Let's turn the high seas into the world's largest nature reserve | Enric Sala

譯者: Lilian Chiu 審譯者: Yanyan Hong

If you were to jump into any random spot in the ocean,

如果你要跳入海洋中 一個隨機選擇的地點，

you would probably see something like this.

你可能會看到這樣的景象。

Empty of large animals.

沒有大型動物。

Because we have taken them out of the water

因為我們把牠們 從水中抓出來的速度

faster than they can reproduce.

比牠們的繁殖速度還快。

Today I want to propose a strategy to save ocean life,

今天我想要提出一項策略， 來拯救海洋生命，

and the solution has a lot to do with economics.

這項解決方案和經濟 有密切的相關性。

In 1999, a little place called Cabo Pulmo in Mexico

1999 年，墨西哥 一個叫普爾莫角的小地方

was an underwater desert.

是水底的沙漠。

The fishermen were so upset not having enough fish to catch

沒有魚可以捕，讓漁夫非常沮喪，

that they did something that no one expected.

他們做了一件沒人預期到的事。

Instead of spending more time at sea, trying to catch the few fish left,

他們沒有花更多時間在海上， 試著抓出所剩無幾的魚，

they stopped fishing completely.

他們反而完全停止捕魚。

They created a national park in the sea.

他們在海上建立了一個國家公園。

A no-take marine reserve.

一個不可捕魚的海洋保護區。

When we returned, 10 years later, this is what we saw.

十年後，我們再返回時， 看到了這樣的景象。

What had been an underwater barren

本來的水底荒漠，

was now a kaleidoscope of life and color.

現在成了生命和色彩的萬花筒。

We saw it back to pristine in only 10 years.

我們看到它在僅僅 十年間就回到原貌。

Including the return of the large predators,

連大型捕食動物都回來了，

like the groupers, the sharks, the jacks.

像是石斑魚、鯊魚、鰺科魚，

And those visionary fishermen

還有那些有遠見的漁夫。

are making much more money now, from tourism.

現在從觀光賺的錢更多了。

Now, when we can align economic needs with conservation,

當我們能讓經濟需求與保育配合，

miracles can happen.

奇蹟就會發生。

And we have seen similar recoveries all over the world.

在全世界，我們都看過 類似的恢復狀況。

I spent 20 years studying human impacts in the ocean.

我花了二十年研究 人類對海洋的影響。

But when I saw firsthand the regeneration of places like Cabo Pulmo,

但當我親眼看到 像普爾莫角這類地方的重生，

that gave me hope.

我找到了希望。

So I decided to quit my job as a university professor

所以我決定辭去大學教授的工作，

to dedicate my life to save more ocean places like this.

把我的人生投入拯救 更多像這樣的海洋地區。

In the last 10 years, our team at National Geographic Pristine Seas

在過去十年，我們的 「國家地理原始海洋」團隊

has explored, surveyed and documented

探索、調查，並記錄了

some of the wildest places left in the ocean

海洋中一些最野生的地方，

and worked with governments to protect them.

並和政府合作，來保護這些地方。

These are all now protected, covering a total area half the size of Canada.

這些現在都受到保護了，

加起來的總面積 有半個加拿大這麼大。

(Applause)

（掌聲）

These places are the Yellowstones and the Serengetis of the sea.

這些地方是海洋的 黃石公園和塞倫蓋提。

These are places where you jump in the water

在這些地方，當你跳入水中，

and are immediately surrounded by sharks.

就會馬上被鯊魚圍繞。

(Laughter)

（笑聲）

And this is good,

這是好現象，

because the sharks are a good indicator of the health of the ecosystem.

因為鯊魚是很好的指標， 表示生態系統很健康。

These places are time machines

這些地方是時光機，

that take us to the ocean of 1,000 years ago.

帶我們回到一千年前的海洋。

But they also show us what the future ocean could be like.

但它們也讓我們看到， 未來的海洋可能是什麼樣子。

Because the ocean has extraordinary regenerative power,

因為海洋有超凡的新生力，

we have seen great recovery in just a few years.

短短幾年我們就已經 看到了了不起的恢復狀況。

We just need to protect many more places at risk

我們得要保護更多 面臨風險的地方，

so they can become wild and full of life again.

讓它們能回復野生，再次充滿生命。

But today, only two percent of the ocean

但，現今只有 2% 的海洋

is fully protected from fishing and other activities.

能得到完整的保護， 不受捕魚和其他活動影響。

And that's not enough.

那並不足夠。

Studies suggest that we need at least 30 percent of the ocean under protection

研究指出，我們至少 要有 30% 的海洋受到保護，

not just to save marine life, but to save us, too.

這樣不僅能拯救海洋生命， 也能拯救我們。

Because the ocean gives us more than half of the oxygen we breathe, food,

因為我們呼吸的氧氣和食物 有一半以上都來自海洋，

it absorbs much of the carbon pollution

海洋吸收了大氣中大量

that we throw in the atmosphere.

由我們造製的碳污染。

We need a healthy ocean to survive.

要有健康的海洋，我們才能生存。

Now, is there a way to accelerate ocean protection?

有什麼方式可以加速海洋保護嗎？

I think so.

我認為有。

And it involves us looking at the high seas.

這個方法需要我們去研究公海。

Now, what are the high seas?

什麼是公海？

Now coastal countries have authority over 200 nautical miles from shore.

沿岸國家擁有海岸起算 兩百海浬範圍內的主權。

Everything beyond those areas are called the high seas.

在那之外的區域就叫做公海。

In dark blue on this map.

在這張地圖上用深藍色標示。

No country owns the high seas,

公海不屬於任何國家，

no country is responsible for them,

也沒有任何國家要為公海負責，

but they all are, so it's a little like the Wild West.

但公海有一點像是蠻荒的美國西部。

And there are two main types of fishing in the high seas.

在公海，有兩種主要的捕魚方式。

At the bottom and near the surface.

在海底和在海面。

Bottom trawling is the most destructive practice in the world.

海底拖網捕魚是世界上 最具破壞性的做法。

Super trawlers, the largest fishing vessels in the ocean,

超級拖網漁船是 海上最大的捕魚船，

have nets so large that they can hold a dozen 747 jets.

它的魚網大到可以網住 12 台 747 噴射機。

These huge nets destroy everything in their paths --

這些大型魚網會把它們 經過的地方都摧毀——

including deep corals that grow on sea mounds,

包括長在海底山上的深海珊瑚，

which can be thousands of years old.

有些已經好幾千歲。

And fishing near the surface targets mostly species

海面的捕魚，目標是在公海

that migrate between the high seas and country's waters,

和國家領海之間遷徒的物種，

like tuna and sharks.

比如鮪魚和鯊魚。

And many of these species are threatened because of too much fishing

這些物種當中有許多 都因為過度捕撈和不良管理

and bad management.

而受到威脅。

Now, who fishes in the high seas?

那麼誰會在公海捕魚？

Until now, it was difficult to know exactly,

到目前為止，都很難明確知道，

because countries have been very secretive

因為國家對於遠洋捕魚

about the long-distance fishing.

都是保密到家。

But now, satellite technology allows us to track individual boats.

但現在，衛星技術 讓我們能夠追蹤個別船隻。

This is a game-changer.

這改變了遊戲規則。

And this is the first time

這是第一次，

we are presenting the data that you are going to see.

我們把接下來各位 將會看到的資料公開呈現。

I'm going to show you the tracks of two boats

我等下要讓各位看的是，

over the course of a year,

在一年間兩艘船的軌跡，

using a satellite automated identification system.

用的是衛星自動化辨識系統。

This is a long-liner, fishing around the southern coast of Africa.

這是一艘延繩漁船， 沿著非洲南海岸捕魚。

After a few months fishing there, the boat goes to Japan to resupply,

在那裡捕魚了幾個月之後， 這艘船到日本去做再補給，

and shortly after, here it is, fishing around Madagascar.

沒多久，在這裡， 到馬達加斯加捕魚。

This is a Russian trawler fishing, probably, for cod,

這是一艘俄國拖網漁船， 可能是在捕鱈魚，

in Russian waters,

這是俄國水域，

and then across the high seas of the north Atlantic.

接著橫越了北大西洋的公海。

Thanks to Global Fishing Watch,

有了 Global Fishing Watch， （全球捕魚監看網站）

we have been able to track over 3,600 boats

我們能夠追蹤來自 超過 20 個不同國家，

from more than 20 countries, fishing in the high seas.

在公海上捕魚的至少 3600 艘船。

They use satellite positioning and machine-learning technology

他們用衛星定位及機器學習技術，

to automatically identify if a boat is just sailing or fishing,

自動辨識出一艘船 是在航行或是在捕魚，

which are the white spots here.

就是這裡的白點。

So with an international group of colleagues,

所以，我們和同事決定組成

we decided to investigate

一個國際團體，來調查

not only who fishes in the high seas, but who benefits from it.

誰在公海上捕魚，以及誰從中獲益。

My colleague, Juan Mayorga,

我的同事，華安馬尤勒加，

at the University of California, Santa Barbara,

來自聖塔芭芭拉的加州大學，

has produced detailed maps of fishing effort,

針對捕魚耗資做出了細節地圖，

which means how much time and fuel is spent fishing

耗資指的是花在海洋中 每一個像素內捕魚

in every pixel in the ocean.

所花的時間和燃料。

We have a map for every country.

每個國家，我們都有一張地圖。

China, Taiwan, Japan, Korea and Spain alone

光是中國、台灣、日本、 韓國，和西班牙，

account for almost 80 percent of the fishing in the high seas.

就幾乎佔了公海捕魚的 80%。

When we put all of the countries together,

當我們把所有這些國家加在一起，

this is what we get.

就得到這個。

Because we know the identity of every boat in the database,

因為我們知道資料庫中 每一艘船的身份，

we know its size, its tonnage, the power of its engines,

我們就能知道它的大小、 噸位、引擎馬力、

how many crew are on board.

有多少船員。

With this information, we can calculate fuel costs, labor costs, etc.

有這些資訊，我們就能計算出 燃料成本、勞力成本等等。

So for the first time,

所以，第一次，

we have been able to map the costs of fishing in the high seas.

我們得以在地圖上繪製出 公海的捕魚成本。

The darker the red, the higher the costs.

紅色越深，表示成本越高。

Thanks to our colleagues at the University of British Columbia,

有賴我們在英屬 哥倫比亞大學的同事，

we know how much every country is actually fishing.

我們知道每個國家的實際捕魚量。

And we know the price of the fish as it comes off the vessel.

我們也知道當魚獲 離開船的時候的價格。

Combined with the data on effort,

和耗資的資料結合，

we have been able to map the revenue of fishing the high seas.

我們就能夠在地圖上繪製出 在公海捕魚的收入。

The darker the blue, the higher the revenue.

越深的藍色，表示越高的收入。

We have costs, and we have revenue.

我們有成本，我們有收入。

So for the first time,

所以，第一次，

we have been able to map the profitability of fishing in the high seas.

我們能夠在地圖上繪製出 在公海上捕魚的利潤。

Now I'm going to show you a map.

現在我要展示一張地圖。

Red colors mean we are losing money by fishing in that part of the ocean.

紅色表示在海洋的那個區域 捕魚是會損失錢的。

Blue colors mean it's profitable.

藍色表示是有利可圖。

Here it is.

就是這張圖。

It seems mostly profitable.

似乎大多有利可圖。

But there are two more factors we have to take into account.

但我們還需要考量兩個因子。

First, recent investigations reveal

第一，近期的調查顯示，

the use of forced labor, or slave labor,

在公海捕魚時， 有人會使用強迫的勞工

in high seas fishing.

或是奴隸勞工。

Companies use it to cut costs, to generate profits.

公司用這些人 來縮減成本，產生利潤。

And second, every year, governments subsidize high seas fishing

第二，每年政府會補助公海捕魚，

with more than four billion dollars.

金額超過 40 億美元。

Let's go back to the map of profits.

我們再回來看利潤地圖。

If we assume fair wages,

如果我們假設薪資是公平的，

which means not slave labor,

也就是說沒有奴隸勞工，

and we remove the subsidies from our calculation,

且我們在計算時把補助給排除，

the map turns into this.

地圖就會變成這樣。

Fishing is truly profitable in only half of the high seas fishing grounds.

只有在一半的公海上， 捕魚才是有利可圖的。

In fact, on aggregate,

事實上，從總計來看，

subsidies are four times larger than the profits.

補助是利潤的四倍之多。

So we have five countries doing most of the fishing in the high seas

所以有五個國家 大部分的捕魚都在公海進行，

and the economics are dependent on huge government subsidies,

而經濟方面則大量依賴政府補助，

and for some countries, on human rights violations.

有些國家，則是依賴 違反人權的方式。

What this economic analysis reveals,

這項經濟分析揭示出一個狀況，

is that practically the entire high seas fishing proposition is misguided.

實際上整個公海補魚的 主張就已經被誤導了。

What sane government would subsidize an industry

神智清楚的政府怎麼會 去補助一個產業，

anchored in exploitation and fundamentally destructive?

如果這個產業靠的是剝削， 且從根本上就是具有摧毀性的？

And not so profitable, anyway.

而且還不是很能獲利。

So, why don't we close all of the high seas to fishing?

所以，為什麼我們不停止 所有的公海捕魚？

Let's create a giant high seas reserve, two-thirds of the ocean.

我們來建立一個巨大海洋保護區， 佔海洋比例的三分之二。

A modeling study from --

一篇建模的研究——

(Applause)

（掌聲）

A modeling study from colleagues at UC Santa Barbara,

聖塔芭芭拉加州大學的同事 有一篇建模的研究，

suggests that such reserve would help migratory species like tuna

指出這類保護區能夠協助 遷徒型物種，比如鮪魚，

recover in the high seas.

在公海中恢復原來的狀況。

And part of that increased abundance would spill over into the countries' waters,

這些物種夠豐足之後， 有一部分就會進入到國家的領海，

helping to replenish them.

協助補充領海的生物。

That would also increase the catch in these waters,

那就會增加在這些領海的漁獲量，

and so would the profits,

利潤跟著提升，

because the cost of fishing would be lowered.

因為捕魚的成本會下降。

And the ecological benefits would be huge,

經濟的利益會很大，

because these species of large predators, like tuna and sharks,

因為這些大型捕食動物， 比如鮪魚和鯊魚，

are key to the health of the entire ecosystem.

是整個生態系統健康的關鍵。

Therefore, protecting the high seas

因此，保護公海

would have ecological, economic and social benefits.

會帶來生態、經濟， 以及社會的益處。

But the truth is that most fishing companies

但真相是大部分的捕魚公司

don't care about the environment.

都不在乎環境。

But they would make more money by not fishing in the high seas.

但如果不在公海捕魚， 他們會賺更多錢。

And this would not affect our ability to feed our growing population,

這不會影響到我們供應 食物給不斷成長的人口，

because the high seas provide only five percent of the global marine catch,

因為全球海洋的漁獲， 只有 5% 是來自公海，

because the high seas are not as productive as near-shore waters.

因為公海不像近海水域 那麼有生產力。

And most of the catch of the high seas is sold as upscale food items,

在公海上大部分的漁獲都是 以高檔商品的定位來銷售，

like tuna sashimi or shark fin soup.

比如鮪魚生魚片或是魚翅湯。

The high seas catch does not contribute to global food security.

公海漁獲對於全球的糧食保障 並沒有什麼貢獻。

So how are we going to do it?

那麼，我們要如何做？

How are we going to protect the high seas?

我們要如何保護公海？

As we speak, negotiators at the United Nations

就在這個時候，聯合國的談判專家

are beginning discussions on a new agreement to do just that.

已經開始討論關於 保護公海的新協議。

But this cannot happen behind closed doors.

但關起門來是不可能讓它實現的。

This is our greatest opportunity.

這是我們最大的機會。

And we all should ensure

我們都應該要確保

that our countries will support the protection of the high seas

我們的國家會支持對公海的保護，

and get rid of subsidies to industrial fishing.

不要再對工業捕魚提供補助。

In 2016, 24 countries and the European Union

2016 年，24 個國家以及歐盟

agreed to protect the Ross Sea,

同意要保護羅斯海，

the wildest places in Antarctica,

那是南極洲最野生的地方，

full of wildlife like killer whales, leopard seals, penguins.

充滿了野生動物， 像是逆戟鯨、豹海豹、企鵝。

And this included fishing nations, like China, Japan, Spain, Russia.

這些國家還包含了捕魚國家， 如中國、日本、西班牙、俄國。

But they decided that protecting such a unique environment

但他們會決定要保護 這麼獨特的環境，

would be worth more than exploiting it for relatively little benefit.

是因為保護它的價值更高， 不需為了相對少的利益來利用它。

And this is exactly the type of cooperation

就是要靠這種合作和意願，

and willingness to set aside differences

來排除歧見，

that we are going to need.

這才是我們會需要的。

We can do it again.

我們可以再做一次。

If 20 years from now,

如果 20 年之後，

our children were to jump into any random spot in the ocean,

我們的孩子要跳入海洋中 一個隨機選擇的地點，

what would they see?

他們會看到什麼？

A barren landscape, like much of our seas today,

貧瘠的地景， 就像現在大部分的海洋？

or an abundance of life, our legacy to the future?

或是充滿生命的景象， 我們留給未來的遺產？

Thank you very much.

非常謝謝。

(Applause)

（掌聲）

Thank you.

謝謝。

(Applause)

（掌聲）