George Whitesides: A lab the size of a postage stamp

33,294 views ใƒป 2010-02-03

TED


์•„๋ž˜ ์˜๋ฌธ์ž๋ง‰์„ ๋”๋ธ”ํด๋ฆญํ•˜์‹œ๋ฉด ์˜์ƒ์ด ์žฌ์ƒ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

๋ฒˆ์—ญ: Chihyun Moon ๊ฒ€ํ† : InHyuk Song
00:15
The problem I want to talk with you about is really the problem of:
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์˜ค๋Š˜ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„๊ณผ ํ•จ๊ป˜ํ•  ์ฃผ์ œ๋Š”
๋ฐ”๋กœ
00:20
How does one supply health care in a world in which cost is everything?
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๋น„์šฉ์ด ์ „๋ถ€์ธ ์„ธ์ƒ์—์„œ
์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ํ•˜๋ฉด ๊ฑด๊ฐ•๊ด€๋ฆฌ ์„œ๋น„์Šค๋ฅผ ์ œ๊ณตํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์„๊นŒ ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:28
How do you do that?
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์ด๋ผ๋ฉด ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ํ•˜์‹œ๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๊นŒ?
00:30
And the basic paradigm we want to suggest to you,
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์ด ์งˆ๋ฌธ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ธฐ๋ณธ์ ์ธ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ์˜ ์ ‘๊ทผ๋ฐฉ์‹์€,
00:32
I want to suggest to you,
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๋ง์”€๋“œ๋ฆฌ์ž๋ฉด,
00:34
is one in which you say that in order to treat disease,
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์งˆ๋ณ‘์„ ์น˜๋ฃŒํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ๋Š”
๋จผ์ € ์น˜๋ฃŒ ๋Œ€์ƒ์ด ๋ฌด์—‡์ธ์ง€ ์•Œ์•„์•ผ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:37
you have to first know what you're treating, that's diagnostics,
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์ด๊ฒƒ์ด ์ง„๋‹จํ•™์ด๊ณ , ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๊ทธ ๋‹ค์Œ ๋‹จ๊ณ„๋กœ ๋„˜์–ด๊ฐ€๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด์ฃ .
00:41
and then you have to do something.
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00:42
The program we're involved in is something we call "Diagnostics for All,"
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์ €ํฌ๊ฐ€ ์ง€๊ธˆ ์ง„ํ–‰์ค‘์ธ ํ”„๋กœ์ ํŠธ๋Š” ๋ชจ๋‘๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•œ ์ง„๋‹จํ•™,
ํ˜น์€, ๋ฌด๋ฃŒ ์ง„๋‹จํ•™์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:47
or "zero-cost diagnostics."
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00:49
How do you provide medically relevant information
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์˜ํ•™์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ ์ ˆํ•œ ์ •๋ณด๋“ค์„ ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ๊ฑฐ์˜ ๋ฌด๋ฃŒ์— ๊ฐ€๊นŒ์šด ๋น„์šฉ์œผ๋กœ
00:52
at as close as possible to zero cost?
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์ œ๊ณตํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์„๊นŒ์š”?
00:55
How do you do it?
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00:56
Let me just give you two examples.
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๋‘๊ฐ€์ง€ ์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ๋“ค์–ด๋ณด๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:58
The rigors of military medicine are not so dissimilar from the third world:
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๊ตฐ ์˜์•ฝํ’ˆ์— ์š”๊ตฌ๋˜๋Š” ์ •๋ฐ€๋„๋Š”
์ œ3์„ธ๊ณ„์™€๋Š” ๋‹ค๋ฆ…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:04
poor resources, a rigorous environment -- a series of problems --
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๋นˆ์•ฝํ•œ ์ž์›, ํ˜น๋…ํ•œ ํ™˜๊ฒฝ
์ €์ฒด์ค‘๊ณผ ๊ด€๋ จํ•œ ๋ฌธ์ œ๋“ค์ด ์žˆ์ฃ .
01:09
light weight and things of this kind.
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01:11
And also they're not so different from the home health care
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๋˜ํ•œ ๊ฐ€์ •๊ฑด๊ฐ•๊ด€๋ฆฌ๋‚˜ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ์˜ ์ง„๋‹จ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ๊ณผ๋„
01:14
and diagnostic system world.
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๋ณ„๋ฐ˜ ์ฐจ์ด๊ฐ€ ์—†์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:17
So, the technology I want to talk about is for the third world,
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๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ, ์ œ๊ฐ€ ์˜ค๋Š˜ ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐํ•˜๋Š” ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์€ ์‚ฌ์‹ค์ƒ
์ œ3์„ธ๊ณ„์™€ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ๋„์ƒ๊ตญ์„ ์œ„ํ•ด ๋งž์ถฐ์ ธ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:21
for the developing world,
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01:23
but it has, I think, much broader application,
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์ •๋ณด๋ž€ ๊ฒƒ์€ ๊ฑด๊ฐ•๊ด€๋ฆฌ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์—์„œ๋Š” ๋„ˆ๋ฌด๋‚˜ ์ค‘์š”ํ•˜๊ธฐ์—,
01:25
because information is so important in the health care system.
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ํƒ„๋ ฅ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋” ๋„“๊ฒŒ ์ ์šฉ๋  ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:30
So you see two examples here.
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์ด์ œ ๋‘๊ฐ€์ง€ ์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ๋ณด์‹œ์ฃ .
01:32
One is a lab that is actually a fairly high-end laboratory in Africa.
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ํ•˜๋‚˜๋Š” ์•„ํ”„๋ฆฌ์นด์˜ ์‚ฌ์‹ค์ƒ '์ตœ์ฒจ๋‹จ' ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์‹ค์ด๊ตฌ์š”.
01:37
The second is basically an entrepreneur who is set up and doing who-knows-what
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๋‘๋ฒˆ์งธ๋Š” ์‹œ์žฅ์„ ์•Œ๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ์‚ฌ์—…๊ฐ€๊ฐ€
์ง์ ‘ ์„ค์น˜ํ•ด์„œ ์ž‘์—…์„ ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ๋ชจ์Šต์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:42
at a table in a market.
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01:43
I don't know what kind of health care is delivered there.
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์ €๋Š” ์ €๊ธฐ์—์„œ ์–ด๋–ค ์ข…๋ฅ˜์˜ ๊ฑด๊ฐ•๊ด€๋ฆฌ ์„œ๋น„์Šค๊ฐ€ ์ œ๊ณต๋˜๋Š”์ง€ ๋ชจ๋ฆ…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:46
But it's not really what is probably most efficient.
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๋ถ„๋ช…ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์€, ๊ฐ€์žฅ ํšจ์œจ์ ์ธ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์€ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ž€ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:51
What is our approach?
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์ž, ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ์ ‘๊ทผํ•ด์•ผ ํ• ๊นŒ์š”?
01:54
The way in which one typically approaches a problem of lowering cost,
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์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ฌธ์ œ์˜ ํ•ด๋‹ต์„ ๊ตฌํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด์„ 
์šฐ์„  ์šฐ๋ฆฌ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์˜ ์ƒํ™ฉ์— ๋งž์ถ”์–ด
02:00
starting from the perspective of the United States,
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๋น„์šฉ์„ ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ์ ˆ๊ฐ ์‹œํ‚ฌ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š”์ง€๋ฅผ
02:03
is to take our solution,
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๋จผ์ € ๋”ฐ์ง€๊ฒŒ ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
02:05
and then try to cut cost out of it.
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ฐจ๊ทผ์ฐจ๊ทผ ๋น„์šฉ์„ ์ ˆ๊ฐํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด์ฃ .
ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์–ด๋–ค์‹์œผ๋กœ ํ•˜๋˜๊ฐ„์—,
02:08
No matter how you do that,
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02:09
you're not going to start with a $100,000 instrument
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์‹ญ๋งŒ๋‹ฌ๋Ÿฌ์— ๋‹ฌํ•˜๋Š” ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๊ธฐ๊ณ„๋ฅผ
02:11
and bring it down to no cost.
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"0"์œผ๋กœ ๋‚ฎ์ถœ ์ˆ˜๋Š” ์—†์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ถˆ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ ํ•˜์ง€์š”.
02:13
It isn't going to work.
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02:14
So the approach we took was the other way around, to ask:
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ํ•˜์—ฌ, ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์กฐ๊ธˆ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋ฐฉ์‹์œผ๋กœ ๋ฌธ์ œ๋ฅผ ๋Œ€ํ•˜๋ ค ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:17
What is the cheapest possible stuff
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"์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ํ•˜๋ฉด ๊ฐ€์žฅ ์‹ธ๋ฉด์„œ๋„ ํ˜„์‹ค์ ์ธ
์งˆ๋ณ‘์ง„๋‹จ ์ฒด๊ณ„๋ฅผ ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด์„œ
02:20
that you could make a diagnostic system out of,
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02:22
and get useful information and add function?
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์œ ์šฉํ•œ ์ •๋ณด๋ฅผ ์–ป๊ณ  ๊ธฐ๋Šฅํ•˜๊ฒŒ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์„๊นŒ"
์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์„ ํƒํ•œ๊ฑด '์ข…์ด' ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:25
And what we've chosen is paper.
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02:27
What you see here is a prototypic device.
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์ด ๋ณด์‹œ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ์‹œ์ œํ’ˆ ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:30
It's about a centimeter on the side.
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์ธก๋ฉด์ด ์•ฝ 1์„ผํ‹ฐ๋ฏธํ„ฐ๊ตฌ์š”.
02:32
It's about the size of a fingernail.
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๋Œ€๋žต ์†ํ†ฑ ํ•˜๋‚˜๋งŒํ•œ ํฌ๊ธฐ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:34
The lines around the edges are a polymer.
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๊ฐ€์žฅ์ž๋ฆฌ์˜ ์ด ์„ ์€
ํ•ฉ์„ฑ์ˆ˜์ง€์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:38
It's made of paper.
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์ข…์ด๋กœ ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด์ ธ ์žˆ๊ณ , ๋ฌผ๋ก  ์ข…์ด๋Š” ์•ก์ฒด๋ฅผ ๋นจ์•„๋“ค์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:39
And paper, of course, wicks fluid, as you know, paper, cloth --
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์•„์‹œ๋‹ค์‹œํ”ผ, ์ข…์ด, ์„ฌ์œ ๋Š” ์™€์ธ ํ•œ๋ฐฉ์šธ๋งŒ ๋–จ์–ด์ ธ๋„
02:44
drop wine on the tablecloth,
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02:46
and the wine wicks all over everything.
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์ „์ฒด๊ฐ€ ๋‹ค ์ –์–ด๋ฒ„๋ฆฝ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:49
Put it on your shirt, it ruins the shirt.
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์…”์ธ ์— ๋–จ์–ด์ง€๋ฉด, ์…”์ธ ๋ฅผ ๋ง์ณ๋ฒ„๋ฆฌ์ง€์š”.
02:51
That's what a hydrophilic surface does.
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์ด๊ฒƒ์ด ๋ฐ”๋กœ "์นœ์ˆ˜์„ฑ"(่ฆชๆฐดๆ€ง) ํ‘œ๋ฉด์˜ ํŠน์ง•์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:54
So in this device, the idea is that you drip the bottom end of it
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ, ์ด ์žฅ์น˜์—์„œ์˜ ๋งค์ปค๋‹ˆ์ฆ˜์€
์•„๋ž˜์ชฝ ๋์— ํ•œ๋ฐฉ์šธ์˜ ์•ก์ฒด๋ฅผ ๋–จ์–ด๋œจ๋ฆฌ๊ตฌ์š”,
02:57
in a drop of, in this case, urine.
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์—ฌ๊ธฐ์„ , ์†Œ๋ณ€์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค๋งŒ.
03:00
The fluid wicks its way into those chambers at the top.
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์•ก์ฒด๋Š” ์Šค๋ฉฐ๋“ค์–ด๊ฐ€์„œ ๊ฐ€์ง€๋ฅผ ๋”ฐ๋Ÿฌ ๊ผญ๋Œ€๊ธฐ๊นŒ์ง€ ๊ฐ‘๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:04
The brown color indicates the amount of glucose in the urine,
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๊ฐˆ์ƒ‰์€ ์†Œ๋ณ€๋‚ด์˜ ํฌ๋„๋‹น์˜ ์–‘์„ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋ƒ…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:08
the blue color indicates the amount of protein in the urine.
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ํŒŒ๋ž€์ƒ‰์€ ๋‹จ๋ฐฑ์งˆ์˜ ์–‘์„ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ด๊ตฌ์š”.
๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์ด ๋‘๊ฐ€์ง€๋ฅผ ์กฐํ•ฉํ•˜๋ฉด
03:12
And the combination of those two is a first-order shot
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๋‹น์‹ ์ด ์›ํ•˜๋Š” ์ˆ˜๋งŽ์€ ์œ ์šฉํ•œ ์ •๋ณด์ค‘
03:15
at a number of useful things that you want.
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์ฒซ๋ฒˆ์งธ ์ง€์‹œ์‚ฌํ•ญ์ด ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:18
So, this is an example of a device made from a simple piece of paper.
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์—ฌ๊ธฐ๊นŒ์ง€ ๋‹จ์ˆœํ•œ ์ข…์ด๋กœ ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด์ง„ ๋„๊ตฌ์˜ ํ•œ ์˜ˆ์‹œ์˜€์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:21
Now, how simple can you make the production?
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์ž, ์ด์ œ ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ํ•˜๋ฉด ์ƒ์‚ฐ๊ณผ์ •์„ ๋‹จ์ˆœํ•˜๊ฒŒ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์„๊นŒ์š”?
03:24
Why do we choose paper?
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์™œ ์ข…์ด๋ฅผ ์„ ํƒํ• ๊นŒ์š”?
03:26
There's an example of the same thing on a finger,
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์—ฌ๊ธฐ ์†๊ฐ€๋ฝ ์œ„์— ์žˆ๋Š”
03:29
showing you basically what it looks like.
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๋™์ผํ•œ ์˜ˆ์‹œ๋ฅผ ๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:31
One reason for using paper is that it's everywhere.
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์ข…์ด๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๋Š” ํ•œ๊ฐ€์ง€ ์ด์œ ๋Š” ์–ด๋””์„œ๋‚˜ ๊ตฌํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:34
We have made these kinds of devices using napkins and toilet paper
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์ด ๋ณด์…จ๋˜ ์ด๋Ÿฐ ์žฅ์น˜๋“ค ๋ชจ๋‘
๋ƒ…ํ‚จ์ด๋‚˜ ํ™”์žฅ์ง€,
03:39
and wraps, and all kinds of stuff.
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๊ธฐํƒ€ ์ข…์ด๋กœ ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด์ง„ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:41
So the production capability is there.
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์‰ฝ๊ฒŒ ๋งŒ๋“ค ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์ฃ .
03:44
The second is, you can put lots and lots of tests in a very small place.
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๋‘๋ฒˆ์งธ๋Š” ์•„์ฃผ ์ž‘์€ ์žฅ์น˜๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด
์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ฒˆ์˜ ์‹คํ—˜์„ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ์ ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:48
I'll show you in a moment that the stack of paper there
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์ž ์‹œ ํ›„ ๋ณด์—ฌ๋“œ๋ฆฌ๊ฒ ์ง€๋งŒ, ์ด๋Ÿฐ ์ข…๋ฅ˜์˜ ์ข…์ด๋ญ‰์น˜๋กœ
์•ฝ ์‹ญ๋งŒ๋ฒˆ์˜ ์‹คํ—˜์„
03:51
would probably hold something like 100,000 tests,
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ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:54
something of that kind.
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03:55
And then finally, a point you don't think of so much
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๋งˆ์ง€๋ง‰์œผ๋กœ, ์•„๋งˆ ์„ ์ง„๊ตญ์˜ ์˜๋ฃŒ๊ณ„์—์„œ๋Š”
03:58
in developed world medicine:
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์ž˜ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๋Š” ๋ถ€๋ถ„์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค๋งŒ,
04:01
it eliminates sharps.
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'๋‚ ์นด๋กœ์šด ๊ฒƒ๋“ค'์ด ํ•„์š”ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:03
And what sharps means is needles, things that stick.
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'๋‚ ์นด๋กœ์šด' ๊ฒƒ์€ ์ฃผ์‚ฌ๋ฐ”๋Š˜๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ์ฐŒ๋ฅผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ๋“ค์ด์ฃ .
04:06
If you've taken a sample of someone's blood
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์–ด๋–ค ์ด์˜ ํ˜ˆ์•ก์ƒ˜ํ”Œ์„ ์–ป์—ˆ๋Š”๋ฐ
04:08
and the someone might have hepatitis C,
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๊ทธ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์ด Cํ˜•๊ฐ„์—ผ ๋ณด๊ท ์ž์ธ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ,
04:11
you don't want to make a mistake and stick it in you.
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๊ทธ ์ฃผ์‚ฌ๋ฐ”๋Š˜์„ ๋‹น์‹ ์—๊ฒŒ ์ฐŒ๋ฅด๋Š” ์‹ค์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ํ•˜๊ณ  ์‹ถ์ง€ ์•Š์„ ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:13
You don't want to do that.
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์ ˆ๋Œ€๋กœ ์›์น˜ ์•Š๊ฒ ์ฃ .
04:15
So how do you dispose of that?
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๊ทธ๋Ÿผ ๊ทธ ๋ฐ”๋Š˜์€ ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ํ๊ธฐํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ธ๊ฐ€. ์ด๊ฒƒ์ด ์ „์„ธ๊ณ„์ ์ธ ๋ฌธ์ œ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:16
It's a problem everywhere, and here, you simply burn it.
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์ด ๋„๊ตฌ๋Š” ๊ทธ์ € ํƒœ์›Œ๋ฒ„๋ฆฌ๋ฉด ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:19
So it's a sort of a practical approach to starting on things.
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์‹ค์šฉ์ ์ธ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์ด์ง€์š”.
์‹ค์šฉ์ ์ธ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์ด์ง€์š”.
04:24
Now, you say, "If paper is a good idea,
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์ด์ œ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์€, ์ข…์ด๊ฐ€ ์ข‹๋‹ค๋ฉด
๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค๋„ ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์„ ์ƒ๊ฐํ–ˆ์„ ๊ฑฐ๋ผ๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜์‹œ๊ฒ ์ง€์š”.
04:28
other people have surely thought of it."
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๋Œ€๋‹ต์€, ๊ทธ๋ ‡์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:30
And the answer is, of course, yes.
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04:32
Those half of you, roughly, who are women,
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๋Œ€๋žต ์ ˆ๋ฐ˜์ •๋„๋Š”
์—ฌ์„ฑ๋ถ„์ด์‹ ๋ฐ,
04:36
at some point may have had a pregnancy test.
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์ž„์‹ ํ…Œ์ŠคํŠธ๋ฅผ ๋ฐ›์€ ๊ฒฝํ—˜์ด ์žˆ์„๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:38
And the most common of these is in a device
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„์€
์™ผ์ชฝ์— ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ๋ณด์ด์ฃ .
04:42
that looks like the thing on the left.
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04:44
It's something called a lateral-flow immunoassay.
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'์ธก๋ฉด ์œ ๋™ ๋ฉด์—ญ ๋ถ„์„ ๋””๋ฐ”์ด์Šค'๋ผ ๋ถˆ๋ฆฝ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:46
In that particular test,
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์ด ํ…Œ์ŠคํŠธ์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ
04:48
urine, either containing a hormone called hCG,
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์†Œ๋ณ€์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ
HCG๋ผ ๋ถˆ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ํ˜ธ๋ฅด๋ชฌ์ด
04:52
does or does not flow across a piece of paper.
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์ข…์ด๋ฅผ ๋”ฐ๋ผ ํ๋ฅผ์ˆ˜๋„ ์•ˆํ๋ฅผ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:55
And there are two bars; one bar indicates that the test is working,
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๋‘๊ฐœ์˜ ๋ง‰๋Œ€๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ํ•˜๋‚˜๋Š” ํ…Œ์ŠคํŠธ ์ค‘์ด๋ผ๋Š” ํ‘œ์‹œ์ด๊ตฌ์š”.
04:59
and if the second bar shows up, you're pregnant.
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๋งŒ์•ฝ ๋‘๋ฒˆ์งธ ๋ง‰๋Œ€๊ฐ€ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚˜๋ฉด, ์ž„์‹ ์ค‘์ด๋ผ๋Š” ๋œป์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:02
This is a terrific kind of test in a binary world,
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2์ง„๋ฒ•์˜ ์„ธ์ƒ์— ์‚ฌ๋Š” ์šฐ๋ฆฌ์—๊ฒŒ ๋งž๋Š” ์•„์ฃผ ๋ฉ‹์ง„ ํ…Œ์ŠคํŠธ์ด์ง€์š”.
05:05
and the nice thing about pregnancy is either you are pregnant
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์ž„์‹ ํ…Œ์ŠคํŠธ์˜ ์ข‹์€ ์ ์€
์ž„์‹ ์„ ํ–ˆ๋Š๋ƒ ์•ˆํ–ˆ๋Š๋ƒ ๋ผ๋Š” ๊ฑฐ์ฃ .
05:08
or you're not pregnant;
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05:09
you're not partially pregnant or thinking about being pregnant
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๋ถ€๋ถ„๋งŒ ์ž„์‹ ์„ ํ–ˆ๋‹ค๋“ ์ง€, ์ž„์‹ ์„ ๊ณ ๋ คํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ๋ง์€ ์žˆ์„ ์ˆ˜ ์—†์ž–์•„์š”.
๊ทธ๋ ‡์ฃ ?
05:12
or something of that sort.
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์•„๋ฌดํŠผ, ๋งค์šฐ ์ข‹์€ ์žฅ์น˜์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:14
So it works very well there, but it doesn't work very well
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์ข€ ๋” ์ •๋Ÿ‰์ ์ธ ์ •๋ณด๊ฐ€ ํ•„์š”ํ•  ๋•Œ๋Š” ์ด๋Ÿฐ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์œผ๋กœ๋Š” ์•ˆ๋˜์ฃ .
05:16
when you need more quantitative information.
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๊ณ„๋Ÿ‰๋ด‰๋“ค๋„ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:19
There are also dipsticks,
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05:20
but if you look at the dipsticks,
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์ด๊ฒƒ๋“ค์€
05:22
they're for another kind of urine analysis.
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๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์šฉ๋„์˜ ์†Œ๋ณ€ ๋ถ„์„์„ ์œ„ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ๋“ค์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:24
There are an awful lot of colors and things like that.
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์ƒ‰๊น”๋„ ์—„์ฒญ๋‚˜๊ฒŒ ๋งŽ๊ณ  ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•˜์ฃ .
05:27
What do you actually do about that in a difficult circumstance?
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์ด๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ์–ด๋ ค์šด ์ƒํ™ฉ์—์„œ๋Š” ์‹ค์ œ ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ํ•ด์•ผํ• ๊นŒ์š”?
์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์ ‘๊ทผํ•œ ๋ฐฉ์‹์€
05:31
So the approach we started with is to ask:
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05:35
Is it really practical to make things of this sort?
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'์ •๋ง ์ด๋Ÿฐ ์žฅ์น˜๋“ค์„ ๋งŒ๋“œ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ์‹ค์šฉ์ ์ธ ๊ฒƒ์ผ๊นŒ?'์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
05:39
And that problem is now, in a purely engineering way, solved.
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๋ฌธ์ œ๋“ค์€ ์˜ค๋Š˜๋‚  ์ˆœ์ˆ˜ ๊ณตํ•™์  ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์œผ๋กœ ํ•ด๊ฒฐ๋์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:43
And the procedure that we have is simply to start with paper.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์ง„ํ–‰ํ•œ ๋ฐฉ์‹์€ ์ข…์ด์—์„œ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:47
You run it through a new kind of printer called a wax printer.
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'์™์Šค ํ”„๋ฆฐํ„ฐ'๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ถˆ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ํƒ€์ž…์˜ ํ”„๋ฆฐํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ์ด์šฉํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:50
The wax printer does what looks like printing.
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'์™์Šค ํ”„๋ฆฐํ„ฐ'๋Š” ๋งˆ์น˜ ์ธ์‡„ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ ๊ฐ™์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:53
It is printing.
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์˜ฌ๋ ค ๋†“๊ณ  ์‚ด์ง ๋ฐ์›Œ์ค๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:54
You put that on, you warm it a little bit,
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05:56
the wax prints through, so it absorbs into the paper,
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์™์Šค๊ฐ€ ํ”„๋ฆฐํŠธ๋˜์–ด ์ข…์ด์— ์Šค๋ฉฐ๋“ญ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:59
and you end up with the device you want.
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ ๋Š” ๋‹น์‹ ์ด ์›ํ•˜๋Š” ์žฅ์น˜๋กœ ๋งˆ๋ฌด๋ฆฌํ•˜๋ฉด ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
ํ˜„์žฌ ํ”„๋ฆฐํ„ฐ๋Š” 800๋‹ฌ๋Ÿฌ ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:02
The printers cost 800 bucks now.
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06:05
We estimate that if you were to run them 24 hours a day,
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ํ•˜๋ฃจ 24์‹œ๊ฐ„์„ ์ž‘์—…ํ•œ๋‹ค๋ฉด
1๋…„์— 1,000๋งŒ ํ…Œ์ŠคํŠธ๋ฅผ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:09
they'd make about 10 million tests a year.
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06:11
So it's a solved problem. That particular problem is solved.
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์ด๊ฑด ํ•ด๊ฒฐ๋œ ๋ฌธ์ œ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฐ ํŠน์ • ๋ฌธ์ œ๋Š” ํ•ด๊ฒฐ๋์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:14
And there is an example of the kind of thing that you see.
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์—ฌ๊ธฐ์— ๋ณด์‹œ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ๋“ค์ด ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์‚ฌ๋ก€๋“ค์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
8x12 ์‚ฌ์ด์ฆˆ ์ข…์ด์˜ ์ผ๋ถ€๋ถ„์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:17
That's on a piece of 8 by 12 paper.
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06:19
That takes about two seconds to make.
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๋งŒ๋“œ๋Š”๋ฐ 2์ดˆ๊ฐ€ ๊ฑธ๋ฆฌ์ฃ .
06:21
And so I regard that as done.
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์ด๋Ÿฐ ๋ฌธ์ œ๋Š” ๋๋‚œ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ง‘๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
์—ฌ๊ธฐ ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ์ด์Šˆ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋Š”๋ฐ
06:24
There's a very important issue here,
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06:25
which is that because it's a printer, a color printer, it prints colors.
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์ด๊ฒƒ์ด ํ”„๋ฆฐํ„ฐ์ด๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์—
์ปฌ๋Ÿฌํ”„๋ฆฐํ„ฐ๋‹ˆ๊นŒ ์ปฌ๋Ÿฌ๋กœ ํ”„๋ฆฐํŠธํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์ฃ .
06:30
That's what color printers do.
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06:31
I'll show you in a moment, that's actually quite useful.
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์ž ์‹œํ›„ ๋ณด์—ฌ๋“œ๋ฆฌ๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค, ์ด๊ฑด ๊ฝค ์œ ์šฉํ•œ๋ฐ์š”.
06:35
Now, the next question that you would like to ask is:
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๋‹ค์Œ์— ์ƒ๊ธฐํ•ด๋ณผ ์งˆ๋ฌธ์€
06:38
What would you like to measure? What would you like to analyze?
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๋ญ˜ ์ธก์ •ํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ธ๊ฐ€ ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ฌด์—‡์„ ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜๊ณ ์ž ํ•˜๋‚˜์š”?
06:41
And the thing you'd most like to analyze, we're a fair distance from.
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์ด ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜๊ณ  ์‹ถ์–ดํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€
์šฐ๋ฆฌ์˜ ์ƒ๊ฐ๊ณผ๋Š” ๊ฝค ์ฐจ์ด๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:46
It's what's called "fever of undiagnosed origin."
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์ด๋ฅผ '์ง„๋‹จ ๋ฏธํ™•์ • ์ถœ์ฒ˜์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์—ด๊ด‘'์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ถ€๋ฆ…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:50
Someone comes into the clinic, they have a fever, they feel bad.
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๋ˆ„๊ตฐ๊ฐ€ ๋ณ‘์›์— ๋“ค์–ด์™€์„œ,
์—ด์ด ๋‚˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ์•„ํ”„๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•˜๋ฉด
06:54
What do they have?
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๊ฒฐํ•ต์ธ๊ฐ€? ์—์ด์ฆˆ์ธ๊ฐ€?
06:55
Do they have TB? Do they have AIDS? Do they have a common cold?
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ํ‰๋ฒ”ํ•œ ๊ฐ๊ธฐ์ธ๊ฐ€? ์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜์ฃ .
06:58
The triage problem.
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ํ™˜์ž ๋ถ„๋ฅ˜ ๋ฌธ์ œ๋Š” ๋งค์šฐ ํž˜๋“  ๋ฌธ์ œ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:59
That's a hard problem for reasons I won't go through.
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์ „ ์•ˆํ•  ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:02
There are an awful lot of things that you'd like to distinguish among.
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์‹๋ณ„ํ•˜๊ณ ์ž ํ•˜๋Š” ๋†€๋ž๋„๋ก ๋งŽ์€ ์ฆ์ƒ๋“ค์ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์ผ๋ จ์˜ ์ฆ์ƒ์ด ์žˆ๋Š”๋ฐ,
07:06
But then there are a series of things --
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์—์ด์ฆˆ, ๊ฐ„์—ผ, ๋ง๋ผ๋ฆฌ์•„
07:08
AIDS, hepatitis, malaria, TB, others --
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๊ฒฐํ•ต, ๋“ฑ๋“ฑ์ด์ฃ .
07:11
and simpler ones, such as guidance of treatment.
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์น˜๋ฃŒ ์•ˆ๋‚ด์™€ ๊ฐ™์€ ๊ฐ„๋‹จํ•œ ๊ฒƒ๋„ ์žˆ์ฃ .
07:15
Now, even that's more complicated than you think.
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์ด ์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ๋ณด๋‹ค ๋”์šฑ ๋ณต์žกํ•ด์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:18
A friend of mine works in transcultural psychiatry,
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์ œ ํ•œ ์นœ๊ตฌ๊ฐ€ ๋‹ค๋ฌธํ™” ์ •์‹ ์˜ํ•™์„ ํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ,
07:22
and he is interested in the question
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๊ทธ๋Š” ์ด๋Ÿฐ๋ฐ ๊ด€์‹ฌ์ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:24
of why people do and don't take their meds.
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์™œ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด ์•ฝ์„ ๋จน๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ๋จน์ง€ ์•Š์„๊นŒ
07:27
So Dapsone, or something like that, you have to take for a while.
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๋Œ‘์†(ํ”ผ๋ถ€๋ณ‘ ์น˜๋ฃŒ์ œ) ๋“ฑ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€
ํ•œ๋™์•ˆ ๋จน์–ด์•ผ ๋˜๋Š” ์•ฝ ๋ง์ด์ฃ .
07:31
He has a wonderful story of talking to a villager in India
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์ธ๋„์— ํ•œ ๋†๋ถ€์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ๋ฉ‹์ง„ ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:34
and saying,
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"์•ฝ์„ ๋จน์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๊นŒ?" "์˜ˆ"
07:35
"Have you taken your Dapsone?" "Yes."
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"๋งค์ผ ๋ณต์šฉํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๊นŒ?" "์˜ˆ"
07:37
"Have you taken it every day?" "Yes."
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07:39
"Have you taken if for a month?" "Yes."
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"ํ•œ๋‹ฌ๋™์•ˆ ๋ณต์šฉํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๊นŒ?" "์˜ˆ"
07:41
What the guy actually meant
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๊ทธ ๋†๋ถ€๋Š” ์‚ฌ์‹ค
07:43
was that he'd fed a 30-day dose of Dapsone to his dog that morning.
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30์ผ์น˜ ์•ฝ์„ ์‚ฌ๋ฃŒ๋กœ ์คฌ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
๊ทธ๋‚  ์•„์นจ, ๊ทธ๊ฐ€ ๊ธฐ๋ฅด๋˜ ๊ฐœ์—๊ฒŒ ๋ง์ด์ฃ .
07:47
(Laughter)
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(ํ•˜ํ•˜ํ•˜)
07:48
And he was telling the truth, because in a different culture,
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๊ทธ๋Š” ์ง„์‹ค์„ ๋งํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์™œ๋ƒ๋ฉด,
๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋ฌธํ™”์—์„œ๋Š”
07:52
the dog is a surrogate for you;
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๊ฐœ๋Š” ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๋Œ€์‹ ํ•˜๊ธฐ๋„ ํ•˜๋‹ˆ๊นŒ์š”
07:54
"today," "this month," "since the rainy season" --
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์•Œ๋‹ค์‹œํ”ผ, '์˜ค๋Š˜','์ด๋ฒˆ๋‹ฌ','์žฅ๋งˆ์ฒ ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ' ๊ฐ™์€ ๋ง์€
07:57
there are lots of opportunities for misunderstanding.
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์˜คํ•ด์˜ ์†Œ์ง€๊ฐ€ ๋งŽ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:00
(Laughter)
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์ด๋Ÿฐ ์ด์Šˆ์—์„œ๋„ ๊ทธ๋ ‡์ง€์š”.
08:01
And so an issue here is to, in some cases, figure out
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์–ด๋–ค ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์—๋Š”
08:04
how to deal with matters that seem uninteresting, like compliance.
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'์Šน๋‚™(๋ฒ•์ด๋‚˜ ๊ทœ์ • ์ค€์ˆ˜)' ๊ฐ™์€ ์žฌ๋ฏธ์—†์–ด ๋ณด์ด๋Š” ์ผ์„
์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ๋‹ค๋ฃฐ์ง€๊ฐ€ ์ด์Šˆ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:10
Now, take a look at what a typical test looks like.
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์ „ํ˜•์ ์ธ ํ…Œ์ŠคํŠธ๊ฐ€ ์–ด๋–ค์ง€ ํ•œ๋ฒˆ ๋ณด์‹œ์ฃ .
08:14
Prick a finger, you get some blood -- about 50 microliters.
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์†๊ฐ€๋ฝ์„ ์ฐ”๋Ÿฌ์„œ ํ”ผ๋ฅผ ์ข€ ์–ป์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
50๋งˆ์ดํฌ๋กœ๋ฆฌํ„ฐ(๋ฐฑ๋งŒ๋ถ„์˜์ผ) ์ •๋„์š”.
08:18
That's about all you're going to get,
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๊ทธ๊ฒŒ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์ด ์–ป๊ณ ์ž ํ•˜๋Š” ์ „๋ถ€์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:20
because you can't use the usual sort of systems.
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์™œ๋ƒ๋ฉด ์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์ธ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์€ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•  ์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ ์—†๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ด์ฃ .
08:24
You can't manipulate it very well;
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๋‹น์‹ ์€ ํ˜ˆ์•ก์ƒ˜ํ”Œ์„ ์ž˜ ์กฐ์ž‘ํ•  ์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ ์—†์–ด์š”
08:26
I'll show something about that in a moment.
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์ž ์‹œํ›„ ์ œ๊ฐ€ ๋ญ”๊ฐ€๋ฅผ ๋ณด์—ฌ๋“œ๋ฆฌ์ฃ .
08:28
So you take the drop of blood, no further manipulations,
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ, ํ•œ๋ฐฉ์šธ๋งŒ ์–ป๊ณ , ์ถ”๊ฐ€ ์ž‘์—…์ด ์—†๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•ฉ์‹œ๋‹ค.
08:31
you put it on a little device,
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๋‹น์‹ ์€ ์ด๋ฅผ ์ž‘์€ ์žฅ์น˜์— ๋„ฃ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:33
the device filters out the blood cells, lets the serum go through,
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์žฅ์น˜๋Š” ํ˜ˆ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ๊ฑธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚ด๊ณ  ํ˜ˆ์ฒญ์€ ๋ณด๋‚ผ ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:37
and you get a series of colors down in the bottom there.
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๊ทธ๋Ÿผ ์ผ๋ จ์˜ ์ƒ‰๊น”๋“ค์„
์•„๋ž˜์ชฝ์—์„œ ์–ป์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์ฃ .
08:41
And the colors indicate "disease" or "normal."
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๊ทธ ์ƒ‰๊น”๋“ค์€ ๋ณ‘์ธ์ง€ ์•„๋‹Œ์ง€๋ฅผ ์•Œ๋ ค์ค๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:45
But even that's complicated,
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์ด์กฐ์ฐจ ๋ณต์žกํ•˜์ง€์š”.
08:47
because to me, colors might indicate "normal,"
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์—๊ฒŒ๋‚˜ ๋‚ด๊ฒŒ ์ƒ‰๊น”์ด ์ •์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋ณด์ผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ด์ฃ .
08:51
but after all, we're all suffering from probably an excess of education.
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๊ฒฐ๊ตญ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ ๋ชจ๋‘๋Š”
๊ณผ๋„ํ•œ ๊ต์œก์œผ๋กœ ์ธํ•ด ํž˜๋“ค์–ด ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:56
What do you do about something which requires quantitative analysis?
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์ •๋Ÿ‰์ ์ธ ๋ถ„์„์„ ์š”ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ๋Š”
์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ํ•˜์‹œ๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๊นŒ?
09:00
And so the solution that we and many other people
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๋งŽ์€ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด ํ•ด๊ฒฐ ๋ฐฉ์•ˆ์œผ๋กœ
09:03
are thinking about there,
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์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด
09:05
and at this point, there is a dramatic flourish,
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์ด ์‹œ์ ์—์„œ ๊ทน์ ์ธ ๋ณ€ํ™”๊ฐ€ ๋ณด์ด๋Š” ๋ถ€๋ถ„์ธ๋ฐ
09:07
and out comes the universal solution to everything these days,
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์š”์ฆ˜ ๋ชจ๋“  ๋ถ„์•ผ์— ์žˆ์–ด ์ „์„ธ๊ณ„์ ์ธ ์†”๋ฃจ์…˜์œผ๋กœ ๋Œ€๋‘๋˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด
ํ•ธ๋“œํฐ์ด์ฃ . ํŠนํžˆ ์นด๋ฉ”๋ผ ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ์ด ๋˜๋Š” ํ•ธ๋“œํฐ์ด์š”.
09:11
which is a cell phone --
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09:12
in this particular case, a camera phone.
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๋ชจ๋“  ๊ณณ์— ์žˆ์ฃ , ์ธ๋„๋Š” ํ•œ๋‹ฌ์— 6๋ฐฑ๋งŒ๋Œ€๊ฐ€ ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•˜์ฃ 
09:14
They're everywhere -- six billion a month in India.
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09:18
And the idea is that what one does is to take the device,
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์•„์ด๋””์–ด๋Š” ์ด๋ ‡์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
์–ด๋–ค ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์ด ํ•ธ๋“œํฐ์„ ๊ฐ–๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
์‹œ์•ฝ์— ๋‹ด๊ทธ๊ณ  ์ƒ‰๊น”์ด ๋‚˜์˜ต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:24
you dip it, you develop the color,
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09:26
you take a picture, the picture goes to a central laboratory.
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์‚ฌ์ง„์„ ์ฐ์–ด์„œ ์ค‘์•™ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์‹ค์— ๋ณด๋ƒ…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:29
You don't have to send out a doctor,
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์˜์‚ฌ์—๊ฒŒ ๋ณด๋‚ผ ํ•„์š”๋Š” ์—†์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:31
you send out somebody who can just take the sample,
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์ƒ˜ํ”Œ์„ ๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๋ˆ„๊ตฐ๊ฐ€์—๊ฒŒ ๋ณด๋‚ด๋ฉด ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:34
and in the clinic either a doctor, or ideally, a computer in this case,
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๊ทธ๋Ÿผ ๋ณ‘์›์—์„œ๋Š” ์˜์‚ฌ๋“  ์ด์ƒ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ปดํ“จํ„ฐ๊ฑด
09:37
does the analysis.
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๋ถ„์„์„ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:39
Turns out to work actually quite well,
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์ด ๋ชจ๋ธ์ด ์‹ค์ œ๋กœ ์ž˜ ์ž‘๋™ํ•˜๋ ค๋ฉด
09:41
particularly when your color printer has printed the color bars
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์ปฌ๋Ÿฌํ”„๋ฆฐํ„ฐ๊ฐ€ ์ƒ‰์ƒ‰์˜ ๋ชจ์–‘์„ ํ”„๋ฆฐํŠธํ•ด์„œ
๋ฌด์Šจ ์กฐ์น˜๋ฅผ ์ทจํ•ด์•ผ ํ• ์ง€ ์•Œ๋ ค์ฃผ๋ฉด ์ข‹๊ฒ ์ง€์š”.
09:44
that indicate how things work.
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09:45
So my view of the health care worker of the future
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์ œ ์ƒ๊ฐ์— ๋ฏธ๋ž˜์˜ ๊ฑด๊ฐ•๊ด€๋ฆฌ ๊ทผ๋กœ์ž๋Š”
์˜์‚ฌ๊ฐ€ ์•„๋‹™๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:49
is not a doctor, but an 18-year-old,
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18์‚ด์˜ ์ง์—…์ด ์—†๋Š”
09:51
otherwise unemployed, who has two things:
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ํ…Œ์ŠคํŠธ ๊ธฐ๊ธฐ๋กœ ๊ฐ€๋“์ฐฌ ๊ฐ€๋ฐฉ๊ณผ
09:54
a backpack full of these tests and a lancet
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๋•Œ๋•Œ๋กœ ์ฑ„ํ˜ˆ์„ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๋žœ์‹ฏ(์นผ),
09:56
to occasionally take a blood sample,
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09:58
and an AK-47.
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AK47์†Œ์ด์„ ๊ฐ–๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์ด์ฃ .
10:00
And these are the things that get him through his day.
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์ด๋Ÿฐ ๊ฒƒ๋“ค์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ์‚ด์•„๊ฐˆ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:02
(Laughter)
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10:05
There's another very interesting connection here,
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์—ฌ๊ธฐ ๋งค์šฐ ํฅ๋ฏธ๋กœ์šด ๊ด€๊ณ„๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:07
and that is, that what one wants to do is pass through useful information
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์–ด๋–ค์ด๊ฐ€
์œ ์šฉํ•œ ์ •๋ณด๋ฅผ
๊ฝค ๋†€๋ผ์šด ์ „ํ™”์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ์›ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:13
over what is generally a pretty awful telephone system.
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10:16
It turns out there's an enormous amount of information
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๋งค์šฐ ๋ฐฉ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์–‘์˜ ์ •๋ณด๊ฐ€
10:19
already available on that subject, which is the Mars Rover problem.
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์ด๋ฏธ ํ™”์„ฑํƒ์‚ฌ๋กœ๋ด‡ ๋ถ„์•ผ์—์„œ๋Š” ๊ฐ€์šฉํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:22
How do you get back an accurate view of the color on Mars
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ํ™”์„ฑ ์ƒ‰๊น”์˜ ์ •ํ™•ํ•œ ํ™”๋ฉด์„
10:26
if you have a really terrible bandwidth to do it with?
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์ •๋ง ์—‰๋ง์ธ ๋Œ€์—ญํญ์—์„œ ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ์–ป์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์„๊นŒ์š”?
10:30
And the answer is not complicated,
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๋‹ต์€ ๋ณต์žกํ•˜์ง€๋Š” ์•Š์ง€๋งŒ
10:32
but it's one which I don't want to go through here,
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์—ฌ๊ธฐ์„œ ์–˜๊ธฐํ•˜๊ณ  ์‹ถ์ง€๋Š” ์•Š๊ตฌ์š”,
ํ†ต์‹ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์ด ์ด๋Ÿฐ ์ผ์„ ํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ
10:35
other than to say that the communication systems for doing this
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๊ฝค ์ž˜ ์ž‘์šฉํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:38
are really pretty well understood.
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10:39
Also, a fact which you may not know
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๋ฌผ๋ก , ๋ชจ๋ฅด์‹ค์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ๊ฒ ์ง€๋งŒ,
10:42
is that the compute capability of this thing is not so different
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์ด๋Ÿฐ๋ฅ˜์˜ ์ปดํ“จํŒ… ๋Šฅ๋ ฅ์€
์ผ๋ฐ˜ ๋ฐ์Šคํฌํƒ‘ ์ปดํ“จํ„ฐ์˜ ์„ฑ๋Šฅ๊ณผ
10:46
from the compute capability of your desktop computer.
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ํฌ๊ฒŒ ๋‹ค๋ฅด์ง€ ์•Š์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
10:49
This is a fantastic device which is only beginning to be tapped.
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ํ•ธ๋“œํฐ์€ ์ด์ œ ์‹œ๋„ํ•ด๋ณด๊ธฐ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•œ ํ™˜์ƒ์ ์ธ ๋„๊ตฌ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:52
I don't know whether the idea of one computer, one child
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์ €๋Š” ํ•˜๋‚˜์˜ ์ปดํ“จํ„ฐ ํ˜น์€ ํ•œ ์•„์ด์˜ ์ƒ๊ฐ์ด
10:56
makes any sense.
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์ผ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์„์ง€๋Š” ๋ชจ๋ฆ…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์—ฌ๊ธฐ ๋ฏธ๋ž˜์˜ ์ปดํ“จํ„ฐ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:57
Here's the computer of the future,
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10:59
because this screen is already there and they're ubiquitous.
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์™œ๋ƒํ•˜๋ฉด ํ™”๋ฉด์ด ์ด๋ฏธ ์—ฌ๊ธฐ์— ์žˆ๊ณ  ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ๋“ค์€ ์œ ๋น„์ฟผํ„ฐ์Šค์ด๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ด์ฃ 
11:04
All right, let me show you just a little bit about advanced devices.
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๋ณด๋‹ค ์ง„๋ณด๋œ ์žฅ์น˜๋ฅผ ์กฐ๊ธˆ ๋” ๋ณด์—ฌ๋“œ๋ฆฌ์ง€์š”.
๋ฌธ์ œ๋ฅผ ์กฐ๊ธˆ ๋” ์–น์–ด ๋ณด๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:07
And we'll start by posing a little problem.
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11:09
What you see here is another centimeter-sized device,
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์ง€๊ธˆ ๋ณด์‹œ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ๋˜๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์„ผํ‹ฐ๋ฏธํ„ฐ ํฌ๊ธฐ์˜ ์žฅ์น˜์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:12
and the different colors are different colors of dye.
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๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์ƒ‰๊น”๋“ค์€ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์—ผ๋ฃŒ์ด๊ตฌ์š”.
11:16
And you notice something
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์กฐ๊ธˆ ํฅ๋ฏธ๋กœ์šด ๊ฒƒ์„
11:18
which might strike you as a little bit interesting,
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๋ˆˆ์น˜์ฑ„์…จ์„ ํ…๋ฐ์š”,
11:20
which is, the yellow seems to disappear,
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๋…ธ๋ž€์ƒ‰์ด ์‚ฌ๋ผ์ง€๋ฉด์„œ
11:23
get through the blue, and then get through the red.
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ํ‘ธ๋ฅธ์ƒ‰์„ ์ง€๋‚˜ ๋ถ‰์€์ƒ‰์— ์ด๋ฆ…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:26
How does that happen?
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์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ๋œ๊ฑฐ์ฃ ? ํ•˜๋‚˜๊ฐ€ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ํ•˜๋‚˜๋กœ ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ์—ฐ๊ฒฐ๋˜๊ฒŒ ํ•˜๋Š”๊ฑฐ์ฃ ?
11:27
How do you make something flow through something?
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๋ฌผ๋ก  ๋Œ€๋‹ต์€ '๋ชปํ•œ๋‹ค' ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:30
And, of course the answer is, "You don't."
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ํ•˜๋‚˜์˜ ์ข…์ด์—์„œ ์œ„๋กœ ์•„๋ž˜๋กœ
11:32
You make it flow under and over.
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ํ˜๋Ÿฌ๊ฐ€๊ฒŒ ํ•˜๋ ค๋ฉด
11:34
But now the question is:
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11:35
How do you make it flow under and over in a piece of paper?
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์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ํ•ด์•ผ ํ• ๊นŒ์š”?
11:38
The answer is that what you do --
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๋‹ต์€, ๋‹น์‹ ์ด ํ•ด์•ผํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€
11:41
and the details are not terribly important here --
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์„ธ๋ถ€ ๋‚ด์šฉ์€ ๋ณ„๋กœ ์ค‘์š”ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๊ตฌ์š”
11:44
is to make something more elaborate:
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๋ณด๋‹ค ์ •๊ตํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋งŒ๋“œ๋Š” ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:46
You take several different layers of paper,
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ์ธต์˜ ์ข…์ด๋ฅผ ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด
11:48
each one containing its own little fluid system,
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๊ฐ ์ธต์ด ๋…์ž์ ์ธ ์œ ์ฒด ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์„ ๊ฐ–๊ณ 
11:51
and you separate them by pieces of, literally, double-sided carpet tape,
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๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋‚˜๋ˆ„์–ด
๋ฌธ์ž ๊ทธ๋Œ€๋กœ ์–‘๋ฉด์˜ ์นดํŽซ ๋ชจ์–‘์œผ๋กœ ๋งŒ๋“ญ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:56
the stuff you use to stick the carpets onto the floor.
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๋ฐ”๋‹ฅ์— ๋ถ™๋Š” ์นดํŽซ ์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ์š”.
11:59
And the fluid will flow from one layer into the next.
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๊ทธ๋Ÿผ ์•ก์ฒด๋Š” ํ•œ ์ธต์—์„œ ๋‹ค์Œ ์ธต์œผ๋กœ ํ˜๋Ÿฌ๊ฐ‘๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:02
It distributes itself, flows through further holes,
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๊ตฌ๋ฉ์„ ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ์Šค์Šค๋กœ ๋‚˜๋‰˜์–ด์ ธ
12:05
distributes itself.
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ํ˜๋Ÿฌ๊ฐ‘๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:07
And what you see, at the lower right-hand side there,
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์˜ค๋ฅธ์ชฝ ์•„๋ž˜๋ฅผ ๋ณด์‹œ๋ฉด
12:10
is a sample in which a single sample of blood has been put on the top,
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ํ•˜๋‚˜์˜ ์ƒ˜ํ”Œ์„ ๋ณด์‹ค ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š”๋ฐ
๊ผญ๋Œ€๊ธฐ์— ํ”ผ๋ฅผ ๋†“์œผ๋ฉด
12:15
and it has gone through and distributed itself
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ํ˜๋Ÿฌ๊ฐ€์„œ ์Šค์Šค๋กœ ๋‚˜๋‰˜์–ด์ง€๋ฉฐ
12:18
into these 16 holes on the bottom,
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๋ฐ”๋‹ฅ์˜ 16๊ฐœ ๊ตฌ๋ฉ์œผ๋กœ ๊ฐ‘๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:21
in a piece of paper -- basically, it looks like a chip,
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์นฉ ๊ณผ์ž ๊ฐ™์€ ๋‘์žฅ ์ข…์ด ๋‘๊ป˜์˜
ํ•œ์žฅ์˜ ์ข…์ด์—์„œ ๋˜๋Š” ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:24
two pieces of paper thick.
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12:26
And in this particular case,
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ํŠนํžˆ ์ด ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์—๋Š”
12:27
we were just interested in the replicability of that.
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๋ฐ˜๋ณต ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•œ์ง€๊ฐ€ ์ค‘์š”ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:30
But that is, in principle, the way you solve
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๋ณธ์งˆ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ด ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์€
12:32
the "fever of unexplained origin" problem,
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'์„ค๋ช…๋ถˆ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•œ ๊ธฐ์›์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์—ด๋ณ‘' ๋ฌธ์ œ๋ฅผ ํ•ด๊ฒฐํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:34
because each one of those spots then becomes a test
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์™œ๋ƒ๋ฉด ๊ฐ๊ฐ์˜ ์ ๋“ค์€
ํŠน๋ณ„ํ•œ ๋ณ‘์„ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ด๋Š” ์กฐํ•ฉ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ
12:37
for a particular set of markers of disease,
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ํ…Œ์ŠคํŠธ๊ฐ€ ๋˜๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:41
and this will work in due course.
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์ด๊ฑด ๋‹น์—ฐํžˆ ๊ฑฐ์ณ์•ผ ํ•  ๊ณผ์ •์ด ๋  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:43
Here is an example of a slightly more complicated device.
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์กฐ๊ธˆ ๋” ๋ณต์žกํ•œ ์žฅ์น˜์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์˜ˆ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:46
There's the chip.
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์—ฌ๊ธฐ ๊ทธ ์กฐ๊ฐ์ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:48
You dip in a corner.
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๊ฐ€์žฅ์ž๋ฆฌ ๋ถ€๋ถ„์— ๋ฌปํž™๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์•ก์ฒด๋Š” ์ค‘์•™์œผ๋กœ ๊ฐ‘๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:49
The fluid goes into the center.
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12:50
It distributes itself out into these various wells or holes
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋ฉด์„œ ์—ฌ๊ธฐ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ
๊ตฌ๋ฉ๋“ค๋กœ ๋‚˜์˜ค๋ฉด์„œ ์ƒ‰๊น”๋“ค์ด ๋‚˜์˜ต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:54
and turns color,
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12:55
all done with paper and carpet tape.
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์ข…์ด์™€ ํ‰๋ฉด ํ…Œ์žŽ์—์„œ ์ด๋ค„์ง€์ง€์š”.
12:58
So it's, I think, as low-cost
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์ œ ์ƒ๊ฐ์—๋Š” ์ €๋น„์šฉ์—
13:00
as we're likely to be able to come up and make things.
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์ด ์ˆ˜์ค€์œผ๋กœ ๋งŒ๋“ค ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋ด…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:04
Now, I have two last little stories to tell you
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์ž, ์ด์ œ ๋งˆ์ง€๋ง‰์œผ๋กœ
๋‘๊ฐ€์ง€ ์งง์€ ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ํ• ๊นŒ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:08
in finishing off this business.
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13:10
This is one:
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์ฒซ์งธ, ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๋•Œ๋•Œ๋กœ ํ•„์š”ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์€
13:11
One of the things you occasionally need to do
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ํ˜ˆ์ฒญ์—์„œ ํ˜ˆ๊ตฌ์„ธํฌ๋ฅผ ๋ถ„๋ฆฌํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:14
is separate blood cells from serum.
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๋ฌธ์ œ๋Š”
13:18
And the question was,
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13:19
here we do it by taking a sample,
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์ƒ˜ํ”Œ์„ ์ฑ„์ทจํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฑฐ์ฃ .
13:21
we put it in a centrifuge, we spin it,
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์šฐ๋ฆฐ ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์„ ์›์‹ฌ๋ถ„๋ฆฌ๊ธฐ์— ๋„ฃ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
๋Œ๋ฆฌ๋ฉด ํ˜ˆ๊ตฌ์„ธํฌ๊ฐ€ ๋ถ„๋ฆฌ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋Œ€๋‹จํ•˜์ฃ .
13:25
and you get blood cells out.
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13:28
Terrific.
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๋งŒ์•ฝ์— ์ „๊ธฐ๋‚˜
13:29
What happens if you don't have electricity, a centrifuge, and whatever?
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์›์‹ฌ๋ถ„๋ฆฌ๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ์—†๋‹ค๋ฉด ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ํ•˜๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๊นŒ?
13:32
And we thought for a while of how you might do this,
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๋‹น์‹ ์ด ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ํ• ์ง€ ์ž ์‹œ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ด๋ณด์ฃ .
13:35
and the way, in fact, you do it, is what's shown here.
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์‚ฌ์‹ค ์—ฌ๊ธฐ ๋ณด์ด๋Š” ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์œผ๋กœ ํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
ํ”ํ•œ ๊ฑฐํ’ˆ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ–๊ณ 
13:38
You get an eggbeater, which is everywhere, and you saw off a blade,
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์นผ๋‚ ์€ ๋นผ๊ตฌ์š”
13:42
and then you take tubing, and you stick it on that.
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๊ด€์„ ์„ค์น˜ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
๊ทธ ์œ„๋ฅผ ์ฐŒ๋ฆ…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ํ”ผ๋ฅผ ๋„ฃ๊ณ  ๋Œ๋ฆฝ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:45
You put the blood in, somebody sits there and spins it.
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๋ˆ„๊ตฐ๊ฐ€ ์ €๊ธฐ ์•‰์•„ ๋Œ๋ฆฌ๋Š”๊ตฐ์š”
13:48
It works really, really well.
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์ •๋ง ์ž˜ ์ž‘๋™ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
13:50
And we sat down, we did the physics of eggbeaters
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๊ฑฐํ’ˆ๊ธฐ์˜ ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌํ•™์„ ์ด์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ
13:52
and self-aligning tubes and all the rest of that kind of thing,
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์ž๊ฐ€ ์กฐ์ • ํŠœ๋ธŒ์™€ ๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ ์ข…๋ฅ˜์˜ ๊ฒƒ๋“ค์„
13:55
and sent it off to a journal.
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์ •๊ธฐ๊ฐ„ํ–‰๋ฌผ๋กœ ๋ณด๋ƒ…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
13:57
We were very proud of this,
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์šฐ๋ฆฐ ์ด๋ฅผ ์ž๋ž‘์Šค๋Ÿฝ๊ฒŒ
13:58
particularly the title, which was "Eggbeater as Centrifuge."
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๊ฑฐํ’ˆ๊ธฐ๋กœ ๋งŒ๋“  ์›์‹ฌ๋ถ„๋ฆฌ๊ธฐ๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ถˆ๋ €์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
14:01
(Laughter)
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(์›ƒ์Œ)
14:02
And we sent it off,
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์ด ๋‚ด์šฉ์„ ๋ณด๋‚ธ ๋ฐ์— ํšŒ์‹ ์ด ์™”์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
14:03
and by return mail, it came back.
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14:05
I called up the editor and I said,
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์ €๋Š” ํŽธ์ง‘์ž์—๊ฒŒ ์ „ํ™”๋ฅผ ๊ฑธ์–ด์„œ
14:07
"What's going on? How is this possible?"
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'์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ๋œ๊ฑฐ์š”? ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ๊ทธ๋Ÿด ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์ง€์š”?'๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ฌผ์œผ๋‹ˆ
14:09
The editor said, with enormous disdain,
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ํŽธ์ง‘์ž๋Š” ์ƒ๋‹นํžˆ ์—…์‹ ์—ฌ๊ธฐ๋ฉฐ
14:12
"I read this.
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์ฝ์–ด๋ดค๋Š”๋ฐ
14:14
And we're not going to publish it, because we only publish science."
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์ด ๋‚ด์šฉ์„ ๋ฐฐํฌํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์„๊ฑฐ์—์š”, ์™œ๋ƒํ•˜๋ฉด
์šฐ๋ฆฐ ๊ณผํ•™๋งŒ ๋‹ค๋ฃจ๊ฑฐ๋“ ์š”'๋ผ๊ณ  ํ•˜๋”๊ตฐ์š”
14:18
(Laughter)
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์ด๊ฑด ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ์ด์Šˆ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
14:19
And it's an important issue,
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14:20
because it means that we have to, as a society,
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์™œ๋ƒํ•˜๋ฉด ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€
ํ•˜๋‚˜์˜ ์‚ฌํšŒ๋กœ์„œ
14:24
think about what we value.
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๋ฌด์—‡์„ ๊ฐ€์น˜์žˆ๊ฒŒ ์—ฌ๊ฒจ์•ผ ํ•˜๋Š”์ง€๋ฅผ ์˜๋ฏธํ•˜๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:26
And if it's just papers and Phys. Rev. letters,
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋งŒ์•ฝ ์ด๊ฒƒ์ด ๋‹จ์ง€ ์ข…์ด์™€ ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌํ•™์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ํŽธ์ง€ ์–˜๊ธฐ๋กœ ์น˜๋ถ€๋˜๋ฉด
๋ฌธ์ œ๊ฐ€ ์ข€ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:29
we've got a problem.
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14:31
Here is another example of something which is --
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์—ฌ๊ธฐ ๋˜๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์˜ˆ๊ฐ€ ํ•˜๋‚˜ ์žˆ๋Š”๋ฐ,
14:34
this is a little spectrophotometer.
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์ด๊ฑด ์•„์ฃผ ์ž‘์€ ๋ถ„๊ด‘์ธก๊ด‘๊ธฐ ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:36
It measures the absorption of light in a sample.
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์ƒ˜ํ”Œ์˜ ๊ด‘ ํก์ˆ˜ ์ž‘์šฉ์„ ์ธก์ •ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
14:39
The neat thing about this is,
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๋‹น์‹ ์€ 1,000ํ—ค๋ฅด์ธ ๋กœ ๊นœ๋นก์ด๋Š” ๊ด‘์›์„
14:41
you have a light source that flickers on and off at about 1,000 hertz,
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๊ฐ–๊ณ  ์žˆ์–ด์•ผ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:44
another light source that detects that light at 1,000 hertz,
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๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๊ด‘์›์€ 1,000ํ—ค๋ฅด์ธ ์˜ ๋น›์„ ํƒ์ง€ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:48
and so you can run this system in broad daylight.
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์ด ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์€ ๋Œ€๊ฐœ์˜ ํ–‡๋น›์—์„œ ์ž‘๋™ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
14:51
It performs about equivalently
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์ด ๊ธฐ๊ธฐ์˜ ์„ฑ๋Šฅ์€
14:53
to a system that's on the order of 100,000 dollars.
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10๋งŒ ๋‹ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ฅผ ์ฃผ๊ณ  ์ฃผ๋ฌธํ•˜๋Š”
๊ธฐ๊ณ„์˜ ์„ฑ๋Šฅ๊ณผ ๋งž๋จน์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
14:58
It costs 50 dollars.
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๋‹จ์ง€ 50๋‹ฌ๋Ÿฌ์ฃ . 50์„ผํŠธ๋กœ๋„ ๋งŒ๋“ค ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์„ ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
14:59
We can probably make it for 50 cents if we put our mind to it.
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๋ง˜๋งŒ ๋จน๋Š”๋‹ค๋ฉด ๋ง์ด์ฃ 
15:03
Why doesn't somebody do it?
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์™œ ๋ˆ„๊ตฐ๊ฐ€ ์•ˆํ•˜์ฃ ? ๋‹ต์€
15:05
The answer is:
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'์ž๋ณธ์ฃผ์˜ ์ œ๋„์—์„œ ๊ทธ๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ํ•ด์„œ ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ์ด์ต์„ ๋‚ด๋Š๋ƒ'์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
15:06
How do you make a profit in a capitalist system, doing that?
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15:09
Interesting problem.
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์žฌ๋ฏธ์žˆ๋Š” ๋ฌธ์ œ์ฃ .
15:12
So, let me finish by saying that we've thought about this
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์ด๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ๋งˆ๋ฌด๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ํ• ๊นŒ์š”
์šฐ๋ฆฐ ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๋ฌธ์ œ๋“ค์„ ๊ณตํ•™์ ์ธ ๋ฌธ์ œ๋กœ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
15:17
as a kind of engineering problem.
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ ๋Š” ์ž๋ฌธํ•˜์ฃ , ๊ณผํ•™์ ์œผ๋กœ ํ†ตํ•ฉ๋œ ์ƒ๊ฐ์€ ๋ญ์ง€?
15:19
And we've asked: What is the scientific unifying idea here?
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15:24
And we've decided we should think about this
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ด ๋ฌธ์ œ๋ฅผ ๊ณ„์† ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ด์•ผ ๋œ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๊ฒฐ์‹ฌํ•˜์ฃ .
๋น„์šฉ ์ธก๋ฉด์—์„œ๋Š” ์•„๋‹ˆ๊ตฌ์š”
15:26
not so much in terms of cost, but in terms of simplicity.
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๋‹จ์ˆœํ™” ์ธก๋ฉด์—์„œ์š”.
15:29
Simplicity is a neat word.
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๋‹จ์ˆœํ™”๋Š” ์ •๋ˆ๋œ ์„ธ์ƒ ์–˜๊ธฐ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋‹น์‹ ์€
15:31
You've got to think about what simplicity means.
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๋‹จ์ˆœ์„ฑ์ด ์˜๋ฏธํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ”๋ฅผ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ด๋ด์•ผ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
์ €๋Š” ์•Œ์ง€๋งŒ ์ •ํ™•ํžˆ ๋ฌด์—‡์„ ์˜๋ฏธํ•˜๋Š”์ง€๋Š” ๋ชจ๋ฆ…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
15:34
I know what it is,
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15:35
but I don't actually know what it means.
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15:37
So I actually was interested enough in this
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์ €๋Š” ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ๊ทธ๋ฃน์˜ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์„ ๋™์›ํ•˜์—ฌ
15:39
to put together several groups of people.
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์ด ๋ฌธ์ œ๋ฅผ ํ•ด๊ฒฐํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ ํฅ๋ฏธ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
15:43
The most recent involved a couple of people at MIT,
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ตœ๊ทผ์— ํ•ฉ๋ฅ˜ํ•œ MIT ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์€
15:46
one of them being an exceptionally bright kid
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๊ทธ์ค‘ ์ผ๋ถ€๋Š” ํŠนํžˆ ๋˜‘๋˜‘ํ•œ ์นœ๊ตฌ๋“ค์ธ๋ฐ
15:48
who is one of the very few people I would think of
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๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ๊ทนํžˆ ๋“œ๋ฌผ๊ฒŒ ์ œ๊ฐ€ ์ธ์ •ํ•œ
์ง„์ •ํ•œ ์ฒœ์žฌ๋“ค์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
15:51
who's an authentic genius.
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15:52
We all struggled for an entire day to think about simplicity.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ ๋ชจ๋‘๋Š” ํ•˜๋ฃจ ์ข…์ผ ๋‹จ์ˆœ์„ฑ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
15:56
And I want to give you the answer of this deep scientific thought.
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์ €๋Š” ์ด ๊นŠ์€ ๊ณผํ•™์ ์ธ ์ƒ๊ฐ์—
ํ•ด๋‹ต์„ ์ œ์‹œํ•˜๊ณ  ์‹ถ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
16:01
[What is simplicity?
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(์›ƒ์Œ)
16:02
"It's impossible to f..k it up"]
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16:03
(Laughter)
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ, ์–ด๋Š ์ •๋„๋Š”, ํฌ์ƒํ•œ ๋งŒํผ ์–ป์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
16:05
So, in a sense, you get what you pay for.
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16:07
Thank you very much.
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๊ฐ์‚ฌํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
16:09
(Applause)
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(์›ƒ์Œ)
์ด ์›น์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ ์ •๋ณด

์ด ์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ๋Š” ์˜์–ด ํ•™์Šต์— ์œ ์šฉํ•œ YouTube ๋™์˜์ƒ์„ ์†Œ๊ฐœํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ „ ์„ธ๊ณ„ ์ตœ๊ณ ์˜ ์„ ์ƒ๋‹˜๋“ค์ด ๊ฐ€๋ฅด์น˜๋Š” ์˜์–ด ์ˆ˜์—…์„ ๋ณด๊ฒŒ ๋  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ ๋™์˜์ƒ ํŽ˜์ด์ง€์— ํ‘œ์‹œ๋˜๋Š” ์˜์–ด ์ž๋ง‰์„ ๋”๋ธ” ํด๋ฆญํ•˜๋ฉด ๊ทธ๊ณณ์—์„œ ๋™์˜์ƒ์ด ์žฌ์ƒ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋น„๋””์˜ค ์žฌ์ƒ์— ๋งž์ถฐ ์ž๋ง‰์ด ์Šคํฌ๋กค๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์˜๊ฒฌ์ด๋‚˜ ์š”์ฒญ์ด ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์ด ๋ฌธ์˜ ์–‘์‹์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ฌธ์˜ํ•˜์‹ญ์‹œ์˜ค.

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