4 ways to make a city more walkable | Jeff Speck

Translator: Martin Kubáň Reviewer: Linda Magáthová

So I'm here to talk to you about the walkable city.

Dnes vám poviem o schodných mestách.

What is the walkable city?

Čo je to schodné mesto?

Well, for want of a better definition,

Keďže nemáme poriadnu definíciu,

it's a city in which the car is an optional instrument of freedom,

tak v skratke ide o mesto, v ktorom auto predstavuje voliteľný prostriedok slobody,

rather than a prosthetic device.

než len prostetický nástroj.

And I'd like to talk about why we need the walkable city,

Rád by som hovoril o tom, prečo potrebujeme schodné mestá,

and I'd like to talk about how to do the walkable city.

a o spôsobe, ako sa vytvárajú.

Most of the talks I give these days are about why we need it,

Zvyčajne totiž hovorím o tom, prečo také mestá potrebujeme,

but you guys are smart.

ale vy vyzeráte rozumne.

And also I gave that talk exactly a month ago,

Navyše som o tom hovoril presne pred mesiacom,

and you can see it at TED.com.

reč si nájdete na TED.com.

So today I want to talk about how to do it.

Čiže dnes prejdem k tomu, ako také mesto vytvoriť.

In a lot of time thinking about this,

Dlho som o tom premýšľal

I've come up with what I call the general theory of walkability.

a svoju myšlienku som nazval všeobecnou teóriou schodnosti.

A bit of a pretentious term, it's a little tongue-in-cheek,

Trochu okázalý termín, trochu ironický,

but it's something I've thought about for a long time,

ale je to niečo, o čom som veľmi dlho premýšľal,

and I'd like to share what I think I've figured out.

a chcem sa podeliť o to, k čomu som dospel.

In the American city, the typical American city --

V typickom americkom meste,

the typical American city is not Washington, DC,

typickými nie sú Washington

or New York, or San Francisco;

ani New York či San Francisco,

it's Grand Rapids or Cedar Rapids or Memphis --

ale Grand Rapids, Cedar Rapids alebo Memphis.

in the typical American city in which most people own cars

Väčšina ľudí v týchto mestách má auto

and the temptation is to drive them all the time,

a sú nabádaní stále jazdiť.

if you're going to get them to walk, then you have to offer a walk

Ak ich chcete dostať na nohy, tak musíte ponúknuť takú prechádzku,

that's as good as a drive or better.

ktorá sa kvalitou aspoň vyrovná jazde.

What does that mean?

Čo nám treba?

It means you need to offer four things simultaneously:

Potrebujeme splniť štyri podmienky naraz.

there needs to be a proper reason to walk,

Dať ľuďom správny dôvod chodiť,

the walk has to be safe and feel safe,

poskytnúť pri chôdzi pocit bezpečia,

the walk has to be comfortable

zaistiť komfort chôdze

and the walk has to be interesting.

a pripraviť zaujímavé okolie.

You need to do all four of these things simultaneously,

Musíte myslieť na všetky štyri veci naraz.

and that's the structure of my talk today,

A o nich je môj prejav.

to take you through each of those.

Prejdeme sa každou z nich.

The reason to walk is a story I learned from my mentors,

O dôvode chodiť som sa naučil od svojich mentorov,

Andrés Duany and Elizabeth Plater-Zyberk,

Andrésa Duanyho a Elizabety Platerovej-Zyberkovej,

zakladateľov hnutia Nový urbanizmus.

the founders of the New Urbanism movement.

And I should say half the slides and half of my talk today

A priznávam, že práve od nich som sa naučil asi polovicu toho,

I learned from them.

čo dnes budete počuť.

It's the story of planning,

Je to príbeh o plánovaní.

the story of the formation of the planning profession.

Príbeh o zrode práce plánovania mesta.

When in the 19th century people were choking

Keď sa v 19. storočí ľudia zadúšali zo záplavy sadzí z fabrík,

from the soot of the dark, satanic mills,

the planners said, hey, let's move the housing away from the mills.

tak si plánovači povedali: „Premiestnime domovy ďalej od fabrík.“

And lifespans increased immediately, dramatically,

Dĺžka života sa okamžite a výrazne zvýšila

and we like to say

a treba povedať,

the planners have been trying to repeat that experience ever since.

že odvtedy plánovači tento model opakujú znova a znova.

So there's the onset of what we call Euclidean zoning,

Preto zažívame rozmach modelu funkčného zónovania,

the separation of the landscape into large areas of single use.

členenia územia na veľké zóny, z ktorých každá plní jednu funkciu.

And typically when I arrive in a city to do a plan,

Keď prídem do mesta plánovať,

a plan like this already awaits me on the property that I'm looking at.

tak ma zvyčajne na stole čaká nákres podobný tomu, aký ste videli.

And all a plan like this guarantees

A takýto plán mesta zaručuje,

is that you will not have a walkable city,

že mesto schodné nebude, lebo nič sa s ničím nespája.

because nothing is located near anything else.

The alternative, of course, is our most walkable city,

Alternatívou je naše najschodnejšie mesto,

and I like to say, you know, this is a Rothko,

že toto vyzerá ako od Rothka

and this is a Seurat.

a toto ako od Seurata.

It's just a different way -- he was the pointilist --

Ide o iné spôsoby plánovania miest.

it's a different way of making places.

And even this map of Manhattan is a bit misleading

A dokonca aj mapa Manhattanu je trochu zavádzajúca,

because the red color is uses that are mixed vertically.

lebo červená predstavuje funkcie, ktoré sa vertikálne prelínajú.

So this is the big story of the New Urbanists --

Čiže veľkým príbehom Nových urbanistov

to acknowledge that there are only two ways

je vedomie, že jestvujú len dva smery,

that have been tested by the thousands

ktoré sú vo svete preverené tisícami ľudí a dlhou históriou po celom svete.

to build communities, in the world and throughout history.

One is the traditional neighborhood.

Prvým je tradičné susedstvo.

You see here several neighborhoods of Newburyport, Massachusetts,

Tu vidíte pár susedstiev v Newburyporte, štáte Massachusetts.

which is defined as being compact and being diverse --

Sú kompaktné a rozmanité.

places to live, work, shop, recreate, get educated --

Poskytujú miesta na život, prácu, nákupy, oddych aj vzdelanie.

all within walking distance.

To všetko na dosah nohy.

And it's defined as being walkable.

Také mesto sa považuje za schodné.

There are lots of small streets.

Je v ňom mnoho uličiek, a po každej sa dobre kráča.

Each one is comfortable to walk on.

And we contrast that to the other way,

Postavme si to do kontrastu s opakom,

an invention that happened after the Second World War,

vynálezom zrodeným po druhej svetovej, rozširovaním miest.

suburban sprawl,

clearly not compact, clearly not diverse, and it's not walkable,

Zjavne nesúdržné, očividne jednotvárne a neschodné,

because so few of the streets connect,

lebo sa križuje len málo ulíc,

that those streets that do connect become overburdened,

a tie, ktoré sa križujú, sú rýchlo preťažené.

and you wouldn't let your kid out on them.

Určite by ste na ne neposlali dieťa.

And I want to thank Alex Maclean, the aerial photographer,

Chcem sa poďakovať Alexovi Macleanovi

for many of these beautiful pictures that I'm showing you today.

za krásne letecké snímky, ktoré vám ukazujem.

So it's fun to break sprawl down into its constituent parts.

Je fakt zábavné rozširovať mesto do jeho jednotlivých častí.

It's so easy to understand,

Je to také prosté,

the places where you only live, the places where you only work,

miesta, kde len bývate, miesta, kde len pracujete,

the places where you only shop,

miesta, kde iba nakupujete,

and our super-sized public institutions.

a pravdaže miesta len pre naše obrovské verejné inštitúcie.

Schools get bigger and bigger,

Školy sú čoraz väčšie

and therefore, further and further from each other.

a následne aj vzdialenejšie jedna od druhej.

And the ratio of the size of the parking lot

Pomer veľkosti parkoviska k veľkosti školy

to the size of the school

tells you all you need to know,

hovorí sám za seba.

which is that no child has ever walked to this school,

Do tejto školy ešte nedokráčalo ani jedno dieťa,

no child will ever walk to this school.

a ani jedno nedokráča.

The seniors and juniors are driving the freshmen and the sophomores,

Štvrtáci a piataci sa vyvážajú s prvákmi a druhákmi,

and of course we have the crash statistics to prove it.

čo potvrdzujú aj údaje o nehodách.

And then the super-sizing of our other civic institutions

Okrem toho znásobujeme veľkosť občianskych inštitúcií,

like playing fields --

ako napríklad ihrísk.

it's wonderful that Westin in the Ft. Lauderdale area

Je úplne bombové, že hotel Westin má v oblasti Ft. Lauderdale

has eight soccer fields and eight baseball diamonds

osem futbalových a osem baseballových ihrísk

and 20 tennis courts,

a 20 tenisových kurtov.

but look at the road that takes you to that location,

Ale pozrite sa na príjazdovú cestu.

and would you let your child bike on it?

Pustili by ste tam dieťa na bicykli?

And this is why we have the soccer mom now.

Toto je dôvod, prečo máme futbalové mamičky.

When I was young, I had one soccer field,

Ako deti sme mali jedno futbalové,

one baseball diamond and one tennis court,

jedno baseballové ihrisko a tenisový kurt.

but I could walk to it, because it was in my neighborhood.

Mohol som k nim dokráčať, lebo boli v susedstve.

Then the final part of sprawl that everyone forgot to count:

A nakoniec, každý pri rozrastaní miest zabudol na to,

if you're going to separate everything from everything else

že ak všetko od seba oddelíte

a prepojíte výlučne cestami,

and reconnect it only with automotive infrastructure,

vaša krajina bude vyzerať asi takto.

then this is what your landscape begins to look like.

Nosnou myšlienkou je,

The main message here is:

if you want to have a walkable city, you can't start with the sprawl model.

že ak chcete žiť v schodnom meste, nedá sa začať s modelom rozširovania.

you need the bones of an urban model.

Potrebujete skelet mestského modelu.

This is the outcome of that form of design,

Naopak, výsledkom rozširovania je toto,

as is this.

ako aj toto.

And this is something that a lot of Americans want.

Je to niečo, čo chce mnoho Američanov.

But we have to understand it's a two-part American dream.

Americký sen má však aj temnú stranu.

Ak snívate o tomto,

If you're dreaming for this,

potom snívate aj o tomto.

you're also going to be dreaming of this, often to absurd extremes,

Keď postavíme mestá primárne pre autá, dostaneme sa do absurdných extrémov.

when we build our landscape to accommodate cars first.

And the experience of being in these places --

A život v týchto mestách –

(Laughter)

(smiech) [Tu nikdy nesvieti zelená]

This is not Photoshopped.

To nie je fotomontáž.

Walter Kulash took this slide.

Fotku zhotovil Walter Kulash.

It's in Panama City.

Je to Panama City.

This is a real place.

Je to skutočné.

And being a driver can be a bit of a nuisance,

Na takýchto miestach

and being a pedestrian can be a bit of a nuisance

je nepríjemné byť šoférom,

in these places.

ako aj chodcom.

This is a slide that epidemiologists have been showing for some time now,

Toto nám epidemiológovia istý čas ukazujú.

(Laughter)

(smiech)

The fact that we have a society where you drive to the parking lot

Fakt, že sme v spoločnosti, v ktorej sa autom dovezieme

k eskalátoru, ktorý nás vyvezie k bežiacemu pásu dokazuje,

to take the escalator to the treadmill

shows that we're doing something wrong.

že sme niekde zlyhali.

Vieme to však napraviť.

But we know how to do it better.

Here are the two models contrasted.

Porovnajme si dva modely.

I show this slide,

Tento obrázok,

which has been a formative document of the New Urbanism now

ktorý od vzniku slúži Novému urbanizmu

for almost 30 years,

už asi 30 rokov ukazuje,

to show that sprawl and the traditional neighborhood contain the same things.

že tradičný model zahŕňa všetky funkcie, ktoré sú aj v rozširovacom.

It's just how big are they,

Rozdiel je vo veľkosti,

how close are they to each other,

vo vzdialenosti medzi nimi,

how are they interspersed together

ako sú rozptýlené,

and do you have a street network, rather than a cul-de-sac

či máte sieť ulíc alebo slepé uličky,

or a collector system of streets?

alebo systém zberných ciest.

So when we look at a downtown area,

Hovorme chvíľu o centre mesta.

at a place that has a hope of being walkable,

Centrá majú nádej byť schodnými,

and mostly that's our downtowns in America's cities

a v Amerike sú to práve ony, vo veľkomestách,

and towns and villages,

mestách a dedinách,

we look at them and say we want the proper balance of uses.

od ktorých očakávame vyváženosť vo funkciách.

So what is missing or underrepresented?

V čom je háčik? Čo v nich chýba?

And again, in the typical American cities in which most Americans live,

Tam, kde žije väčšina ľudí, v typickom Americkom veľkomeste,

it is housing that is lacking.

chýbajú práve domovy.

The jobs-to-housing balance is off.

Chýba balans medzi pracoviskami a domovmi.

And you find that when you bring housing back,

Keď však navrátite domovy, tak zistíte,

these other things start to come back too,

že s nimi prídu aj zvyšné funkcie,

and housing is usually first among those things.

ale domovy sú prvoradé.

And, of course, the thing that shows up last and eventually

Ako posledná postupne príde škola,

is the schools,

because the people have to move in,

lebo ľudia sa najskôr presťahujú,

the young pioneers have to move in, get older, have kids

mladí priekopníci sa musia presťahovať, zabehnúť sa, priniesť potomstvo,

and fight, and then the schools get pretty good eventually.

vydržať, a až potom sa školy zlepšia.

The other part of this part,

Druhá stránka tejto časti,

the useful city part,

tejto užitočnej časti,

is transit,

je mestská hromadná doprava.

and you can have a perfectly walkable neighborhood without it.

Dokonale schodné susedstvo sa bez nej zaobíde,

But perfectly walkable cities require transit,

ale dokonale schodné veľkomesto

si ju vyžaduje.

because if you don't have access to the whole city as a pedestrian,

Ak nemáte prístup do každého kúta mesta ako chodec,

then you get a car,

tak si kúpite auto,

and if you get a car,

a keď ho už máte,

the city begins to reshape itself around your needs,

tak sa mesto vytvaruje podľa vašich potrieb.

and the streets get wider and the parking lots get bigger

Ulice sa rozšíria, parkoviská sa zväčšia,

and you no longer have a walkable city.

a idea schodného mesta je preč.

So transit is essential.

MHD je teda základ.

But every transit experience, every transit trip,

Jazda MHD sa však začína aj končí chôdzou.

begins or ends as a walk,

and so we have to remember to build walkability around our transit stations.

Musíme preto dbať na to, aby boli zastávky ľahko prístupné.

Next category, the biggest one, is the safe walk.

Ďalším bodom, najväčším, je bezpečnosť chôdze.

It's what most walkability experts talk about.

Hovorí o ňom väčšina odborníkov na schodnosť.

It is essential, but alone not enough to get people to walk.

Bezpečnosť tvorí základ, ale sama nepresvedčí ľudí chodiť.

And there are so many moving parts that add up to a walkable city.

Máme veľa premenných, ktoré môžu prispieť ku schodnosti.

The first is block size.

Napríklad veľkosť bloku.

This is Portland, Oregon,

Portland v Oregone.

famously 200-foot blocks, famously walkable.

Slávne 60 metrov dlhé bloky, slávne schodné.

This is Salt Lake City,

Salt Lake City,

famously 600-foot blocks,

slávne 180 metrov dlhé bloky,

famously unwalkable.

slávne neschodné.

If you look at the two, it's almost like two different planets,

V porovnaní sú to dva odlišné svety,

hoci oba postavili ľudia.

but these places were both built by humans

Pointa je, že keď máte 60 m dlhé bloky,

and in fact, the story is that when you have a 200-foot block city,

you can have a two-lane city,

používate cesty s 2 pruhmi

or a two-to-four lane city,

alebo maximálne so 4.

and a 600-foot block city is a six-lane city, and that's a problem.

Pri 180 m dlhých blokoch máte cesty až so 6 pruhmi, čo je problém.

These are the crash statistics.

Nehodovosť.

When you double the block size --

Výskum v Kalifornii na 24 mestách ukázal,

this was a study of 24 California cities --

že keď zdvojnásobíte veľkosť blokov,

when you double the block size,

you almost quadruple the number of fatal accidents

tak počet smrteľných nehôd na mestských cestách

on non-highway streets.

sa viac ako strojnásobí.

So how many lanes do we have?

Koľko pruhov nám teda treba?

This is where I'm going to tell you what I tell every audience I meet,

Poviem vám to, čo hovorím každému publiku.

which is to remind you about induced demand.

Pripomeniem vám otázku latentného dopytu.

Induced demand applies both to highways and to city streets.

Latentný dopyt platí ako pre diaľnice, tak aj pre mestské komunikácie.

And induced demand tells us that when we widen the streets

A jeho zákon nám hovorí, že keď rozšírime cesty,

to accept the congestion that we're anticipating,

aby sme pokryli predpokladané zaťaženie

or the additional trips that we're anticipating

alebo predpokladaný nárast jázd,

in congested systems, it is principally that congestion

tak je to práve premávka,

that is constraining demand,

ktorá stimuluje dopyt.

and so that the widening comes,

Prichádza na rad rozširovanie

and there are all of these latent trips that are ready to happen.

a s sním aj všetky možné latentné jazdy.

People move further from work

Cesta z práce je dlhšia,

and make other choices about when they commute,

a tak si vyberajú, kedy budú cestovať,

and those lanes fill up very quickly with traffic,

vinou čoho sa pruhy rýchlo zahltia.

so we widen the street again, and they fill up again.

Opäť rozšírime cesty a zasa sa zahltia.

And we've learned that in congested systems,

Naučili sme sa, že takýmto spôsobom

we cannot satisfy the automobile.

sa situácia s autami riešiť nedá.

This is from Newsweek Magazine -- hardly an esoteric publication:

Úryvok z Newsweek Magazine,

žiadna ezoterika:

"Today's engineers acknowledge

„Terajší inžinieri priznávajú,

that building new roads usually makes traffic worse."

že výstavba nových ciest zvyčajne zhorší premávku.“

My response to reading this was, may I please meet some of these engineers,

Moja reakcia bola taká, že som sa chcel s nimi stretnúť,

because these are not the ones that I --

lebo v súčasnosti pracujem

there are great exceptions that I'm working with now --

skôr s výnimkami v odbore.

but these are not the engineers one typically meets working in a city,

Zvyčajne sa pri práci stretnem s takými,

where they say, "Oh, that road is too crowded, we need to add a lane."

ktorí povedia: „Aha, ulica je preplnená, pridajme pruh.“

So you add a lane, and the traffic comes,

Pridá sa pruh, naplní sa autami,

and they say, "See, I told you we needed that lane."

a potom povedia: „Vidíš, hovoril som to.“

This applies both to highways and to city streets if they're congested.

To platí ako pre diaľnice, tak aj pre upchaté ulice.

But the amazing thing about most American cities that I work in,

Dobrou správou je však to, že vo väčšine našich veľkomiest,

the more typical cities,

typickejších veľkomiest,

is that they have a lot of streets that are actually oversized

je mnoho ulíc, ktoré sú širšie, než je potrebné pre aktuálnu premávku.

for the congestion they're currently experiencing.

This was the case in Oklahoma City,

Presne prípad Oklahoma City.

when the mayor came running to me, very upset,

Oslovil ma rozhnevaný primátor,

because they were named in Prevention Magazine

lebo Prevention Magazine označil mesto

the worst city for pedestrians in the entire country.

za najhoršie mesto pre chodcov v celých Štátoch,

Now that can't possibly be true,

čo je sotva pravda,

but it certainly is enough to make a mayor do something about it.

ale rozhodne dosť na to, aby primátor začal konať.

We did a walkability study,

Preskúmali sme schodnosť

and what we found, looking at the car counts on the street --

a pri počítaní áut na cestách sme zistili,

these are 3,000-, 4,000-, 7,000-car counts

že ich počet na cestách dosahuje 3 000, 4 000 až 7 000.

and we know that two lanes can handle 10,000 cars per day.

Vieme, že dva pruhy obslúžia až 10 000 áut denne.

Look at these numbers -- they're all near or under 10,000 cars,

Všimnite si čísla, všetky sú takmer alebo menej ako 10 000.

and these were the streets that were designated

Tieto cesty sa plánovali

in the new downtown plan

podľa nového plánu pre centrá,

to be four lanes to six lanes wide.

ktoré mali mať 4 až 6 pruhov.

So you had a fundamental disconnect between the number of lanes

Vidíme teda zásadný rozdiel medzi počtom pruhov

and the number of cars that wanted to use them.

a počtom áut, ktoré ich používajú.

So it was my job to redesign every street in the downtown

Mojou úlohou bolo preplánovať každú ulicu v centre mesta

from curb face to curb face,

od obrubníka po obrubník.

and we did it for 50 blocks of streets,

Preplánovali sme 50 blokov ciest

and we're rebuilding it now.

a teraz sú vo výstavbe.

So a typical oversized street to nowhere

Typická ulica od nevidím do nevidím

is being narrowed, and now under construction,

sa zužuje, momentálne vo výstavbe.

and the project is half done.

Polovica je už hotová.

The typical street like this, you know,

Keď preplánujete širokú ulicu,

when you do that, you find room for medians.

odrazu získate miesto na deliaci pás a cyklistické pruhy.

You find room for bike lanes.

Máme 2x toľko parkovacích miest na ceste.

We've doubled the amount of on-street parking.

We've added a full bike network where one didn't exist before.

Plne sme integrovali cyklopruhy, ktoré v meste predtým neboli.

But not everyone has the money that Oklahoma City has,

Nie každé mesto má však toľko peňazí ako Oklahoma City.

because they have an extraction economy that's doing quite well.

Darí sa im totiž v ropnom priemysle.

The typical city is more like Cedar Rapids,

Typickejším mestom je Cedar Rapids,

where they have an all four-lane system, half one-way system.

v ktorom je štvorpruhový systém, polovica ciest je jednosmerných.

And it's a little hard to see,

Asi to dobre nevidno,

but what we've done -- what we're doing; it's in process right now,

ale hoci sú cesty ešte stále v prestavbe,

it's in engineering right now --

tak sme preplánovali cesty

is turning an all four-lane system, half one-way

zo štvorpruhových, z čoho polovica tvorila jednosmerné cesty,

into an all two-lane system, all two-way,

na dvojpruhové, všetky obojsmerné.

and in so doing, we're adding 70 percent more on-street parking,

Tým sme pridali o 70 % viac parkovacích miest na ceste,

which the merchants love,

čo obchodníkov teší,

and it protects the sidewalk.

a navyše takéto parkovanie chodník chráni.

That parking makes the sidewalk safe,

and we're adding a much more robust bicycle network.

Postupne budujeme rozsiahlejšiu sieť cyklopruhov.

Then the lanes themselves. How wide are they?

A čo samotné jazdné pruhy? Aké sú široké?

That's really important.

To je dôležité.

The standards have changed such that, as Andrés Duany says,

Normy sa zmenili, a ako povedal Andrés Duany,

the typical road to a subdivision in America

bežná cesta vedúca k americkému sídlisku

allows you to see the curvature of the Earth.

vám umožní vidieť zakrivenie Zeme.

(Laughter)

(smiech)

This is a subdivision outside of Washington from the 1960s.

Na snímke vidíte predmestie Washingtonu zo 60. rokov.

Look very carefully at the width of the streets.

Dobre si všimnite šírku ulíc.

Toto je snímka z 80. rokov.

This is a subdivision from the 1980s.

1960s, 1980s.

Rozdiel len 20 rokov.

The standards have changed to such a degree

Normy sa zmenili tak výrazne,

that my old neighborhood of South Beach,

že keď v mojom starom susedstve,

when it was time to fix the street that wasn't draining properly,

South Beach, mali opraviť drenáž,

they had to widen it and take away half our sidewalk,

tak pre širšie normy museli cestu rozšíriť

because the standards were wider.

a ubrať polovicu z chodníka.

People go faster on wider streets.

Na širších cestách sa jazdí rýchlejšie.

People know this.

Ľudia o tom vedia.

The engineers deny it, but the citizens know it,

Inžinieri to popierajú, ale občania o tom vedia.

so that in Birmingham, Michigan, they fight for narrower streets.

Preto v Birminghame v Michigane bojujú za užšie cesty.

Portland, Oregon, famously walkable,

Portland v Oregone je známy pre schodnosť.

instituted its "Skinny Streets" program in its residential neighborhood.

V jednom susedstve spustili program s názvom „Štíhle cesty“.

We know that skinny streets are safer.

Užšie cesty sú spravidla bezpečnejšie.

The developer Vince Graham, in his project I'On,

S projektantom Vincom Grahamom sme pracovali na projekte I'On

which we worked on in South Carolina,

v Južnej Karolíne.

he goes to conferences and he shows his amazing 22-foot roads.

Na konferenciách svetu ukazuje svoje neuveriteľné 6,7 m široké cesty.

These are two-way roads, very narrow rights of way,

Sú obojsmerné, využíva sa právo prednosti v jazde.

and he shows this well-known philosopher,

Odvoláva sa na svetoznámeho filozofa,

who said, "Broad is the road that leads to destruction ...

ktorý povedal: „Široká cesta vedie do zatratenia...

narrow is the road that leads to life."

úzka cesta vedie do života.“

(Laughter)

(smiech)

(Applause)

(potlesk)

This plays very well in the South.

Toto na juhu USA vždy zaberie.

Now: bicycles.

Teraz o bicykloch.

Bicycles and bicycling are the current revolution underway

Bicykle a cyklistika predstavujú rodiacu sa revolúciu

in only some American cities.

len v niektorých mestách v USA.

But where you build it, they come.

Kde sú však podmienky, tam prídu.

As a planner, I hate to say that, but the one thing I can say

Nerád to ako architekt hovorím, ale musím priznať,

is that bicycle population is a function of bicycle infrastructure.

že populácia cyklistov závisí od cyklistickej infraštruktúry.

I asked my friend Tom Brennan from Nelson\Nygaard in Portland

Požiadal som Toma Brennana z Nelson\Nygaard z Portlandu,

to send me some pictures of the Portland bike commute.

aby mi poslal pár snímok cyklistickej dopravy v meste.

He sent me this. I said, "Was that bike to work day?"

Pýtam sa ho: „Reklama bicyklom do práce?“

He said, "No, that was Tuesday."

Vraj: „Nie, to je utorok.“

When you do what Portland did and spend money on bicycle infrastructure --

Keď v New Yoku urobili to, čo v Portlande, a peniaze šli na cyklo infraštruktúru,

New York City has doubled the number of bikers in it several times now

tak sa počet cyklistov v meste niekoľkokrát zdvojnásobil,

by painting these bright green lanes.

všetko vďaka týmto zeleným pruhom.

Even automotive cities like Long Beach, California:

Dokonca aj automobilové mestá ako Long Beach v Kalifornii zaznamenali

vast uptick in the number of bikers based on the infrastructure.

veľký nárast počtu cyklistov, vďaka infraštruktúre.

And of course, what really does it,

A samozrejme, kľúčovým je,

if you know 15th Street here in Washington, DC --

tak ako na 15th Street vo Washingtone, DC,

please meet Rahm Emanuel's new bike lanes in Chicago,

tak aj v Chicagu – cyklopruhy od Rahma Emanuela.

the buffered lane, the parallel parking pulled off the curb,

Je to nárazníkový pruh, parkuje sa pár metrov od chodníka,

the bikes between the parked cars and the curb --

cyklisti jazdia medzi chodníkom a zaparkovanými autami.

these mint cyclists.

Na snímke nadšení cyklisti.

If, however, as in Pasadena, every lane is a bike lane,

Ak je však cyklopruhom každý pruh, ako v Pasadene,

then no lane is a bike lane.

tak ním nie je ani jeden.

And this is the only bicyclist that I met in Pasadena, so ...

A toto je jediný cyklista, ktorého som tam stretol...

(Laughter)

(smiech)

The parallel parking I mentioned --

Pozdĺžne parkovanie

it's an essential barrier of steel

je v podstate stena z ocele,

that protects the curb and pedestrians from moving vehicles.

ktorá chráni chodcov na chodníku pred jazdiacimi autami.

This is Ft. Lauderdale; one side of the street, you can park,

Toto je Ft. Lauderdale, na jednej strane ulice sa parkovať dá,

the other side of the street, you can't.

na druhej strane sa nedá.

This is happy hour on the parking side.

Šťastná hodinka na jednej strane,

This is sad hour on the other side.

smutná hodinka na druhej.

And then the trees themselves slow cars down.

Aj samotné stromy spomaľujú autá.

They move slower when trees are next to the road,

Autá jazdia pomalšie, keď sú okolo cesty stromy,

and, of course, sometimes they slow down very quickly.

a niekedy spomalia veľmi rýchlo.

All the little details -- the curb return radius.

Na detailoch záleží. Aký je polomer zákruty?

Is it one foot or is it 40 feet?

Je to pol metra alebo 12 metrov?

How swoopy is that curb to determine how fast the car goes

Zaoblenie zákruty určuje rýchlosť auta

a vzdialenosť, ktorú musíte prekonať.

and how much room you have to cross.

And then I love this, because this is objective journalism.

Milujem objektívnu žurnalistiku.

"Some say the entrance to CityCenter is not inviting to pedestrians."

„Niektorí tvrdia, že vstup do centra nie je pre chodcov príťažlivý.“

When every aspect of the landscape is swoopy,

Keď je každý aspekt terénu zaoblený,

is aerodynamic, is stream-form geometrics,

aerodynamický, s geometriou obtekania,

it says: "This is a vehicular place."

miesto jasné hovorí „som pre autá“.

So no one detail, no one speciality, can be allowed to set the stage.

Preto by ani jeden detail či výnimka nemali určovať budúci vzhľad cesty.

And here, you know, this street:

A na tejto ulici vidíme,

yes, it will drain within a minute of the hundred-year storm,

že kanalizácia si poradí so storočnou vodou,

but this poor woman has to mount the curb every day.

ale táto chudinka musí šplhať na chodník každý deň.

So then quickly, the comfortable walk has to do with the fact

Ešte poviem, že príjemná prechádzka súvisí s tým,

that all animals seek, simultaneously, prospect and refuge.

že každý tvor chce súčasne výhľad a útočisko.

We want to be able to see our predators,

Chceme dobre vidieť predátorov

but we also want to feel that our flanks are covered.

a zároveň si byť istí, že máme krytý chrbát.

And so we're drawn to places that have good edges,

Radi chodíme na dobre lemované ulice.

and if you don't supply the edges, people won't want to be there.

Ak také ulice nemáte, ľudia neprídu.

What's the proper ratio of height to width?

Aký je ideálny pomer výšky a šírky?

Is it one to one? Three to one?

Jedna k jednej? Tri ku jednej?

If you get beyond one to six, you're not very comfortable anymore.

Ak presiahnete 1:6, už sa necítite veľmi pohodlne.

You don't feel enclosed.

Necítite sa chránene.

Now, six to one in Salzburg can be perfectly delightful.

Šesť ku jednej v Salzburgu pôsobí príjemne.

The opposite of Salzburg is Houston.

Opak Salzburgu je Houston.

The point being the parking lot is the principal problem here.

Najväčším problémom sú parkoviská.

However, missing teeth, those empty lots can be issues as well,

Chýbajúce zuby, prázdne parcely však tiež nepôsobia príjemne,

and if you have a missing corner because of an outdated zoning code,

a keď pre zastarané územné členenie

chýba na ulici roh,

then you could have a missing nose in your neighborhood.

tak vám chýba aj nos.

That's what we had in my neighborhood.

Tak to bolo v mojom susedstve.

This was the zoning code that said I couldn't build on that site.

Podľa územného členenia som na rohu nemohol stavať.

As you may know, Washington, DC is now changing its zoning

Možno viete, že Washington DC upravuje svoje územné členenie,

to allow sites like this to become sites like this.

aby sa takéto miesta

zmenili na takéto.

We needed a lot of variances to do that.

Vyžaduje si to mnoho ústupkov.

Triangular houses can be interesting to build,

Postaviť trojhranné domy dá celkom zabrať,

but if you get one built, people generally like it.

ale keď sa to podarí, ľuďom sa obyčajne páčia.

So you've got to fill those missing noses.

Treba vyplniť chýbajúce nosy.

And then, finally, the interesting walk:

A napokon: zaujímavé okolie,

signs of humanity.

znak ľudstva.

We are among the social primates.

Človek je tvor spoločenský.

Nothing interests us more than other people.

Nič nás nezaujíma viac ako iní ľudia.

We want signs of people.

Chceme cítiť ľudskosť.

So the perfect one-to-one ratio, it's a great thing.

Dokonalý pomer 1:1 je super.

This is Grand Rapids, a very walkable city,

Toto je Grand Rapids, veľmi schodné mesto,

but nobody walks on this street

a hoci táto ulica spája dva najlepšie hotely,

that connects the two best hotels together,

nikto po nej nechodí,

because if on the left, you have an exposed parking deck,

lebo na jednej strane je odhalené poschodové parkovisko,

and on the right, you have a conference facility

a na druhej konferenčná budova,

that was apparently designed in admiration for that parking deck,

ktorá sa evidentne inšpirovala dizajnom parkoviska,

then you don't attract that many people.

a spolu tak odohnali ľudí.

Mayor Joe Riley, in his 10th term, Mayor of Charleston, South Carolina,

Primátor Charlestonu, Joe Riley, so skúsenosťami 10 funkčných období

taught us it only takes 25 feet of building

dokázal, že schovať 75 m dlhú garáž

to hide 250 feet of garage.

vedia aj 7,5 m vysoké budovy.

This one I call the Chia Pet Garage. It's in South Beach.

Volám ju Šalviová garáž. Je v South Beach.

That active ground floor.

Má využité prízemie.

I want to end with this project that I love to show.

Zakončím obľúbeným projektom v Columbe, Ohio,

It's by Meleca Architects. It's in Columbus, Ohio.

vytvorený skupinou Meleca Architects.

To the left is the convention center neighborhood, full of pedestrians.

Naľavo je konferenčné centrum a susedstvo plné chodcov.

To the right is the Short North neighborhood -- ethnic,

Napravo je etnické susedstvo Short North,

great restaurants, great shops, struggling.

kde sú reštaurácie, dobré obchody.

It wasn't doing very well because this was the bridge,

Ale nedarilo sa mu, lebo s centrom ho spájal tento most,

and no one was walking from the convention center

a nikto z centra doň nechodil.

into that neighborhood.

Well, when they rebuilt the highway, they added an extra 80 feet to the bridge.

Keď však prestavali diaľnicu, most rozšírili o 24 metrov.

Sorry -- they rebuilt the bridge over the highway.

Pardon, prestavali most.

The city paid 1.9 million dollars,

Mesto to stálo 1,9 milióna dolárov,

they gave the site to a developer,

most zverili staviteľovi,

the developer built this

ten most prestaval,

and now the Short North has come back to life.

a do Short North opäť vdýchol život.

And everyone says, the newspapers, not the planning magazines,

A každý, vrátane novín, nie staviteľských magazínov, vraví,

the newspapers say it's because of that bridge.

že za to vďačia mostu.

So that's it. That's the general theory of walkability.

To by sme mali. To je všeobecná teória schodnosti.

Think about your own cities.

Premýšľajte o svojich mestách.

Think about how you can apply it.

Ako sa dá teória aplikovať.

You've got to do all four things at once.

Treba splniť všetky 4 podmienky naraz.

So find those places where you have most of them

Nájdite miesta, ktoré ich spĺňajú čo najviac,

and fix what you can,

a napravte to, čo nefunguje.

fix what still needs fixing in those places.

I really appreciate your attention,

Ďakujem pekne za pozornosť.

and thank you for coming today.

Som rád, že ste dnes prišli.

(Applause)

(potlesk)