George Whitesides: A lab the size of a postage stamp

33,427 views ใƒป 2010-02-03

TED


ูŠุฑุฌู‰ ุงู„ู†ู‚ุฑ ู†ู‚ุฑู‹ุง ู…ุฒุฏูˆุฌู‹ุง ููˆู‚ ุงู„ุชุฑุฌู…ุฉ ุงู„ุฅู†ุฌู„ูŠุฒูŠุฉ ุฃุฏู†ุงู‡ ู„ุชุดุบูŠู„ ุงู„ููŠุฏูŠูˆ.

ุงู„ู…ุชุฑุฌู…: Mohamed Achraf BEN MOHAMED ุงู„ู…ุฏู‚ู‘ู‚: Anwar Dafa-Alla
00:15
The problem I want to talk with you about is really the problem of:
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ุงู„ู…ุดูƒู„ุฉ ุงู„ุชูŠ ุฃุฑูŠุฏ ุฃู† ุฃุชุญุฏุซ ู…ุนูƒู… ุญูˆู„ู‡ุง
ู‡ูŠ ููŠ ุงู„ูˆุงู‚ุน ู…ุดูƒู„ุฉ
00:20
How does one supply health care in a world in which cost is everything?
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ูƒูŠู ูŠู…ูƒู† ู„ู„ู…ุฑุก ุชูˆููŠุฑ ุงู„ุฑุนุงูŠุฉ ุงู„ุตุญูŠุฉ
ููŠ ุนุงู„ู… ุชู…ุซู„ ุงู„ูƒู„ูุฉ ููŠู‡ ูƒู„ ุดูŠุก.
00:28
How do you do that?
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ูƒูŠู ูŠู…ูƒู† ูุนู„ ุฐู„ูƒุŸ
00:30
And the basic paradigm we want to suggest to you,
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ูˆุงู„ู†ู…ูˆุฐุฌ ุงู„ุฃุณุงุณูŠ ุงู„ุฐูŠ ุฃูˆุฏ ุฃู† ุฃู‚ุชุฑุญู‡ ุนู„ูŠูƒู… ุŒ
00:32
I want to suggest to you,
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ู…ุง ุฃูˆุฏ ุฃู† ุฃู‚ุชุฑุญ ุนู„ูŠูƒู… ู‡ูˆ ุŒ
00:34
is one in which you say that in order to treat disease,
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ุงู„ุฐูŠ ูŠุฌุนู„ู†ุง ู†ู‚ูˆู„ ุฃู†ู‡ ู…ู† ุฃุฌู„
ุนู„ุงุฌ ุงู„ู…ุฑุถ ุนู„ูŠูƒ ุฃูˆู„ุง ุฃู† ุชุนุฑู ู…ุง ุฃู†ุช ุจุตุฏุฏ ุนู„ุงุฌู‡ --
00:37
you have to first know what you're treating, that's diagnostics,
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ู‡ุฐุง ู…ุง ูŠุฏุนู‰ ุงู„ุชุดุฎูŠุต -- ุซู… ุนู„ูŠูƒ ุฃู† ุชูุนู„ ุดูŠุฆุง.
00:41
and then you have to do something.
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00:42
The program we're involved in is something we call "Diagnostics for All,"
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ู„ุฐุง ุŒ ูุงู„ุจุฑู†ุงู…ุฌ ุงู„ุฐูŠ ู†ุญู† ุจุตุฏุฏ ุงู†ุฌุงุฒู‡ ูˆู‡ูˆ ู…ุง ู†ุฏุนูˆู‡
ุงู„ุชุดุฎูŠุต ู„ู„ุฌู…ูŠุน ุŒ ุฃูˆ ุงู„ุชุดุฎูŠุต ุงู„ู…ุฌุงู†ูŠ.
00:47
or "zero-cost diagnostics."
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00:49
How do you provide medically relevant information
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ูƒูŠู ูŠู…ูƒู†ูƒ ุชู‚ุฏูŠู… ู…ุนู„ูˆู…ุงุช ุทุจูŠุฉ ุฐุงุช ุตู„ุฉ
00:52
at as close as possible to zero cost?
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ุจุฃู‚ุฑุจ ู…ุง ูŠู…ูƒู† ุงู„ู‰ ุงู„ู…ุฌุงู†ูŠุฉุŸ ูƒูŠู ูŠู…ูƒู† ูุนู„ ุฐู„ูƒุŸ
00:55
How do you do it?
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00:56
Let me just give you two examples.
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ุงุณู…ุญูˆุง ู„ูŠ ุฃู† ุฃุนุฑุถ ุฃู…ุงู…ูƒู… ู…ุซุงู„ูŠู† ุงุซู†ูŠู†.
00:58
The rigors of military medicine are not so dissimilar from the third world:
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ุตุฑุงู…ุฉ ุงู„ุทุจ ุงู„ุนุณูƒุฑูŠ
ู„ุง ุชุฎุชู„ู ูƒุซูŠุฑุง ุนู…ุง ู‡ูˆ ุงู„ุญุงู„ ููŠ ุฏูˆู„ ุงู„ุนุงู„ู… ุงู„ุซุงู„ุซ ุŒ
01:04
poor resources, a rigorous environment -- a series of problems --
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ู…ูˆุงุฑุฏ ุถุฆูŠู„ุฉ ุŒ ูˆุจูŠุฆุฉ ู‚ุงุณูŠุฉ ุŒ
ุณู„ุณู„ุฉ ู…ู† ุงู„ู…ุดุงูƒู„ ู…ู† ุงู„ูˆุฒู† ุงู„ุฎููŠู ุŒ ูˆุฃุดูŠุงุก ู…ู† ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ู‚ุจูŠู„.
01:09
light weight and things of this kind.
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01:11
And also they're not so different from the home health care
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ูˆุฃูŠุถุง ู„ุง ูŠุฎุชู„ู ูƒุซูŠุฑุง ุนู† ุงู„ุฑุนุงูŠุฉ ุงู„ุตุญูŠุฉ ุงู„ู…ู†ุฒู„ูŠุฉ
01:14
and diagnostic system world.
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ูˆ ุงู„ู†ุธุงู… ุงู„ุนุงู„ู…ูŠ ู„ู„ุชุดุฎูŠุต.
01:17
So, the technology I want to talk about is for the third world,
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ู„ุฐู„ูƒ ุŒ ูุฅู† ุงู„ุชูƒู†ูˆู„ูˆุฌูŠุง ุงู„ุชูŠ ุฃุฑูŠุฏ ุฃู† ุฃุชุญุฏุซ ุนู†ู‡ุง
ู…ูˆุฌู‡ุฉ ู„ู„ุนุงู„ู… ุงู„ุซุงู„ุซ ุŒ ุฃู…ุง ุจุงู„ู†ุณุจุฉ ู„ู„ุนุงู„ู… ุงู„ู†ุงู…ูŠ ุŒ
01:21
for the developing world,
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01:23
but it has, I think, much broader application,
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ูุงู† ู„ู‡ุง ุŒ ููŠ ุงุนุชู‚ุงุฏูŠ ุŒ ุชุทุจูŠู‚ุง ุฃูˆุณุน ู†ุทุงู‚ุง ุŒ
01:25
because information is so important in the health care system.
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ู„ุฃู† ู„ู„ู…ุนู„ูˆู…ุงุช ุฃู‡ู…ูŠุฉ ู‚ุตูˆู‰ ููŠ ู†ุธุงู… ุงู„ุฑุนุงูŠุฉ ุงู„ุตุญูŠุฉ.
01:30
So you see two examples here.
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ุงุฐู† ุŒ ู„ุฏูŠู†ุง ู‡ู†ุง ู…ุซุงู„ูŠู† ุงุซู†ูŠู†.
01:32
One is a lab that is actually a fairly high-end laboratory in Africa.
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ุฃุญุฏู‡ู…ุง ู‡ูˆ ููŠ ุงู„ูˆุงู‚ุน ู…ุฎุชุจุฑ ู…ุชุทูˆุฑ ุฅู„ู‰ ุญุฏ ู…ุง ููŠ ุฃูุฑูŠู‚ูŠุง.
01:37
The second is basically an entrepreneur who is set up and doing who-knows-what
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ูˆุงู„ุซุงู†ูŠ ู‡ูˆ ุจุจุณุงุทุฉ ู…ู‚ุงูˆู„
ุงุชุฎุฐ ู…ูƒุงู†ุง ูˆู…ู† ูŠุฏุฑูŠ ู…ุง ุงู„ุฐูŠ ูŠูุนู„ู‡ ุนู„ู‰ ุทุงูˆู„ุฉ ูˆุณุท ุงู„ุณูˆู‚.
01:42
at a table in a market.
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01:43
I don't know what kind of health care is delivered there.
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ูˆ ู„ุง ุฃุฏุฑูŠ ุฃูŠ ู†ูˆุน ู…ู† ุงู„ุฑุนุงูŠุฉ ุงู„ุตุญูŠุฉ ูŠุชู… ุชุฃู…ูŠู†ู‡ุง ู‡ู†ุงูƒ.
01:46
But it's not really what is probably most efficient.
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ูˆู„ูƒู†ู‡ุง ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ุฃุฑุฌุญ ู„ูŠุณุช ุงู„ุฃูƒุซุฑ ูุนุงู„ูŠุฉ.
01:51
What is our approach?
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ู…ุง ู‡ูˆ ุงู„ู†ู‡ุฌ ุงู„ุฐูŠ ู†ุชุจุนู‡ุŸ
01:54
The way in which one typically approaches a problem of lowering cost,
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ูˆุงู„ุทุฑูŠู‚ุฉ ุงู„ุชูŠ ุนุงุฏุฉ ู…ุง ู†ู†ุชู‡ุฌู‡ุง
ู„ุชุญู‚ูŠู‚ ู…ุณุฃู„ุฉ ุฎูุถ ุงู„ุชูƒู„ูุฉ ุŒ
02:00
starting from the perspective of the United States,
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ุจุงู„ุงุณุชู†ุงุฏ ุงู„ู‰ ู…ู†ุธูˆุฑ ุงู„ูˆู„ุงูŠุงุช ุงู„ู…ุชุญุฏุฉ ุŒ
02:03
is to take our solution,
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ู‡ูŠ ุงุนุชู…ุงุฏ ุงู„ุญู„ ุงู„ุฎุงุต ุจู†ุง ุŒ
02:05
and then try to cut cost out of it.
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ูˆู…ู† ุซู… ู…ุญุงูˆู„ุฉ ุฎูุถ ุชูƒู„ูุชู‡.
ูˆู„ุง ูŠู‡ู… ูƒูŠู ูŠู…ูƒู† ุชุญู‚ูŠู‚ ุฐู„ูƒ
02:08
No matter how you do that,
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02:09
you're not going to start with a $100,000 instrument
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ุฃู†ุช ุทุจุนุง ู„ู† ุชุจุฏุฃ ู…ุน ุฃุฏุงุฉ ุชูƒู„ูุชู‡ุง 100ุŒ000 ุฏูˆู„ุงุฑ
02:11
and bring it down to no cost.
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ุซู… ุชุนู…ู„ ุนู„ู‰ ุฌุนู„ู‡ุง ู…ุฌุงู†ูŠุฉ. ุจุงู„ุชุฃูƒูŠุฏ ู‡ุฐุง ู„ู† ูŠูƒูˆู† ู…ู…ูƒู†ุง.
02:13
It isn't going to work.
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02:14
So the approach we took was the other way around, to ask:
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ู„ุฐู„ูƒ ุŒ ูุฅู† ุงู„ู†ู‡ุฌ ุงู„ุฐูŠ ุงุชุฎุฐู†ุงู‡ ูƒุงู† ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ุนูƒุณ ู…ู† ุฐู„ูƒ.
02:17
What is the cheapest possible stuff
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ู„ู†ุณุฃู„ ุŒ "ู…ุง ู‡ูŠ ุฃุฑุฎุต ุงู„ุงุดูŠุงุก ุงู„ู…ู…ูƒู†ุฉ
ุงู„ุชูŠ ูŠู…ูƒู†ู†ุง ุฃู† ู†ุตู†ุน ู…ู†ู‡ุง ู†ุธุงู… ุงู„ุชุดุฎูŠุต ุŒ
02:20
that you could make a diagnostic system out of,
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02:22
and get useful information and add function?
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ูˆุงู„ุญุตูˆู„ ุนู„ู‰ ู…ุนู„ูˆู…ุงุช ู…ููŠุฏุฉ ุŒ
ุฅุถุงูุฉ ูˆุธูŠูุฉุŸ " ูˆูˆู‚ุน ุงุฎุชูŠุงุฑู†ุง ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ูˆุฑู‚.
02:25
And what we've chosen is paper.
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02:27
What you see here is a prototypic device.
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ู…ุง ู„ุฏูŠู†ุง ู‡ู†ุง ู‡ูˆ ุฌู‡ุงุฒ ู†ู…ุทูŠ.
02:30
It's about a centimeter on the side.
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ุทูˆู„ู‡ ูŠุจู„ุบ ุญูˆุงู„ูŠ ุงู„ุณู†ุชูŠู…ุชุฑ.
02:32
It's about the size of a fingernail.
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ูˆู‡ูˆ ุจุญุฌู… ุงู„ุธูุฑ.
02:34
The lines around the edges are a polymer.
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ุงู„ุฎุทูˆุท ุญูˆู„ ุงู„ุญูˆุงู
ู‡ูŠ ู…ู† ุงู„ุจูˆู„ูŠู…ุฑ.
02:38
It's made of paper.
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ุงู†ู‡ุง ู…ุตู†ูˆุนุฉ ู…ู† ุงู„ูˆุฑู‚ ุŒ ูˆุงู„ูˆุฑู‚ ุจุงู„ุทุจุน ูŠุชุดุฑุจ ุงู„ุณูˆุงุฆู„.
02:39
And paper, of course, wicks fluid, as you know, paper, cloth --
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ูƒู…ุง ุชุนู„ู…ูˆู† ุŒุจุงู„ู†ุณุจุฉ ู„ู„ูˆุฑู‚ ูˆุงู„ู‚ู…ุงุด ุŒ ุงุณูƒุจ ู‚ุทุฑุฉ ู†ุจูŠุฐ ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ู‚ู…ุงุด ุŒ
02:44
drop wine on the tablecloth,
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02:46
and the wine wicks all over everything.
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ูุณูŠู†ุชุดุฑ ุงู„ู†ุจูŠุฐ ููŠ ุฌู…ูŠุน ุงู„ุฃู†ุญุงุก.
02:49
Put it on your shirt, it ruins the shirt.
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ูˆุถุนู‡ุง ุนู„ู‰ ู‚ู…ูŠุตูƒ ุŒ ูุณูŠุฎุฑุจ ุงู„ู‚ู…ูŠุต.
02:51
That's what a hydrophilic surface does.
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ู‡ุฐุง ู…ุง ูŠูุนู„ู‡ ู…ุณุทุญ ู…ุงุฆูŠ.
02:54
So in this device, the idea is that you drip the bottom end of it
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ู„ุฐุง ุŒุงู„ููƒุฑุฉ ููŠ ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ุฌู‡ุงุฒ ู‡ูŠ ุฃู† ุชู‚ูˆู… ุจุณูƒุจ
ู‚ุทุฑุฉ ููŠ ุฃุณูู„ู‡ุŒ
02:57
in a drop of, in this case, urine.
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ููŠ ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ุญุงู„ุฉ ุŒ ุณู†ุณูƒุจ ุงู„ุจูˆู„.
03:00
The fluid wicks its way into those chambers at the top.
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ุงู„ุณุงุฆู„ ูŠุฃุฎุฐ ุทุฑูŠู‚ู‡ ุงู„ู‰ ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ุบุฑู ููŠ ุงู„ุฌุฒุก ุงู„ุนู„ูˆูŠ.
03:04
The brown color indicates the amount of glucose in the urine,
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ุงู„ู„ูˆู† ุงู„ุจู†ูŠ ูŠุฏู„ ุนู„ู‰ ูƒู…ูŠุฉ ุงู„ุฌู„ูˆูƒูˆุฒ ููŠ ุงู„ุจูˆู„.
03:08
the blue color indicates the amount of protein in the urine.
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ุงู„ู„ูˆู† ุงู„ุฃุฒุฑู‚ ูŠุดูŠุฑ ุฅู„ู‰ ู…ู‚ุฏุงุฑ ุงู„ุจุฑูˆุชูŠู† ููŠ ุงู„ุจูˆู„.
ูˆุงู„ุฌู…ุน ุจูŠู†ู‡ู…ุงุŒ
03:12
And the combination of those two is a first-order shot
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ูŠู…ุซู„ ู…ุฌู…ูˆุนุฉ ุฃูˆู„ู‰ ู…ู†
03:15
at a number of useful things that you want.
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ุงู„ุงุดูŠุงุก ุงู„ู…ููŠุฏุฉ ุงู„ุชูŠ ู†ุฑูŠุฏู‡ุง.
03:18
So, this is an example of a device made from a simple piece of paper.
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ุงุฐู† ู‡ุฐุง ู…ุซุงู„ ู„ุฌู‡ุงุฒ ู…ุตู†ูˆุน ู…ู† ู‚ุทุนุฉ ุจุณูŠุทุฉ ู…ู† ุงู„ูˆุฑู‚.
03:21
Now, how simple can you make the production?
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ุงู„ุขู† ุŒ ุงู„ู‰ ุฃูŠ ู…ุฏู‰ ูŠู…ูƒู† ุฌุนู„ ุงู„ุฅู†ุชุงุฌ ูŠุณูŠุฑุงุŸ
03:24
Why do we choose paper?
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ู„ู…ุงุฐุง ูˆู‚ุน ุงุฎุชูŠุงุฑู†ุง ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ูˆุฑู‚ุŸ
03:26
There's an example of the same thing on a finger,
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ู‡ู†ุงู„ูƒ ู…ุซุงู„ ุขุฎุฑ ู„ู†ูุณ ุงู„ุดูŠุก ุŒ ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ุงุตุจุน
03:29
showing you basically what it looks like.
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ูŠุธู‡ุฑ ู„ูƒ ุฃุณุงุณุง ู…ุง ูŠุจุฏูˆ ุนู„ูŠู‡.
03:31
One reason for using paper is that it's everywhere.
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ุฃุญุฏ ุฃุณุจุงุจ ุงุณุชุฎุฏุงู… ุงู„ูˆุฑู‚ุฉ ู‡ูˆ ุฃู†ู‡ ู…ุชูˆูุฑ ููŠ ูƒู„ ู…ูƒุงู†.
03:34
We have made these kinds of devices using napkins and toilet paper
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ุชู…ูƒู†ุง ู…ู† ุตู†ุน ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ุฃู†ูˆุงุน ู…ู† ุงู„ุฃุฌู‡ุฒุฉ ุจุงุณุชุฎุฏุงู…
ุงู„ู…ู†ุงุฏูŠู„ ูˆุงู„ูˆุฑู‚ ุงู„ุตุญูŠ
03:39
and wraps, and all kinds of stuff.
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ูˆุฃูˆุฑุงู‚ ุงู„ุชุบู„ูŠูุŒ ูˆุนุฏูŠุฏ ุงู„ุงุดูŠุงุก.
03:41
So the production capability is there.
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ูˆ ู‡ุฐุง ู…ุง ูŠุนุฒุฒ ู‚ุฏุฑุฉ ุงู„ุงู†ุชุงุฌ.
03:44
The second is, you can put lots and lots of tests in a very small place.
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ูˆุงู„ุซุงู†ูŠ ู‡ูˆ ุŒ ุฃู†ู‡ ุจุงู…ูƒุงู†ูƒ ุงุฌุฑุงุก ุงู„ุนุฏูŠุฏ ูˆุงู„ุนุฏูŠุฏ
ู…ู† ุงู„ุงุฎุชุจุงุฑุงุช ููŠ ู…ูƒุงู† ุตุบูŠุฑ ุฌุฏุง.
03:48
I'll show you in a moment that the stack of paper there
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ุณุฃุจูŠู† ุจุนุฏ ู‚ู„ูŠู„ ูƒูŠู ุฃู† ูƒูˆู…ุฉ ู…ู† ุงู„ูˆุฑู‚
ูŠู…ูƒู† ุฃู† ุชุฃู…ู† ู†ุญูˆ
03:51
would probably hold something like 100,000 tests,
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100ุŒ000 ุงุฎุชุจุงุฑุงุŒ ุฃูˆ ู…ุง ูŠุนุงุฏู„ ุฐู„ูƒ.
03:54
something of that kind.
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03:55
And then finally, a point you don't think of so much
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ุซู… ุฃุฎูŠุฑุง ุŒ ูˆู‡ูŠ ุงู„ู†ู‚ุทุฉ ุงู„ุชูŠ ู„ุง ูŠู†ุชุจู‡ ู„ู‡ุง ุงู„ูƒุซูŠุฑ
03:58
in developed world medicine:
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ููŠ ุงู„ุจู„ุฏุงู† ุงู„ู…ุชู‚ุฏู…ุฉ ููŠ ู…ุฌุงู„ ุงู„ุทุจุŒ
04:01
it eliminates sharps.
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ุฃู†ู‡ ูŠุฒูŠู„ ุงู„ุญุงุฌุฉ ุงู„ู‰ ุงู„ุฃุฏูˆุงุช ุงู„ุญุงุฏุฉ.
04:03
And what sharps means is needles, things that stick.
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ูˆู…ุง ูŠุนู†ูŠ ุงู„ุญุงุฏ ููŠ ุงู„ุฅุจุฑ ุŒ ุงู„ุฃุดูŠุงุก ุงู„ุชูŠ ุชุบุฑุฒ.
04:06
If you've taken a sample of someone's blood
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ุฅุฐุง ูƒู†ุช ู‚ุฏ ุงุชุฎุฐุช ุนูŠู†ุฉ ู…ู† ุฏู… ุดุฎุต ู…ุง
04:08
and the someone might have hepatitis C,
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ูˆู‚ุฏ ูŠูƒูˆู† ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ุดุฎุต ู…ุตุงุจุง ุจุงู„ุชู‡ุงุจ ุงู„ูƒุจุฏ ุงู„ูˆุจุงุฆูŠ ุณ ุŒ
04:11
you don't want to make a mistake and stick it in you.
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ูุฃู†ุช ู‚ุทุนุง ู„ุง ุชุฑูŠุฏ ุงุฑุชูƒุงุจ ุฎุทุฃ ูˆุบุฑุฒ ู†ูุณูƒ.
04:13
You don't want to do that.
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ุญุชู…ุง ู„ุง ู†ุฑูŠุฏ ุงู† ู†ูุนู„ ุฐู„ูƒ.
04:15
So how do you dispose of that?
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ู„ุฐู„ูƒ ุŒ ูƒูŠู ูŠู…ูƒู† ุชูุงุฏูŠ ุฐู„ูƒุŸ ุงู†ู‡ุง ู…ุดูƒู„ุฉ ููŠ ูƒู„ ู…ูƒุงู†.
04:16
It's a problem everywhere, and here, you simply burn it.
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ู‡ู†ุง ูŠู…ูƒู†ูƒ ุจุจุณุงุทุฉ ุญุฑู‚ู‡ุง.
04:19
So it's a sort of a practical approach to starting on things.
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ู„ุฐู„ูƒ ุŒ ูู‡ุฐุง ูŠู…ุซู„ ู†ู‡ุฌุง ุนู…ู„ูŠุง
ููŠ ุงู„ุจุฏุก ููŠ ุงู„ุนู…ู„.
04:24
Now, you say, "If paper is a good idea,
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ุงู„ุขู† ุŒ ูŠู…ูƒู† ุงู„ู‚ูˆู„ุŒ ุฅุฐุง ูƒุงู† ุงุณุชุนู…ุงู„ ุงู„ูˆุฑู‚ ู‡ูˆ ููƒุฑุฉ ุฌูŠุฏุฉ ุŒ
ูู…ู† ุงู„ู…ุคูƒุฏ ุฃู† ุฃุดุฎุงุตุง ุขุฎุฑูŠู† ููƒุฑูˆุง ููŠ ุงุณุชุนู…ุงู„ู‡.
04:28
other people have surely thought of it."
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ูˆุงู„ุฌูˆุงุจ ู‡ูˆ ุŒ ุจุงู„ุทุจุน ุŒ ู†ุนู….
04:30
And the answer is, of course, yes.
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04:32
Those half of you, roughly, who are women,
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ู†ุตููƒู… ุŒ ุชู‚ุฑูŠุจุง ุŒ
ูˆู‡ู… ู…ู† ุงู„ู†ุณุงุก ุŒ
04:36
at some point may have had a pregnancy test.
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ุฑุจู…ุง ู‚ุงู…ูˆุง ููŠ ุงุญุฏู‰ ุงู„ู…ุฑุงุช ุจุงุฎุชุจุงุฑ ู„ู„ุญู…ู„.
04:38
And the most common of these is in a device
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ูˆุงู„ุฃูƒุซุฑ ุดูŠูˆุนุง ู…ู† ุจูŠู†ู‡ุง
ู‡ูˆ ููŠ ุฌู‡ุงุฒ ูŠุดุจู‡ ู…ุง ุชุฑูˆู†ู‡ ุงู„ู‰ ุงู„ูŠุณุงุฑ.
04:42
that looks like the thing on the left.
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04:44
It's something called a lateral-flow immunoassay.
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ุงู†ู‡ ูŠุฏุนู‰ ุงู„ุชุฏูู‚ ุงู„ุฃูู‚ูŠ ู„ู„ู…ู†ุงุนุฉ.
04:46
In that particular test,
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ูˆุจูˆุฌู‡ ุฎุงุต ููŠ ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ุงุฎุชุจุงุฑ
04:48
urine, either containing a hormone called hCG,
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ุงู„ุจูˆู„ ุŒุฅู…ุง ุฃู† ูŠุญุชูˆูŠ ุนู„ู‰
ู‡ุฑู…ูˆู† ูŠุณู…ู‰ HCG ุฃูˆ ู„ุง
04:52
does or does not flow across a piece of paper.
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ูŠุชุฏูู‚ ุนุจุฑ ู‚ุทุนุฉ ู…ู† ุงู„ูˆุฑู‚.
04:55
And there are two bars; one bar indicates that the test is working,
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ูˆู‡ู†ุงูƒ ุดุฑูŠุทุงู†. ุดุฑูŠุท ูŠุดูŠุฑ ุฅู„ู‰ ุฃู† ุงู„ุงุฎุชุจุงุฑ ูŠุนู…ู„.
04:59
and if the second bar shows up, you're pregnant.
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ูˆุฅุฐุง ุธู‡ุฑ ุงู„ุดุฑูŠุท ุงู„ุซุงู†ูŠ ุŒูุฃู†ุช ุญุงู…ู„.
05:02
This is a terrific kind of test in a binary world,
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ูˆู‡ุฐุง ูŠู…ุซู„ ู†ูˆุนุง ุฑุงุฆุนุง ู…ู† ุงู„ุงุฎุชุจุงุฑ ููŠ ุนุงู„ู… ุซู†ุงุฆูŠ.
05:05
and the nice thing about pregnancy is either you are pregnant
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ูˆุงู„ุดูŠุก ุงู„ุฌู…ูŠู„ ููŠ ุงู„ุญู…ู„
ู‡ูˆ ุฃู†ูƒ ุฅู…ุง ุฃู† ุชูƒูˆู†ูŠ ุญุงู…ู„ุง ุฃูˆ ุบูŠุฑ ุญุงู…ู„.
05:08
or you're not pregnant;
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05:09
you're not partially pregnant or thinking about being pregnant
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ุฃู†ุช ู„ุณุช ุฌุฒุฆูŠุง ุญุงู…ู„ุง ุฃูˆ ุชููƒุฑูŠู† ุฃู† ุชูƒูˆู†ูŠ ุญุงู…ู„ุง
ุฃูˆ ุดูŠุก ู…ู† ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ู‚ุจูŠู„.
05:12
or something of that sort.
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ู„ุฐู„ูƒ ุŒ ูุฅู†ู‡ ูŠุนู…ู„ ุจุดูƒู„ ุฌูŠุฏ ุฌุฏุง.
05:14
So it works very well there, but it doesn't work very well
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ูˆู„ูƒู†ู‡ุง ู„ุง ุชุนู…ู„ ุจุดูƒู„ ุฌูŠุฏ ุนู†ุฏู…ุง ุชูƒูˆู†ูŠู† ุจุญุงุฌุฉ ู„ู…ุฒูŠุฏ ู…ู† ุงู„ู…ุนู„ูˆู…ุงุช ุงู„ูƒู…ูŠุฉ.
05:16
when you need more quantitative information.
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ูˆู‡ู†ุงูƒ ุฃูŠุถุง ุงู„ุบู…ูŠุณุฉ.
05:19
There are also dipsticks,
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05:20
but if you look at the dipsticks,
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ูˆู„ูƒู† ุงุฐุง ู†ุธุฑุชู… ุงู„ู‰ ุงู„ุบู…ูŠุณุฉ ุŒ ูุงู†ู‡ุง ุชู…ุซู„
05:22
they're for another kind of urine analysis.
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ู†ูˆุน ุขุฎุฑ ู…ู† ุชุญู„ูŠู„ ุงู„ุจูˆู„.
05:24
There are an awful lot of colors and things like that.
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ูŠูˆุฌุฏ ุชู†ูˆุน ู‡ุงุฆู„ ู„ู„ุฃู„ูˆุงู† ูˆ ุงู„ุฃุดูŠุงุก ู…ุซู„ู‡ุง
05:27
What do you actually do about that in a difficult circumstance?
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ู…ุง ุงู„ุฐูŠ ู†ูุนู„ู‡ ุญุงู„ูŠุง ุญูŠุงู„ ุฐู„ูƒ ููŠ ุงู„ุฃูˆู‚ุงุช ุงู„ุตุนุจุฉ ุŸ
ุงุฐุง, ูุงู„ู…ู‚ุงุฑุจุฉ ุงู„ุชูŠ ุงู†ุทู„ู‚ู†ุง ู…ู†ู‡ุง, ู‡ูŠ ุฃู† ู†ุณุฃู„
05:31
So the approach we started with is to ask:
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05:35
Is it really practical to make things of this sort?
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ู‡ู„ ุญู‚ุง ู…ู† ุงู„ุนู…ู„ูŠ ุนู…ู„ ุฃุดูŠุงุก ู…ู† ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ู‚ุจูŠู„ ุŸ
05:39
And that problem is now, in a purely engineering way, solved.
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ูˆ ู„ู‚ุฏ ุชู…, ู…ู† ุงู„ู†ุงุญูŠุฉ ุงู„ู‡ู†ุฏุณูŠุฉ ุงู„ุจุญุชุฉ, ุญู„ ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ู…ุดูƒู„.
05:43
And the procedure that we have is simply to start with paper.
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ูˆ ุงู„ุงุฌุฑุงุก ุงู„ุฐูŠ ุชู… ุงุชุฎุงุฐู‡ ู‡ูˆ ุฃู† ู†ุจุฏุฃ ุจุงุณุชุนู…ุงู„ ุงู„ูˆุฑู‚.
05:47
You run it through a new kind of printer called a wax printer.
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ู†ุถุนู‡ ููŠ ู†ูˆุน ุฌุฏูŠุฏ ู…ู† ุงู„ุทุงุจุนุงุช ุชุฏุนู‰ ุทุงุจุนุงุช ุงู„ุดู…ุน.
05:50
The wax printer does what looks like printing.
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ุชู‚ูˆู… ุทุงุจุนุงุช ุงู„ุดู…ุน ุจู…ุง ูŠุดุจู‡ ุงู„ุทุจุงุนุฉ.
05:53
It is printing.
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ุฃู†ู‡ุง ุจุตุฏุฏ ุงู„ุทุจุงุนุฉ. ุชุถุนู‡ ุจุฏุงุฎู„ู‡, ุซู… ุชุณุฎู†ู‡ ู‚ู„ูŠู„ุง.
05:54
You put that on, you warm it a little bit,
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05:56
the wax prints through, so it absorbs into the paper,
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ูŠุทุจุน ุงู„ุดู…ุน ุฎู„ุงู„ู‡ุง ูุชู…ุชุตู‡ ุงู„ูˆุฑู‚ุฉ.
05:59
and you end up with the device you want.
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ูุชุญุตู„ ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ุฌู‡ุงุฒ ุงู„ุฐูŠ ุชุฑูŠุฏู‡.
ูŠู‚ุฏุฑ ุซู…ู† ุงู„ุทุงุจุนุงุช ุญุงู„ูŠุง ุจ800 ุฏูˆู„ุงุฑุง.
06:02
The printers cost 800 bucks now.
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06:05
We estimate that if you were to run them 24 hours a day,
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ู†ู‚ุฏุฑ ุฃู†ู‡ ุจุงู…ูƒุงู†ู‡ุง, ุงุฐุง ุดุบู„ุช ู„ู…ุฏุฉ 24 ุณุงุนุฉ ููŠ ุงู„ูŠูˆู…
ุฃู† ุชู‚ูˆู… ุจ10 ู…ู„ุงูŠูŠู† ุงุฎุชุจุงุฑ ููŠ ุงู„ุณู†ุฉ.
06:09
they'd make about 10 million tests a year.
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06:11
So it's a solved problem. That particular problem is solved.
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ุงุฐุง ูู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ู…ุดูƒู„ ู‚ุฏ ุชู… ุญู„ู‡. ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ู…ุดูƒู„ ุจุงู„ุฐุงุช ู‚ุฏ ุชู… ุญู„ู‡.
06:14
And there is an example of the kind of thing that you see.
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ูˆ ูŠูˆุฌุฏ ู…ุซุงู„ ู„ู…ุง ุงู†ุชู… ุจุตุฏุฏ ุฑุคูŠุชู‡
ููŠ ู‚ุทุนุฉ ูˆุฑู‚ูŠุฉ ุจู…ุณุงุญุฉ 8 ุนู„ู‰ 12
06:17
That's on a piece of 8 by 12 paper.
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06:19
That takes about two seconds to make.
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ูˆุงู„ุชูŠ ูŠุณุชุบุฑู‚ ุตู†ุนู‡ุง ู†ุญูˆ ุงู„ุซุงู†ูŠุชูŠู†
06:21
And so I regard that as done.
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ูˆู„ุฐู„ูƒ ุงุนุชู‚ุฏ ุงู† ู‡ุฐุง ู‚ุฏ ุชู….
ูŠูˆุฌุฏ ุงู…ุฑ ู…ู‡ู… ู‡ู†ุง,
06:24
There's a very important issue here,
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06:25
which is that because it's a printer, a color printer, it prints colors.
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ูˆู‡ูˆ...ู„ุฃู† ุงู„ุทุงุจุนุฉ
ุทุงุจุนุฉ ู…ู„ูˆู†ุฉ, ูู‡ูŠ ุชุนุทูŠ ุฃู„ูˆุงู†ุง. ูˆ ู‡ุฐุง ู…ุง ุชู‚ูˆู… ุจู‡ ุงู„ุทุงุจุนุฉ ุงู„ู…ู„ูˆู†ุฉ
06:30
That's what color printers do.
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06:31
I'll show you in a moment, that's actually quite useful.
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ู‡ุฐุง ู…ุง ุณุงุฑูŠูƒู… ุงูŠุงู‡ ุจุนุฏ ู‚ู„ูŠู„, ูˆู‡ูˆ ุฃู…ุฑ ุนู„ู‰ ุฏุฑุฌุฉ ู…ู† ุงู„ุงู‡ู…ูŠุฉ
06:35
Now, the next question that you would like to ask is:
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ุงู„ุงู†, ุงู„ุณุคุงู„ ุงู„ุชุงู„ูŠ ุงู„ุฐูŠ ูŠุฎุทุฑ ุจุจุงู„ูƒู… ุทุฑุญู‡
06:38
What would you like to measure? What would you like to analyze?
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ู…ุงู„ุฐูŠ ุชูˆุฏูˆู† ู‚ูŠุงุณู‡ุŸ ูˆ ู…ุงู„ุฐูŠ ุชูˆุฏูˆู† ุชุญู„ูŠู„ู‡ุŸ
06:41
And the thing you'd most like to analyze, we're a fair distance from.
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ุฃูƒุซุฑ ุดู‰ุก ุชูˆุฏูˆู† ุชุญู„ูŠู„ู‡,
ู„ุง ูŠุฒุงู„ ุจุนูŠุฏ ุงู„ู…ู†ุงู„.
06:46
It's what's called "fever of undiagnosed origin."
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ูˆู‡ูˆ ู…ุง ู†ุฏุนูˆู‡ "ุญู…ู‰ ู…ุฌู‡ูˆู„ุฉ ุงู„ู…ุตุฏุฑ".
06:50
Someone comes into the clinic, they have a fever, they feel bad.
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ูŠุฃุชูŠ ุฃุญุฏู‡ู… ุงู„ู‰ ุงู„ู…ุดูู‰,
ูŠุดูƒูˆู† ู…ู† ุญู…ู‰, ุญุงู„ุชู‡ู… ุณูŠุฆุฉ, ู…ู…ุง ูŠุดูƒูˆู†ุŸ
06:54
What do they have?
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ู‡ู„ ู‡ู… ู…ุตุงุจูˆู† ุจู…ุฑุถ ุงู„ุณู„ุŸ ู‡ู„ ู‡ู… ู…ุตุงุจูˆู† ุจู…ุฑุถ ุงู„ุฅูŠุฏุฒุŸ
06:55
Do they have TB? Do they have AIDS? Do they have a common cold?
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ู‡ู„ ู‡ู… ู…ุตุงุจูˆู† ุจู†ุฒู„ุฉ ุจุฑุฏุŸ
06:58
The triage problem.
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ู…ุดูƒู„ุฉ ุงู„ูุฑุฒ. ู‡ุฐุง ู…ุดูƒู„ ุนูˆูŠุต
06:59
That's a hard problem for reasons I won't go through.
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ู„ุงุณุจุงุจ ู„ู† ุงุฎูˆุถ ููŠู‡ุง.
07:02
There are an awful lot of things that you'd like to distinguish among.
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ู‡ู†ุงู„ูƒ ูƒู… ู‡ุงุฆู„ ู…ู† ุงู„ุงู…ูˆุฑ ุงู„ุชูŠ ุนู„ูŠู†ุง ุงู„ุชู…ูŠูŠุฒ ุจูŠู†ู‡ุง.
ูˆู…ู† ุซู… ู‡ู†ุงู„ูƒ ุฃู…ูˆุฑ ุฃุฎุฑู‰,
07:06
But then there are a series of things --
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ุงู„ุงูŠุฏุฒ, ุงู„ุชู‡ุงุจ ุงู„ูƒุจุฏ, ุงู„ู…ู„ุงุฑูŠุง,
07:08
AIDS, hepatitis, malaria, TB, others --
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ู…ุฑุถ ุงู„ุณู„, ูˆุฃู…ุฑุงุถ ุฃุฎุฑู‰.
07:11
and simpler ones, such as guidance of treatment.
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ูˆุฃู…ูˆุฑ ุฃุจุณุท ูƒุชูˆุฌูŠู‡ุงุช ุงู„ุนู„ุงุฌ.
07:15
Now, even that's more complicated than you think.
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ูˆ ุญุชู‰ ู‡ุฐุง ูู‡ูˆ ู…ุนู‚ุฏ ุงูƒุซุฑ ู…ู…ุง ุชุชุตูˆุฑูˆู†.
07:18
A friend of mine works in transcultural psychiatry,
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ู„ุฏูŠ ุตุฏูŠู‚ ูŠุนู…ู„ ููŠ ุนู„ู… ุงู„ู†ูุณ ุญูˆู„ ุงุฎุชู„ุงู ุงู„ุซู‚ุงูุงุช
07:22
and he is interested in the question
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ูˆู‡ูˆ ู…ู‡ุชู… ุจุงู„ุงุฌุงุจุฉ ุนู† ุณุคุงู„
07:24
of why people do and don't take their meds.
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ู„ู…ุงุฐุง ูŠุชู†ุงูˆู„ ุจุนุถ ุงู„ู†ุงุณ ุฃุฏูˆูŠุชู‡ู… ููŠู…ุง ูŠู…ุชู†ุน ุงู„ุจุนุถ.
07:27
So Dapsone, or something like that, you have to take for a while.
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ุงุฐุง, ุฏุงุจุณูˆู†, ุฃูˆ ุดู‰ุก ู…ู† ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ู‚ุจูŠู„,
ุนู„ูŠูƒ ุฃู† ุชุณุชุนู…ู„ู‡ ู„ูุชุฑุฉ ู…ุง.
07:31
He has a wonderful story of talking to a villager in India
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ุญุตู„ุช ู‚ุตุฉ ุฑุงุฆุนู‡ ุฃุซู†ุงุก ุญุฏูŠุซ ุงู„ู‰ ู‚ุฑูˆูŠูŠู† ููŠ ุงู„ู‡ู†ุฏ.
07:34
and saying,
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ูƒุงู† ุงู„ุณุคุงู„, "ู‡ู„ ุชู†ุงูˆู„ุช ุงู„ุฏุงุจุณูˆู†ุŸ" "ู†ุนู…."
07:35
"Have you taken your Dapsone?" "Yes."
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"ู‡ู„ ุชู†ุงูˆู„ุชู‡ ุจุงู†ุชุธุงู… ูŠูˆู…ูŠุงุŸ" "ู†ุนู…."
07:37
"Have you taken it every day?" "Yes."
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07:39
"Have you taken if for a month?" "Yes."
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"ู‡ู„ ุชู†ุงูˆู„ุชู‡ ู„ู…ุฏุฉ ุดู‡ุฑุŸ" "ู†ุนู…."
07:41
What the guy actually meant
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ู…ุง ูƒุงู† ูŠุนู†ูŠู‡ ููŠ ุงู„ูˆุงู‚ุน ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ุดุฎุต
07:43
was that he'd fed a 30-day dose of Dapsone to his dog that morning.
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ู‡ูˆ ุฃู†ู‡ ุฃุทุนู… ุฌุฑุนุฉ 30 ูŠูˆู…ุง ู…ู† ุงู„ุฏุงุจุณูˆู†
ู„ูƒู„ุจู‡ ุฐู„ูƒ ุงู„ุตุจุงุญ.
07:47
(Laughter)
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(ุถุญูƒ)
07:48
And he was telling the truth, because in a different culture,
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ูƒุงู† ูŠู‚ูˆู„ ุงู„ุญู‚ูŠู‚ุฉ. ู„ุฃู†ู‡
ููŠ ุซู‚ุงูุฉ ู…ุฎุชู„ูุฉ
07:52
the dog is a surrogate for you;
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ุงู„ูƒู„ุจ ู‡ูˆ ุจุฏูŠู„ ุนู†ูƒ,
07:54
"today," "this month," "since the rainy season" --
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ุชุนู„ู…ูˆู† ุŒ "ุงู„ูŠูˆู…" ุŒ "ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ุดู‡ุฑ" ุŒ "ู…ู†ุฐ ู…ูˆุณู… ุงู„ุฃู…ุทุงุฑ ุŒ"
07:57
there are lots of opportunities for misunderstanding.
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ู‡ู†ุงูƒ ุงู„ูƒุซูŠุฑ ู…ู† ุงู„ูุฑุต ู„ุณูˆุก ุงู„ูู‡ู….
08:00
(Laughter)
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ูˆู‡ูƒุฐุง ูุงู† ุงู„ู…ุณุฃู„ุฉ ู‡ู†ุง
08:01
And so an issue here is to, in some cases, figure out
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ููŠ ุจุนุถ ุงู„ุญุงู„ุงุช ู‡ูŠ ู…ุนุฑูุฉ
08:04
how to deal with matters that seem uninteresting, like compliance.
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ูƒูŠููŠุฉ ุงู„ุชุนุงู…ู„ ู…ุน ุงู„ู…ุณุงุฆู„ ุงู„ุชูŠ ุชุจุฏูˆ ุจุฏูˆู† ุฃู‡ู…ูŠุฉ ุŒ
ูƒุงู„ุงู…ุชุซุงู„
08:10
Now, take a look at what a typical test looks like.
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ุงู„ุขู† ุŒ ุฏุนูˆู†ุง ู†ู„ู‚ูŠ ู†ุธุฑุฉ ุนู„ู‰ ู…ุง ูŠุจุฏูˆ ูˆูƒุฃู†ู‡ ุงุฎุชุจุงุฑ ู†ู…ูˆุฐุฌูŠ.
08:14
Prick a finger, you get some blood -- about 50 microliters.
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ุฃูˆุฎุฒ ุงุตุจุนุง ุŒ ุณุชุญุตู„ ุนู„ู‰ ุจุนุถ ุงู„ุฏู… ุŒ
ุญูˆุงู„ูŠ 50 ู…ูŠุงูƒุฑูˆู„ุชุฑ
08:18
That's about all you're going to get,
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ู‡ุฐุง ูƒู„ ู…ุง ุณุชุญุตู„ูˆู† ุนู„ูŠู‡.
08:20
because you can't use the usual sort of systems.
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ูˆุจู…ุง ุฃู†ู‡ ู„ุง ูŠู…ูƒู†ูƒ ุงุณุชุฎุฏุงู… ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ู†ูˆุน ู…ู† ุงู„ู†ุธู… ุงู„ู…ุชุจุนุฉ.
08:24
You can't manipulate it very well;
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ูุงู†ู‡ ู„ุง ูŠู…ูƒู†ูƒ ุงุณุชุนู…ุงู„ู‡ ุจุดูƒู„ ุฌูŠุฏ ุŒ
08:26
I'll show something about that in a moment.
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ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ุฑุบู… ู…ู† ุฃู†ุง ุณุฃุฑูŠูƒ ุดูŠุฆุง ุนู† ุฐู„ูƒ ููŠ ู„ุญุธุฉ.
08:28
So you take the drop of blood, no further manipulations,
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ุงุฐุง ุŒ ุชุฃุฎุฐ ู‚ุทุฑุฉ ุฏู… ุŒ ุจุฏูˆู† ุฃูŠ ุงุถุงูุงุช.
08:31
you put it on a little device,
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ุชุถุนู‡ุง ุนู„ู‰ ุฌู‡ุงุฒ ุตุบูŠุฑ.
08:33
the device filters out the blood cells, lets the serum go through,
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ูŠู‚ูˆู… ุงู„ุฌู‡ุงุฒ ุจุชุตููŠุฉ ุฎู„ุงูŠุง ุงู„ุฏู… ุŒ ูˆูŠุณู…ุญ ู„ู„ู…ุตู„ ุฃู† ูŠู…ุฑุŒ
08:37
and you get a series of colors down in the bottom there.
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ูˆุณูˆู ุชุญุตู„ ุนู„ู‰ ู…ุฌู…ูˆุนุฉ ู…ู† ุงู„ุฃู„ูˆุงู†
ููŠ ุฃุณูู„ ู‡ู†ุงูƒ.
08:41
And the colors indicate "disease" or "normal."
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ูˆุชุดูŠุฑ ุงู„ุฃู„ูˆุงู† ุงู„ู‰ ูˆุฌูˆุฏ ู…ุฑุถ ุฃูˆ ู„ุง.
08:45
But even that's complicated,
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ูˆู„ูƒู† ุญุชู‰ ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ุฃู…ุฑ ูŠุนุชุจุฑู…ุนู‚ุฏุง.
08:47
because to me, colors might indicate "normal,"
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ู„ุฃู†ู‡ ุจุงู„ู†ุณุจุฉ ู„ูƒ ุŒุฃูˆ ู„ูŠ ุŒ ู‚ุฏ ุชุดูŠุฑ ุงู„ุฃู„ูˆุงู† ุงู„ู‰ ุญุงู„ุฉ ุนุงุฏูŠุฉ.
08:51
but after all, we're all suffering from probably an excess of education.
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ูˆู„ูƒู† ููŠ ู†ู‡ุงูŠุฉ ุงู„ุงู…ุฑ ูŠุนุงู†ูŠ ุฌู…ูŠุนู†ุง ู…ู†
ุฅูุฑุงุท ููŠ ุงู„ุชุนู„ูŠู…
08:56
What do you do about something which requires quantitative analysis?
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ู…ุง ุงู„ุฐูŠ ูŠู…ูƒู† ุนู…ู„ู‡ ุญูŠุงู„ ุงู„ุฃู…ุฑ ุงู„ุฐูŠ ูŠุชุทู„ุจ
ุงู„ุชุญู„ูŠู„ ุงู„ูƒู…ูŠุŸ
09:00
And so the solution that we and many other people
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ูˆุจุงู„ุชุงู„ูŠ ูุฅู† ุงู„ุญู„ ุงู„ุฐูŠ ู†ุญู† ูˆุงู„ูƒุซูŠุฑ ู…ู† ุงู„ู†ุงุณ
09:03
are thinking about there,
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ูŠููƒุฑูˆู† ููŠู‡ุŒ
09:05
and at this point, there is a dramatic flourish,
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ูˆุนู†ุฏ ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ู†ู‚ุทุฉ ูƒุงู† ู‡ู†ุงูƒ ุงุฒุฏู‡ุงุฑ ุฏุฑุงู…ูŠุŒ
09:07
and out comes the universal solution to everything these days,
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ูˆูŠุฎุฑุฌ ุงู„ุญู„ ุงู„ุดุงู…ู„ ู„ูƒู„ ุดูŠุก ู„ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ุฃูŠุงู…,
ูˆู‡ูˆ ุงู„ู‡ุงุชู ุงู„ุฎู„ูˆูŠ. ููŠ ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ุญุงู„ุฉ ุจุงู„ุฐุงุช ุŒ ูƒุงู…ูŠุฑุง ุงู„ู‡ุงุชู.
09:11
which is a cell phone --
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09:12
in this particular case, a camera phone.
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ูˆู‡ู… ููŠ ูƒู„ ู…ูƒุงู† ุŒ ุณุชุฉ ู…ู„ุงูŠูŠู† ุดู‡ุฑูŠุง ุŒ ููŠ ุงู„ู‡ู†ุฏ.
09:14
They're everywhere -- six billion a month in India.
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09:18
And the idea is that what one does is to take the device,
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ูˆุงู„ููƒุฑุฉ ู‡ูŠ ู…ุง ูุนู„ู‡ ุฃุญุฏู‡ู…ุŒ
ู‡ูˆ ุฃุฎุฐ ุงู„ุฌู‡ุงุฒ.
ุชู‚ูˆู… ุจุจุนุถ ุงู„ุชุนุฏูŠู„ุงุช. ุชุทูˆุฑ ุงู„ู„ูˆู†.
09:24
you dip it, you develop the color,
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09:26
you take a picture, the picture goes to a central laboratory.
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ุชู‚ูˆู… ุจุฃุฎุฐ ุตูˆุฑุฉ. ูˆ ู…ู† ุซู…ุฉ ุชู‚ูˆู… ุจุงุฑุณุงู„ู‡ุง ุงู„ู‰ ุงู„ู…ุฎุชุจุฑ.
09:29
You don't have to send out a doctor,
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ู„ู† ูŠูƒูˆู† ู…ู† ุงู„ุถุฑูˆุฑูŠ ุงุฑุณุงู„ ุทุจูŠุจ.
09:31
you send out somebody who can just take the sample,
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ูู‚ุท ุชู‚ูˆู… ุจุงุฑุณุงู„ ุดุฎุต ูŠุณุชุทูŠุน ุฃุฎุฐ ุงู„ุนูŠู†ุฉ.
09:34
and in the clinic either a doctor, or ideally, a computer in this case,
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ูˆ ููŠ ุงู„ุนูŠุงุฏุฉ ูŠู‚ูˆู… ุงู…ุง ุงู„ุทุจูŠุจ, ุฃูˆ ู…ู† ุงู„ู…ุณุชุญุณู† ุฌู‡ุงุฒ ูƒู…ุจูŠูˆุชุฑ
09:37
does the analysis.
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ููŠ ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ุญุงู„ุฉ, ุจุงุฌุฑุงุก ุงู„ุชุญุงู„ูŠู„.
09:39
Turns out to work actually quite well,
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ูˆ ู‚ุฏ ุชุจูŠู† ูุนู„ุง ุฃู†ู‡ ูŠุนู…ู„ ุฌูŠุฏ ุฌุฏุง ุŒ ูˆุฎุงุตุฉ ุนู†ุฏู…ุง ุชู‚ูˆู…
09:41
particularly when your color printer has printed the color bars
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ุทุงุจุนุฉ ุงู„ุงู„ูˆุงู† ุจุทุจุน ุฃุดุฑุทุฉ ุงู„ู„ูˆู†
ุงู„ุชูŠ ุชุจูŠู† ูƒูŠู ุชุนู…ู„ ุงู„ุฃุดูŠุงุก.
09:44
that indicate how things work.
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09:45
So my view of the health care worker of the future
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ูˆู„ุฐุง ุŒ ูู…ู† ูˆุฌู‡ุฉ ู†ุธุฑูŠ ุนุงู…ู„ ุงู„ุฑุนุงูŠุฉ ุตุญูŠุฉ ููŠ ุงู„ู…ุณุชู‚ุจู„
ู„ูŠุณ ุทุจูŠุจุงุŒ
09:49
is not a doctor, but an 18-year-old,
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ูˆู„ูƒู† ุดุงุจ ููŠ 18 ู…ู† ุงู„ุนู…ุฑุŒ ู„ูŠุณ ู„ุฏูŠู‡ ุนู…ู„ ุฏูˆู† ู‡ุฐุง
09:51
otherwise unemployed, who has two things:
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ุจุญูˆุฒุชู‡ ุดูŠุฆูŠู† ุงุซู†ูŠู†. ุญู‚ูŠุจุฉ ู…ู…ู„ูˆุคุฉ ุจู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ุชุฌุงุฑุจุŒ
09:54
a backpack full of these tests and a lancet
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ูˆ ู…ุดุฑุท ู„ุงุฎุฐ ุนูŠู†ุฉ ุฏู…,
09:56
to occasionally take a blood sample,
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09:58
and an AK-47.
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ูˆ ุจู†ุฏู‚ูŠุฉ ูƒู„ุงุดูŠู†ูƒูˆู.
10:00
And these are the things that get him through his day.
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ูˆู‡ุฐู‡ ู‡ูŠ ุงู„ุฃู…ูˆุฑ ุงู„ุชูŠ ุชุญุตู„ ู„ู‡ ุฎู„ุงู„ ูŠูˆู…ู‡.
10:02
(Laughter)
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10:05
There's another very interesting connection here,
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ู‡ู†ุงูƒ ุงุชุตุงู„ ุขุฎุฑ ู…ุซูŠุฑุง ู„ู„ุงู‡ุชู…ุงู… ู‡ู†ุง.
10:07
and that is, that what one wants to do is pass through useful information
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ูˆู‡ุฐุง ู…ุง ูŠุฑูŠุฏ ุฃุญุฏู‡ู… ุชุญู‚ูŠู‚ู‡
ู‡ูˆ ุชู…ุฑูŠุฑ ู…ุนู„ูˆู…ุงุช ู…ููŠุฏุฉ
ู…ู† ุฎู„ุงู„ ู…ุง ูŠูƒูˆู† ุนุงุฏุฉ ู†ุธุงู… ู‡ุงุชู ู…ุชุณุน.
10:13
over what is generally a pretty awful telephone system.
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10:16
It turns out there's an enormous amount of information
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ูˆุชุจูŠู† ูˆุฌูˆุฏ ูƒู…ูŠุฉ ู‡ุงุฆู„ุฉ ู…ู† ุงู„ู…ุนู„ูˆู…ุงุช
10:19
already available on that subject, which is the Mars Rover problem.
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ุงู„ู…ุชุงุญุฉ ุจุงู„ูุนู„ ุญูˆู„ ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ู…ูˆุถูˆุน ุŒ ูˆู‡ูˆ ู…ุดูƒู„ุฉ ู…ุณุจุงุฑ ุงู„ู…ุฑูŠุฎ.
10:22
How do you get back an accurate view of the color on Mars
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ูƒูŠู ู†ุนูˆุฏ ุจู…ู†ุธุฑ ุฏู‚ูŠู‚ ู„ู„ูˆู† ุนู„ู‰ ุณุทุญ ุงู„ู…ุฑูŠุฎ ุŒ
10:26
if you have a really terrible bandwidth to do it with?
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ุฅุฐุง ูƒุงู† ู„ุฏูŠู†ุง ู†ุทุงู‚ ุชุฑุฏุฏ ูƒุจูŠุฑ ู„ู†ุญู‚ู‚ ุฐู„ูƒุŸ
10:30
And the answer is not complicated,
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ูˆุงู„ุฌูˆุงุจ ู„ูŠุณ ู…ุนู‚ุฏุง
10:32
but it's one which I don't want to go through here,
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ูˆ ู„ูƒู†ูŠ ู„ู† ุฃุชุทุฑู‚ ู„ุฐู„ูƒ ู‡ู†ุง,
ุบูŠุฑ ุฃู†ูŠ ุณุฃุถูŠู ุฃู† ุฃู†ุธู…ุฉ ุงู„ุงุชุตุงู„ุงุช
10:35
other than to say that the communication systems for doing this
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ุงู„ู…ุชุงุญุฉ ู„ู„ู‚ูŠุงู… ุจุฐู„ูƒ ู‡ูŠ ููŠ ุงู„ูˆุงู‚ุน ู…ูู‡ูˆู…ุฉ ุจุดูƒู„ ุฌูŠุฏ.
10:38
are really pretty well understood.
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10:39
Also, a fact which you may not know
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ุฃูŠุถุง ุŒ ุงู„ุฃู…ุฑ ุงู„ุฐูŠ ู‚ุฏ ู„ุง ุชุนุฑูู‡ุŒ
10:42
is that the compute capability of this thing is not so different
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ู‡ูˆ ุฃู† ู‚ุฏุฑุฉ ุงู„ุญุงุณุจ ู„ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ู…ู‡ู…ุฉ
ู„ุง ุชุฎุชู„ู ูƒุซูŠุฑุง ุนู† ู‚ุฏุฑุฉ ุงู„ุญุงุณุจ
10:46
from the compute capability of your desktop computer.
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ุนู„ู‰ ูƒู…ุจูŠูˆุชุฑ ู…ูƒุชุจูƒ ุงู„ุฎุงุต.
10:49
This is a fantastic device which is only beginning to be tapped.
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ู‡ุฐุง ุฌู‡ุงุฒ ุฑุงุฆุน ูˆู‡ูˆ ู„ุง ูŠุฒุงู„ ููŠ ุจุฏุงูŠุฉ ุงุณุชุบู„ุงู„ู‡.
10:52
I don't know whether the idea of one computer, one child
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ุฃู†ุง ู„ุง ุฃุนุฑู ู…ุง ุฅุฐุง ูƒุงู†ุช ููƒุฑุฉ ุฌู‡ุงุฒ ูƒู…ุจูŠูˆุชุฑ ู„ูƒู„ ุทูู„
10:56
makes any sense.
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ูŠุฌุนู„ ุฃูŠ ู…ุนู†ู‰ ู„ู‡ุฐุง. ูˆู‡ุฐุง ูƒู…ุจูŠูˆุชุฑ ุงู„ู…ุณุชู‚ุจู„.
10:57
Here's the computer of the future,
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10:59
because this screen is already there and they're ubiquitous.
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ู„ุฃู† ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ุดุงุดุฉ ู…ูˆุฌูˆุฏุฉ ุจุงู„ูุนู„ ูˆุงู†ู‡ู… ููŠ ูƒู„ ู…ูƒุงู†.
11:04
All right, let me show you just a little bit about advanced devices.
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ุญุณู†ุง ุงู„ุขู† ุงุณู…ุญูˆุง ู„ูŠ ุฃู† ุฃุนุฑุถ ู‚ู„ูŠู„ุง ุจุนุถ ุงู„ุฃุฌู‡ุฒุฉ ุงู„ู…ุชู‚ุฏู…ุฉ.
ูˆุณูˆู ู†ุจุฏุฃ ุจุทุฑุญ ู…ุดูƒู„ุฉ ุตุบูŠุฑุฉ.
11:07
And we'll start by posing a little problem.
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11:09
What you see here is another centimeter-sized device,
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ู…ุง ู†ุฑุงู‡ ู‡ู†ุง ู‡ูˆ ุฌู‡ุงุฒ ุขุฎุฑ ุจุญุฌู… ุณู†ุชูŠู…ุชุฑ.
11:12
and the different colors are different colors of dye.
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ูˆุงู„ุฃู„ูˆุงู† ุงู„ู…ุฎุชู„ูุฉ ู‡ูŠ ุฃู„ูˆุงู† ู…ุฎุชู„ูุฉ ู…ู† ุงู„ุตุจุบุฉ.
11:16
And you notice something
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ูˆุชู„ุงุญุธ ุงู„ุฃู…ุฑ ุงู„ุฐูŠ ู‚ุฏ ูŠุซูŠุฑ ู„ุฏูŠูƒ ุงู„ู‚ู„ูŠู„
11:18
which might strike you as a little bit interesting,
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ู…ู† ุงู„ุงู‡ุชู…ุงู…,
11:20
which is, the yellow seems to disappear,
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ูˆู‡ูˆ ุงู† ุงู„ู„ูˆู† ุงู„ุฃุตูุฑ ุจุฏุฃ ูŠุฎุชููŠุŒ
11:23
get through the blue, and then get through the red.
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ูˆ ุญุตู„ู†ุง ู…ู† ุฎู„ุงู„ู‡ ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ู„ูˆู† ุงู„ุฃุฒุฑู‚ ุŒ ูˆู…ู† ุซู… ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ู„ูˆู† ุฃุญู…ุฑ.
11:26
How does that happen?
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ูƒูŠู ุญุฏุซ ุฐู„ูƒุŸ ูƒูŠู ูŠู…ูƒู† ู„ุดู‰ุก ุฃู† ูŠุชุฏูู‚ ู…ู† ุฎู„ุงู„ ุดูŠุก ู…ุงุŸ
11:27
How do you make something flow through something?
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ูˆุจุงู„ุทุจุน ุงู„ุฌูˆุงุจ ู‡ูˆ "ู„ุง".
11:30
And, of course the answer is, "You don't."
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ุฃู†ุช ุชุฌุนู„ ู…ู† ุงู„ุชุฏูู‚ ูŠุญุฏุซ ุชุญุช ูˆ ู…ู† ุฎู„ุงู„.
11:32
You make it flow under and over.
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ูˆู„ูƒู† ูุฅู† ุงู„ุณุคุงู„ ุงู„ุขู† ู‡ูˆ ุŒ ูƒูŠู ูŠู…ูƒู† ุฃู† ุชุฌุนู„ู‡ ูŠุชุฏูู‚
11:34
But now the question is:
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11:35
How do you make it flow under and over in a piece of paper?
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ุชุญุช ูˆ ุฎู„ุงู„ ููŠ ู‚ุทุนุฉ ู…ู† ุงู„ูˆุฑู‚ุŸ
11:38
The answer is that what you do --
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ูˆุงู„ุฌูˆุงุจ ู‡ูˆ ุงู† ู…ุง ุชู‚ูˆู… ุจู‡ ุŒ
11:41
and the details are not terribly important here --
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ูˆุงู„ุชูุงุตูŠู„ ู„ูŠุณุช ู…ู‡ู…ุฉ ุฌุฏุง ู‡ู†ุง ุŒ
11:44
is to make something more elaborate:
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ู‡ูˆ ุฌุนู„ ุดูŠุก ุฃูƒุซุฑ ุชูุตูŠู„ุง ุŒ
11:46
You take several different layers of paper,
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ูˆุงู†ุช ุชุฃุฎุฐ ุทุจู‚ุงุช ุนุฏุฉ ู…ุฎุชู„ูุฉ ู…ู† ุงู„ูˆุฑู‚ ุŒ
11:48
each one containing its own little fluid system,
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ูŠุญุชูˆูŠ ูƒู„ ู…ู†ู‡ุง ุนู„ู‰ ู†ุธุงู…ู‡ ุงู„ุณุงุฆู„ ุงู„ุตุบูŠุฑุŒ
11:51
and you separate them by pieces of, literally, double-sided carpet tape,
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ุซู… ุชู‚ูˆู… ุจูุตู„ู‡ุง ู‚ุทุนุฉ ู‚ุทุนุฉุŒ
ุจุงู„ุถุจุท ูƒู…ุง ุชูุนู„ ู…ุน ุดุฑูŠุท ุณุฌุงุฏ ุฐูˆ ุฌู‡ุชูŠู†,
11:56
the stuff you use to stick the carpets onto the floor.
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ุงู„ู…ุงุฏุฉ ุงู„ุชูŠ ุชุณุชุฎุฏู… ููŠ ุงู„ุตุงู‚ ุงู„ุณุฌุงุฏ ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ุฃุฑุถ.
11:59
And the fluid will flow from one layer into the next.
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ูˆุณูˆู ุชุฏูู‚ ุงู„ุณุงุฆู„ ู…ู† ุทุจู‚ุฉ ุงู„ู‰ ุฃุฎุฑู‰.
12:02
It distributes itself, flows through further holes,
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ูˆุชูˆุฒุน ู†ูุณู‡ุง ุŒ ูˆุชุชุฏูู‚ ู…ู† ุฎู„ุงู„ ูุชุญุงุช ุฃุฎุฑู‰ ุŒ
12:05
distributes itself.
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ูˆุชูˆุฒุน ู†ูุณู‡ุง.
12:07
And what you see, at the lower right-hand side there,
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ูˆู…ุงุฐุง ุชุฑู‰ ููŠ ุงู„ุฌุงู†ุจ ุงู„ุฃูŠู…ู† ุงู„ุณูู„ูŠ ู‡ู†ุงูƒ
12:10
is a sample in which a single sample of blood has been put on the top,
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ุนูŠู†ุฉ ุงู„ุชูŠ ุชู… ููŠู‡ุง ูˆุถุน ุนูŠู†ุฉ ูˆุงุญุฏุฉ
ู…ู† ุงู„ุฏู… ุงู„ุฐูŠ ูˆุถุน ููŠ ุงู„ุฃุนู„ู‰ ุŒ
12:15
and it has gone through and distributed itself
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ูˆุชุณุฑุจุช ู…ู† ุฎู„ุงู„ ูˆูˆุฒุนุช ู†ูุณู‡ุง
12:18
into these 16 holes on the bottom,
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ุนุจุฑ ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ุซู‚ูˆุจ ุงู„ุณุชุฉ ุนุดุฑ ููŠ ุงู„ู‚ุงุน ุŒ
12:21
in a piece of paper -- basically, it looks like a chip,
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ููŠ ู‚ุทุนุฉ ู…ู† ุงู„ูˆุฑู‚ ุŒ ุชุจุฏูˆ ุฃุณุงุณุง ูƒุฃู†ู‡ุง ุฑู‚ุงู‚ุฉ ุŒ
ู‚ุทุนุชูŠู† ู…ู† ุงู„ูˆุฑู‚ ุงู„ุณู…ูŠูƒ.
12:24
two pieces of paper thick.
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12:26
And in this particular case,
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ูˆููŠ ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ุญุงู„ุฉ ุจุงู„ุฐุงุช ู†ุญู† ู…ู‡ุชู…ูˆู† ูู‚ุท
12:27
we were just interested in the replicability of that.
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ููŠ ุชูƒุฑุงุฑ ุฐู„ูƒ.
12:30
But that is, in principle, the way you solve
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ูˆู„ูƒู† ู‡ุฐุง ู‡ูˆ ุŒ ู…ู† ุญูŠุซ ุงู„ู…ุจุฏุฃ ุŒ ุงู„ุทุฑูŠู‚ุฉ ุงู„ุชูŠ ุชู… ุจู‡ุง ุญู„
12:32
the "fever of unexplained origin" problem,
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ู…ุดูƒู„ุฉ ุงู„ุญู…ู‰ "ู…ู† ุงุตู„ ุบูŠุฑ ุงู„ู…ุจุฑุฑุฉ"
12:34
because each one of those spots then becomes a test
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ู„ุฃู† ูƒู„ ูˆุงุญุฏุฉ ู…ู† ุชู„ูƒ ุงู„ุจู‚ุน ุซู… ูŠุตุจุญ
ุงุฎุชุจุงุฑุง ู„ู…ุฌู…ูˆุนุฉ ู…ุนูŠู†ุฉ ู…ู† ุนู„ุงู…ุงุช
12:37
for a particular set of markers of disease,
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ุงู„ู…ุฑุถ.
12:41
and this will work in due course.
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ูˆุณูŠุณุชู…ุฑ ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ุนู…ู„ ููŠ ุงู„ูˆู‚ุช ุงู„ู…ู†ุงุณุจ.
12:43
Here is an example of a slightly more complicated device.
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ูˆู‡ู†ุง ู…ุซุงู„ ุนู„ู‰ ุฌู‡ุงุฒ ุฃูƒุซุฑ ุชุนู‚ูŠุฏุง ู‚ู„ูŠู„ุง.
12:46
There's the chip.
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ู‡ู†ุงู„ูƒ ุดุฑูŠุญุฉ.
12:48
You dip in a corner.
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ุชุถุนู‡ุง ููŠ ุฒุงูˆูŠุฉ. ุงู„ุณุงุฆู„ ูŠุฐู‡ุจ ุงู„ู‰ ุงู„ู…ุฑูƒุฒ.
12:49
The fluid goes into the center.
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12:50
It distributes itself out into these various wells or holes
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ูˆุชูˆุฒุน ู†ูุณู‡ุง ู„ู„ุฎุฑูˆุฌ ุงู„ู‰ ู‡ุฐู‡
ุงู„ุขุจุงุฑ ุงู„ู…ุฎุชู„ูุฉ ุฃูˆ ุงู„ุซู‚ูˆุจ ุŒ ูˆุชุชุญูˆู„ ุงู„ู‰ ู„ูˆู†.
12:54
and turns color,
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12:55
all done with paper and carpet tape.
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ูˆูƒู„ ุดู‰ุก ุชู… ุตู†ุนู‡ ู…ู† ุงู„ูˆุฑู‚ุฉ ูˆุดุฑูŠุท ุงู„ุณุฌุงุฏ.
12:58
So it's, I think, as low-cost
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ู„ุฐุง ุŒ ุงุนุชู‚ุฏ ุงู†ู‡ ู…ู†ุฎูุถุฉ ุงู„ุชูƒู„ูุฉ
13:00
as we're likely to be able to come up and make things.
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ูƒู…ุง ุฃู†ู†ุง ู…ู† ุงู„ู…ุญุชู…ู„ ุฃู† ู†ูƒูˆู† ู‚ุงุฏุฑูŠู† ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ุฎุฑูˆุฌ ูˆุงู„ู‚ูŠุงู… ุจู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ุงู…ูˆุฑ.
13:04
Now, I have two last little stories to tell you
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ุงู„ุขู† ุŒ ู„ุฏูŠ ุขุฎุฑ ุŒ ุฃูˆ ุซุงู†ูŠ ุขุฎุฑ ู‚ุตุฉ
ู„ุฃุฎุจุฑูƒู… ุŒ ููŠ ู†ู‡ุงูŠุฉ ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ุฃุนู…ุงู„.
13:08
in finishing off this business.
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13:10
This is one:
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ุงู„ุงูˆู„ู‰. ุฃุญุฏ ุงู„ุงุดูŠุงุก ุงู„ุชูŠ ู†ุญุชุงุฌ ู…ู† ุญูŠู† ู„ุขุฎุฑ ุงู„ู‚ูŠุงู… ุจู‡ุง
13:11
One of the things you occasionally need to do
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ู‡ูˆ ูุตู„ ุฎู„ุงูŠุง ุงู„ุฏู… ุนู† ุงู„ู…ุตู„.
13:14
is separate blood cells from serum.
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ูˆ ูƒุงู† ุงู„ุณุคุงู„,
13:18
And the question was,
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13:19
here we do it by taking a sample,
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ู‡ู†ุง ู†ู‚ูˆู… ุจุฐู„ูƒ ุนู† ุทุฑูŠู‚ ุฃุฎุฐ ุนูŠู†ุฉ.
13:21
we put it in a centrifuge, we spin it,
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ู†ุถุนู‡ุง ููŠ ุงู„ุฌู‡ุงุฒ ุงู„ุทุงุฑุฏ.
ู†ุฌุนู„ู‡ุง ุชุฏูˆุฑ, ูู†ุญุตู„ ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ุฎู„ุงูŠุง ุฌุงู†ุจุง. ุฑุงุฆุน.
13:25
and you get blood cells out.
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13:28
Terrific.
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ู…ุงุฐุง ุณูŠุญุตู„ ุงู† ู„ู… ูŠูƒู† ู„ุฏูŠูƒ ุทุงู‚ุฉ ูƒู‡ุฑุจุงุฆูŠุฉ,
13:29
What happens if you don't have electricity, a centrifuge, and whatever?
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ุฃูˆ ุฌู‡ุงุฒ ุทุงุฑุฏ, ุฃูˆ ู…ุง ุดุงุจู‡ุŸ
13:32
And we thought for a while of how you might do this,
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ูˆู†ููƒุฑ ู„ุจุนุถ ุงู„ูˆู‚ุช ูƒูŠู ูŠู…ูƒู† ุงู„ู‚ูŠุงู… ุจุฐู„ูƒ.
13:35
and the way, in fact, you do it, is what's shown here.
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ูˆุงู„ุทุฑูŠู‚ุฉ ุŒ ููŠ ุงู„ูˆุงู‚ุน ุŒ ุชูุนู„ ุฐู„ูƒ ุŒ ู‡ูˆ ู…ุง ู‡ูˆ ู…ูˆุถุญ ู‡ู†ุง.
ุชุฃุฎุฐ ู…ุถุฑุจ ุงู„ุจูŠุถ ุŒ
13:38
You get an eggbeater, which is everywhere, and you saw off a blade,
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ูˆู‡ูˆ ู…ุชูˆูุฑ ููŠ ูƒู„ ู…ูƒุงู†. ุชู†ุฒุน ู…ู†ู‡ ุงู„ุดูุฑุฉ.
13:42
and then you take tubing, and you stick it on that.
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ูˆู…ู† ุซู… ุชุฃุฎุฐ ุงู„ุฃู†ุงุจูŠุจ ุŒ
ุชู„ุตู‚ู‡ุง ุนู„ู‰ ุฐู„ูƒ. ุชุถุน ุงู„ุฏู… ููŠู‡ุง. ุซู… ุชุฌุนู„ู‡ุง ุชุฏูˆุฑ.
13:45
You put the blood in, somebody sits there and spins it.
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ุฃุญุฏ ู…ุง ูŠุฌู„ุณ ู‡ู†ุงูƒ ูˆูŠุฌุนู„ู‡ุง ุชุฏูˆุฑ.
13:48
It works really, really well.
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ุญู‚ุง ุงู†ู‡ุง ุชุนู…ู„ ุจุดูƒู„ ุฌูŠุฏ.
13:50
And we sat down, we did the physics of eggbeaters
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ูˆู‚ู„ู†ุง ุงู†ู†ุง ู†ู‚ูˆู… ุจููŠุฒูŠุงุก ู…ุถุงุฑุจ ุงู„ุจูŠุถ
13:52
and self-aligning tubes and all the rest of that kind of thing,
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ูˆ ุงู„ุชุตููŠู ุงู„ุฐุงุชูŠ ู„ู„ุฃู†ุงุจูŠุจ ูˆ ูƒู„ ุงู„ุฃุดูŠุงุก ุงู„ู…ุชุจู‚ูŠุฉ ู…ู† ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ู‚ุจูŠู„.
13:55
and sent it off to a journal.
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ุฃุฑุณู„ู†ุงู‡ุง ุงู„ู‰ ู…ุฌู„ุฉ.
13:57
We were very proud of this,
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ูƒู†ุง ูุฎูˆุฑูŠู† ุฌุฏุง ุจู‡ุฐุง ุŒ ู„ุง ุณูŠู…ุง ุจุงู„ุนู†ูˆุงู†
13:58
particularly the title, which was "Eggbeater as Centrifuge."
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ุงู„ุฐูŠ ูƒุงู† "ู…ุถุฑุจ ุงู„ุจูŠุถ ูƒุฌู‡ุงุฒ ู„ู„ุทุฑุฏ ุงู„ู…ุฑูƒุฒูŠ."
14:01
(Laughter)
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(ุถุญูƒ)
14:02
And we sent it off,
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ุฃุฑุณู„ู†ุงู‡ ุŒ ูˆุชู… ุฅุนุงุฏุชู‡ ุนู† ุทุฑูŠู‚ ุงู„ุจุฑูŠุฏ.
14:03
and by return mail, it came back.
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14:05
I called up the editor and I said,
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ุงุชุตู„ุช ุจุฑุฆูŠุณ ุงู„ุชุญุฑูŠุฑ ูˆู‚ู„ุช :
14:07
"What's going on? How is this possible?"
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"ู…ุง ุงู„ุฐูŠ ูŠุญุฏุซุŸ ูƒูŠู ุญุฏุซ ู‡ุฐุงุŸ"
14:09
The editor said, with enormous disdain,
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ูุฃุฌุงุจู†ูŠ ุฑุฆูŠุณ ุชุญุฑูŠุฑ ุŒ ู…ุน ุงุฒุฏุฑุงุก ูƒุงู…ู„ ุŒ
14:12
"I read this.
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"ู‚ุฑุฃุช ู‡ุฐุง.
14:14
And we're not going to publish it, because we only publish science."
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ูˆู†ุญู† ู„ู† ู†ู†ุดุฑู‡ ุŒ ู„ุฃู†ู†ุง ูู‚ุท
ู†ู†ุดุฑ ุงู„ุนู„ู…. "
14:18
(Laughter)
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ูˆุงู†ู‡ุง ู…ุณุฃู„ุฉ ู…ู‡ู…ุฉ
14:19
And it's an important issue,
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14:20
because it means that we have to, as a society,
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ู„ุฃู†ู‡ ูŠุนู†ูŠ ุฃู†ู‡ ูŠุชุนูŠู† ุนู„ูŠู†ุง ุฃู† ุŒ
ูƒู…ุฌุชู…ุน ุŒ
14:24
think about what we value.
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ู†ุญู† ู†ููƒุฑ ููŠู…ุง ู„ู‡ ู‚ูŠู…ุฉ.
14:26
And if it's just papers and Phys. Rev. letters,
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ูˆุงุฐุง ูƒุงู† ู…ุฌุฑุฏ ุฃูˆุฑุงู‚ ูˆุฑุณุงุฆู„ ู…ุฑุงุฌุนุฉ ุŒ
ูู„ุฏูŠู†ุง ู…ุดูƒู„ุฉ.
14:29
we've got a problem.
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14:31
Here is another example of something which is --
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ูˆู‡ู†ุง ู…ุซุงู„ ุขุฎุฑ ูˆู‡ูˆ --
14:34
this is a little spectrophotometer.
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ู‡ุฐุง ู…ู‚ูŠุงุณ ุทูŠู ุถูˆุฆูŠ ุตุบูŠุฑ
14:36
It measures the absorption of light in a sample.
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ูŠู‚ูŠุณ ุงู…ุชุตุงุต ุงู„ุถูˆุก ููŠ ุนูŠู†ุฉ
14:39
The neat thing about this is,
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ุงู„ุดูŠุก ุงู„ุฃู†ูŠู‚ ููŠ ู‡ุฐุง ู‡ูˆุŒ ุฃู† ู„ุฏูŠูƒ ู…ุตุฏุฑ ุถูˆุก ุฐูŠ ูˆู…ุถุงุช
14:41
you have a light source that flickers on and off at about 1,000 hertz,
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ูˆูŠุดุชุบู„ ูˆ ูŠุชูˆู‚ู ุญูˆุงู„ูŠ 1000 ู‡ูŠุฑุชุฒ.
14:44
another light source that detects that light at 1,000 hertz,
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ู…ุตุฏุฑ ุขุฎุฑ ุงู„ุถูˆุก ูŠูƒุดู ุฃู† ุชุฑุฏุฏ ุงู„ุถูˆุก 1000 ู‡ูŠุฑุชุฒ.
14:48
and so you can run this system in broad daylight.
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ูˆู‡ูƒุฐุง ูŠู…ูƒู†ูƒ ุชุดุบูŠู„ ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ู†ุธุงู… ููŠ ูˆุถุญ ุงู„ู†ู‡ุงุฑ.
14:51
It performs about equivalently
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ูŠู†ูุฐู‡ุง ุจู†ุญูˆ ู…ุชูƒุงูุฆ
14:53
to a system that's on the order of 100,000 dollars.
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ู…ุน ู†ุธุงู… ูŠูƒู„ู ู†ุญูˆ
100,000 ุฏูˆู„ุงุฑุง
14:58
It costs 50 dollars.
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ุซู…ู†ู‡ 50 ุฏูˆู„ุงุฑ. ูŠู…ูƒู†ู†ุง ุงู† ู†ุฎูุถ ู…ู† ุฐู„ูƒ ู„ุฑุจู…ุง 50 ุณู†ุชุง ุŒ
14:59
We can probably make it for 50 cents if we put our mind to it.
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ุฅุฐุง ุฑูƒุฒู†ุง ุนู„ูŠู‡.
15:03
Why doesn't somebody do it?
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ู„ู…ุงุฐุง ู„ู… ูŠุณุจู‚ ู„ุดุฎุต ุงู„ู‚ูŠุงู… ุจุฐู„ูƒุŸ ูˆุงู„ุฌูˆุงุจ ู‡ูˆ ุŒ
15:05
The answer is:
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"ูƒูŠู ูŠู…ูƒู†ูƒ ุชุญู‚ูŠู‚ ุงู„ุฑุจุญ ููŠ ู†ุธุงู… ุฑุฃุณู…ุงู„ูŠ ุŒ ูˆุงู„ู‚ูŠุงู… ุจุฐู„ูƒุŸ"
15:06
How do you make a profit in a capitalist system, doing that?
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15:09
Interesting problem.
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ู…ุดูƒู„ุฉ ุฐุงุช ุงู‡ุชู…ุงู….
15:12
So, let me finish by saying that we've thought about this
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ู„ุฐู„ูƒ ุŒ ุงุณู…ุญูˆุง ู„ูŠ ุฃู† ุฃู†ู‡ูŠ ุจุงู„ู‚ูˆู„
ูƒู†ุง ู†ู†ุธุฑ ู„ู‡ุฐุง ูƒู†ูˆุน ู…ู† ุงู„ู…ุดุงูƒู„ ุงู„ู‡ู†ุฏุณูŠุฉ.
15:17
as a kind of engineering problem.
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ูˆู„ู‚ุฏ ุทู„ุจ ู…ู†ุง ุŒ ู…ุง ู‡ูŠ ุงู„ููƒุฑุฉ ุงู„ุนู„ู…ูŠุฉ ุงู„ู…ูˆุญุฏุฉ ู‡ู†ุงุŸ
15:19
And we've asked: What is the scientific unifying idea here?
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15:24
And we've decided we should think about this
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ูˆู„ู‚ุฏ ู‚ุฑุฑู†ุง ุฃู†ู‡ ูŠู†ุจุบูŠ ู„ู†ุง ุฃู† ู†ููƒุฑ ููŠ ู‡ุฐุง
ูˆู„ูŠุณ ุฐู„ูƒ ุจูƒุซูŠุฑ ู…ู† ุญูŠุซ ุงู„ุชูƒู„ูุฉ ุŒ
15:26
not so much in terms of cost, but in terms of simplicity.
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ูˆู„ูƒู† ู…ู† ุญูŠุซ ุงู„ุจุณุงุทุฉ.
15:29
Simplicity is a neat word.
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ุงู„ุจุณุงุทุฉ ู‡ูŠ ูƒู„ู…ุฉ ุฃู†ูŠู‚ุฉ. ูˆุนู„ูŠู†ุง ุงู„ุชููƒูŠุฑ ููŠ ุฐู„ูƒ
15:31
You've got to think about what simplicity means.
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ู…ุงุฐุง ุชุนู†ูŠ ุงู„ุจุณุงุทุฉ.
ูˆุฃู†ุง ุฃุนู„ู… ู…ุง ู‡ูŠ ูˆู„ูƒู† ู„ุง ุฃุนุฑู ู…ุง ุชุนู†ูŠู‡ ููŠ ุงู„ูˆุงู‚ุน.
15:34
I know what it is,
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15:35
but I don't actually know what it means.
328
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15:37
So I actually was interested enough in this
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ู„ุฐู„ูƒ ุŒ ูƒู†ุช ูุนู„ุง ู…ู‡ุชู…ุง ุจู‡ุง ุจู…ุง ููŠู‡ ุงู„ูƒูุงูŠุฉ ู„ุฌู…ุน
15:39
to put together several groups of people.
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ุนุฏุฉ ู…ุฌู…ูˆุนุงุช ู…ู† ุงู„ู†ุงุณ ู…ุนุง.
15:43
The most recent involved a couple of people at MIT,
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ูˆ ุงู„ุงุญุฏุซ ูŠุถู… ุงู„ุจุนุถ ู…ู† ู…ุนู‡ุฏ ู…ุงุณุงุชุดูˆุณุชุณ ู„ู„ุชูƒู†ูˆู„ูˆุฌูŠุง ุŒ
15:46
one of them being an exceptionally bright kid
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ุฃุญุฏู‡ู… ุทูู„ ู„ุงู…ุน ุจุดูƒู„ ุงุณุชุซู†ุงุฆูŠ
15:48
who is one of the very few people I would think of
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ูˆู‡ูˆ ูˆุงุญุฏ ู…ู† ู‚ู„ุฉ ู‚ู„ูŠู„ุฉ ู…ู† ุงู„ู†ุงุณ ุฃุนุชู‚ุฏ ุฃู†ู‡
ุนุจู‚ุฑูŠ ุญู‚ูŠู‚ูŠ.
15:51
who's an authentic genius.
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15:52
We all struggled for an entire day to think about simplicity.
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ู†ุญู† ู†ู†ุงุถู„ ุฌู…ูŠุนุง ู„ู…ุฏุฉ ูŠูˆู… ูƒุงู…ู„ ู„ู„ุชููƒูŠุฑ ููŠ ุงู„ุจุณุงุทุฉ.
15:56
And I want to give you the answer of this deep scientific thought.
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ูˆุฃุฑูŠุฏ ุฃู† ุฃุนุทูŠูƒู… ุงู„ุฅุฌุงุจุฉ
ุงู„ููƒุฑ ุงู„ุนู„ู…ูŠ ุงู„ุนู…ูŠู‚.
16:01
[What is simplicity?
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(ุถุญูƒ)
16:02
"It's impossible to f..k it up"]
338
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16:03
(Laughter)
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ู„ุฐู„ูƒ ุŒ ุฅู„ู‰ ุญุฏ ู…ุง ุŒ ูุณูˆู ุชุญุตู„ ุนู„ู‰ ู…ุง ุชุฏูุนู‡ ู…ู† ู…ู‚ุงุจู„.
16:05
So, in a sense, you get what you pay for.
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16:07
Thank you very much.
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ุดูƒุฑุง ุฌุฒูŠู„ุง.
16:09
(Applause)
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(ุถุญูƒ)
ุญูˆู„ ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ู…ูˆู‚ุน

ุณูŠู‚ุฏู… ู„ูƒ ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ู…ูˆู‚ุน ู…ู‚ุงุทุน ููŠุฏูŠูˆ YouTube ุงู„ู…ููŠุฏุฉ ู„ุชุนู„ู… ุงู„ู„ุบุฉ ุงู„ุฅู†ุฌู„ูŠุฒูŠุฉ. ุณุชุฑู‰ ุฏุฑูˆุณ ุงู„ู„ุบุฉ ุงู„ุฅู†ุฌู„ูŠุฒูŠุฉ ุงู„ุชูŠ ูŠุชู… ุชุฏุฑูŠุณู‡ุง ู…ู† ู‚ุจู„ ู…ุฏุฑุณูŠู† ู…ู† ุงู„ุฏุฑุฌุฉ ุงู„ุฃูˆู„ู‰ ู…ู† ุฌู…ูŠุน ุฃู†ุญุงุก ุงู„ุนุงู„ู…. ุงู†ู‚ุฑ ู†ู‚ุฑู‹ุง ู…ุฒุฏูˆุฌู‹ุง ููˆู‚ ุงู„ุชุฑุฌู…ุฉ ุงู„ุฅู†ุฌู„ูŠุฒูŠุฉ ุงู„ู…ุนุฑูˆุถุฉ ุนู„ู‰ ูƒู„ ุตูุญุฉ ููŠุฏูŠูˆ ู„ุชุดุบูŠู„ ุงู„ููŠุฏูŠูˆ ู…ู† ู‡ู†ุงูƒ. ูŠุชู… ุชู…ุฑูŠุฑ ุงู„ุชุฑุฌู…ุงุช ุจุงู„ุชุฒุงู…ู† ู…ุน ุชุดุบูŠู„ ุงู„ููŠุฏูŠูˆ. ุฅุฐุง ูƒุงู† ู„ุฏูŠูƒ ุฃูŠ ุชุนู„ูŠู‚ุงุช ุฃูˆ ุทู„ุจุงุช ุŒ ูŠุฑุฌู‰ ุงู„ุงุชุตุงู„ ุจู†ุง ุจุงุณุชุฎุฏุงู… ู†ู…ูˆุฐุฌ ุงู„ุงุชุตุงู„ ู‡ุฐุง.

https://forms.gle/WvT1wiN1qDtmnspy7