Let's turn the high seas into the world's largest nature reserve | Enric Sala

翻译人员: jacks peng 校对人员: Tianji (Homer) Li

If you were to jump into any random spot in the ocean,

如果你随机跳进大海的某个地方，

you would probably see something like this.

可能会看到这样一个情景：

Empty of large animals.

毫无大型动物的痕迹。

Because we have taken them out of the water

因为它们被人类带离大海的速度

faster than they can reproduce.

快于它们的繁殖速度。

Today I want to propose a strategy to save ocean life,

今天，我想提出一个 拯救海洋生物的策略，

and the solution has a lot to do with economics.

这个解决方案和经济学有很大的关系。

In 1999, a little place called Cabo Pulmo in Mexico

1999年，墨西哥一个 叫普尔莫角的小地方

was an underwater desert.

曾是一片海洋沙漠。

The fishermen were so upset not having enough fish to catch

当地渔民曾因无鱼可捕而非常困扰，

that they did something that no one expected.

于是他们做了一件令人意想不到的事，

Instead of spending more time at sea, trying to catch the few fish left,

比起花更多时间尝试去 捕所剩无几的鱼，

they stopped fishing completely.

渔民们决定彻底停止捕鱼。

They created a national park in the sea.

他们在海里建起了一个国家公园，

A no-take marine reserve.

一个禁止捕钓的海洋保护区。

When we returned, 10 years later, this is what we saw.

10年后我们回到那里， 见到的是这样一番景象——

What had been an underwater barren

曾经的水下荒地

was now a kaleidoscope of life and color.

如今成了一个五彩缤纷， 富有生机的地方。

We saw it back to pristine in only 10 years.

我们在仅仅10年间就见证了 它回复到原始海洋状态，

Including the return of the large predators,

其中还包括一些大型捕食者的归来，

like the groupers, the sharks, the jacks.

比如石斑鱼、鲨鱼、马鲹鱼。

And those visionary fishermen

而那些极富远见的渔民们

are making much more money now, from tourism.

如今也从旅游业中赚到了更多的钱。

Now, when we can align economic needs with conservation,

当我们将经济需求和 生态保护结合起来时，

miracles can happen.

奇迹就会发生。

And we have seen similar recoveries all over the world.

我们在世界各地 都见证了相似的生态复苏。

I spent 20 years studying human impacts in the ocean.

我花了20年研究人类 对于海洋的（负面）影响，

But when I saw firsthand the regeneration of places like Cabo Pulmo,

而当亲眼见证了普尔莫角 以及其他海域的重生时，

that gave me hope.

我心中又燃起了希望。

So I decided to quit my job as a university professor

因此，我辞去了大学教授的工作，

to dedicate my life to save more ocean places like this.

决定用我的余生来拯救 更多像这样的海域。

In the last 10 years, our team at National Geographic Pristine Seas

在过去10年间 ，我和 国家地理原始海洋考察团队一起，

has explored, surveyed and documented

探索、调查、并记录了

some of the wildest places left in the ocean

一些海洋中最宽阔的海域，

and worked with governments to protect them.

并与政府合作保护这些海域。

These are all now protected, covering a total area half the size of Canada.

这些都是已经被保护的海域， 总面积达到加拿大领土的一半之多。

(Applause)

（掌声）

These places are the Yellowstones and the Serengetis of the sea.

它们就像是海中的黄石公园 和塞伦盖蒂平原。

These are places where you jump in the water

在这片海域，只要你跃入水中，

and are immediately surrounded by sharks.

马上就会被鲨鱼环绕。

(Laughter)

（笑声）

And this is good,

这是一件好事，

because the sharks are a good indicator of the health of the ecosystem.

因为鲨鱼的存在表示这片海域的 生态系统非常健康。

These places are time machines

这些地方就像时光机一样，

that take us to the ocean of 1,000 years ago.

可以带我们回溯 一千年前的海洋（状况）。

But they also show us what the future ocean could be like.

它们也向我们展示了 未来海洋可能的样子，

Because the ocean has extraordinary regenerative power,

因为海洋具有超凡的再生能力，

we have seen great recovery in just a few years.

我们见证过海洋在 短短数年中的伟大重生。

We just need to protect many more places at risk

我们只需去保护更多处于危险中的海域，

so they can become wild and full of life again.

让它们重获生机。

But today, only two percent of the ocean

但如今，只有百分之二的海洋

被全面保护，不受捕鱼和其他活动侵扰。

is fully protected from fishing and other activities.

And that's not enough.

这还远远不够。

Studies suggest that we need at least 30 percent of the ocean under protection

研究表明，我们至少 需要30%的受保护海域

not just to save marine life, but to save us, too.

才能适当地保护海洋生物， 同时也保护人类自己。

Because the ocean gives us more than half of the oxygen we breathe, food,

因为大海为人类提供了 一半以上的氧气和食物，

it absorbs much of the carbon pollution

并且吸收了许多人类在大气中

that we throw in the atmosphere.

造成的碳污染。

We need a healthy ocean to survive.

为了生存，我们需要一片健康的海洋。

Now, is there a way to accelerate ocean protection?

是否有什么方法可以 加速海洋保护的进程呢？

I think so.

我认为答案是肯定的。

And it involves us looking at the high seas.

这就涉及到公海了。

Now, what are the high seas?

什么是公海呢？

Now coastal countries have authority over 200 nautical miles from shore.

当下，沿海国家有权管理从其 海岸线起200海里以内的海域，

Everything beyond those areas are called the high seas.

除去这些部分的所有海域都称为公海，

In dark blue on this map.

即图中深蓝色的部分。

No country owns the high seas,

公海不属于任何一个国家，

no country is responsible for them,

也不属于任何一个国家的管辖范围，

but they all are, so it's a little like the Wild West.

但其实每个国家都应对其负责， 它有点像美国的西部荒地。

And there are two main types of fishing in the high seas.

公海上的捕钓主要分为两类，

At the bottom and near the surface.

海底捕钓和海面捕钓。

Bottom trawling is the most destructive practice in the world.

在海底使用拖网捕鱼是世界上 最具毁灭性的一种做法。

Super trawlers, the largest fishing vessels in the ocean,

超大型拖网渔船是海洋上 最大的捕鱼船只，

have nets so large that they can hold a dozen 747 jets.

它们所携带的网非常大， 可以网住12架波音747型飞机。

These huge nets destroy everything in their paths --

这些大网可以摧毁其所达之处的一切_

including deep corals that grow on sea mounds,

其中包括海丘上可能已经生长了

which can be thousands of years old.

几千年的深海珊瑚。

And fishing near the surface targets mostly species

而海面上的捕鱼活动目标多半是那些

that migrate between the high seas and country's waters,

在公海和各国拥有的 海域之间移居的生物，

like tuna and sharks.

比如金枪鱼和鲨鱼。

And many of these species are threatened because of too much fishing

许多这样的物种都因为过度捕捞

and bad management.

和糟糕的管理而受到了威胁。

那么，在公海上捕鱼的都是些什么人呢？

Now, who fishes in the high seas?

Until now, it was difficult to know exactly,

到目前为止，我们很难给出确定的答案。

because countries have been very secretive

因为许多国家的长距离捕鱼

about the long-distance fishing.

都是隐秘地进行的。

But now, satellite technology allows us to track individual boats.

但如今，我们可以通过卫星技术 来追踪单个船只，

This is a game-changer.

这是一个很大的突破。

And this is the first time

今天是我们是一次

we are presenting the data that you are going to see.

向大家展示这些数据。

I'm going to show you the tracks of two boats

接下来，我会演示 我们所追踪的两艘船

over the course of a year,

在一年之内的活动。

using a satellite automated identification system.

这是通过卫星自动识别系统实现的。

This is a long-liner, fishing around the southern coast of Africa.

这是一艘延绳钓船， 它在非洲南岸沿岸实施捕钓。

After a few months fishing there, the boat goes to Japan to resupply,

在那里捕捞几个月之后， 这艘船回到日本补充物资，

and shortly after, here it is, fishing around Madagascar.

很快，他们又来到 马达加斯加附近捕鱼。

This is a Russian trawler fishing, probably, for cod,

另外一艘是俄罗斯的拖网渔船， 可能是为了捕捞鳕鱼，

in Russian waters,

它从俄罗斯的海域

and then across the high seas of the north Atlantic.

进入北大西洋的公海。

Thanks to Global Fishing Watch,

多亏了"全球渔业观测站"的存在，

我们得以追踪3600多艘船只。

we have been able to track over 3,600 boats

from more than 20 countries, fishing in the high seas.

它们从20多个不同国家的 海域进入公海捕鱼。

They use satellite positioning and machine-learning technology

"全球渔业观测站"通过 卫星定位和机器学习技术

to automatically identify if a boat is just sailing or fishing,

来自动辨别那些船只 是在航行，还是在捕捞，

which are the white spots here.

即图中这些白点。

So with an international group of colleagues,

有了这些国际同事的帮助，

we decided to investigate

我们决定开始调查

not only who fishes in the high seas, but who benefits from it.

是谁在公海捕鱼， 更重要的是，谁从中获利。

My colleague, Juan Mayorga,

我的同事胡安 · 迈奥尔加

at the University of California, Santa Barbara,

来自加州大学圣芭芭拉分校，

has produced detailed maps of fishing effort,

他研制出了描述 捕捞力量的详细示意图。

which means how much time and fuel is spent fishing

捕捞力量指在海洋中 任意区域中捕鱼时

in every pixel in the ocean.

所花费的时间和所使用的燃料。

We have a map for every country.

对每一个国家，我们都有 一份这样的示意图。

China, Taiwan, Japan, Korea and Spain alone

其中单是中国，中国台湾， 日本，韩国和西班牙的捕鱼量

account for almost 80 percent of the fishing in the high seas.

就占了公海总捕鱼量的近80%。

When we put all of the countries together,

当我们将所有国家的数据 整合在一起时，

this is what we get.

得到了如下结果：

Because we know the identity of every boat in the database,

我们从数据库中可以 得知每一艘船的身份，

we know its size, its tonnage, the power of its engines,

包括船的尺寸，载重量，发动机功率，

how many crew are on board.

以及船员的人数。

With this information, we can calculate fuel costs, labor costs, etc.

有了这些信息，我们可以计算出 燃料成本，人工成本等数据。

So for the first time,

因此，这是我们第一次

we have been able to map the costs of fishing in the high seas.

有能力将公海的 捕鱼成本标注在地图上。

The darker the red, the higher the costs.

红色越深意味着成本越高。

Thanks to our colleagues at the University of British Columbia,

多亏了我们在英属哥伦比亚 大学同事的帮助，

we know how much every country is actually fishing.

我们得知了每个国家的实际捕鱼数量，

And we know the price of the fish as it comes off the vessel.

再加上鱼的贩卖价格是已知的，

Combined with the data on effort,

将这些数据整合在一起，

we have been able to map the revenue of fishing the high seas.

我们就能够将公海渔业的 收入标注在地图上。

The darker the blue, the higher the revenue.

蓝色越深意味着收入越高，

We have costs, and we have revenue.

现在成本已知，收入也已知。

So for the first time,

因此我们首次

we have been able to map the profitability of fishing in the high seas.

能够将公海渔业的利益率标注在地图上。

Now I'm going to show you a map.

现在我会向你们展示一幅地图，

Red colors mean we are losing money by fishing in that part of the ocean.

红色代表那片海域的渔业正在亏本，

Blue colors mean it's profitable.

蓝色代表正在盈利。

Here it is.

请看，

It seems mostly profitable.

看上去大部分都是盈利的，

But there are two more factors we have to take into account.

然而我们还要考虑另外两个因素：

First, recent investigations reveal

第一，最近的研究揭露了

the use of forced labor, or slave labor,

被强迫的劳动力或者说苦役

in high seas fishing.

在公海捕鱼中是很常见的。

Companies use it to cut costs, to generate profits.

苦役被用来削减成本以创造收益。

And second, every year, governments subsidize high seas fishing

第二，政府每年都会资助公海捕鱼业，

with more than four billion dollars.

金额高达四十多亿美元。

Let's go back to the map of profits.

让我们回过头来看盈利图。

If we assume fair wages,

如果我们假定工资是合理的，

which means not slave labor,

也就是说不雇佣苦役，

and we remove the subsidies from our calculation,

同时从计算中去除政府补贴，

the map turns into this.

这幅地图就变成了这样。

Fishing is truly profitable in only half of the high seas fishing grounds.

公海渔业真正盈利的地方 仅占公海捕鱼范围的一半。

In fact, on aggregate,

事实上总体来看，

subsidies are four times larger than the profits.

政府补贴比收益要多四倍。

So we have five countries doing most of the fishing in the high seas

简单来讲，五个国家和行政区 从事着大部分的公海捕鱼，

and the economics are dependent on huge government subsidies,

而且在经济上依靠着政府的大额补贴。

and for some countries, on human rights violations.

有些国家还必须靠 侵犯人权来从事公海捕鱼。

What this economic analysis reveals,

这项经济分析表明：

is that practically the entire high seas fishing proposition is misguided.

实际上整个公海渔业的 议题已经被误导了。

What sane government would subsidize an industry

有哪个正常的政府会去补贴

anchored in exploitation and fundamentally destructive?

一个发展停滞不前并且有 极大破坏性的产业呢？

And not so profitable, anyway.

更何况这个产业还不赚钱。

So, why don't we close all of the high seas to fishing?

那么，我们为什么不彻底 停止在公海上捕鱼呢？

Let's create a giant high seas reserve, two-thirds of the ocean.

让我们建立个巨大的公海保护区， 占整个海洋面积的2/3。

A modeling study from --

一个模型研究——

(Applause)

（掌声）

A modeling study from colleagues at UC Santa Barbara,

我在加州大学圣芭芭拉分校的 同事的模型研究显示：

suggests that such reserve would help migratory species like tuna

这样的保护区将会帮助 那些像金枪鱼一样的移居动物

recover in the high seas.

在公海中重获生机。

And part of that increased abundance would spill over into the countries' waters,

公海中的部分物种 也会流入各国所属的海域，

helping to replenish them.

补充那里的生物种类。

That would also increase the catch in these waters,

同时捕捞量也会增长，

and so would the profits,

利润也会随之增长，

because the cost of fishing would be lowered.

这是因为捕鱼成本降低了。

And the ecological benefits would be huge,

而生态方面的效益则是巨大的，

because these species of large predators, like tuna and sharks,

因为像金枪鱼和鲨鱼 这样的大型捕食者

are key to the health of the entire ecosystem.

是事关整个生态系统健康的关键。

Therefore, protecting the high seas

因此通过保护公海，

would have ecological, economic and social benefits.

我们将重获海洋的生态效益， 经济效益以及社会效益。

But the truth is that most fishing companies

但事实上，大部分捕捞公司

don't care about the environment.

并不关心环境问题。

But they would make more money by not fishing in the high seas.

但如果停止在公海捕鱼， 他们会赚更多的钱，

And this would not affect our ability to feed our growing population,

而且即使这样做，也足够 满足日益增长人口的需求。

because the high seas provide only five percent of the global marine catch,

因为公海捕捞的鱼 仅占全球海洋捕捞的5%，

because the high seas are not as productive as near-shore waters.

因为公海并不像近海水域那样多产。

And most of the catch of the high seas is sold as upscale food items,

大部分公海捕捞的鱼 都被做成了高端食品贩卖，

like tuna sashimi or shark fin soup.

比如金枪鱼生鱼片或鱼翅汤。

The high seas catch does not contribute to global food security.

这说明公海捕捞并不能为 全球食品保障出一份力。

So how are we going to do it?

那么我们该如何做呢？

How are we going to protect the high seas?

我们要怎样保护公海呢？

此时此刻，联合国的谈判人员正在

As we speak, negotiators at the United Nations

are beginning discussions on a new agreement to do just that.

开始就达成新的协议进行磋商。

But this cannot happen behind closed doors.

但这一些不能暗中进行。

This is our greatest opportunity.

这是一个最为重要的机遇，

And we all should ensure

所有人都应当确保

that our countries will support the protection of the high seas

我们的国家会支持公海保护，

and get rid of subsidies to industrial fishing.

并且停止对公海渔业的补贴。

In 2016, 24 countries and the European Union

2016年，24个国家和欧盟

agreed to protect the Ross Sea,

就共同保护罗斯海达成了一致。

the wildest places in Antarctica,

罗斯海是南极洲最广阔的一片海域，

full of wildlife like killer whales, leopard seals, penguins.

那里有很多野生动物， 如虎鲸，海豹，企鹅。

And this included fishing nations, like China, Japan, Spain, Russia.

这些国家中也包括了渔业国家， 比如中国，日本，西班牙，俄罗斯。

But they decided that protecting such a unique environment

他们认为保护这样一个稀有的环境，

would be worth more than exploiting it for relatively little benefit.

相比通过对其进行开发 来获取有限的利益是利大于弊的。

And this is exactly the type of cooperation

这种形式的合作

and willingness to set aside differences

以及将差异搁置一旁的意愿，

that we are going to need.

正是我们所需要的。

We can do it again.

我们可以再来一次。

If 20 years from now,

如果在20年后，

our children were to jump into any random spot in the ocean,

我们的孩子随机跳入大海的某个地方，

what would they see?

他们会看到什么？

A barren landscape, like much of our seas today,

是像现在我们所见到一片荒芜，

or an abundance of life, our legacy to the future?

还是我们留给他们的 一片生机勃勃的景象呢？

Thank you very much.

谢谢大家。

（掌声）

(Applause)

谢谢。

Thank you.

(Applause)

（掌声）