George Whitesides: A lab the size of a postage stamp

Prevodilac: Isidora Bacic Lektor: Sandra Gojic

The problem I want to talk with you about is really the problem of:

Problem o kome želim da vam pričam

jeste zapravo problem

How does one supply health care in a world in which cost is everything?

kako pružiti zdravstvenu negu

u svetu u kome je cena najvažnija.

How do you do that?

Kako to učiniti?

And the basic paradigm we want to suggest to you,

A osnovna paradigma koju želim da vam predložim,

I want to suggest to you,

koju ja želim da vam predložim,

is one in which you say that in order to treat disease,

jeste ona da ako želite

da lečite neku bolest morate prvo da znate šta lečite -

you have to first know what you're treating, that's diagnostics,

to je dijagnostika - a onda morate nešto da učinite.

and then you have to do something.

The program we're involved in is something we call "Diagnostics for All,"

Tako da je program u koji smo uključeni nešto što nazivamo

dijagnostika za sve ili dijagnostika koja ne košta ništa.

or "zero-cost diagnostics."

How do you provide medically relevant information

Kako pružiti medicinski relevantnu informaciju

at as close as possible to zero cost?

skoro besplatno?

How do you do it?

Kako to učniti?

Let me just give you two examples.

Navešću vam dva primera.

The rigors of military medicine are not so dissimilar from the third world:

Poteškoće vojne medicine

se ne razlikuju mnogo od trećeg sveta -

poor resources, a rigorous environment -- a series of problems --

slabi resursi, surovo okruženje,

niz problema zbog težine i takve vrste stvari.

light weight and things of this kind.

And also they're not so different from the home health care

I takođe ne toliko različit od zdravstvene nege u domu

and diagnostic system world.

i sveta dijagnostičkog sistema.

So, the technology I want to talk about is for the third world,

I zato je tehnologija o kojoj želim da vam pričam

za treći svet, za zemlje u razvoju,

for the developing world,

but it has, I think, much broader application,

ali ima, mislim, mnogo širu primenu,

because information is so important in the health care system.

jer su informacije veoma važne u sistemu zdravstvene nege.

So you see two examples here.

I tako vidite dva primera ovde.

One is a lab that is actually a fairly high-end laboratory in Africa.

Jedan je zapravo relativno napredna laboratorija u Africi.

The second is basically an entrepreneur who is set up and doing who-knows-what

Drugi je u suštini preduzetnik

koji je postavio stvari i radi ko zna šta na pijačnoj tezgi.

at a table in a market.

I don't know what kind of health care is delivered there.

Ne znam koja se vrsta zdravstvene nege ovde pruža.

But it's not really what is probably most efficient.

Ali nije baš ono što je verovatno najefikasnije.

What is our approach?

Koji je naš pristup?

The way in which one typically approaches a problem of lowering cost,

I način na koji se obično pristupa

problemu smanjenja cene,

starting from the perspective of the United States,

posmatrajući stvari iz perspektive Sjedinjenih Država,

is to take our solution,

jeste da se uzme naše rešenje,

and then try to cut cost out of it.

a onda pokuša da se smanji cena.

Bez obzira kako to učinite

No matter how you do that,

you're not going to start with a $100,000 instrument

nećete početi sa instrumentom od 100.000 dolara i učiniti ga besplatnim.

and bring it down to no cost.

To neće moći.

It isn't going to work.

So the approach we took was the other way around, to ask:

I zato smo mi pristupili obrnuto.

What is the cheapest possible stuff

Zapitali smo se: "Od čega bi se najjefitinije

mogao napraviti dijagnostički sistem,

that you could make a diagnostic system out of,

and get useful information and add function?

za dobijanje korisnih informacija, dodavanje funkcija?"

And what we've chosen is paper.

I odabrali smo papir.

What you see here is a prototypic device.

Ovo je prototipski uređaj.

It's about a centimeter on the side.

On je oko jednog centimetra sa jedne strane.

It's about the size of a fingernail.

I veličine je nokta.

The lines around the edges are a polymer.

Linije oko ivice su polimer.

It's made of paper.

Napravljen je od papira, a papir naravno sprovodi tečnost.

And paper, of course, wicks fluid, as you know, paper, cloth --

Kao što znate, papir, tkanina, ako prospete vino po stolnjaku,

drop wine on the tablecloth,

and the wine wicks all over everything.

vino svuda prodire.

Put it on your shirt, it ruins the shirt.

Ako ga prospete na košulju, uništiće je.

That's what a hydrophilic surface does.

To radi hidrofilna površina.

So in this device, the idea is that you drip the bottom end of it

Zato, kod ovog uređaja ideja jeste da kapnete

na donjem kraju, kapljicu

in a drop of, in this case, urine.

u ovom slučaju, urina.

The fluid wicks its way into those chambers at the top.

Tečnost prodire do onih komora na vrhu.

The brown color indicates the amount of glucose in the urine,

Smeđa boja pokazuje količinu glukoze u urinu.

the blue color indicates the amount of protein in the urine.

Plava boja pokazuje količinu proteina u urinu.

A kombinacija ove dve,

And the combination of those two is a first-order shot

je prvi u nizu pokušaja dobijanja

at a number of useful things that you want.

onih korisnih stvari koje želite.

So, this is an example of a device made from a simple piece of paper.

Znači, ovo je primer uređaja od jednostavnog komada papira.

Now, how simple can you make the production?

Koliko jednostavna može biti proizvodnja?

Why do we choose paper?

Zašto smo odabrali papir?

There's an example of the same thing on a finger,

Evo primera iste stvari, na prstu

showing you basically what it looks like.

koja vam pokazuje u suštini kako izgleda.

One reason for using paper is that it's everywhere.

Jedan razlog za upotrebu papira jeste da ga ima svuda.

We have made these kinds of devices using napkins and toilet paper

Napravili smo ove vrste uređaja koristeći

salvete i toalet papir

and wraps, and all kinds of stuff.

i papir za uvijanje, razne vrste stvari.

So the production capability is there.

Znači proizvodni kapacitet postoji.

The second is, you can put lots and lots of tests in a very small place.

Drugo, možete staviti zaista mnogo

testova na veoma mali prostor.

I'll show you in a moment that the stack of paper there

Pokazaću vam za trenutak kako bi ona gomila papira tamo

would probably hold something like 100,000 tests,

mogla da sadrži nekih

100.000 testova, nešto tako.

something of that kind.

And then finally, a point you don't think of so much

I na kraju, nešto o čemu ne mislimo toliko

in developed world medicine:

u medicini razvijenog sveta,

it eliminates sharps.

ovo ukida potrebu za oštrim predmetima.

And what sharps means is needles, things that stick.

A pod time podrazumevam igle, stvari koje bodu.

If you've taken a sample of someone's blood

Ako ste uzeli uzorak nečije krvi,

and the someone might have hepatitis C,

a taj neko možda ima hepatitis C,

you don't want to make a mistake and stick it in you.

ne želite da napravite grešku i da se ubodete time.

You don't want to do that.

To zaista ne želite.

So how do you dispose of that?

I kako onda to ukloniti? To je svuda problem.

It's a problem everywhere, and here, you simply burn it.

Ovde ga jednostavno spalite.

So it's a sort of a practical approach to starting on things.

To je neka vrsta praktičnog pristupa

započinjanju stvari.

Now, you say, "If paper is a good idea,

Možda mislite, ako je papir tako dobra ideja,

other people have surely thought of it."

sigurno bi ga se neko već setio.

And the answer is, of course, yes.

I odgovor je, naravno, jeste.

Those half of you, roughly, who are women,

Polovina vas, otprilike,

koje su žene,

at some point may have had a pregnancy test.

u nekom trenutku ste možda obavile test trudnoće.

And the most common of these is in a device

A najćešći od ovih jeste

u uređaju koji izgleda kao ovo s leva.

that looks like the thing on the left.

It's something called a lateral-flow immunoassay.

To je nešto što se naziva imunološka analiza uz pomoć bočnog toka

In that particular test,

I u tom konkretnom testu

urine, either containing a hormone called hCG,

urin, koji sadrži ili ne, hormon HCG,

teče preko parčeta papira.

does or does not flow across a piece of paper.

And there are two bars; one bar indicates that the test is working,

I postoje dve crte. Jedna crta pokazuje da test radi.

and if the second bar shows up, you're pregnant.

I ako se druga pojavi, znači da ste trudni.

This is a terrific kind of test in a binary world,

To je izvrstan test za binarni svet.

and the nice thing about pregnancy is either you are pregnant

I lepa stvar kod trudnoće

jeste da ste trudni ili niste.

or you're not pregnant;

you're not partially pregnant or thinking about being pregnant

Ne možete bili pomalo trudni ili razmišljati o tome da budete trudni

or something of that sort.

ili nešto tog tipa.

I zato ovde dobro funkcioniše.

So it works very well there, but it doesn't work very well

Ali ne radi tako dobro kada su vam potrebne kvantitativnije informacije.

when you need more quantitative information.

There are also dipsticks,

Takođe postoje gradirani merači.

but if you look at the dipsticks,

Ali ako ih pogledate, oni služe

they're for another kind of urine analysis.

za drugu vrstu analize urina.

There are an awful lot of colors and things like that.

Postoji jako mnogo boja i takvih stvari.

What do you actually do about that in a difficult circumstance?

Šta zapravo možete da učinite u vezi s tim u teškim okolnostima?

So the approach we started with is to ask:

I tako pristup sa kojim smo počeli, jeste da pitamo

Is it really practical to make things of this sort?

da li je zaista praktično praviti ovakvu vrstu stvari?

And that problem is now, in a purely engineering way, solved.

I taj problem je sada, iz čisto inženjerskog ugla, rešen.

And the procedure that we have is simply to start with paper.

I procedura koju imamo jeste da se jednostavno počne sa papirom.

You run it through a new kind of printer called a wax printer.

Provučete ga kroz novu vrstu štampača koji se zove voštani štampač.

The wax printer does what looks like printing.

Voštani štampač radi nešto što izgleda kao štampanje.

It is printing.

To jeste štampanje. Stavite to, malo ga zagrejete.

You put that on, you warm it a little bit,

the wax prints through, so it absorbs into the paper,

Vosak prodire pa se apsorbuje u papir.

and you end up with the device you want.

I dobijete uređaj koji želite.

Štampači sada koštaju 800 dolara.

The printers cost 800 bucks now.

We estimate that if you were to run them 24 hours a day,

Oni prave, mi procenjujemo ako ga koristite 24 sata dnevno

nekih 10 miliona testova godišnje.

they'd make about 10 million tests a year.

So it's a solved problem. That particular problem is solved.

Problem rešen. Ovaj konkretan problem je rešen.

And there is an example of the kind of thing that you see.

I postoji primer vrste stvari koju vidite.

To je samo na parčetu papira 8 sa 12.

That's on a piece of 8 by 12 paper.

That takes about two seconds to make.

Za koji je potrebno dve sekunde da se napravi.

And so I regard that as done.

I ovo smatram završenim.

Postoji jako važno pitanje ovde,

There's a very important issue here,

which is that because it's a printer, a color printer, it prints colors.

a to je da zato što je to štampač,

zapravo štampač u boji, on štampa boje.

That's what color printers do.

To je ono što štampači u boji rade.

I'll show you in a moment, that's actually quite useful.

Pokazaću vam sada, da je zapravo veoma koristan.

Now, the next question that you would like to ask is:

Sada, sledeće pitanje koje želite da postavite

What would you like to measure? What would you like to analyze?

je šta želite da merite?

Šta želite da analizirate?

And the thing you'd most like to analyze, we're a fair distance from.

I ono što najviše želite da analizirate,

jeste nešto od čega smo dosta udaljeni.

It's what's called "fever of undiagnosed origin."

To je nešto što se naziva

"groznica čija dijagnoza nije postavljena."

Someone comes into the clinic, they have a fever, they feel bad.

Neko dođe u kliniku,

ima groznicu, loše se oseća, šta mu je?

What do they have?

Da li ima tuberkulozu? Da li ima SIDU?

Do they have TB? Do they have AIDS? Do they have a common cold?

Da li ima prehladu?

The triage problem.

To je problem klasifikacije bolesti.

That's a hard problem for reasons I won't go through.

To je ozbiljan problem iz razloga u koje neću ulaziti.

There are an awful lot of things that you'd like to distinguish among.

Ima jako mnogo stvari između kojih biste želeli da napravite razliku.

But then there are a series of things --

Ali postoji i niz stvari,

SIDA, hepatitis, malarija,

AIDS, hepatitis, malaria, TB, others --

TB, i druge.

and simpler ones, such as guidance of treatment.

I jednostavnije poput usmeravanja lečenja.

Now, even that's more complicated than you think.

Čak je i to komplikovanije nego što mislite.

A friend of mine works in transcultural psychiatry,

Jedan moj prijatelj se bavi transkulturnom psihijatrijom.

and he is interested in the question

I njega zanima pitanje

of why people do and don't take their meds.

zašto ljudi uzimaju ili ne uzimaju svoje lekove.

So Dapsone, or something like that, you have to take for a while.

I tako, Dapsone, ili nešto slično,

morate da ga uzimate neko vreme.

He has a wonderful story of talking to a villager in India

Postoji divna priča o razgovoru sa jednim seljakom u Indiji.

and saying,

Pita ga: "Da li ste uzeli vaš Dapsone?" "Da."

"Have you taken your Dapsone?" "Yes."

"Have you taken it every day?" "Yes."

"Da li se ga uzimali svakog dana?" "Da."

"Have you taken if for a month?" "Yes."

"Da li ste ga uzimali mesec dana?" "Da."

What the guy actually meant

Ono što je čovek zapravo mislio

was that he'd fed a 30-day dose of Dapsone to his dog that morning.

jeste da je dao dozu od 30 dana Dapsona

svom psu, toga jutra.

(Laughter)

(Smeh)

And he was telling the truth, because in a different culture,

On je govorio istinu.

Jer u drugoj kulturi,

the dog is a surrogate for you;

pas je zamena za vas,

"today," "this month," "since the rainy season" --

znate, "danas", "ovog meseca", "od kišne sezone",

there are lots of opportunities for misunderstanding.

postoji puno prilika za nesporazum.

(Laughter)

And so an issue here is to, in some cases, figure out

I zato je pitanje ovde

da se u nekim slučajevima smisli

how to deal with matters that seem uninteresting, like compliance.

kako da se reše pitanja koja se možda čine nezanimljivim,

poput poštovanja terapije.

Now, take a look at what a typical test looks like.

Pogledajte kako izgleda tipični test.

Prick a finger, you get some blood -- about 50 microliters.

Ubodite prst, dobijete nešto krvi,

oko 50 mikrolitara.

That's about all you're going to get,

To je sve što ćete dobiti.

because you can't use the usual sort of systems.

Pošto ne možete koristiti uobičajene sisteme.

You can't manipulate it very well;

Ne možete lako ovim rukovati,

I'll show something about that in a moment.

mada ću vam pokazati nešto u vezi s time malo kasnije.

So you take the drop of blood, no further manipulations,

I tako uzmete kap krvi, nema daljeg rukovanja.

you put it on a little device,

Stavite je na mali uređaj.

the device filters out the blood cells, lets the serum go through,

Uređaj filtrira napolje ćelije krvi, pušta serum da prođe,

and you get a series of colors down in the bottom there.

i dobijete niz boja

tamo dole na dnu.

And the colors indicate "disease" or "normal."

I boje pokazuju bolest ili normalno stanje.

But even that's complicated,

Ali čak je to komplikovano.

because to me, colors might indicate "normal,"

Jer vama i meni, boje mogu pokazivati normalno stanje.

but after all, we're all suffering from probably an excess of education.

Ali ipak mi svi patimo

od verovatno viška obrazovanja.

What do you do about something which requires quantitative analysis?

Šta raditi sa nečim što zahteva

kvantitativnu analizu?

And so the solution that we and many other people

I tako je rešenje o kome mi i mnogi drugi ljudi

are thinking about there,

razmišljamo za to,

and at this point, there is a dramatic flourish,

i sada postoji dramatični razvoj,

and out comes the universal solution to everything these days,

i pojavljuje se univerzalno rešenje za sve ovih dana, a to je mobilni telefon.

which is a cell phone --

U ovom konkretnom slučaju telefon sa fotoaparatom.

in this particular case, a camera phone.

They're everywhere -- six billion a month in India.

Oni su svuda prisutni, šest miliona mesečno, u Indiji.

And the idea is that what one does is to take the device,

I ideja jeste da je potrebno uraditi sledeće,

uzmete uređaj.

you dip it, you develop the color,

Uronite ga. Razvijete boju.

you take a picture, the picture goes to a central laboratory.

Slikate ga. Slika se šalje u centralnu laboratoriju.

You don't have to send out a doctor,

Ne morate da šaljete doktora.

you send out somebody who can just take the sample,

Samo pošaljete nekoga da uzme uzorak.

and in the clinic either a doctor, or ideally, a computer in this case,

A u klinici doktor ili idealno kompjuter

does the analysis.

u ovom slučaju, izvrši analizu.

Turns out to work actually quite well,

Izgleda da radi zapravo dosta dobro,

particularly when your color printer has printed the color bars

naročito kada je vaš štampač u boji odštampao crte u boji

that indicate how things work.

koje pokazuju kako stvari rade.

So my view of the health care worker of the future

I zato po meni zdravstveni radnik budućnosti

nije lekar,

is not a doctor, but an 18-year-old,

već osamnaestogodišnjak, inače nezaposlen koji ima dve stvari.

otherwise unemployed, who has two things:

a backpack full of these tests and a lancet

Ima ranac pun ovih testova,

i lancetu za povremeno uzimanje uzorka krvi,

to occasionally take a blood sample,

and an AK-47.

i kalašnjikov.

And these are the things that get him through his day.

I ove stvari će mu pomoći da preživi dan.

(Laughter)

There's another very interesting connection here,

I tu postoji još jedna veoma zanimljiva veza.

and that is, that what one wants to do is pass through useful information

A to je da ono što želimo da uradimo

jeste da prosledimo korisne informacije

over what is generally a pretty awful telephone system.

putem inače generalno užasnog telefonskog sistema.

It turns out there's an enormous amount of information

Ispostavilo se da postoji ogromna količina informacija

already available on that subject, which is the Mars Rover problem.

već dostupna na tu temu, a to je problem sa pretraživačem Marsa.

How do you get back an accurate view of the color on Mars

Kako dobiti tačan izgled boje na Marsu,

if you have a really terrible bandwidth to do it with?

ako za to imate stvarno užasni opseg?

And the answer is not complicated,

A odgovor nije komplikovan

but it's one which I don't want to go through here,

ali o tome ne želim ovde da razgovaram,

osim da kažem da su komunikacioni sistemi

other than to say that the communication systems for doing this

za ovo zaista dosta dobro shvaćeni.

are really pretty well understood.

Also, a fact which you may not know

Takođe, činjenica koju možda ne znate,

is that the compute capability of this thing is not so different

jeste da se računarska mogućnost ove stvari

ne razlikuje mnogo od računarske mogućnosti

from the compute capability of your desktop computer.

vašeg desktop kompjutera.

This is a fantastic device which is only beginning to be tapped.

Ovo je fantastičan uređaj čije mogućnosti tek sada počinju da se koriste.

I don't know whether the idea of one computer, one child

Nisam siguran da li ideja jednog kompjutera za svako dete ima smisla.

makes any sense.

Ovo je kompjuter budućnosti.

Here's the computer of the future,

because this screen is already there and they're ubiquitous.

Pošto je ekran već tu i ima ih svuda.

All right, let me show you just a little bit about advanced devices.

A sada ću vam govoriti nešto o naprednijim uređajima.

I počeću tako što ću vam postaviti mali zadatak.

And we'll start by posing a little problem.

What you see here is another centimeter-sized device,

Ovde vidite još jedan uređaj veličine nekoliko centimetra.

and the different colors are different colors of dye.

A različite boje su različite boje farbe.

And you notice something

A primetićete nešto što će vam se možda učiniti

which might strike you as a little bit interesting,

donekle zanimljivim,

which is, the yellow seems to disappear,

a to je da izgleda kao da se žuta gubi,

get through the blue, and then get through the red.

prelazi kroz plavu, a onda u crvenu.

How does that happen?

Kako se to događa?

How do you make something flow through something?

Kako učiniti da nešto teče kroz nešto drugo?

I, odgovor je naravno: "Ne možete."

And, of course the answer is, "You don't."

Učinite da teče ispod i preko.

You make it flow under and over.

Ali pitanje je sada, kako ga naterati da teče

But now the question is:

How do you make it flow under and over in a piece of paper?

ispod i preko na parčetu papira?

The answer is that what you do --

A odgovor je da uradite nešto,

and the details are not terribly important here --

a detalji nisu preterano važni ovde,

is to make something more elaborate:

što će ga učiniti složenijim,

You take several different layers of paper,

uzmete nekoliko različitih slojeva papira,

each one containing its own little fluid system,

od kojih svaki sadrži sopstveni mali tečni sistem,

and you separate them by pieces of, literally, double-sided carpet tape,

i onda ih razdvojite delovima,

bukvalno, obostrane debele trake,

the stuff you use to stick the carpets onto the floor.

koja se koristi za lepljenje tepiha za pod.

And the fluid will flow from one layer into the next.

I tečnost će teći sa jednog sloja na sledeći.

It distributes itself, flows through further holes,

Distribuira se, teče dalje kroz rupe, distribuira se.

distributes itself.

And what you see, at the lower right-hand side there,

A ovo što vidite u donjem desnom uglu ovde

is a sample in which a single sample of blood has been put on the top,

jeste uzorak u kome je jedan jedini uzorak krvi stavljen na vrh,

and it has gone through and distributed itself

I on je prošao i rasporedio se

into these 16 holes on the bottom,

u ovih 16 rupa na dnu,

in a piece of paper -- basically, it looks like a chip,

na parčetu papira, u suštini izgleda kao čip,

debljine dva parčeta papira.

two pieces of paper thick.

And in this particular case,

I u ovom konkretnom slučaju nas je samo zanimala

we were just interested in the replicability of that.

ponovljivost toga.

But that is, in principle, the way you solve

Ali to je, u principu, način na koji rešavate

the "fever of unexplained origin" problem,

problem "groznice neobjašnjenog porekla."

because each one of those spots then becomes a test

Jer svaka od ovih tački onda postaje

test za određenu grupu markera

for a particular set of markers of disease,

bolesti.

and this will work in due course.

I to će raditi nakon određenog vremena.

Here is an example of a slightly more complicated device.

A ovo je primer malo složenijeg uređaja.

There's the chip.

Ovo je čip.

You dip in a corner.

Potopite jedan ugao. Tečnost ode u centar.

The fluid goes into the center.

It distributes itself out into these various wells or holes

Sama se raspoređuje u ove razne

otvore ili rupe, i menja boju.

and turns color,

all done with paper and carpet tape.

I sve se radi pomoću papira i trake za tepih.

So it's, I think, as low-cost

Zato, mislim da je ovo najjeftinije

as we're likely to be able to come up and make things.

što ćemo moći da smislimo i napravimo.

Now, I have two last little stories to tell you

Sada, imam jednu poslednju, zapravo dve priče

da vam ispričam, na kraju ovoga.

in finishing off this business.

This is one:

Ovo je jedna.

One of the things you occasionally need to do

Ponekada je potrebno da se odvoje ćelije krvi iz seruma.

is separate blood cells from serum.

And the question was,

A pitanje je,

here we do it by taking a sample,

ovde to radimo uzimajući uzorak.

we put it in a centrifuge, we spin it,

Onda ga stavljamo u centrifugu.

Rotiramo ga i izvadimo ćelije krvi. Sjajno.

and you get blood cells out.

Terrific.

Ali šta se događa ako nemate struju,

What happens if you don't have electricity, a centrifuge, and whatever?

i centrifugu, i šta sve još?

And we thought for a while of how you might do this,

Razmislili smo malo kako biste ovo mogli da uradite.

and the way, in fact, you do it, is what's shown here.

A način je zapravo prikazan ovde.

Uzmete mutilicu za jaja, koji se svuda može naći.

You get an eggbeater, which is everywhere, and you saw off a blade,

Skinete jednu lopaticu,

and then you take tubing, and you stick it on that.

a onda uzmete crevo, i pričvrstite ga.

Stavite krv unutra. A onda ga rotirate.

You put the blood in, somebody sits there and spins it.

Neko sedi tamo i vrti ga.

It works really, really well.

I zaista dobro radi.

And we sat down, we did the physics of eggbeaters

I bavili smo se fizikom mutilica za jaja

and self-aligning tubes and all the rest of that kind of thing,

i samoravnajućih creva i tako toga,

and sent it off to a journal.

i poslali smo to u časopis.

We were very proud of this,

Bili smo veoma ponosni na ovo, posebno na naslov

particularly the title, which was "Eggbeater as Centrifuge."

koji je glasio "Mutilica za jaja kao centrifuga."

(Laughter)

(Smeh)

And we sent it off,

and by return mail, it came back.

Poslali smo ga i vratio nam se povratnom poštom.

I called up the editor and I said,

Nazvao sam urednika i pitao:

"What's going on? How is this possible?"

"Šta se događa? Kako je ovo moguće?"

The editor said, with enormous disdain,

Urednik je rekao, sa ogromnim prezirom:

"I read this.

"Pročitao sam ovo.

And we're not going to publish it, because we only publish science."

I nećemo ga objaviti, jer mi samo

objavljujemo nauku".

(Laughter)

And it's an important issue,

A ovo jeste važno pitanje

because it means that we have to, as a society,

jer znači da mi moramo,

kao društvo,

think about what we value.

da se upitamo šta nam je vredno.

And if it's just papers and Phys. Rev. letters,

A ako su to samo radovi i pisma za naučni časopis,

onda imamo problem.

we've got a problem.

Here is another example of something which is --

Evo još jednog primera nečega što je -

this is a little spectrophotometer.

Ovo je mali spektrofotometar.

It measures the absorption of light in a sample.

On meri apsorpciju svetlosti u uzorku

The neat thing about this is,

Zgodna stvar kod ovoga jeste, da imate izvor svetlosti koji se pali

you have a light source that flickers on and off at about 1,000 hertz,

i gasi na oko 1.000 herca.

another light source that detects that light at 1,000 hertz,

Drugi izvor svetlosti detektuje svetlost na 1.000 herca.

and so you can run this system in broad daylight.

I zato možete koristiti ovaj sistem u po bela dana.

It performs about equivalently

Radi otprilike jednako

to a system that's on the order of 100,000 dollars.

kao sistem koji je reda veličine

100.000 dolara.

It costs 50 dollars.

On košta 50 dolara.

We can probably make it for 50 cents if we put our mind to it.

Verovatno ga možemo napraviti za 50 centi,

ako stvarno hoćemo.

Why doesn't somebody do it?

Zašto neko to ne učini? Odgovor je:

The answer is:

"Kako profitirati u kapitalističkom sistemu, na taj način?"

How do you make a profit in a capitalist system, doing that?

Interesting problem.

Zanimljiv problem.

So, let me finish by saying that we've thought about this

Na kraju ću reći

da smo ovo posmatrali kao neki inženjerski problem.

as a kind of engineering problem.

And we've asked: What is the scientific unifying idea here?

I pitali smo, koja je ujedinjujuća naučna ideja ovde?

And we've decided we should think about this

I odlučili smo da ne posmatramo ovo

not so much in terms of cost, but in terms of simplicity.

toliko u smislu cene,

već jednostavnosti.

Simplicity is a neat word.

Jednostavnost je zgodna reč.

You've got to think about what simplicity means.

I morate razmisliti šta jednostavnost znači.

Znam šta jeste ali zapravo ne znam šta znači.

I know what it is,

but I don't actually know what it means.

So I actually was interested enough in this

Zapravo dovoljno me je zanimalo da okupim

to put together several groups of people.

nekoliko grupa ljudi.

The most recent involved a couple of people at MIT,

I najskorija je uključila nekoliko ljudi sa MIT-a,

one of them being an exceptionally bright kid

a jedan od njih je jedan izuzetno pametan klinac

who is one of the very few people I would think of

koji je jedan od nekolicine ljudi za koje bih rekao

who's an authentic genius.

da je autentični genije.

We all struggled for an entire day to think about simplicity.

Ceo dan smo se mučili oko jednostavnosti.

And I want to give you the answer of this deep scientific thought.

I hoću da vam dam odgovor

ovog dubokoumnog naučnog razmatranja.

[What is simplicity?

(Smeh)

"It's impossible to f..k it up"]

(Laughter)

I tako na neki način dobijete ono za šta ste platili.

So, in a sense, you get what you pay for.

Thank you very much.

Hvala vam mnogo.

(Applause)

(Smeh)