Let's turn the high seas into the world's largest nature reserve | Enric Sala

Prevodilac: Kristina Janković Lektor: Ivana Korom

If you were to jump into any random spot in the ocean,

Ako biste uskočili u bilo koje nasumično mesto u okeanu,

you would probably see something like this.

verovatno biste videli nešto poput ovoga.

Empty of large animals.

Nema velikih životinja.

Because we have taken them out of the water

Zato što smo ih vadili iz vode

faster than they can reproduce.

brže nego što mogu da se razmnože.

Today I want to propose a strategy to save ocean life,

Danas bih želeo da predložim strategiju za očuvanje života u okeanu

and the solution has a lot to do with economics.

i ovo rešenje ima dosta veze sa ekonomijom.

In 1999, a little place called Cabo Pulmo in Mexico

Godine 1999, malo mesto po imenu Kabo Pulmo, u Meksiku,

was an underwater desert.

bilo je podvodna pustinja.

The fishermen were so upset not having enough fish to catch

Ribolovci su bili toliko ljuti što nema dovoljno ribe za pecanje

that they did something that no one expected.

da su uradili nešto što niko nije očekivao.

Instead of spending more time at sea, trying to catch the few fish left,

Umesto da provode više vremena na moru, pokušavajući da upecaju preostalu ribu,

they stopped fishing completely.

potpuno su prestali da pecaju.

They created a national park in the sea.

Napravili su nacionalni park u moru.

A no-take marine reserve.

Strogo zaštićen morski rezervat.

When we returned, 10 years later, this is what we saw.

Kada smo se vratili, 10 godina kasnije, videli smo ovo.

What had been an underwater barren

Ono što je bila pustara

was now a kaleidoscope of life and color.

sada je bio kaleidoskop života i boje.

We saw it back to pristine in only 10 years.

Povratili smo netaknuto stanje za samo 10 godina.

Including the return of the large predators,

Uključujući povratak velikih predatora

like the groupers, the sharks, the jacks.

poput kirnja, ajkula, bitnica.

And those visionary fishermen

I ti ribolovci sa vizijom

are making much more money now, from tourism.

sada zarađuju daleko više od turizma.

Now, when we can align economic needs with conservation,

Kada možemo da pomirimo ekonomske potrebe sa očuvanjem,

miracles can happen.

čuda su moguća.

And we have seen similar recoveries all over the world.

I videli smo sličan oporavak svuda po svetu.

I spent 20 years studying human impacts in the ocean.

Proveo sam 20 godina proučavajući posledice čovečanstva u okeanu.

But when I saw firsthand the regeneration of places like Cabo Pulmo,

Ali kada sam iz prve ruke video oporavak mesta poput Kabo Pulma,

that gave me hope.

povratila mi se nada.

So I decided to quit my job as a university professor

Odlučio sam da dam otkaz na mesto univerzitetskog profesora

to dedicate my life to save more ocean places like this.

da bih posvetio svoj život očuvanju još ovakvih delova okeana.

In the last 10 years, our team at National Geographic Pristine Seas

Proteklih 10 godina, naš tim iz Netaknutih mora Nacionalne geografije

has explored, surveyed and documented

istražio je, pregledao i zabeležio

some of the wildest places left in the ocean

neka od najbujnijih mesta preostalih u okeanu

and worked with governments to protect them.

i sarađiovao sa vladama ne bi li ih zaštitio.

These are all now protected, covering a total area half the size of Canada.

Sva ona su sada zaštićena, i pokrivaju površinu polovine teritorije Kanade.

(Applause)

(Aplauz)

These places are the Yellowstones and the Serengetis of the sea.

Ova mesta su Jeloustounovi i Serengetiji mora.

These are places where you jump in the water

Ovo su mesta gde uskočite u vodu

and are immediately surrounded by sharks.

i momentalno ste opkoljeni ajkulama.

(Laughter)

(Smeh)

And this is good,

I ovo je dobro,

because the sharks are a good indicator of the health of the ecosystem.

jer su ajkule dobar pokazatelj zdravlja ekosistema.

These places are time machines

Ova mesta su vremeplovi

that take us to the ocean of 1,000 years ago.

koja nas vode u okean od pre 1000 godina.

But they also show us what the future ocean could be like.

Ali nam takođe pokazuju kakva bi mogla biti budućnost okeana.

Because the ocean has extraordinary regenerative power,

Pošto okean ima neverovatnu moć regeneracije,

we have seen great recovery in just a few years.

videli smo veliki oporavak za samo nekoliko godina.

We just need to protect many more places at risk

Moramo da zaštitimo još mnogo ugroženih područja

so they can become wild and full of life again.

ne bi li ponovo postala bujna i puna života.

But today, only two percent of the ocean

Ali danas, tek dva odsto okeana

is fully protected from fishing and other activities.

je potpuno zaštićeno od pecanja i drugih aktivnosti.

And that's not enough.

A to nije dovoljno.

Studies suggest that we need at least 30 percent of the ocean under protection

Istraživanja pokazuju da nam je potrebno minimum 30 odsto zaštićenog okeana

not just to save marine life, but to save us, too.

ne samo da bismo spasili morski život, već i nas same.

Because the ocean gives us more than half of the oxygen we breathe, food,

Pošto nam okean daje više od polovine kiseonika koju udišemo, hranu,

it absorbs much of the carbon pollution

upija većinu štetnog ugljenika

that we throw in the atmosphere.

koji bacamo u atmosferu.

We need a healthy ocean to survive.

Potreban nam je zdrav okean da bismo preživeli.

Now, is there a way to accelerate ocean protection?

E sad, da li postoji način da ubrzamo zaštitu okeana?

I think so.

Mislim da postoji.

And it involves us looking at the high seas.

I on podrazumeva da pogledamo u otvoreno more.

Now, what are the high seas?

Šta je otvoreno more?

Now coastal countries have authority over 200 nautical miles from shore.

Danas priobalne zemlje imaju nadležnost nad 200 morskih milja od obale.

Everything beyond those areas are called the high seas.

Sve izvan tih delova je otvoreno more.

In dark blue on this map.

Na ovoj mapi tamno plavo.

No country owns the high seas,

Nijedna država ne poseduje otvoreno more,

no country is responsible for them,

nijedna država nije za njega odgovorna,

but they all are, so it's a little like the Wild West.

ali sve jesu, pa je malo nalik divljem zapadu.

And there are two main types of fishing in the high seas.

I postoje dve glavne vrste pecanja na otvorenom moru.

At the bottom and near the surface.

Na dnu i blizu površine.

Bottom trawling is the most destructive practice in the world.

Povlačenje mreže po dnu je najdestruktivnija praksa na svetu.

Super trawlers, the largest fishing vessels in the ocean,

Super koće, najveća ribolovačka vozila u okeanu,

have nets so large that they can hold a dozen 747 jets.

imaju toliko velike mreže da mogu da drže tuce boinga 747.

These huge nets destroy everything in their paths --

Ove ogromne mreže uništavaju sve pred sobom -

including deep corals that grow on sea mounds,

uključujući dubinske korale koji žive na morskim grebenima

which can be thousands of years old.

koji mogu biti stari hiljadama godina.

And fishing near the surface targets mostly species

A pecanje pri površini uglavnom je usmereno ka vrstama

that migrate between the high seas and country's waters,

koje migriraju između otvorenog mora i državnih voda,

like tuna and sharks.

poput tuna i ajkula.

And many of these species are threatened because of too much fishing

I mnoge od ovih vrsta su ugrožene zbog previše pecanja

and bad management.

i lošeg upravljanja.

Now, who fishes in the high seas?

Ko peca na otvorenom moru?

Until now, it was difficult to know exactly,

Do sad, bilo je teško reći sa preciznošću,

because countries have been very secretive

jer su države bile veoma tajnovite

about the long-distance fishing.

o dalekom pecanju.

But now, satellite technology allows us to track individual boats.

Ali sada nam satelitska tehnologija omogućava da pratimo pojedinačne brodove.

This is a game-changer.

Ovo je prekretnica.

And this is the first time

I ovo je prvi put

we are presenting the data that you are going to see.

da pokazujemo podatke koje ćete videti.

I'm going to show you the tracks of two boats

Pokazaću vam tragove dva broda

over the course of a year,

u toku jedne godine,

using a satellite automated identification system.

koristeći satelitski automatizovan sisatem za identifikaciju.

This is a long-liner, fishing around the southern coast of Africa.

Ovo je parangal, koji peca oko južne obale Afrike.

After a few months fishing there, the boat goes to Japan to resupply,

Nakon nekoliko meseci pecanja, brod ide u Japan da obnovi zalihe,

and shortly after, here it is, fishing around Madagascar.

i ubrzo nakon toga, evo ga, peca oko Madagaskara.

This is a Russian trawler fishing, probably, for cod,

Ovo je ruski brod sa mrežom, hvata, verovatno, bakalara,

in Russian waters,

u ruskim vodama,

and then across the high seas of the north Atlantic.

a zatim preko otvorenog mora severnog Atlantika.

Thanks to Global Fishing Watch,

Zahvaljujući Straži svetskog pecanja,

we have been able to track over 3,600 boats

uspeli smo da ispratimo preko 3600 brodova

from more than 20 countries, fishing in the high seas.

iz više od 20 zemalja, kako pecaju na otvorenom moru.

They use satellite positioning and machine-learning technology

Koriste satelitsko pozicioniranje i tehnologiju mašinskog učenja

to automatically identify if a boat is just sailing or fishing,

da automatski prepoznaju da li brod samo plovi ili peca,

which are the white spots here.

što su bele tačke ovde.

So with an international group of colleagues,

Tako smo sa međunarodnom grupom kolega

we decided to investigate

odlučili da istražimo

not only who fishes in the high seas, but who benefits from it.

ne samo ko peca na otvorenom moru, već ko od toga profitira.

My colleague, Juan Mayorga,

Moj kolega, Huan Majorga,

at the University of California, Santa Barbara,

sa Univerziteta Kalifornije, Santa Barbara,

has produced detailed maps of fishing effort,

napravio je detaljne mape pecaroških poduhvata,

which means how much time and fuel is spent fishing

što znači koliko vremena i goriva je potrošeno na pecanje

in every pixel in the ocean.

u svakom pikselu u okenu.

We have a map for every country.

Imamo mapu svake države.

China, Taiwan, Japan, Korea and Spain alone

Samo su Kina, Tajvan, Japan, Koreja i Španija

account for almost 80 percent of the fishing in the high seas.

zaslužne za gotovo 80 odsto pecanja na otvorenom moru.

When we put all of the countries together,

Kada saberemo sve države,

this is what we get.

dobijemo ovo.

Because we know the identity of every boat in the database,

Pošto znamo identitet svakog broda u bazi podataka,

we know its size, its tonnage, the power of its engines,

znamo njegovu veličinu, težinu, snagu motora,

how many crew are on board.

koliko ima članova posade.

With this information, we can calculate fuel costs, labor costs, etc.

Sa ovim informacijama, možemo da izračunamo cene goriva, najamnine, itd.

So for the first time,

Tako smo po prvi put

we have been able to map the costs of fishing in the high seas.

mogli da napravimo mapu troškova pecanja na otvorenom moru.

The darker the red, the higher the costs.

Što je crvena tamnija, to su cene veće.

Thanks to our colleagues at the University of British Columbia,

Zahvaljujući našim kolegama sa Univerziteta Britanska Kolumbija,

we know how much every country is actually fishing.

znamo koliko svaka država zapravo peca.

And we know the price of the fish as it comes off the vessel.

I znamo cenu ribe kada napusti plovilo.

Combined with the data on effort,

U kombinaciji sa podacima o poduhvatu,

we have been able to map the revenue of fishing the high seas.

uspeli smo da mapiramo prihode pecanja na otvorenom moru.

The darker the blue, the higher the revenue.

Što je plava tamnija, to su prihodi veći.

We have costs, and we have revenue.

Imamo troškove i imamo prihod.

So for the first time,

Tako smo po prvi put

we have been able to map the profitability of fishing in the high seas.

mapirali isplativost pecanja na otvorenom moru.

Now I'm going to show you a map.

Sada ću vam pokazati jednu mapu.

Red colors mean we are losing money by fishing in that part of the ocean.

Crveno znači da gubimo novac pecajući u tom delu okeana.

Blue colors mean it's profitable.

Plavo znači da je isplativo.

Here it is.

Evo ga.

It seems mostly profitable.

Deluje da je uglavnom isplativo.

But there are two more factors we have to take into account.

Ali ovo su još dva faktora koja moramo da uzmemo u obzir.

First, recent investigations reveal

Prvo, skorija istraživanja otkrivaju

the use of forced labor, or slave labor,

korišćenje prisilnog rada ili robova

in high seas fishing.

u ribolovu na otvorenom moru.

Companies use it to cut costs, to generate profits.

Kompanije ga koriste da srežu troškove, da generišu profit.

And second, every year, governments subsidize high seas fishing

Drugo, svake godine, vlade subvencionišu ribolov na otvorenom moru

with more than four billion dollars.

sa više od četiri milijarde dolara.

Let's go back to the map of profits.

Da se vratimo na mapu zarade.

If we assume fair wages,

Ako pretpostavimo da su plate fer,

which means not slave labor,

što znači da nema robovskog rada,

and we remove the subsidies from our calculation,

i ako iz jednačine izuzmemo subvencije,

the map turns into this.

mapa se pretvori u ovo.

Fishing is truly profitable in only half of the high seas fishing grounds.

Ribolov je zapravo isplativ u svega polovini otvorenog mora gde se peca.

In fact, on aggregate,

Zapravo, zbirno,

subsidies are four times larger than the profits.

subvencije su četiri puta veće od zarade.

So we have five countries doing most of the fishing in the high seas

Dakle, imamo pet država koje najviše pecaju na otvorenom moru,

and the economics are dependent on huge government subsidies,

a ekonomija zavisi od ogromnih vladinih subvencija,

and for some countries, on human rights violations.

a u nekim zemljama, od kršenja ljudskih prava.

What this economic analysis reveals,

Ono što ova ekonomska analiza otkriva

is that practically the entire high seas fishing proposition is misguided.

je to da je praktično sav ribolov na otvorenom moru loše zasnovan.

What sane government would subsidize an industry

Koja vlada bi pri zdravom razumu subvencionisala industriju

anchored in exploitation and fundamentally destructive?

koja je zasnovana na eksploataciji i koja je u osnovi destruktivna?

And not so profitable, anyway.

I na kraju, nije toliko ni isplativa.

So, why don't we close all of the high seas to fishing?

Zašto onda ne zatvorimo svo otvoreno more za pecanje?

Let's create a giant high seas reserve, two-thirds of the ocean.

Hajde da napravimo ogromni rezervat otvorenog mora, dve trećine okeana.

A modeling study from --

Studija modela -

(Applause)

(Aplauz)

A modeling study from colleagues at UC Santa Barbara,

Studija modela kolega sa Univerziteta Santa Barbara

suggests that such reserve would help migratory species like tuna

nagoveštava da bi takav rezervat pomogao migracionim vrstama poput tune

recover in the high seas.

da se oporave na otvorenom moru.

And part of that increased abundance would spill over into the countries' waters,

I deo tog izobilja presuo bi se u vode država,

helping to replenish them.

pomagajući im da se obnove.

That would also increase the catch in these waters,

To bi povećalo ulov i u ovim vodama,

and so would the profits,

a i profit,

because the cost of fishing would be lowered.

pošto bi se snizila cena pecanja.

And the ecological benefits would be huge,

A ekološke posledice bi bile ogromne,

because these species of large predators, like tuna and sharks,

jer su ove vrste velikih predatora, poput tune i ajkula,

are key to the health of the entire ecosystem.

ključ zdravlja ekosistema.

Therefore, protecting the high seas

Dakle, zaštita otvorenog mora

would have ecological, economic and social benefits.

imala bi ekološke, ekonomske i socijalne prednosti.

But the truth is that most fishing companies

Ali istina je da većina ribolovačkih kompanija

don't care about the environment.

ne brine za okolinu.

But they would make more money by not fishing in the high seas.

Ali zaradili bi više da ne pecaju na otvorenom moru.

And this would not affect our ability to feed our growing population,

I ovo ne bi uticalo na našu sposobnost da nahranimo rastuću populaciju,

because the high seas provide only five percent of the global marine catch,

jer otvorena mora obezbeđuju svega pet odsto globalnog morskog ulova,

because the high seas are not as productive as near-shore waters.

jer otvorena mora nisu produktivna kao priobalne vode.

And most of the catch of the high seas is sold as upscale food items,

I veći deo ulova na otvorenim morima se prodaje kao ekskluzivna hrana,

like tuna sashimi or shark fin soup.

poput sašimi tune ili supe sa ajkulinim perajima.

The high seas catch does not contribute to global food security.

Ulov otvorenih mora ne doprinosi globalnoj prehrambenoj sigurnosti.

So how are we going to do it?

Kako ćemo onda to da uradimo?

How are we going to protect the high seas?

Kako ćemo da zaštitimo otvorena mora?

As we speak, negotiators at the United Nations

Upravo sada, pregovarači u Ujedinjenim nacijama

are beginning discussions on a new agreement to do just that.

započinju rasprave o novom sporazumu koji će uraditi baš to.

But this cannot happen behind closed doors.

Ali ovo se ne može desiti iza zatvorenih vrata.

This is our greatest opportunity.

Ovo je naša najbolja šansa.

And we all should ensure

I svi bi trebalo da se pobrinemo

that our countries will support the protection of the high seas

da naše države podrže zaštitu otvorenih mora

and get rid of subsidies to industrial fishing.

i otarase se subvencija industrijalizovanog pecanja.

In 2016, 24 countries and the European Union

Godine 2016, 24 države i Evropska unija

agreed to protect the Ross Sea,

saglasile su se da zaštite Rosovo more,

the wildest places in Antarctica,

najnetaknutije delove Antarktika,

full of wildlife like killer whales, leopard seals, penguins.

pune divljih životinja poput kitova ubica, morskih leoparda, pingvina.

And this included fishing nations, like China, Japan, Spain, Russia.

A u ovo spadaju i ribolovačke nacije, poput Kine, Japana, Španije, Rusije.

But they decided that protecting such a unique environment

Ali oni su odlučili da je zaštita tako jedinstvenih okruženja

would be worth more than exploiting it for relatively little benefit.

vrednija od njihovog iskorišćavanja za relativno malu dobit.

And this is exactly the type of cooperation

I baš ovo je vrsta saradnje

and willingness to set aside differences

i spremnosti da se odreknemo nesuglasica

that we are going to need.

koja će nam biti potrebna.

We can do it again.

Možemo mi to ponovo.

If 20 years from now,

Ako 20 godina od danas,

our children were to jump into any random spot in the ocean,

naša deca uskoče u nasumično mesto u okeanu,

what would they see?

šta bi videli?

A barren landscape, like much of our seas today,

Opustošen predeo, poput većine naših mora danas

or an abundance of life, our legacy to the future?

ili izobilje života, naše zaveštanje budućnosti?

Thank you very much.

Hvala vam mnogo.

(Applause)

(Aplauz)

Thank you.

Hvala vam.

(Applause)

(Aplauz)