New York -- before the City | Eric Sanderson

1,700,768 views ใƒป 2009-10-13

TED


์•„๋ž˜ ์˜๋ฌธ์ž๋ง‰์„ ๋”๋ธ”ํด๋ฆญํ•˜์‹œ๋ฉด ์˜์ƒ์ด ์žฌ์ƒ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

๋ฒˆ์—ญ: Eunyoung Lim ๊ฒ€ํ† : Young-ho Park
00:15
The substance of things unseen.
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๋ณด์ด์ง€ ์•Š๋Š” ๊ฒƒ๋“ค์˜ ์‹ค์ฒด, ์ฆ‰
00:18
Cities, past and future.
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๊ณผ๊ฑฐ์™€ ๋ฏธ๋ž˜์˜ ๋„์‹œ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐ ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:21
In Oxford, perhaps we can use Lewis Carroll
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์˜ฅ์Šคํฌ๋“œ์— ์žˆ๋‹ค๋ฉด ์–ด์ฉŒ๋ฉด ๋ฃจ์ด์Šค ์บ๋กค์˜
00:25
and look in the looking glass that is New York City
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'๊ฑฐ์šธ๋‚˜๋ผ'๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ๋‰ด์š•์‹œ๋ฅผ ๋ณด๋ฉฐ
00:28
to try and see our true selves,
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์ง„์ •ํ•œ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ์˜๋ชจ์Šต์„ ๋ณด๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ๋˜๋Š”
00:31
or perhaps pass through to another world.
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๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์„ธ๊ณ„๋กœ ๋น ์ ธ๋‚˜๊ฐˆ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์ง€ ์•Š์„์ง€๋„ ๋ชจ๋ฅด์ง€์š”..
00:34
Or, in the words of F. Scott Fitzgerald,
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F. ์Šค์ฝง ํ”ผ์ธ ์ œ๋Ÿด๋“œ์˜ ๊ธ€์„ ์—ฐ์ƒํ•ด ๋ณด์ง€์š”.
00:37
"As the moon rose higher,
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"๋‹ฌ์ด ์ ์  ๋†’์ด ๋– ์˜ค๋ฅด๋ฉด์„œ,
00:39
the inessential houses began to melt away
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์‹ค์ฒด์—†์ด ์ง‘๋“ค์ด ๋…น์•„ ์—†์–ด์ ธ ๋ฒ„๋ฆฌ์ž
00:42
until gradually I became aware of the old island
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๋‚˜๋Š” ์„œ์„œํžˆ ์˜›๋‚  ๋„ค๋œ๋ž€๋“œ ์„ ์›๋“ค์˜ ๋ˆˆ์— ํ•œ ๋•Œ
00:44
here that once flowered for Dutch sailors' eyes,
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๊ฝƒ์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ์ฐฌ๋ž€ํžˆ ๋– ์˜ฌ๋ผ๋˜ ์ด ์˜› ์„ฌ์ด ์–ด๋–ค ๊ณณ์ด์—ˆ๋Š”์ง€ ๊นจ๋‹ซ๊ฒŒ ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค.
00:47
a fresh green breast of the new world."
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๋ฐ”๋กœ ์ด ์„ฌ์ด์•ผ๋ง๋กœ ์‹ ์„ธ๊ณ„์˜ ์‹ฑ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ์šด ์ดˆ๋ก๋น› ๊ฐ€์Šด์ด์—ˆ๋˜ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค."
00:50
My colleagues and I have been working for 10 years
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์ €์™€ ์ œ ๋™๋ฃŒ๋“ค์€ ์ด ์žƒํ˜€์ ธ๋ฒ„๋ฆฐ ์„ธ๊ณ„๋ฅผ ๋‹ค์‹œ ์ฐพ๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด
00:52
to rediscover this lost world
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10๋…„๋™์•ˆ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ํ•ด์™”์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:55
in a project we call The Mannahatta Project.
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๋งˆ๋‚˜ํ•˜ํƒ€ ํ”„๋กœ์ ํŠธ๋ผ ํ•˜์ฃ .
00:58
We're trying to discover what Henry Hudson would have seen
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1609๋…„ 9์›” 12์ผ ์˜คํ›„
01:00
on the afternoon of September 12th, 1609,
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ํ—จ๋ฆฌ ํ—ˆ๋“œ์Šจ์ด ๋‰ด์š•ํ•ญ์œผ๋กœ ๋“ค์–ด์™”์„ ๋•Œ ๋ดค์„ ๋ฒ•ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ๋“ค์„
01:03
when he sailed into New York harbor.
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์ฐพ์œผ๋ ค ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:06
And I'd like to tell you the story in three acts,
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์„ธ ํŒŒํŠธ๋กœ ๋‚˜๋ˆ ์„œ ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐ ๋“œ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์‹ถ๋„ค์š”.
01:08
and if I have time still, an epilogue.
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์‹œ๊ฐ„์ด ์ถฉ๋ถ„ํ•˜๋ฉด, ๋งบ์Œ๋ง๋„ ํ•˜๊ตฌ์š”.
01:11
So, Act I: A Map Found.
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์ œ 1๋ง‰: ์ง€๋„์˜ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌ.
01:13
So, I didn't grow up in New York.
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์ €๋Š” ๋‰ด์š•์—์„œ ์ž๋ผ์ง€๋Š” ์•Š์•˜์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:15
I grew up out west in the Sierra Nevada Mountains, like you see here,
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์—ฌ๊ธฐ ๋ณด์ด๋Š” ์‹œ์—๋ผ ๋„ค๋ฐ”๋‹ค ์‚ฐ๋งฅ์˜ ์„œ์ชฝ์—์„œ ์ž๋ž์ฃ .
01:18
in the Red Rock Canyon.
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๋ ˆ๋“œ๋ฝ ์บ๋…„์ด์ฃ .
01:20
And from these early experiences as a child
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์–ด๋ ธ์„ ์  ๊ฒฝํ—˜๋“ค๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ
01:22
I learned to love landscapes.
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์ €๋Š” ํ’๊ฒฝ์„ ์ฆ๊ธฐ๋Š” ๋ฒ•์„ ๋ฐฐ์› ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:24
And so when it became time for me to do my graduate studies,
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๋Œ€ํ•™์›์— ๋‹ค๋‹ˆ๊ฒŒ ๋˜๋ฉด์„œ
01:26
I studied this emerging field of landscape ecology.
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์ €๋Š” ์‹ ํฅ ๋ถ„์•ผ์ธ ๊ฒฝ๊ด€์ƒํƒœํ•™์„ ๊ณต๋ถ€ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:30
Landscape ecology concerns itself
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๊ฒฝ๊ด€์ƒํƒœํ•™์€
01:32
with how the stream and the meadow and the forest and the cliffs
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๊ฐœ์šธ, ๋ชฉ์ดˆ์ง€, ์ˆฒ, ์ ˆ๋ฒฝ๋“ค์ด
01:36
make habitats for plants and animals.
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์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ๋™์‹๋ฌผ๋“ค์˜ ์„œ์‹์ง€๋กœ ํ˜•์„ฑ๋˜๋Š”์ง€๋ฅผ ๋‹ค๋ฃน๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:38
This experience and this training
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์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๊ฒฝํ—˜๊ณผ ๊ต์œก์„ ํ†ตํ•ด
01:40
lead me to get a wonderful job with the Wildlife Conservation Society,
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์ €๋Š” ์•ผ์ƒ์ƒ๋ฌผ๋ณด์กดํ•™ํšŒ์—์„œ ํ›Œ๋ฅญํ•œ ์ง์—…์„ ๊ฐ–๊ฒŒ ๋˜์—ˆ๊ณ ,
01:43
which works to save wildlife and wild places all over the world.
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์ „์„ธ๊ณ„ ์•ผ์ƒ๋™๋ฌผ๊ณผ ์•ผ์ƒ ์ƒํƒœ๊ณ„๋ฅผ ๋ณดํ˜ธํ•˜๋Š” ์ผ์„ ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:46
And over the last decade,
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์ง€๋‚œ 10๋…„๋™์•ˆ,
01:48
I traveled to over 40 countries
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40๊ฐœ๊ตญ ์ด์ƒ์„ ์—ฌํ–‰ํ•˜๋ฉฐ
01:50
to see jaguars and bears and elephants
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์žฌ๊ทœ์–ด, ๊ณฐ, ์ฝ”๋ผ๋ฆฌ,
01:52
and tigers and rhinos.
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์‚ฌ์ž, ์ฝ”๋ฟ”์†Œ๋“ค์„ ๋ณด์•˜์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:54
But every time I would return from my trips I'd return back to New York City.
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์—ฌํ–‰์—์„œ ๋Œ์•„์˜ค๋ฉด ๋งค๋ฒˆ ๋‰ด์š•์œผ๋กœ ๋Œ์•„์™”์ฃ .
01:57
And on my weekends I would go up, just like all the other tourists,
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์ฃผ๋ง์ด๋ฉด ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๊ด€๊ด‘๊ฐ๋“ค์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ
02:00
to the top of the Empire State Building,
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์— ํŒŒ์ด์–ด ์Šคํ…Œ์ดํŠธ ๋นŒ๋”ฉ ๊ผญ๋Œ€๊ธฐ๋กœ ์˜ฌ๋ผ๊ฐ€๊ณค ํ–ˆ์ง€์š”..
02:02
and I'd look down on this landscape, on these ecosystems,
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์ด๋Ÿฐ ์ƒํƒœ๊ณ„์˜ ๊ฒฝ๊ด€์„ ๋‚ด๋ ค๋‹ค๋ณด๊ณค ํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ,
02:05
and I'd wonder, "How does this landscape
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์ด๋Ÿฐ ์˜๋ฌธ์ด ๋“ค์–ด๊ตฐ์š”. "์ด๋Ÿฐ ๊ฒฝ๊ด€์ด
02:07
work to make habitat for plants and animals?
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๋™์‹๋ฌผ์˜ ์„œ์‹์ง€๋กœ ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ์ž‘์šฉํ• ๊นŒ?
02:09
How does it work to make habitat for animals like me?"
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๋‚˜์™€ ๊ฐ™์€ ๋™๋ฌผ์„ ์œ„ํ•œ ์„œ์‹์ง€๊ฐ€ ๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์„๊นŒ?"
02:13
I'd go to Times Square and I'd look at the amazing ladies on the wall,
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ํƒ€์ž„์Šคํ€˜์–ด์— ๊ฐ€์„œ ๋ฒฝ์— ๋ถ™์€ ์•„๋ฆ„๋‹ค์šด ์—ฌ์ž๋“ค์˜ ํฌ์Šคํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ๋ณด๋ฉฐ
02:17
and wonder why nobody is looking at the historical figures just behind them.
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์™œ ์•„๋ฌด๋„ ๊ทธ๋“ค์˜ ๋ฐ”๋กœ ๋’ค์— ์„œ ์žˆ๋Š” ์˜› ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์„ ๋ณด์ง€ ๋ชปํ•˜๋Š”์ง€ ์˜์•„ํ•ด ํ•˜์ฃ .
02:22
I'd go to Central Park and see the rolling topography of Central Park
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์„ผํŠธ๋Ÿด ํŒŒํฌ๋กœ ๊ฐ€์„œ ์…‹ํŠธ๋Ÿด ํŒŒํฌ์˜ ์™„๋งŒํ•œ ์ง€ํ˜•์„ ๋ด…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:25
come up against the abrupt and sheer
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๋งจํ•ดํŠผ ์ค‘๊ฐ„์ง€๋Œ€์˜
02:27
topography of midtown Manhattan.
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๊ฑฐ์น ๊ณ  ๊ฐ€ํŒŒ๋ฅธ ์ง€ํ˜•๊ณผ๋Š” ์ •๋ฐ˜๋Œ€์ฃ .
02:31
I started reading about the history and the geography in New York City.
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์ €๋Š” ๋‰ด์š•์‹œ์˜ ์—ญ์‚ฌ์™€ ์ง€๋ฆฌ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ฑ…์„ ์ฝ๊ธฐ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:34
I read that New York City was the first mega-city,
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๋‰ด์š•์‹œ๊ฐ€ 1950๋…„์— ์ตœ์ดˆ๋กœ
02:36
a city of 10 million people or more, in 1950.
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์ธ๊ตฌ 100๋งŒ์ด ๋„˜๋Š” ๊ฑฐ๋Œ€๋„์‹œ๊ฐ€ ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•˜๋”๊ตฐ์š”.
02:40
I started seeing paintings like this.
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์ด๋Ÿฐ ๊ทธ๋ฆผ๋“ค๋„ ๋ณด๊ธฐ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:42
For those of you who are from New York,
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„ ์ค‘ ๋‰ด์š• ์ถœ์‹ ๋“ค์„ ์œ„ํ•ด ์„ค๋ช…๋“œ๋ฆฌ์ž๋ฉด,
02:44
this is 125th street under the West Side Highway.
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์ด๊ฑด ์›จ์ŠคํŠธ ์‚ฌ์ด๋“œ ํ•˜์ด์›จ์ด ์•„๋ž˜ 125๋ฒˆ๊ฐ€์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:47
(Laughter)
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(์›ƒ์Œ)
02:49
It was once a beach. And this painting
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์—ฌ๊ธด ๋ชจ๋ž˜์‚ฌ์žฅ์ด์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด ๊ทธ๋ฆผ์—๋Š”
02:51
has John James Audubon, the painter, sitting on the rock.
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ํ™”๊ฐ€ ์กด ์ œ์ž„์Šค ์˜ค๋“€๋ณธ์ด ๋ฐ”์œ„ ์œ„์— ์•‰์•„์„œ
02:54
And it's looking up on the wooded heights of Washington Heights
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ํ˜„์žฌ ์กฐ์ง€ ์›Œ์‹ฑํ„ด ๋‹ค๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋Š”
02:56
to Jeffrey's Hook, where the George Washington Bridge goes across today.
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์›Œ์‹ฑ์–ธ ํ•˜์ด์ธ ์˜ ๋‚˜๋ฌด๊ฐ€ ์šฐ๊ฑฐ์ง„ ๊ณ ์ง€๋Œ€๋ฅผ ๋ฐ”๋ผ๋ณด๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:00
Or this painting, from the 1740s, from Greenwich Village.
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์ด ๊ทธ๋ฆผ์€ 1740๋…„๋Œ€ ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๋‹ˆ์น˜ ๋นŒ๋ฆฌ์ง€์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:03
Those are two students at King's College -- later Columbia University --
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์ € ๋‘๋ช…์€ ํ‚น์Šค ์ปฌ๋ฆฌ์ง€ -- ์ปฌ๋Ÿผ๋น„์•„ ๋Œ€ํ•™์˜ ์ „์‹  -- ์˜
03:06
sitting on a hill, overlooking a valley.
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ํ•™์ƒ์ธ๋ฐ ์–ธ๋•์— ์•‰์•„์„œ ๊ณ„๊ณก์„ ๋ฐ”๋ผ๋ณด๊ณ  ์žˆ๋„ค์š”.
03:09
And so I'd go down to Greenwich Village and I'd look for this hill,
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์ €๋Š” ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๋‹ˆ์น˜ ๋นŒ๋ฆฌ์ง€๋กœ ๋‚ด๋ ค๊ฐ€์„œ ์ด ์–ธ๋•์„ ์ฐพ์•„๋ดค์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:12
and I couldn't find it. And I couldn't find that palm tree.
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๊ฒฐ๊ตญ ์ฐพ์ง€ ๋ชปํ–ˆ์ฃ . ์ € ์•ผ์ž์ˆ˜๋„ ์ฐพ์ง€ ๋ชปํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:15
What's that palm tree doing there?
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์ €๊ธฐ ๋„๋Œ€์ฒด ์•ผ์ž์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ ์™œ ์žˆ๋Š”๊ฑด์ง€?
03:17
(Laughter)
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(์›ƒ์Œ)
03:18
So, it was in the course of these investigations that I ran into a map.
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์ด๋Ÿฐ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ํ•˜๋˜ ์ค‘ ์ œ๊ฐ€ ์ด ์ง€๋„๋ฅผ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌํ–ˆ์ง€์š”.
03:21
And it's this map you see here.
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์—ฌ๊ธฐ ์ง€๋„๊ฐ€ ๋ณด์ด์‹œ์ฃ .
03:23
It's held in a geographic information system
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์ด ์ง€๋„๋Š” ์ง€๋ฆฌ ์ •๋ณด ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ(GIS)์— ์ €์žฅ๋ผ
03:25
which allows me to zoom in.
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์žˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ์คŒ ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์ง€์š”.
03:27
This map isn't from Hudson's time, but from the American Revolution,
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์ด ์ง€๋„๋Š” ํ—ˆ๋“œ์Šจ ์‹œ์ ˆ์˜ ๊ฒƒ์€ ์•„๋‹ˆ๊ณ , ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ๋…๋ฆฝ ํ˜๋ช…์œผ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ
03:30
170 years later, made by British military cartographers
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170๋…„ ๋’ค, ์˜๊ตญ์˜ ๊ตฐ์‚ฌ ์ง€๋„ ์ œ์ž‘์ž์— ์˜ํ•ด ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด์ง„ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:34
during the occupation of New York City.
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์˜๊ตญ์ด ๋‰ด์š• ์‹œ๋ฅผ ์ ๋ นํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋˜ ๋™์•ˆ์ด์ฃ .
03:36
And it's a remarkable map. It's in the National Archives here in Kew.
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์ด๊ฑด ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ์ง€๋„์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์—ฌ๊ธฐ ํ์— ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ตญ๊ฐ€ ๊ธฐ๋ก ๋ณด๊ด€์†Œ์— ์žˆ์ฃ .
03:40
And it's 10 feet long and three and a half feet wide.
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๊ธธ์ด๊ฐ€ 10 ํ”ผํŠธ์ด๊ณ , ๋„ˆ๋น„๊ฐ€ 3.5 ํ”ผํŠธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:42
And if I zoom in to lower Manhattan
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๋กœ์šฐ์–ด ๋งจํ•˜ํƒ„ ์ชฝ์œผ๋กœ ํ™•๋Œ€ํ•˜๋ฉด
03:45
you can see the extent of New York City as it was,
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๋‹น์‹œ ๋‰ด์š• ์‹œ์˜ ๊ทœ๋ชจ๋ฅผ ๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:47
right at the end of the American Revolution.
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๋ฏธ๊ตญ ๋…๋ฆฝ ํ˜๋ช…์ด ๋๋‚œ ์งํ›„์ฃ .
03:49
Here's Bowling Green. And here's Broadway.
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์—ฌ๊ธฐ๋Š” ๋ณผ๋ง ๊ทธ๋ฆฐ์ด๊ณ , ์—ฌ๊ธฐ๋Š” ๋ธŒ๋กœ๋“œ์›จ์ด์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:52
And this is City Hall Park.
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์—ฌ๊ธด ์‹œ์ฒญ ๊ณต์›์ด์ฃ .
03:54
So the city basically extended to City Hall Park.
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๋„์‹œ๊ฐ€ ๊ธฐ๋ณธ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์‹œ์ฒญ ๊ณต์›๊นŒ์ง€ ํฌํ•จ๋˜์–ด ์žˆ์—ˆ์ฃ .
03:57
And just beyond it you can see features
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์‹œ์ฒญ ๊ณต์›์„ ๋„˜์–ด์„œ๋ฉด ์‚ฌ๋ผ์ง„ ์šฉ๋ชจ๋“ค,
03:59
that have vanished, things that have disappeared.
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์ฆ‰ ์–ด๋–ค ๊ฒƒ๋“ค์ด ์—†์–ด์กŒ๋Š”์ง€๋ฅผ ๋ณผ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์ฃ .
04:01
This is the Collect Pond, which was the fresh water source for New York City
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์ด๊ฑด ์ฝœ๋ ‰ํŠธ ํฐ๋“œ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ฒ˜์Œ 200๋…„๋™์•ˆ
04:04
for its first 200 years,
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๋‰ด์š•์˜ ์ˆ˜์›์ง€์˜€๊ณ ,
04:06
and for the Native Americans for thousands of years before that.
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๊ทธ ์ „์—๋Š” ์ˆ˜์ฒœ๋…„๋™์•ˆ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ์›์ฃผ๋ฏผ๋“ค์˜ ์ˆ˜์›์ง€์˜€์ฃ .
04:09
You can see the Lispenard Meadows
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๋ฆฌ์ŠคํŽ˜๋‚˜๋“œ ์ดˆ์›์ด ๋ณด์ด๋„ค์š”.
04:11
draining down through here, through what is TriBeCa now,
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์—ฌ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๋”ฐ๋ผ ํ˜๋Ÿฌ๋‚ด๋ ค๊ฐ€๋ฉด, ์ง€๊ธˆ์˜ ํŠธ๋ผ์ด๋ฒ ์นด์ด๊ณ ,
04:13
and the beaches that come up from the Battery,
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ํ•ด๋ณ€์„ ๋”ฐ๋ผ ๋‚ด๋ ค๊ฐ€๋ฉด ๋ฐฐํ„ฐ๋ฆฌ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ
04:15
all the way to 42nd St.
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42๋ฒˆ๊ฐ€์— ์ด๋ฅด๊ฒŒ ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:17
This map was made for military reasons.
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์ด ์ง€๋„๋Š” ๊ตฐ์‚ฌ์  ๋ชฉ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ œ์ž‘๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:20
They're mapping the roads, the buildings, these fortifications
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๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ, ๊ฑด๋ฌผ, ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์š”์ƒˆ๋“ค์„
04:22
that they built.
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๋ณด์—ฌ์ค๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:24
But they're also mapping things of ecological interest,
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๊ตฐ์‚ฌ์ ์ธ ๊ฒƒ๋ฟ๋งŒ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ ์ƒํƒœํ•™์  ๊ด€์‹ฌ ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ๋„
04:26
also military interest: the hills,
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๋ณด์—ฌ์ฃผ์ฃ : ์–ธ๋•,
04:28
the marshes, the streams.
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์Šต์ง€, ์‹œ๋‚ด์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ์š”.
04:31
This is Richmond Hill, and Minetta Water,
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์—ฌ๊ธด ๋ฆฌ์น˜๋ชฌ๋“œ ํž์ด๊ณ ,
04:33
which used to run its way through Greenwich Village.
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์—ฌ๊ธด ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๋‹ˆ์น˜ ๋นŒ๋ฆฌ์ง€๊นŒ์ง€ ํ๋ฅด๋˜ ๋ฏธ๋„คํƒ€ ๊ฐœ์šธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:36
Or the swamp at Gramercy Park, right here.
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๊ทธ๋ ˆ์ด๋จธ์‹œ ํŒŒํฌ๊ฐ€ ๋ฐ”๋กœ ์—ฌ๊ธฐ์ฃ .
04:41
Or Murray Hill. And this is the Murrays' house
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์—ฌ๊ธด ๋จธ๋ ˆ์ด ํž์ด์ฃ . ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์—ฌ๊ธด 200๋…„ ์ „์—
04:43
on Murray Hill, 200 years ago.
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๋จธ๋ ˆ์ด ํž์— ์žˆ๋˜ ๋จธ๋ ˆ์ด์ฆˆ ํ•˜์šฐ์Šค์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:46
Here is Times Square,
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์—ฌ๊ธด ํƒ€์ž„์Šคํ€˜์–ด์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:49
the two streams that came together to make a wetland
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๋ฏธ๊ตญ ๋…๋ฆฝ ํ˜๋ช…์ด ๋๋‚  ๋ฌด๋ ต
04:51
in Times Square, as it was at the end of the American Revolution.
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๋‘ ๊ฐœ์šธ์ด ์„œ๋กœ ํ•ฉ์ณ์ ธ ํƒ€์ž„์Šคํ€˜์–ด์— ์Šต์ง€๋ฅผ ํ˜•์„ฑํ–ˆ์—ˆ์ฃ .
04:56
So I saw this remarkable map in a book.
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์ €๋Š” ์–ด๋–ค ์ฑ…์—์„œ ์ด ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ์ง€๋„๋ฅผ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:58
And I thought to myself, "You know, if I could georeference this map,
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณค ์Šค์Šค๋กœ ์ƒ๊ฐํ–ˆ์ฃ , "์ด ์ง€๋„๋ฅผ ์ขŒํ‘œํ™”ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋ฉด,
05:02
if I could place this map in the grid of the city today,
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์ด ์˜›๋‚  ๋ชจ์Šต์˜ ์ง€๋„๋ฅผ ์˜ค๋Š˜์˜
05:05
I could find these lost features
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ํ’๊ฒฝ ์œ„์— ๋ฎ์ณ์„œ ๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ฒ ๊ณ 
05:07
of the city,
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๊ทธ๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ๋˜๋ฉด ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋“ค์ด
05:09
in the block-by-block geography that people know,
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์ž˜ ์•„๋Š” ๊ณณ๋“ค ์ฆ‰, ์ผํ•˜๋Š” ๊ณณ, ์‚ฌ๋Š” ๊ณณ, ์ข‹์•„ํ•˜๋Š”
05:12
the geography of where people go to work, and where they go to live,
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์‹๋‹น์ด ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ณณ ๋“ค์˜ ์˜› ๋ชจ์Šต๋“ค์„ ์ฃผ์†Œ๋ณ„๋กœ
05:15
and where they like to eat."
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์ž์„ธํžˆ ์‚ดํŽด๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ฒ ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ–ˆ์ง€์š”.
05:17
So, after some work we were able to georeference it,
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์–ด๋Š ์ •๋„ ์ž‘์—…์„ ํ•œ ํ›„
05:19
which allows us to put the modern streets on the city,
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์ง€๋„๋ฅผ ์ขŒํ‘œํ™”ํ•˜๊ณ  ๊ทธ ์œ„์—
05:22
and the buildings, and the open spaces,
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์˜ค๋Š˜๋‚ ์˜ ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ, ๋นŒ๋”ฉ ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋…น์ง€ ๋“ฑ์„ ์˜ฌ๋ ค ๋†“์œผ๋ฉด ์˜ˆ๋ฅผ๋“ค์–ด
05:27
so that we can zoom in to where the Collect Pond is.
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์ฝœ๋ ‰ํŠธ ํฐ๋“œ๋กœ ๊ฐ€์„œ ๊ทธ๊ณณ์˜ ์˜› ๋ชจ์Šต์„ ๋‘˜๋Ÿฌ ๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์ง€์š”.
05:32
We can digitize the Collect Pond and the streams,
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์ฝœ๋ ‰ํŠธ ํฐ๋“œ์™€ ๊ฐœ์šธ๋“ค์„ ๋””์ง€ํ„ธํ™”ํ•˜๋ฉด,
05:36
and see where they actually are in the geography of the city today.
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๊ทธ๊ณณ์ด ํ˜„๋Œ€ ๋‰ด์š•์˜ ์–ด๋””์— ์žˆ๋Š”์ง€๋ฅผ ๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์ง€์š”.
05:41
So this is fun for finding where things are
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์˜ค๋Š˜์˜ ๊ธธ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ๋‚˜ ๋นŒ๋”ฉ๊ฐ™์€ ๊ฒƒ์ด ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ณณ์˜
05:44
relative to the old topography.
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์˜› ์ง€์„ธ๋ฅผ ์‚ดํŽด ๋ณด๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ์žฌ๋ฏธ์žˆ๋Š” ์ผ์ด์ฃ .
05:49
But I had another idea about this map.
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ๋ฐ ์ €๋Š” ์ด ์ง€๋„๋ฅผ ๋†“๊ณ  ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์ƒ๊ฐ์„ ํ•ด๋ดค์ฃ .
05:51
If we take away the streets, and if we take away the buildings,
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๋งŒ์•ฝ ๊ธธ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ์™€ ๋นŒ๋”ฉ๋“ค์„ ์—†์• ๋ฒ„๋ฆฌ๋ฉด,
05:54
and if we take away the open spaces,
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๊ณต์ง€๋“ค์„ ์—†์• ๋ฒ„๋ฆฐ๋‹ค๋ฉด,
05:56
then we could take this map.
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์ด๋Ÿฐ ์ง€๋„๊ฐ€ ๋˜๊ฒ ์ฃ .
05:58
If we pull off the 18th century features
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18์„ธ๊ธฐ ์ธ๊ณต์‚ฐ๋ฌผ์„ ๋นผ๋ฒ„๋ฆฌ๋ฉด,
06:00
we could drive it back in time.
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๊ณผ๊ฑฐ์˜ ์„ธ๊ณ„๋กœ ๋Œ์•„๊ฐ€์„œ
06:02
We could drive it back to its ecological fundamentals:
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์ƒํƒœ๊ณ„์˜ ๊ธฐ๋ณธ ์š”์†Œ๋กœ ๋Œ์•„ ๊ฐˆ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์ง€์š”:
06:06
to the hills, to the streams,
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์–ธ๋•, ์‹œ๋‚ด,
06:08
to the basic hydrology and shoreline, to the beaches,
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๊ธฐ๋ณธ ์ˆ˜๋ฌธ ํŠน์„ฑ๊ณผ ํ•ด์•ˆ์„ , ํ•ด๋ณ€ ๊ฐ™์€
06:12
the basic aspects that make the ecological landscape.
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์ƒํƒœํ•™์  ๊ฒฝ๊ด€์„ ๋งŒ๋“œ๋Š” ๊ธฐ๋ณธ์ ์ธ ์š”์†Œ๋“ค๋กœ ๋Œ์•„๊ฐ€๋Š” ๊ฑฐ์ฃ .
06:16
Then, if we added maps like the geology, the bedrock geology,
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ ๋Š” ๊ฑฐ๊ธฐ์— ์ง€์งˆ, ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜ ์ง€์งˆ ์ง€๋„๋ฅผ ๋”ํ•˜๊ณ ,
06:19
and the surface geology, what the glaciers leave,
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ํ‘œ๋ฉด ์ง€์งˆ, ๋น™ํ•˜๊ฐ€ ๋‚จ๊ธด ๊ฒƒ๋“ค ๋”ํ•˜๊ณ ,
06:22
if we make the soil map,
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๊ตญ๋ฆฝ ํ† ์งˆ ๋ณดํ˜ธ ๊ด€๋ฆฌ์ฒ˜๊ฐ€ ์ •์˜ํ•œ
06:24
with the 17 soil classes,
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17๊ฐ€์ง€์˜ ํ† ์–‘ ์ข…๋ฅ˜๋กœ ํ‘œ์‹œ๋œ
06:27
that are defined by the National Conservation Service,
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ํ† ์„ฑ๋„๋ฅผ ๋งŒ๋“ค๊ณ ,
06:30
if we make a digital elevation model
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์–ธ๋•๋“ค์ด ์–ผ๋งˆ๋‚˜ ๋†’์•˜๋Š”์ง€๋ฅผ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ค„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š”
06:32
of the topography that tells us how high the hills were,
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์ง€ํ˜•์˜ ๋””์ง€ํ„ธ ๊ณ ๋„ ๋ชจ๋ธ์„ ๋งŒ๋“ค๋ฉด
06:35
then we can calculate the slopes.
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๊ฒฝ์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ๊ณ„์‚ฐํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:38
We can calculate the aspect.
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ํ˜•์ƒ์„ ๊ณ„์‚ฐํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š”๊ฑฐ์ฃ .
06:41
We can calculate the winter wind exposure --
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๊ฒจ์šธ ๋ฐ”๋žŒ์— ๋…ธ์ถœ๋˜๋Š” ์ •๋„์™€
06:43
so, which way the winter winds blow across the landscape.
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๊ฒจ์šธ๋ฐ”๋žŒ์˜ ๋ฐฉํ–ฅ๋„ ๊ณ„์‚ฐํ•˜์ฃ .
06:45
The white areas on this map are the places protected from the winter winds.
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์ด ์ง€๋„์˜ ํฐ ๋ถ€๋ถ„์€ ๊ฒจ์šธ ๋ฐ”๋žŒ์œผ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ๋ณดํ˜ธ๋œ ์ง€์—ญ์ด์ฃ .
06:50
We compiled all the information about where the Native Americans were, the Lenape.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์›์ฃผ๋ฏผ ๋ ˆ๋‚˜ํ”ผ์˜ ๊ฑฐ์ฃผ ์ง€์—ญ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋ชจ๋“  ์ •๋ณด๋ฅผ ๋ชจ์•˜์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:53
And we built a probability map of where they might have been.
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณค ๊ฐ ์ง€์—ญ์„ ๊ฑฐ์ฃผ์ง€๋กœ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ–ˆ์„ ํ™•์œจ์„ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ฃผ๋Š” ์ง€๋„๋ฅผ ๋งŒ๋“ค์—ˆ์ฃ .
06:57
So, the red areas on this map indicate the places
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์ด ์ง€๋„์˜ ๋ถ‰์€ ์ง€์—ญ์€ ๋งจํ•˜ํƒ„์—์„œ
06:59
that are best for human sustainability on Manhattan,
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์‚ฌ๋žŒ์ด ์ƒ์กดํ•˜๊ธฐ์— ๊ฐ€์žฅ ์‰ฌ์šด ๊ณณ๋“ค์ด์ง€์š”.
07:01
places that are close to water,
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๋ฌผ์„ ์–ป๊ธฐ ์‰ฝ๊ณ 
07:03
places that are near the harbor to fish,
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๊ณ ๊ธฐ ์žก๋Š” ํ•ญ๊ตฌ์—์„œ ๊ฐ€๊น๊ณ 
07:05
places protected from the winter winds.
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๊ฒจ์šธ ๋ฐ”๋žŒ์„ ๋ง‰์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์ง€์—ญ์ด์ฃ .
07:10
We know that there was a Lenape settlement
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ฝœ๋ ‰ํŠธ ํฐ๋“œ ๊ทผ์ฒ˜ ์—ฌ๊ธฐ์—
07:12
down here by the Collect Pond.
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๋ ˆ๋‚˜ํ”ผ ์ธ๋””์–ธ ์ •์ฐฉ์ง€๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์—ˆ๊ณ 
07:15
And we knew that they planted a kind of horticulture,
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๊ทธ๋“ค์€ "3์ข… ์…‹ํŠธ" ๋†์ž‘๋ฌผ ์ฆ‰,
07:17
that they grew these beautiful gardens of corn, beans, and squash,
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์˜ฅ์ˆ˜์ˆ˜, ์ฝฉ, ํ˜ธ๋ฐ•์„ ๊ธธ๋ €๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฑธ
07:20
the "Three Sisters" garden.
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์•Œ๊ณ  ์žˆ์—ˆ์ฃ .
07:22
So, we built a model that explains where those fields might have been.
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์ด๋Ÿฐ ๋ฐญ์˜ ์œ„์น˜๋ฅผ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ฃผ๋Š” ๋ชจ๋ธ์„ ๋งŒ๋“ค๊ณ .๋” ์ด์ƒ
07:26
And the old fields, the successional fields that go.
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๋†์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ์•ˆ์ง“๋Š” ๋ฒ„๋ ค์ง„ ๋•…์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š”
07:28
And we might think of these as abandoned.
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์˜› ๋†์‚ฌํ„ฐ๋“ค๋„ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋ƒˆ์ง€์š”.
07:30
But, in fact, they're grassland habitats
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ๋ฐ ๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ ์ง€์—ญ์€ ์ƒˆ์™€ ์‹๋ฌผ๋ฅ˜๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋Š”
07:32
for grassland birds and plants.
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์ดˆ์› ์„œ์‹์ง€์ด์ฃ .
07:34
And they have become successional shrub lands,
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ ๊ณณ์€ ์‹œ๊ฐ„์ด ํ๋ฅด๋ฉฐ
07:37
and these then mix in to a map of all the ecological communities.
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๊ด€๋ชฉ์ง€๋Œ€๊ฐ€ ๋˜๊ณ  ์ƒํƒœ๊ณ„ ์ง€๋„์˜ ์ผ๋ถ€๊ฐ€ ๋ผ์ฃ .
07:41
And it turns out that Manhattan had 55 different ecosystem types.
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๋งจํ•˜ํƒ„์—๋Š” 55๊ฐœ์˜ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์ƒํƒœ๊ณ„๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋˜ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋ฐํ˜€์กŒ์ง€์š”.
07:45
You can think of these as neighborhoods,
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์ด๋“ค์€ ์‚ฐ๋ฆผ์ง€๋Œ€, ์Šต์ง€,
07:47
as distinctive as TriBeCa and the Upper East Side and Inwood --
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ํ•ด์–‘์ƒํƒœ๊ณ„์™€ ํ•ด๋ณ€๊ฐ€๋“ฑ์œผ๋กœ์„œ ํŠธ๋ผ์ด๋ฒ ์นด, ์—…ํผ ์ด์ŠคํŠธ ์‚ฌ์ด๋“œ ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ธ์šฐ๋“œ๊ฐ€
07:52
that these are the forest and the wetlands
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ์˜ ๋…ํŠนํ•œ ์ด์›ƒ์ธ ๊ฒƒ ์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ
07:54
and the marine communities, the beaches.
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๊ฐ๊ฐ ๋…ํŠนํ•œ ์ƒํƒœ๊ณ„์ด์ง€์š”.
07:57
And 55 is a lot. On a per-area basis,
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55๊ฐœ๋Š” ์ƒ๋‹นํ•œ ์ˆ˜์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋‹จ์œ„ ๋ฉด์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜๋ฉด,
08:00
Manhattan had more ecological communities
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๋งจํ•˜ํƒ„์—๋Š” ๋‹จ์œ„๋ฉด์  ๋‹น
08:02
per acre than Yosemite does,
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์š”์„ธ๋ฏธํ‹ฐ๋ณด๋‹ค ๋” ๋งŽ์€ ์ƒํƒœ๊ณ„๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:04
than Yellowstone, than Amboseli.
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์˜๋กœ์šฐ์Šคํ†ค์ด๋‚˜ ์•ฐ๋ฒ„์…€๋ฆฌ๋ณด๋‹ค๋„ ๋” ๋งŽ์ฃ .
08:07
It was really an extraordinary landscape
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๋†€๋ž„๋งŒํ•œ ์ƒ๋ฌผ๋‹ค์–‘์„ฑ์„
08:09
that was capable of supporting an extraordinary biodiversity.
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์ง€์›ํ•˜๋Š” ๋†€๋ผ์šด ๊ฒฝ๊ด€์ด์—ˆ์ฃ .
08:13
So, Act II: A Home Reconstructed.
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์ œ 2๋ง‰: ์žฌ๊ฑด๋œ ๊ณ ํ–ฅ.
08:17
So, we studied the fish and the frogs and the birds and the bees,
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๋ฌผ๊ณ ๊ธฐ, ๊ฐœ๊ตฌ๋ฆฌ, ์ƒˆ์™€ ๋ฒŒ์„ ์กฐ์‚ฌํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:21
the 85 different kinds of fish that were on Manhattan,
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๋งจํ•˜ํƒ„์—๋Š” 85๊ฐœ ์ข…๋ฅ˜์˜ ๋ฌผ๊ณ ๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์—ˆ์ฃ .
08:24
the Heath hens, the species that aren't there anymore,
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๋ฉง๋‹ญ, ๋ฉธ์ข…ํ•œ ์ข…๋“ค, ๋ชจ๋“  ๊ฐœ์šธ์— ์‚ด๋˜
08:28
the beavers on all the streams, the black bears,
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๋น„๋ฒ„ ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ํ‘๊ณฐ๋„ ์‚ดํŽด๋ดค์ง€์š”.
08:31
and the Native Americans, to study how they used
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์›์ฃผ๋ฏผ๋“ค์ด ๊ทธ๋“ค์˜ ํ™˜๊ฒฝ์„ ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ
08:34
and thought about their landscape.
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์ด์šฉํ•˜๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ–ˆ๋Š”์ง€๋„ ์—ฐ๊ตฌํ–ˆ์ง€์š”.
08:36
We wanted to try and map these. And to do that what we did
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๊ทธ๋“ค์˜ ์‚ถ์— ์–ด๋– ํ•œ ์„œ์‹์ง€๊ฐ€
08:39
was we mapped their habitat needs.
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ํ•„์š”ํ•œ๊ฐ€๋ฅผ ์ง€๋„๋กœ ๊พธ๋ฉฐ๋ดค์ง€์š”.
08:41
Where do they get their food?
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์–ด๋””์—์„œ ์‹๋Ÿ‰์„ ๊ตฌํ•˜๋Š”๊ฐ€?
08:43
Where do they get their water? Where do they get their shelter?
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์–ด๋””์—์„œ ๋ฌผ์„ ๊ตฌํ•˜๋Š”๊ฐ€? ์–ด๋””์—์„œ ํ”ผ์‹ ์ฒ˜๋ฅผ ๊ตฌํ•˜๋Š”๊ฐ€?
08:45
Where do they get their reproductive resources?
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์ž์†์„ ๊ธฐ๋ฅด๋Š”๋ฐ ํ•„์š”ํ•œ ์ž์›์„ ์–ด๋””์—์„œ ๊ตฌํ•˜๋Š”๊ฐ€?
08:48
To an ecologist, the intersection of these is habitat,
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์ƒํƒœํ•™์ž๋Š” ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์กฐ๊ฑด์„ ๋‹ค ๋งŒ์กฑ์‹œํ‚ค๋Š” ๊ณณ์„
08:51
but to most people, the intersection of these is their home.
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์„œ์‹์ง€๋ผ๊ณ  ํ•˜๊ณ  ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ ๊ณณ์„ ์ง‘์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ํ•˜์ฃ .
08:56
So, we would read in field guides, the standard field guides
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์ €ํฌ๋“ค์€ ์ง€๋„๋ฅผ ๋งŒ๋“ค ๋•Œ
08:58
that maybe you have on your shelves,
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์ผ๋ฐ˜ ํœด๋Œ€์šฉ ๋„๊ฐ์—์„œ ๋น„๋ฒ„๋Š”
09:00
you know, what beavers need is, "A slowly meandering stream
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"์ฒœ์ฒœํžˆ ๊ตฌ๋ถˆ๋ถ€๋ถˆ ํ๋ฅด๋Š” ๊ฐœ์ฒœ๊ณผ ๋ฌผ๊ฐ€์—
09:02
with aspen trees and alders and willows,
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์‚ฌ์‹œ๋‚˜๋ฌด, ์˜ค๋ฆฌ๋‚˜๋ฌด ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋ฒ„๋“œ๋‚˜๋ฌด๋ฅผ ํ•„์š”๋กœ ํ•œ๋‹ค.
09:05
near the water." That's the best thing for a beaver.
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ ๊ณณ์ด ๋น„๋ฒ„์˜ ์ตœ์ƒ ์„œ์‹์ง€๋‹ค" ๋ผ๋Š” ๊ธ€์„ ์ฝ์—ˆ์ง€์š”.
09:07
So we just started making a list.
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๋ชฉ๋ก์„ ๋งŒ๋“ค๊ธฐ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:09
Here is the beaver. And here is the stream,
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์—ฌ๊ธฐ๋Š” ๋น„๋ฒ„๊ณ , ์—ฌ๊ธฐ๋Š” ๊ฐœ์šธ,
09:11
and the aspen and the alder and the willow.
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์‚ฌ์‹œ๋‚˜๋ฌด, ์˜ค๋ฆฌ๋‚˜๋ฌด, ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋ฒ„๋“œ๋‚˜๋ฌด๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:13
As if these were the maps that we would need
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์ด๊ฑด ๋งˆ์น˜ ๋น„๋ฒ„๊ฐ€ ์‚ฌ๋Š”๋ฐ ํ•„์š”ํ•œ ์—ฌ๊ฑด์„
09:15
to predict where you would find the beaver.
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์ง€๋„์— ๋„ฃ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ๊ณผ ๋งˆ์ฐฌ๊ฐ€์ง€์ฃ .
09:17
Or the bog turtle, needing wet meadows and insects and sunny places.
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์Šต์ง€๊ฑฐ๋ถ์€ ์Šต์ดˆ์ง€์™€ ๊ณค์ถฉ, ์–‘์ง€๋ฅผ ํ•„์š”๋กœ ํ•˜๊ณ 
09:21
Or the bobcat, needing rabbits and beavers and den sites.
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๋ณด๋ธŒ์บฃ์€ ํ† ๋ผ์™€ ๋น„๋ฒ„, ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๊ตด๋กœ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•  ์žฅ์†Œ๊ฐ€ ํ•„์š”ํ•˜์ฃ .
09:25
And rapidly we started to realize that beavers can be
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ๋ฐ ์ €ํฌ๋“ค์€ ๊ณง ๋ณด๋ธŒ์บฃ์—๊ฒŒ๋Š”
09:28
something that a bobcat needs.
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๋น„๋ฒ„๊ฐ€ ํ•„์š”ํ•˜๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๊นจ๋‹ฌ์•˜์ง€์š”.
09:31
But a beaver also needs things. And that having it
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๊ทธ๋ ‡์ง€๋งŒ ๋น„๋ฒ„์—๊ฒŒ๋„ ํ•„์š”ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์ด ์žˆ์ฃ .
09:33
on either side means that we can link it together,
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋ฉด ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ด๋“ค ์ƒํƒœ๊ณ„์š”์†Œ๋“ค์„ ์—ฐ๊ฒฐํ•ด์„œ
09:35
that we can create the network
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์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์ข…๋“ค์˜ ์„œ์‹ ๊ด€๊ณ„์„ฑ์˜
09:37
of the habitat relationships for these species.
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๋„คํŠธ์›Œํฌ๋ฅผ ํ˜•์„ฑํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์ง€์š”.
09:40
Moreover, we realized that you can start out
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ๋ฐ ์˜ˆ๋ฅผ๋“ค์–ด
09:42
as being a beaver specialist,
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๋น„๋ฒ„๋กœ ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•˜๋ฉด
09:44
but you can look up what an aspen needs.
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์‚ฌ์‹œ๋‚˜๋ฌด์—๊ฒŒ ํ•„์š”ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ๋„ ์ฐพ๊ฒŒ ๋˜์ง€์š”.
09:46
An aspen needs fire and dry soils.
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์‚ฌ์‹œ๋‚˜๋ฌด์—๊ฒŒ๋Š” ์‚ฐ๋ถˆ๊ณผ ๊ฑด์กฐํ•œ ํ† ์–‘์ด ํ•„์š”ํ•˜์ง€์š”.
09:49
And you can look at what a wet meadow needs.
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์Šต์ดˆ์ง€์— ํ•„์š”ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ๋„ ์‚ดํŽด๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์ฃ .
09:52
And it need beavers to create the wetlands,
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์Šต์ดˆ์ง€๋Š” ์Šต์ง€๋ฅผ ํ˜•์„ฑํ•˜๋Š” ๋น„๋ฒ„
09:54
and maybe some other things.
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์•„๋‹ˆ๋ฉด ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋ฌด์–ธ๊ฐ€๊ฐ€ ํ•„์š”ํ•˜๊ฒ ์ฃ .
09:56
But you can also talk about sunny places.
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์–‘์ง€์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด์„œ๋„ ์‚ดํŽด๋ณด์ฃ .
09:58
So, what does a sunny place need? Not habitat per se.
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์–‘์ง€๋Š” ๋ฌด์—‡์„ ํ•„์š”๋กœ ํ• ๊นŒ์š”? ๋•…์ด ๋ญ˜ ํ•„์š”๋กœ ํ•˜๋ƒ๋Š” ๋ง์ด ์•„๋‹ˆ๊ณ 
10:01
But what are the conditions that make it possible?
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์–‘์ง€๋ฅผ ํ˜•์„ฑํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์กฐ๊ฑด์ด ๋ญ๋ƒ๋Š” ๊ฑฐ์ฃ .
10:03
Or fire. Or dry soils.
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์‚ฐ๋ถˆ๋„ ๊ณ ๋ คํ•˜๊ณ , ๊ฑด์กฐํ•œ ํ† ์–‘๋„ ๊ณ ๋ คํ•˜์ฃ 
10:06
And that you can put these on a grid that's 1,000 columns long
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์ด ์ •๋ณด๋ฅผ 1000 x 1000
10:09
across the top and 1,000 rows down the other way.
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๋“œ์— ์ž…๋ ฅํ–ˆ์ง€์š”.
10:12
And then we can visualize this data like a network,
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋ฉด ๊ทธ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ๋„คํŠธ์›Œํฌ์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ์ทจ๊ธ‰ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์ฃ .
10:15
like a social network.
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์†Œ์…œ ๋„คํŠธ์›Œํฌ์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ์š”.
10:17
And this is the network of all the habitat relationships
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์ด๊ฑด ๋งจํ•˜ํƒ„ ๋™์‹๋ฌผ์˜ ๋ชจ๋“  ์„œ์‹ ๊ด€๊ณ„์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ
10:19
of all the plants and animals on Manhattan,
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๋„คํŠธ์›Œํฌ์ธ๋ฐ ์—ฌ๊ธฐ์—๋Š” ๋˜ํ•œ ์ด๋“ค์ด
10:21
and everything they needed,
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ํ•„์š”๋กœ ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ชจ๋“  ์š”์†Œ๊ฐ€
10:23
going back to the geology,
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์ €์žฅ๋ผ ์žˆ๊ณ  ๋˜ํ•œ ์„œ์‹ ๊ด€๊ณ„์˜
10:25
going back to time and space at the very core of the web.
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๊ทผ๋ณธ์ ์ธ ์š”์†Œ์ธ ์ง€์งˆ, ์‹œ๊ฐ„ ๋ฐ ๊ณต๊ฐ„๋„ ์ €์žฅ๋ผ ์žˆ์ง€์š”.
10:28
We call this the Muir Web. And if you zoom in on it it looks like this.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ด๊ฑธ ๋ฎค์–ด ์›น์ด๋ผ ๋ถ€๋ฆ…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ํ™•๋Œ€ํ•˜๋ฉด ์ด๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ๋ณด์ด์ฃ .
10:31
Each point is a different species
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๊ฐ ์ง€์ ์€ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์ข…, ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ฉด
10:33
or a different stream or a different soil type.
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๊ฐ ๊ฐœ์šธ, ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ฉด ๊ฐ ํ† ์–‘ ์œ ํ˜•์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:36
And those little gray lines are the connections that connect them together.
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์ž‘์€ ํšŒ์ƒ‰ ์„ ์€ ๊ฐ์š”์†Œ์˜ ์—ฐ๊ฒฐ์„ฑ์„ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋ƒ…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:39
They are the connections that actually make nature resilient.
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์ž์—ฐ์ด ์›์ƒํƒœ๋กœ ํšŒ๋ณตํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ์‚ฌ์‹ค ์ด๋Ÿฐ ์—ฐ๊ฒฐ์„ฑ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ด์ง€์š”.
10:42
And the structure of this is what makes nature work,
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์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๋ชจ๋“  ์—ฐ๊ฒฐ์„ฑ์€ ์ž์—ฐ์ด ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ
10:46
seen with all its parts.
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์ž‘์šฉํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฐ€๋ฅผ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ฃผ์ง€์š”.
10:48
We call these Muir Webs after the Scottish-American naturalist
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ด๊ฒƒ์„ ์Šค์ฝ”ํ‹€๋žœ๋“œ๊ณ„ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์ธ ์ž์—ฐ์ฃผ์˜์ž์ธ ์กด ๋ฎค์–ด๋ฅผ ๋”ฐ๋ผ ๋ฎค์–ด ์›น์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ํ•˜์ฃ .
10:51
John Muir, who said, "When we try to pick out anything by itself,
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์กด ๋ฎค์–ด๋Š” ์ด๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ๋งํ–ˆ์ฃ . "์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์–ด๋–ค ์‚ฌ๋ฌผ์ด๋˜์ง€ ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ๋งŒ ๊ณ ๋ฆฝํ•ด์„œ
10:54
we find that it's bound fast by a thousand invisible cords
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๋–ผ๋‚ผ๋ ค๊ณ  ํ•˜๋ฉด ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์ด ์šฐ์ฃผ์— ์žˆ๋Š” ๋ชจ๋“  ๊ฒƒ๋“ค์— ๋Š์„ ์ˆ˜ ์—†๋Š”
10:57
that cannot be broken, to everything in the universe."
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์ˆ˜์ฒœ๊ฐœ์˜ ๋ณด์ด์ง€ ์•Š๋Š” ๋ˆ์œผ๋กœ ๋ฌถ์—ฌ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋œ๋‹ค."
11:01
So then we took the Muir webs and we took them back to the maps.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๋ฎค์–ด ์›น์„ ์ง€๋„์— ์ ์šฉ์‹œํ‚ค๊ธฐ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ–ˆ์ง€์š”.
11:04
So if we wanted to go between 85th and 86th,
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์–ด์ฉŒ๋ฉด 85๋ฒˆ๊ฐ€์™€ 86๋ฒˆ๊ฐ€ ์‚ฌ์ด,
11:06
and Lex and Third,
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋ ‰์Šค ์• ๋น„๋‰ด์™€ 3๋ฒˆ๊ฐ€ ์‚ฌ์ด์—
11:08
maybe there was a stream in that block.
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๊ฐœ์šธ์ด ์žˆ์—ˆ์„์ง€ ๋ชจ๋ฅด์ฃ .
11:10
And these would be the kind of trees that might have been there,
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์–ด์ฉŒ๋ฉด ๊ฑฐ๊ธฐ์— ์ด๋Ÿฐ ๋‚˜๋ฌด๋“ค์ด ์žˆ์—ˆ์„ ์ง€ ๋ชจ๋ฅด์ฃ .
11:12
and the flowers and the lichens and the mosses,
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๊ฐ์ข… ๊ฝƒ, ์ง€์˜๋ฅ˜ ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ด๋ผ๋ฅ˜,
11:16
the butterflies, the fish in the stream,
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๋‚˜๋น„, ๊ฐœ์šธ์—๋Š” ๋ฌผ๊ณ ๊ธฐ๊ฐ€,
11:19
the birds in the trees.
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๋‚˜๋ฌด์—๋Š” ์ƒˆ๋“ค์ด ์žˆ์—ˆ์„ ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:21
Maybe a timber rattlesnake lived there.
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์–ด์ฉŒ๋ฉด ๊ฒ€์ • ๋ฐฉ์šธ๋ฑ€์ด ๊ฑฐ๊ธฐ์„œ ์‚ด์•˜๊ฒ ์ฃ .
11:23
And perhaps a black bear walked by. And maybe Native Americans were there.
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์–ด์ฉŒ๋ฉด ํ‘๊ณฐ์ด ๊ฑฐ๋‹์—ˆ์„ ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์–ด์ฉŒ๋ฉด ์›์ฃผ๋ฏผ๋„ ๊ฑฐ๊ธฐ์— ์žˆ์—ˆ๊ฒ ์ฃ .
11:26
And then we took this data.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ด๋Ÿฐ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ–ˆ์ง€์š”.
11:28
You can see this for yourself on our website.
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์ด๋Ÿฐ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๋Š” ์ €ํฌ ์›น์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ์—์„œ ์ง์ ‘ ๋ณด์‹ค ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์ฃ .
11:30
You can zoom into any block on Manhattan,
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๋งจํ•˜ํƒ„์˜ ์•„๋ฌด ๊ตฌ์—ญ์ด๋‚˜ ํ™•๋Œ€ํ•ด์„œ,
11:32
and see what might have been there 400 years ago.
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400๋…„์ „์˜ ๋ชจ์Šต์„ ๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์ง€์š”.
11:35
And we used it to try and reveal a landscape
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์ œ 3๋ง‰์—์„œ๋Š” ์ด ์ •๋ณด๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•ด
11:38
here in Act III.
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์ง€๋‚œ๋‚ ์˜ ํ’๊ฒฝ์„ ๋ณด์—ฌ ๋“œ๋ฆฌ๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:40
We used the tools they use in Hollywood
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ํ—๋ฆฌ์šฐ๋“œ์—์„œ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๋Š” ํˆด์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•ด์„œ
11:42
to make these fantastic landscapes that we all see in the movies.
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์˜ํ™”์—์„œ ๋ณด๋Š” ๊ฒƒ ๊ฐ™์€ ํ™˜์ƒ์ ์ธ ๊ฒฝ๊ด€์„ ๋งŒ๋“ค์—ˆ์ฃ .
11:45
And we tried to use it to visualize Third Avenue.
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ด๊ฑธ ์ด์šฉํ•ด์„œ 3๋ฒˆ๊ฐ€๋ฅผ ์‹œ๊ฐํ™”ํ•˜๋ ค ํ–ˆ์ฃ .
11:48
So we would take the landscape and we would build up the topography.
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ๊ธฐ๋ณธ์ ์ธ ์ „๊ฒฝ ์œ„์— ์ง€ํ˜•์„ ์ถ”๊ฐ€ํ•˜๊ณ 
11:52
We'd lay on top of that the soils and the waters, and illuminate the landscape.
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๊ฑฐ๊ธฐ์— ํ† ์–‘๊ณผ ๋ฌผ์„ ๋”ํ•˜๊ณ , ํ’๊ฒฝ์— ์กฐ๋ช…์„ ๊ฐ€ํ–ˆ์ง€์š”.
11:56
We would lay on top of that the map of the ecological communities.
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๊ทธ ์œ„์— ์ƒํƒœ๊ณ„ ์ง€๋„๋„ ์–น์—ˆ์ฃ .
11:59
And feed into that the map of the species.
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ข…์˜ ์ง€๋„๋ฅผ ๊ฑฐ๊ธฐ์— ๋ฐ˜์˜ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:02
So that we would actually take a photograph,
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ ๋Š” ํƒ€์ž„์Šคํ€˜์–ด ์œ„์—์„œ ํ—ˆ๋“œ์Šจ
12:04
flying above Times Square, looking toward the Hudson River,
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๊ฐ•์ชฝ์„ ํ–ฅํ•ด ์‚ฌ์ง„์„ ์ฐ์œผ๋ฉด์„œ ๋‚ ๋ผ๊ฐ€๋ฉด
12:06
waiting for Hudson to come.
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ํ—ˆ๋“œ์Šจ ๊ฐ•์ด ์‹œ์•ผ์— ๋“ค์–ด ์˜ค์ง€์š”.
12:08
Using this technology, we can make these
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์ด๋Ÿฐ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์„ ์ด์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ, ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š”
12:10
fantastic georeferenced views.
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์ง€์˜ค๋ ˆํผ๋Ÿฐ์Šค๋œ ๋ฉ‹์ง„ ์˜์ƒ์„ ๋งŒ๋“ค ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์ง€์š”.
12:12
We can basically take a picture out of any window
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๋งจํ•˜ํƒ„์˜ ๋นŒ๋”ฉ์˜ ์–ด๋–ค ์ฐฝ๋ฌธ์—์„œ๋„
12:14
on Manhattan and see what that landscape looked like 400 years ago.
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400๋…„์ „์˜ ํ’๊ฒฝ์„ ๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์ง€์š”.
12:17
This is the view from the East River, looking up Murray Hill
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์ด๊ฑด ์ด์ŠคํŠธ ๋ฆฌ๋ฒ„๋กœ ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ๋จธ๋ ˆ์ด ํž์„ ๋ณด๋Š” ์ „๋ง์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:20
at where the United Nations is today.
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ํ˜„์žฌ UN์ด ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ณณ์ด์ฃ .
12:23
This is the view looking down the Hudson River,
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์ด๊ฑด ํ—ˆ๋“œ์Šจ ๊ฐ•์„ ๋‚ด๋ ค ๋ณด๋Š” ์ „๋ง์ด์ง€์š”.
12:25
with Manhattan on the left, and New Jersey out on the right,
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์ขŒ์ธก์— ๋งจํ•˜ํƒ„์ด, ์šฐ์ธก์— ๋‰ด์ €์ง€๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๊ณ ,
12:28
looking out toward the Atlantic Ocean.
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๋Œ€์„œ์–‘์„ ๋ฐ”๋ผ๋ณด๊ณ  ์žˆ์ฃ .
12:31
This is the view over Times Square,
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์ด๊ฑด ํƒ€์ž„์Šคํ€˜์–ด ๋„ˆ๋จธ์˜ ์ „๋ง์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:33
with the beaver pond there, looking out toward the east.
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๋น„๋ฒ„ ์—ฐ๋ชป์ด ์ €๊ธฐ ์žˆ๊ณ , ๋™์ชฝ์„ ํ–ฅํ•ด ๋ณด๊ณ  ์žˆ์ฃ .
12:37
So we can see the Collect Pond, and Lispenard Marshes back behind.
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์ฝœ๋ ‰ํŠธ ํฐ๋“œ๋„ ๋ณด์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ฆฌ์ŠคํŽ˜๋‚˜๋“œ ์Šต์ง€๊ฐ€ ๊ทธ ๋’ค์— ์žˆ๋„ค์š”.
12:41
We can see the fields that the Native Americans made.
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์•„๋ฉ”๋ฆฌ์นธ ์ธ๋””์•ˆ์ด ๋งŒ๋“  ๋“คํŒ๋„ ๋ณด์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:44
And we can see this in the geography of the city today.
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ํ˜„์žฌ ๋„์‹œ์˜ ์ง€ํ˜•๋„์—์„œ ์ด๋Ÿฐ๊ฑธ ๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์ฃ .
12:48
So when you're watching "Law and Order," and the lawyers walk up the steps
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๋กœ ์•ค ์˜ค๋”(*์—ญ์ž ์ฃผ: ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ๋“œ๋ผ๋งˆ)์—๋Š” ๋ณ€ํ˜ธ์‚ฌ๋“ค์ด
12:51
they could have walked back down those steps
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๋‰ด์š• ๋ฒ•์›์˜ ๊ณ„๋‹จ์„ ์˜ฌ๋ผ๊ฐ€๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด
12:53
of the New York Court House, right into the Collect Pond,
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๋‚˜์˜ค๋Š”๋ฐ ๋งŒ์•ฝ์— ๊ณ„๋‹จ์„ ๋‚ด๋ ค๊ฐ„๋‹ค๋ฉด
12:55
400 years ago.
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400๋…„ ์ „์˜ ์ฝœ๋ ‰ํŠธ ํฐ๋“œ ์—ฐ๋ชป ์•ˆ์œผ๋กœ ๋“ค์–ด๊ฐ€๊ฒ ์ฃ .
12:59
So these images are the work of my friend and colleague,
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์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์ด๋ฏธ์ง€๋“ค์€ ์ œ ์นœ๊ตฌ๋ฉฐ ๋™๋ฃŒ์ธ ๋งˆํฌ ๋ณด์ด์—ฌ์˜ ์ž‘ํ’ˆ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:02
Mark Boyer, who is here in the audience today.
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์˜ค๋Š˜ ์—ฌ๊ธฐ ๊ด€๊ฐ์œผ๋กœ ์™€ ์žˆ์ฃ .
13:04
And I'd just like, if you would give him a hand,
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๊ทธ์˜ ํ›Œ๋ฅญํ•œ ์ž‘ํ’ˆ์—
13:06
to call out for his fine work.
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„๋“ค์˜ ๋ฐ•์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ๋ถ€ํƒ๋“œ๋ฆฝ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:09
(Applause)
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(๋ฐ•์ˆ˜)
13:18
There is such power in bringing science and visualization together,
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๊ณผํ•™๊ณผ ์‹œ๊ฐํ™” ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์„ ํ•ฉ์น˜๋ฉด ์ด์™€๊ฐ™์ด
13:21
that we can create images like this,
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๋ฉ‹์ง„ ์ด๋ฏธ์ง€๋ฅผ ๋งŒ๋“ค ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:23
perhaps looking on either side of a looking glass.
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์–ด์ฉŒ๋ฉด '๊ฑฐ์šธ๋‚˜๋ผ'์˜ ์–‘์ชฝ์„ ๋ณด๋Š” ๊ฒƒ ๊ฐ™์ง€์š”.
13:26
And even though I've only had a brief time to speak,
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์ œ๊ฐ€ ๋ง์”€๋“œ๋ฆด ์‹œ๊ฐ„์ด ๋งค์šฐ ์งง์•˜์ง€๋งŒ,
13:28
I hope you appreciate that Mannahatta was a very special place.
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๋งจํ•˜ํƒ€๋‚˜๊ฐ€ ๋งค์šฐ ํŠน๋ณ„ํ•œ ์ง€์—ญ์ด์—ˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๊ณต๊ฐํ•˜์‹œ๊ธฐ ๋ฐ”๋ž๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:31
The place that you see here on the left side
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์ด์‚ฌ์ง„์˜ ์™ผ์ชฝ์€ ์ƒํ˜ธ ์—ฐ๊ฒฐ๋˜๊ณ 
13:34
was interconnected. It was based on this diversity.
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๋‹ค์–‘์„ฑ์— ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜ํ•œ ์„ธ๊ณ„์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:36
It had this resilience that is what we need in our modern world.
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์ด ์„ธ๊ณ„๋Š” ํ˜„๋Œ€ ์„ธ๊ณ„๊ฐ€ ํ•„์š”๋กœ ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ณต์›๋ ฅ์„ ๊ฐ€์กŒ์ฃ .
13:41
But I wouldn't have you think that I don't like the place
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ์ œ๊ฐ€ ์˜ค๋ฅธ์ชฝ ์ง€์—ญ์„ ์‹ซ์–ดํ•œ๋‹ค๊ณ ๋Š”
13:44
on the right, which I quite do. I've come to love the city
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์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜์ง€ ๋งˆ์„ธ์š”. ์ €๋Š” ์ด ๋„์‹œ๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ๋ž‘ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋˜์—ˆ๊ณ ,
13:47
and its kind of diversity, and its resilience,
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์ด๊ณณ์˜ ๋‹ค์–‘์„ฑ๊ณผ ๋ณต์›๋ ฅ, ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ 
13:49
and its dependence on density and how we're connected together.
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์ด ๋„์‹œ์˜ ์กฐ๋ฐ€์„ฑ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์˜์กด๋„์™€ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ์˜ ์—ฐ๊ฒฐ์„ฑ์„ ์‚ฌ๋ž‘ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋˜์—ˆ์ง€์š”.
13:54
In fact, that I see them as reflections of each other,
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์‚ฌ์‹ค ์ €๋Š” ์™ผ์ชฝ๊ณผ ์˜ค๋ฅธ์ชฝ์ด ์„œ๋กœ์˜ ๊ฑฐ์šธ๋ฐ˜์‚ฌ๋ผ๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:58
much as Lewis Carroll did in "Through the Looking Glass."
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๋ฃจ์ด์Šค ์บ๋กค์˜ "๊ฑฐ์šธ ๋‚˜๋ผ์˜ ์•จ๋ฆฌ์Šค"์™€ ๋น„์Šทํ•˜์ง€์š”.
14:01
We can compare these two and hold them in our minds at the same time,
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ด ๋‘์ชฝ์„ ๋น„๊ตํ•ด ๋ณด๋ฉฐ ์‚ฌ์‹ค ์ด๋“ค์€ ๊ฐ™์€
14:05
that they really are the same place,
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์ง€์—ญ์ด๋ฉฐ ๋„์‹œ๋“ค์€ ์ž์—ฐ์„
14:07
that there is no way that cities can escape from nature.
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๋ฒ—์–ด๋‚  ์ˆ˜ ์—†๋‹ค๋Š” ์ƒ๊ฐ์„ ํ• ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์ง€์š”.
14:10
And I think this is what we're learning about building cities in the future.
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๋ฏธ๋ž˜์˜ ๋„์‹œ๊ฑด์„ค์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๋ฐฐ์šฐ๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ๋ฐ”๋กœ ์ด๋Ÿฐ ๊ฒƒ์ด์ฃ .
14:14
So if you'll allow me a brief epilogue, not about the past,
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์ด์ œ ์ €๋Š” ๊ณผ๊ฑฐ๊ฐ€ ์•„๋‹Œ 400๋…„ํ›„์˜ ๋ฏธ๋ž˜์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ
14:17
but about 400 years from now,
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์ด์•ผ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ์ข…๊ณก์œผ๋กœ ๋ง์”€๋“œ๋ฆฌ๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:19
what we're realizing is that
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์ €ํฌ๊ฐ€ ๊นจ๋‹ซ๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€
14:21
cities are habitats for people,
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๋„์‹œ๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์˜ ์„œ์‹์ง€์ด๋ฉฐ,
14:23
and need to supply what people need:
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ์—๊ฒŒ ํ•„์š”ํ•œ ์ง‘,์‹๋Ÿ‰, ๋ฌผ, ํ”ผ์‹ ์ฒ˜,
14:25
a sense of home, food, water, shelter,
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์ž์‹๋“ค์˜ ์–‘์œก์— ํ•„์š”ํ•œ ์ž์›,๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์‚ถ์˜ ์˜๋ฏธ๋ฅผ
14:28
reproductive resources, and a sense of meaning.
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์ œ๊ณตํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์–ด์•ผ ํ•˜์ฃ .
14:32
This is the particular additional habitat requirement of humanity.
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์‚ถ์˜ ์˜๋ฏธ๋Š” ์ธ๋ฅ˜์—๊ฒŒ๋งŒ ์ ์šฉ๋˜๋Š” ํŠน๋ณ„ํ•œ ์„œ์‹์ง€์˜ ์กฐ๊ฑด์ด์ฃ .
14:35
And so many of the talks here at TED are about meaning,
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TED์˜ ๋งŽ์€ ๊ฐ•์—ฐ์€ ๊ธฐ์ˆ , ์˜ˆ์ˆ  ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ 
14:38
about bringing meaning to our lives
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๊ณผํ•™์„ ํ†ตํ•œ ์ˆ˜ ๋งŽ์€ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์„
14:40
in all kinds of different ways, through technology,
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ํ†ตํ•ด ์šฐ๋ฆฌ์˜ ์‚ถ์— ์˜๋ฏธ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ ธ์˜ค๋Š”
14:42
through art, through science,
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๊ฒƒ์— ๊ด€๋ จ๋œ ๊ฒƒ์ด์ง€์š”.
14:44
so much so that I think we focus so much on
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์‚ฌ์‹ค, ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์‚ถ์˜ ์˜๋ฏธ์—๋งŒ ๋„ˆ๋ฌด ์น˜์ค‘ํ•œ
14:47
that side of our lives, that we haven't given enough
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๋‚˜๋จธ์ง€ ์‹๋Ÿ‰, ๋ฌผ, ์ฃผํƒ ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ 
14:49
attention to the food and the water and the shelter,
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์ž๋…€ ์–‘์œก์— ํ•„์š”ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ๋“ค์— ์ถฉ๋ถ„ํ•œ
14:52
and what we need to raise the kids.
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์ฃผ์˜๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ์šธ์ด์ง€ ์•Š๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:55
So, how can we envision the city of the future?
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๊ทธ๋Ÿผ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์–ด๋– ํ•œ ๋ฏธ๋ž˜์˜ ๋„์‹œ๋ฅผ ์ƒ์ƒํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์„๊นŒ์š”?
14:58
Well, what if we go to Madison Square Park,
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๋งค๋””์Šจ ์Šคํ€˜์–ด ๊ณต์›์— ๊ฐ€๋ณธ๋‹ค๋ฉด,
15:00
and we imagine it without all the cars,
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์ฐจ๋Š” ์ „ํ˜€ ์—†๊ณ  ๋Œ€์‹ ์— ์ž์ „๊ฑฐ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋‹ค๊ณ 
15:03
and bicycles instead
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์ƒ์ƒํ•ด ๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ฒ ๊ณ 
15:05
and large forests, and streams instead of sewers and storm drains?
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ํ•˜์ˆ˜๊ด€์ด๋‚˜ ์šฐ์ˆ˜๋ฐฐ์ˆ˜๊ด€ ๋Œ€์‹  ๋Œ€๊ทœ๋ชจ ์ˆฒ๊ณผ ๊ฐœ์šธ์„ ์ƒ์ƒํ•ด ๋ณด์ฃ .
15:10
What if we imagined the Upper East Side
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์—…ํผ ์ด์ŠคํŠธ ์‚ฌ์ด๋“œ์—
15:12
with green roofs, and streams winding through the city,
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ํ‘ธ๋ฅธ ์ง€๋ถ•, ๊ผฌ๋ถˆ๊ผฌ๋ถˆ ๋„์‹œ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ํ๋ฅด๋Š” ๊ฐœ์šธ๊ณผ
15:16
and windmills supplying the power we need?
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ํ•„์š”ํ•œ ์ „๋ ฅ์„ ๊ณต๊ธ‰ํ•˜๋Š” ํ’์ฐจ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ƒ์ƒํ•ด ๋ณด์ฃ .
15:19
Or if we imagine the New York City metropolitan area,
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์•„๋‹ˆ๋ฉด ๋‰ด์š•์‹œ ๋Œ€๋„์‹œ ์ง€์—ญ์—
15:22
currently home to 12 million people,
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ํ˜„์žฌ๋Š” 1200๋งŒ๋ช…์ด ๊ฑฐ์ฃผํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ,
15:24
but 12 million people in the future, perhaps living at the density of Manhattan,
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๋ฏธ๋ž˜์˜ 1200๋งŒ๋ช…์€, ์–ด์ฉŒ๋ฉด ํ˜„์žฌ์˜ ๋งจํ•˜ํƒ„์˜ ์ธ๊ตฌ ๋ฐ€๋„๋กœ ์‚ด์ง€๋งŒ
15:28
in only 36 percent of the area,
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์ง€์—ญ์€ 36%์— ๋ถˆ๊ณผํ•˜๋ฉฐ
15:30
with the areas in between covered by farmland,
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๊ฑฐ์ฃผ ์ง€์—ญ์˜ ์‚ฌ์ด๋Š” ์šฐ๋ฆฌ์—๊ฒŒ
15:33
covered by wetlands,
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ํ•„์š”ํ•œ ๋†์žฅ, ์Šต์ง€๋Œ€ ๋ฐ
15:35
covered by the marshes we need.
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๋Šช์œผ๋กœ ๋ฎํ˜€ ์žˆ์„์ง€ ๋ชจ๋ฆ…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
15:37
This is the kind of future I think we need,
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์›ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฏธ๋ž˜๋Š”
15:40
is a future that has the same diversity
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๋งจํ•˜ํƒ„์˜ ๋‹ค์–‘์„ฑ, ํ’๋ถ€ํ•จ๊ณผ ํ™œ๋ ฅ์„ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ 
15:43
and abundance and dynamism of Manhattan,
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์ž์—ฐ์˜ ๋ชจ๋“  ์š”์†Œ๊ฐ€ ์ž‘๋™ํ•˜๋Š”
15:46
but that learns from the sustainability of the past,
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์˜› ์ƒํƒœํ•™์˜ ๋ณต์›๋ ฅ์œผ๋กœ ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ
15:49
of the ecology, the original ecology, of nature with all its parts.
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๊ตํ›ˆ์„ ๋ฐฐ์šฐ๋Š” ๋ฏธ๋ž˜์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
15:54
Thank you very much.
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๋Œ€๋‹จํžˆ ๊ฐ์‚ฌํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
15:56
(Applause)
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(๋ฐ•์ˆ˜)
์ด ์›น์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ ์ •๋ณด

์ด ์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ๋Š” ์˜์–ด ํ•™์Šต์— ์œ ์šฉํ•œ YouTube ๋™์˜์ƒ์„ ์†Œ๊ฐœํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ „ ์„ธ๊ณ„ ์ตœ๊ณ ์˜ ์„ ์ƒ๋‹˜๋“ค์ด ๊ฐ€๋ฅด์น˜๋Š” ์˜์–ด ์ˆ˜์—…์„ ๋ณด๊ฒŒ ๋  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ ๋™์˜์ƒ ํŽ˜์ด์ง€์— ํ‘œ์‹œ๋˜๋Š” ์˜์–ด ์ž๋ง‰์„ ๋”๋ธ” ํด๋ฆญํ•˜๋ฉด ๊ทธ๊ณณ์—์„œ ๋™์˜์ƒ์ด ์žฌ์ƒ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋น„๋””์˜ค ์žฌ์ƒ์— ๋งž์ถฐ ์ž๋ง‰์ด ์Šคํฌ๋กค๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์˜๊ฒฌ์ด๋‚˜ ์š”์ฒญ์ด ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์ด ๋ฌธ์˜ ์–‘์‹์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ฌธ์˜ํ•˜์‹ญ์‹œ์˜ค.

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