinctive as TriBeCa and the Upper East Side and Inwood --

就像是Tribeca, Upper East Side和Inwood一樣 --

that these are the forest and the wetlands

只是它們是森林、溼地、

and the marine communities, the beaches.

海洋生態社區，以及沙灘。

And 55 is a lot. On a per-area basis,

55種生態系統算是非常的多。以單位面積來看，

Manhattan had more ecological communities

曼哈頓每英畝擁有比

per acre than Yosemite does,

優勝美地國家公園、

than Yellowstone, than Amboseli.

黃石國家公園，安波沙里國家公園更多的生態社區。

It was really an extraordinary landscape

這真的是非常不可思議的環境

that was capable of supporting an extraordinary biodiversity.

可以讓如此多種的生態社區同時共存。

So, Act II: A Home Reconstructed.

第二部份：重現家園。

So, we studied the fish and the frogs and the birds and the bees,

所以我們開始研究所有曾出現在曼哈頓的生物，像是魚、蛙、鳥、蜜蜂

the 85 different kinds of fish that were on Manhattan,

光是在曼哈頓就曾有85種不同種類的魚，

the Heath hens, the species that aren't there anymore,

新英格蘭黑琴雞(the Heath hens), 現在早已絕種，

the beavers on all the streams, the black bears,

還有曾經在溪流四處可見的河狸和黑熊，

and the Native Americans, to study how they used

和美國原住民，

and thought about their landscape.

要研究他們如何善用和看待這片土地。

We wanted to try and map these. And to do that what we did

我們所需作的就是

was we mapped their habitat needs.

繪製他們的棲息地點分布圖。

Where do they get their food?

例如，他們去哪覓食?

Where do they get their water? Where do they get their shelter?

他們去哪擷取水源? 他們都居住在哪?

Where do they get their reproductive resources?

以及他們去哪取得繁殖資源?

To an ecologist, the intersection of these is habitat,

對生態學家來說，這一切的交集就是所謂的棲息處。

but to most people, the intersection of these is their home.

但對大多數人來說，這則是他們稱為家的地方。

So, we would read in field guides, the standard field guides

所以我們閱讀田野指南，

that maybe you have on your shelves,

我想你們書架上應該都會有這一類的書，

you know, what beavers need is, "A slowly meandering stream

例如河狸的棲息處是"蜿蜒而平靜的小溪，

with aspen trees and alders and willows,

兩側有白楊木，赤楊和柳樹，

near the water." That's the best thing for a beaver.

靠近水源處。"這就是海狸的理想家園。

So we just started making a list.

所以我們製作了一張對照表

Here is the beaver. And here is the stream,

左邊是海狸，上面則是牠們的棲息地點：溪流，

and the aspen and the alder and the willow.

白楊木，赤楊和柳樹。

As if these were the maps that we would need

彷彿這些是可以用來預測

to predict where you would find the beaver.

能在哪遇見海狸的地圖。

Or the bog turtle, needing wet meadows and insects and sunny places.

同理，牟式龜需要的是潮濕的草地，昆蟲和陽光充足的地方。

Or the bobcat, needing rabbits and beavers and den sites.

山貓需要兔子，海狸還有洞穴。

And rapidly we started to realize that beavers can be

由此可知，海狸是

something that a bobcat needs.

山貓的獵物。

But a beaver also needs things. And that having it

但海狸也有所需的食物。

on either side means that we can link it together,

把兩邊連結起來之後，

that we can create the network

我們就可以創造出一個

of the habitat relationships for these species.

這些物種的棲息地關係網。

Moreover, we realized that you can start out

再來，我們了解你可以成為

as being a beaver specialist,

一名海狸專家，

but you can look up what an aspen needs.

不過你還可以研究白楊需要什麼。

An aspen needs fire and dry soils.

白楊需要火和乾燥土壤。

And you can look at what a wet meadow needs.

同樣的，你也可以查查潮濕草地需要些什麼。

And it need beavers to create the wetlands,

它需要海狸來製造溼地，

and maybe some other things.

也許你還能探討其他東西。

But you can also talk about sunny places.

但當提到陽光充足的地點時，

So, what does a sunny place need? Not habitat per se.

你會問說，"那它需要什麼呢?" 不是棲息地本身。

But what are the conditions that make it possible?

而是什麼樣的條件讓它充滿陽光

Or fire. Or dry soils.

是火嗎? 還是乾燥土壤?

And that you can put these on a grid that's 1,000 columns long

然後你將所有的資料逐一放在

across the top and 1,000 rows down the other way.

欄列各1000行的表格上後。

And then we can visualize this data like a network,

我們就能把這個生態網路具體化，

like a social network.

就像社群網路一樣。

And this is the network of all the habitat relationships

而這就是所有在曼哈頓的動植物

of all the plants and animals on Manhattan,

及其所需一切的

and everything they needed,

棲地網路圖，

going back to the geology,

我們就能回溯到當時地質的情況，

going back to time and space at the very core of the web.

和網路核心當時的時空。

We call this the Muir Web. And if you zoom in on it it looks like this.

我們稱它為Muir Web。如果你放大來看的話就會像這樣。

Each point is a different species

每一點都代表不同的物種，

or a different stream or a different soil type.

支流，或是土壤種類。

And those little gray lines are the connections that connect them together.

圖中的灰色細線則將它們全部串連起來。

They are the connections that actually make nature resilient.

因為這些連結而讓大自然變得更有適應力。

And the structure of this is what makes nature work,

而其結構正是使自然運作的力量，

seen with all its parts.

由此便可一目了然。

We call these Muir Webs after the Scottish-American naturalist

命名Muir Webs是為紀念蘇格蘭裔美國自然學家John Muir

John Muir, who said, "When we try to pick out anything by itself,

他曾說過，"當我們試著辨識某些事物時，

we find that it's bound fast by a thousand invisible cords

便會發現在其背後，有數以千計無形

that cannot be broken, to everything in the universe."

且密不可分的線索牽動著它，且和宇宙的一切連結。"

So then we took the Muir webs and we took them back to the maps.

所以我們將Muir webs運用到地圖上。

So if we wanted to go between 85th and 86th,

假設我們到了第85和86街，

and Lex and Third,

以及Lexinton大道和第三大道之間，

maybe there was a stream in that block.

或許在這裡曾經有條溪流穿過。

And these would be the kind of trees that might have been there,

也許這種樹曾經在此成長茁壯。

and the flowers and the lichens and the mosses,

還有這些花，地衣，苔蘚，

the butterflies, the fish in the stream,

蝴蝶，溪流裡悠游的魚兒，

the birds in the trees.

以及樹上的鳥兒。

Maybe a timber rattlesnake lived there.

這種山林響尾蛇也可能曾經在此棲息。

And perhaps a black bear walked by. And maybe Native Americans were there.

美洲黑熊也許經過此處。美國原住民也可能落腳於此。

And then we took this data.

而我們將這些資料運用於此。

You can see this for yourself on our website.

你可以在我們的網站上看到這些資料。

You can zoom into any block on Manhattan,

你可以點選曼哈頓任一角落，

and see what might have been there 400 years ago.

就可以看到400年前該地區的生態分布。

And we used it to try and reveal a landscape

我們藉此嘗試將當時的地景呈現出來

here in Act III.

這是第三部分。

We used the tools they use in Hollywood

我們利用好萊塢的特效

to make these fantastic landscapes that we all see in the movies.

製作出如同電影中令人讚嘆的美景。

And we tried to use it to visualize Third Avenue.

我們試著運用3D技術將第三大道具體化。

So we would take the landscape and we would build up the topography.

我們先取得地景，然後建立地形。

We'd lay on top of that the soils and the waters, and illuminate the landscape.

再把土壤和水域分布圖放上去，並調亮地景。

We would lay on top of that the map of the ecological communities.

下一步就是放上生態社區分布圖。

And feed into that the map of the species.

並將生物種類一一加入。

So that we would actually take a photograph,

因此我們到實地拍攝影像，

flying above Times Square, looking toward the Hudson River,

飛越時代廣場上空，遠眺哈德遜河，

waiting for Hudson to come.

等待哈德遜的到來。

Using this technology, we can make these

藉由這項科技，我們可以製作出

fantastic georeferenced views.

絕佳的地理座標參照景觀。

We can basically take a picture out of any window

基本上，我們可以將曼哈頓任一窗外的景色

on Manhattan and see what that landscape looked like 400 years ago.

轉換成400年前的樣貌。

This is the view from the East River, looking up Murray Hill

從東河往Murray高地望去，

at where the United Nations is today.

可以看到聯合國的現址。

This is the view looking down the Hudson River,

這是從哈德遜河上游俯瞰的景色，

with Manhattan on the left, and New Jersey out on the right,

我們可以看到左邊是曼哈頓，紐澤西在右邊，

looking out toward the Atlantic Ocean.

遠方則是大西洋。

This is the view over Times Square,

而這是從時代廣場上空鳥瞰的景觀，

with the beaver pond there, looking out toward the east.

往東邊看過去，河狸水塘就在那邊。

So we can see the Collect Pond, and Lispenard Marshes back behind.

我們也能看到Collect 池塘，Lispenard 沼澤就在後方。

We can see the fields that the Native Americans made.

和美國原住民開拓的園地。

And we can see this in the geography of the city today.

我們能由今日紐約市的地理位置圖看見這個城市的前身。

So when you're watching "Law and Order," and the lawyers walk up the steps

當你在看"法律與秩序(影集)"中的律師們走上階梯時，

they could have walked back down those steps

其實他們正從紐約法院往下走

of the New York Court House, right into the Collect Pond,

一路走往Collect 池塘，

400 years ago.

我是說假如是在400年前。

So these images are the work of my friend and colleague,

這些影像是我的好友兼同事，

Mark Boyer, who is here in the audience today.

Mark Boyer的傑作，他今天也在現場。

And I'd just like, if you would give him a hand,

我想請大家給他鼓掌，

to call out for his fine work.

向他的傑出表現致意。

(Applause)

(掌聲)

There is such power in bringing science and visualization together,

因為科學和視覺化效果的結合，

that we can create images like this,

我們才能創造出像這樣的圖像。

perhaps looking on either side of a looking glass.

就像照鏡子時所看到相反的影像。

And even though I've only had a brief time to speak,

雖然演講時間有限，

I hope you appreciate that Mannahatta was a very special place.

但我還是希望大家都能了解Mannahatta是個非常奇妙的地方。

The place that you see here on the left side

你們所看到圖中的左邊

was interconnected. It was based on this diversity.

因為它的生態多元性，所以和右邊息息相關。

It had this resilience that is what we need in our modern world.

而其中所蘊含的活力正是現今世界所需。

But I wouldn't have you think that I don't like the place

但我不希望你們以為我討厭大城市，

on the right, which I quite do. I've come to love the city

事實上剛好相反。我愛紐約市的多元化

and its kind of diversity, and its resilience,

及活力，

and its dependence on density and how we're connected together.

還有高密度的人口和人與人之間緊密的連結。

In fact, that I see them as reflections of each other,

我把它們看成是一體兩面。

much as Lewis Carroll did in "Through the Looking Glass."

很像是路易斯‧卡洛爾在"愛麗絲鏡中奇緣"中所描述的

We can compare these two and hold them in our minds at the same time,

我們可以同時將兩者放在心中作比較，

that they really are the same place,

它們其實是同一個地方，

that there is no way that cities can escape from nature.

而城市是無法脫離大自然的。

And I think this is what we're learning about building cities in the future.

這也是未來在建造大都市時必須要知道的。

So if you'll allow me a brief epilogue, not about the past,

所以現在我要簡單做個總結，不是關於過去，

but about 400 years from now,

而是關於往後的400年，

what we're realizing is that

我們都了解

cities are habitats for people,

城市是人們的居住地，

and need to supply what people need:

並供給人們生活所需：

a sense of home, food, water, shelter,

像是家的感覺，食物，水和住所，

reproductive resources, and a sense of meaning.

還有繁殖的資源，以及一種感覺

This is the particular additional habitat requirement of humanity.

這是只有人類居住地才特別增加的需求。

And so many of the talks here at TED are about meaning,

TED絕大多數的演講都是關於"意義"，

about bringing meaning to our lives

關於如何為生命帶來意義，

in all kinds of different ways, through technology,

在各種不同方面，透過科技，

through art, through science,

藝術，科學，

so much so that I think we focus so much on

我想我們多半都把焦點放在

that side of our lives, that we haven't given enough

生命的意義，而忽略了

attention to the food and the water and the shelter,

生活的現實面，像是食物，水還有居住處，

and what we need to raise the kids.

以及扶養小孩所需。

So, how can we envision the city of the future?

所以，我們該如何展望未來的紐約市？

Well, what if we go to Madison Square Park,

假想有天我們到麥迪遜廣場公園，

and we imagine it without all the cars,

而公園裡面完全沒有車子，

and bicycles instead

只有自行車，

and large forests, and streams instead of sewers and storm drains?

廣大的森林和潺潺流水，而非下水道和排水溝？

What if we imagined the Upper East Side

試想如果上東城充滿著

with green roofs, and streams winding through the city,

綠色植物，穿越市中心的溪流

and windmills supplying the power we need?

和供應用電的風車？

Or if we imagine the New York City metropolitan area,

或想像紐約市大都會區

currently home to 12 million people,

這樣擁有1200萬人口的都市，

but 12 million people in the future, perhaps living at the density of Manhattan,

但未來光是曼哈頓區，可能就有1200萬人口

in only 36 percent of the area,

居住在僅占紐約市36%的精華地區，

with the areas in between covered by farmland,

其間遍佈田地，

covered by wetlands,

溼地，

covered by the marshes we need.

還有我們所需的沼澤地。

This is the kind of future I think we need,

這是我們所期望的未來，

is a future that has the same diversity

這樣的未來擁有相同的生物多樣性

and abundance and dynamism of Manhattan,

豐富性及曼哈頓特有的活力，

but that learns from the sustainability of the past,

但同時又能從過去學習永續發展之道，

of the ecology, the original ecology, of nature with all its parts.

無論是在生態，原生態，或是關於自然的一切。

Thank you very much.

非常感謝大家

(Applause)

(掌聲)