4 ways to make a city more walkable | Jeff Speck

譯者: ZHENG Shu 審譯者: Ellen Tung

So I'm here to talk to you about the walkable city.

我今天來和你們討論 所謂適宜步行的城市

What is the walkable city?

什麼才是適宜步行的城市呢？

Well, for want of a better definition,

最好的解釋就是

it's a city in which the car is an optional instrument of freedom,

汽車是城市一種可供選擇的工具

rather than a prosthetic device.

而不是像一個義肢般的必不可缺

And I'd like to talk about why we need the walkable city,

而我今天想談論 為什麼我們需要一個適宜步行的城市

and I'd like to talk about how to do the walkable city.

同時我也想談論 要怎麼做才能有一個適宜步行的城市

Most of the talks I give these days are about why we need it,

最近我大部分的演講 都是關於為什麼我們需要它？

but you guys are smart.

但是你們很聰明

And also I gave that talk exactly a month ago,

而那正是我一個月前的演講

and you can see it at TED.com.

你們可以在 TED.com 上面看到

So today I want to talk about how to do it.

所以今天我想討論如何做

In a lot of time thinking about this,

關於這問題，我想了很久

I've come up with what I call the general theory of walkability.

最後得出一個答案 我稱之為，適宜步行的一般性理論

A bit of a pretentious term, it's a little tongue-in-cheek,

有些狂妄的說法，也有點半開玩笑式

but it's something I've thought about for a long time,

但確實是我思考已久的事實

and I'd like to share what I think I've figured out.

我想和你們分享我的發現

In the American city, the typical American city --

在美國城市，典型的美國城市

the typical American city is not Washington, DC,

不是華盛頓特區

or New York, or San Francisco;

紐約或是舊金山

it's Grand Rapids or Cedar Rapids or Memphis --

是激流市或杉溪市或者孟菲斯──

in the typical American city in which most people own cars

在典型的美國城市裡 大部分的人們都擁有汽車

and the temptation is to drive them all the time,

這是致使他們時常行駛的誘因

if you're going to get them to walk, then you have to offer a walk

如果你試圖要他們步行 那麼你必須提供一個和開車一樣

that's as good as a drive or better.

甚而更好的方式

What does that mean?

這是什麼意思？

It means you need to offer four things simultaneously:

代表你必須同時滿足四項需求

there needs to be a proper reason to walk,

首先要有一個適切的理由去行走

the walk has to be safe and feel safe,

步行需要安全並感受到安全

the walk has to be comfortable

同時要是舒適的

and the walk has to be interesting.

也要是有趣的

You need to do all four of these things simultaneously,

這四項需求必須同時滿足

and that's the structure of my talk today,

這些正是今天演講的架構

to take you through each of those.

會分別探討每一項需求

The reason to walk is a story I learned from my mentors,

步行的理由

來自我導師所講述的一個故事

Andrés Duany and Elizabeth Plater-Zyberk,

安德鲁斯．杜安伊 和伊麗莎白．普拉特．茲伊貝克

the founders of the New Urbanism movement.

他們是新城市主義運動的先驅

And I should say half the slides and half of my talk today

而我必須坦承 今天的演講內容和投影片

I learned from them.

有一半來自這故事中啟發

It's the story of planning,

這是個關於規劃的故事

the story of the formation of the planning profession.

關於規劃專業如何形成的故事

When in the 19th century people were choking

在 19 世紀

人們窒息於煤煙密布的恐怖作坊

from the soot of the dark, satanic mills,

the planners said, hey, let's move the housing away from the mills.

規劃者曾這麼說道 嘿，我們把住宅搬離這地方吧

And lifespans increased immediately, dramatically,

人類平均壽命不久就明顯地延長

and we like to say

我們樂意這樣講

the planners have been trying to repeat that experience ever since.

規劃者從此就不斷地重複這方式

So there's the onset of what we call Euclidean zoning,

這也是我們稱之 歐幾里德分區制的開始

the separation of the landscape into large areas of single use.

以分區方式規定土地使用

And typically when I arrive in a city to do a plan,

一般來說，當我到一個城市去做規劃

a plan like this already awaits me on the property that I'm looking at.

這樣的規劃早已就位並久候

And all a plan like this guarantees

而所有這一類型的規劃都代表著

is that you will not have a walkable city,

你將不會擁有一個適宜步行的城市

because nothing is located near anything else.

因為附近什麼都沒有

The alternative, of course, is our most walkable city,

另外的一種方式 當然就是我們最為重視的理念

and I like to say, you know, this is a Rothko,

上面所說的是羅斯科的抽象派

and this is a Seurat.

而這裡說的是秀拉派

It's just a different way -- he was the pointilist --

它不同的地方，在於他是點彩派畫家

it's a different way of making places.

採用不一樣的方式去規劃地方

And even this map of Manhattan is a bit misleading

即便這幅曼哈頓的地圖有些錯誤

because the red color is uses that are mixed vertically.

因為使用的紅色是垂直混合的

So this is the big story of the New Urbanists --

接下來是關於新城市主義的一個故事

to acknowledge that there are only two ways

必須承認只有兩種方式

that have been tested by the thousands

去建構一個社區

to build communities, in the world and throughout history.

它們從古自今，已被測試數千年

One is the traditional neighborhood.

其一是典型的鄰里關係

You see here several neighborhoods of Newburyport, Massachusetts,

你可以看到在麻薩諸塞州 紐伯里波特這城市裡的一些鄰里社區

which is defined as being compact and being diverse --

它是密集並且多樣的地區

places to live, work, shop, recreate, get educated --

可以居住、上班、逛街 休閒、受教育

all within walking distance.

都是走路就能到的距離

And it's defined as being walkable.

也是所謂，適宜步行的距離

There are lots of small streets.

有很多小的街道

Each one is comfortable to walk on.

每條都可以很自在舒適地行走

And we contrast that to the other way,

但我們卻選擇恰為相反的方式

an invention that happened after the Second World War,

在二戰後的改變

suburban sprawl,

郊區擴展

clearly not compact, clearly not diverse, and it's not walkable,

明顯地不密集也不多樣 不適於步行

because so few of the streets connect,

因為很少有街道相連

that those streets that do connect become overburdened,

即使有街道相連也變得過度負荷

and you wouldn't let your kid out on them.

你不會讓你的孩子走出去

And I want to thank Alex Maclean, the aerial photographer,

我想感謝麥可林，空中攝影師

for many of these beautiful pictures that I'm showing you today.

他拍攝了很多美麗的照片 讓我今天向大家展示

So it's fun to break sprawl down into its constituent parts.

打破（建築羣）雜亂擴散的大片區域 變成為不同的組成部分是有趣的事

It's so easy to understand,

便於理解

the places where you only live, the places where you only work,

一個你只能生活的地方 一個你只能工作的地方

the places where you only shop,

一個你只能購物的地方

and our super-sized public institutions.

以及我們的超大的公共設施

Schools get bigger and bigger,

學校越來越大

and therefore, further and further from each other.

因此，相互間距離更遠

And the ratio of the size of the parking lot

停車場的規模

與學校規模的比例

to the size of the school

tells you all you need to know,

能夠告訴你所有你需要知道的

which is that no child has ever walked to this school,

那就是，沒有小孩

no child will ever walk to this school.

走到過學校

The seniors and juniors are driving the freshmen and the sophomores,

高三生開車載著高一高二生

and of course we have the crash statistics to prove it.

當然我們有車禍統計數據證明

And then the super-sizing of our other civic institutions

我們其它的超級城市設施

like playing fields --

例如遊樂場

it's wonderful that Westin in the Ft. Lauderdale area

羅德岱堡的威斯汀地區超棒

has eight soccer fields and eight baseball diamonds

有 8 個足球場，8 個棒球場

and 20 tennis courts,

20 個網球場

but look at the road that takes you to that location,

但是，看看那些帶你通往那裡的路

and would you let your child bike on it?

你會讓你的孩子騎腳踏車去嗎？

And this is why we have the soccer mom now.

那就是當今我們爲什麼有足球媽媽

When I was young, I had one soccer field,

在我小時候，我有一個足球場

one baseball diamond and one tennis court,

一個棒球場，一個網球場

but I could walk to it, because it was in my neighborhood.

但是我可以走過去，因爲距離我很近

Then the final part of sprawl that everyone forgot to count:

城市區域擴展還有最後一個部分 大家都忘記了

if you're going to separate everything from everything else

如果你打算把每個東西都分散

然後只靠汽車再去連接它

and reconnect it only with automotive infrastructure,

這就是你得到的全景圖

then this is what your landscape begins to look like.

主要訊息就是：

The main message here is:

if you want to have a walkable city, you can't start with the sprawl model.

如果你想擁有適宜步行的城市 你就不能始以城市擴散

you need the bones of an urban model.

你需要城市模型的骨架

This is the outcome of that form of design,

這就是那種設計的結果

as is this.

像這樣

And this is something that a lot of Americans want.

這是很多美國人想要的

But we have to understand it's a two-part American dream.

但是我們需要瞭解的是 它是美國人夢想的二部分

If you're dreaming for this,

如果你渴望它，那你同時也渴望這個

you're also going to be dreaming of this, often to absurd extremes,

荒誕至極的是

when we build our landscape to accommodate cars first.

如果我們建造景觀時 優先考慮的是汽車

And the experience of being in these places --

那麼經歷這樣的地方──

(Laughter)

This is not Photoshopped.

（笑聲）

這圖沒有修過

Walter Kulash took this slide.

華特照了這張相片。

It's in Panama City.

它在巴拿馬市

This is a real place.

這是真實的地方

And being a driver can be a bit of a nuisance,

而作爲駕駛可能會感到有點困擾

and being a pedestrian can be a bit of a nuisance

而作爲行人可能也會感到有點困擾

in these places.

在這些地方

This is a slide that epidemiologists have been showing for some time now,

就是這張幻燈片 流行病學家已展示了一段時間了

(Laughter)

The fact that we have a society where you drive to the parking lot

（笑聲）

事實上，我們生活在這樣的社會 我們開車、停車

to take the escalator to the treadmill

乘電梯去使用跑步機的現象

shows that we're doing something wrong.

表明我們在做錯誤的事

But we know how to do it better.

但是我們知道如何做的更好

Here are the two models contrasted.

這裡有兩個反例

I show this slide,

我用這頁

which has been a formative document of the New Urbanism now

這是形成當今 新城市主義的主要文件之一

for almost 30 years,

大約有 30 年了

to show that sprawl and the traditional neighborhood contain the same things.

表現城市擴展羣 與傳統的鄰里社區擁有相同之處

It's just how big are they,

就是它們的大小

how close are they to each other,

它們之間如何的緊密相鄰

how are they interspersed together

它們是如何的相互交織

and do you have a street network, rather than a cul-de-sac

並且有街道相互交錯，而不是死巷

or a collector system of streets?

或者是連絡道路

So when we look at a downtown area,

讓我們看市中心區域

at a place that has a hope of being walkable,

一個我們希望步行的區域

and mostly that's our downtowns in America's cities

多數美國城市

and towns and villages,

鄉鎮的市中心區

we look at them and say we want the proper balance of uses.

我們看著這些說道 我們需要恰當的平衡使用

So what is missing or underrepresented?

所以，是什麼遺忘或者疏忽掉了？

And again, in the typical American cities in which most Americans live,

在典型的美國人居住的美國城市

it is housing that is lacking.

是住宅區的缺乏

The jobs-to-housing balance is off.

工作與住宅區失去了平衡

And you find that when you bring housing back,

你會發現，當你把住宅區移回來時

these other things start to come back too,

其它的東西也相繼回來

and housing is usually first among those things.

房屋是首當其衝的

And, of course, the thing that shows up last and eventually

而最終的

is the schools,

是學校

because the people have to move in,

因為人們不得不搬進去

the young pioneers have to move in, get older, have kids

年輕人首先搬入 然後變老，有了孩子

and fight, and then the schools get pretty good eventually.

奮鬥，然後學校變得很好

The other part of this part,

另外的一部分

the useful city part,

有用的部分

is transit,

是運輸

and you can have a perfectly walkable neighborhood without it.

你可以造一個沒有運輸的 完美步行鄰里社區

But perfectly walkable cities require transit,

但是完美的步行城市需要運輸

because if you don't have access to the whole city as a pedestrian,

因為如果你不能步行到達整個城市

then you get a car,

那你就要有汽車

and if you get a car,

如果你有了車

the city begins to reshape itself around your needs,

城市就根據你的需求再改造

and the streets get wider and the parking lots get bigger

街道變寬，停車場變大

and you no longer have a walkable city.

你不會再有步行城市

So transit is essential.

所以運輸問題是關鍵

But every transit experience, every transit trip,

但是每種運輸經歷，每個運輸

begins or ends as a walk,

開始和結束都是步行

and so we have to remember to build walkability around our transit stations.

所以我們必須牢記 建造圍繞運輸站的可步行性

Next category, the biggest one, is the safe walk.

下一個範疇，最大的問題 就是安全步行

It's what most walkability experts talk about.

它是多數專家談論的重點

It is essential, but alone not enough to get people to walk.

它很關鍵，但是僅憑此項 並不能讓人們行走

And there are so many moving parts that add up to a walkable city.

還有許多可動部分有助於步行城市

The first is block size.

第一是街廓區塊規模

This is Portland, Oregon,

這是波特蘭，俄勒岡州

famously 200-foot blocks, famously walkable.

著名的 200 英呎街區 著名的適於步行

This is Salt Lake City,

這是鹽湖城

famously 600-foot blocks,

著名的 600 英呎街區

famously unwalkable.

著名的不適於步行

If you look at the two, it's almost like two different planets,

如果你看它們兩個 就像完全不同的星球

but these places were both built by humans

但是它們都是人建造的地方

and in fact, the story is that when you have a 200-foot block city,

事實上，當你有 200 英呎街區

you can have a two-lane city,

你可以有雙線道城市

or a two-to-four lane city,

或者雙線道至四線道城市

and a 600-foot block city is a six-lane city, and that's a problem.

對於 600 英尺的街區 6 線車道的城市，這是問題

These are the crash statistics.

這些是事故統計

When you double the block size --

當你把街區翻倍

this was a study of 24 California cities --

這是關於 24 個加州城市的研究

when you double the block size,

當你把街區翻倍

you almost quadruple the number of fatal accidents

死亡事故機率幾乎變為 4 倍

on non-highway streets.

在非高速公路的一般街道上

So how many lanes do we have?

我們有多少線道？

This is where I'm going to tell you what I tell every audience I meet,

這就是我遇到每一個觀衆時所講的

which is to remind you about induced demand.

這是提醒你關於誘導需求

Induced demand applies both to highways and to city streets.

誘導需求適用於高速公路 也適用市區街道

And induced demand tells us that when we widen the streets

誘導需求告訴我們當我們拓寬街道

to accept the congestion that we're anticipating,

接受我們對於擁堵的預期

or the additional trips that we're anticipating

或者我們預期的額外行程

in congested systems, it is principally that congestion

在擁堵體系中，主要的擁堵

that is constraining demand,

是約束需求

and so that the widening comes,

所以要拓寬街道

and there are all of these latent trips that are ready to happen.

所有這些潛在的行程即將發生

People move further from work

人們到更遠的地方工作

and make other choices about when they commute,

選擇其它時間上下班

and those lanes fill up very quickly with traffic,

那些車道不久就變的擁堵

so we widen the street again, and they fill up again.

所以我們又拓寬街道，它們又被填滿

And we've learned that in congested systems,

我們發現，在擁堵體系中

we cannot satisfy the automobile.

我們不能滿足汽車

This is from Newsweek Magazine -- hardly an esoteric publication:

這是來自《新聞周刊》── 並不深奧的出版物：

"Today's engineers acknowledge

「如今，工程師意識到

that building new roads usually makes traffic worse."

建造新路通常會讓交通更加惡化。」

My response to reading this was, may I please meet some of these engineers,

讀完之後，我想說 我能見那些工程師嗎？

because these are not the ones that I --

因為那些工程師並不是我──

there are great exceptions that I'm working with now --

我現在共事的人也有很多例外──

但是他們不是我們通常遇到的 那種市政府工程師，

but these are not the engineers one typically meets working in a city,

where they say, "Oh, that road is too crowded, we need to add a lane."

他們常說：「喔，路太擠？ 我們需要拓寬。」

So you add a lane, and the traffic comes,

所以你拓寬了，而後擁堵也來了，

and they say, "See, I told you we needed that lane."

他們會說： 「看吧，我早說過我們需要拓寬。」

This applies both to highways and to city streets if they're congested.

這適於高速公路和城市街道 如果它們擁塞。

But the amazing thing about most American cities that I work in,

奇妙的是多數我待過的美國城市，

the more typical cities,

更典型的城市，

is that they have a lot of streets that are actually oversized

是很多街道因為現有的塞車

for the congestion they're currently experiencing.

而建造的過大

This was the case in Oklahoma City,

就奧克拉荷馬市而言

when the mayor came running to me, very upset,

當市長沮喪的來到我面前

because they were named in Prevention Magazine

因為它們被《美國預防雜誌》稱為

the worst city for pedestrians in the entire country.

全美最糟步行城市

Now that can't possibly be true,

現在雖然可能不完全對

but it certainly is enough to make a mayor do something about it.

但是它已經足夠促使市長做些工作

We did a walkability study,

我們做了步行研究

and what we found, looking at the car counts on the street --

發現，當計算街道上有多少車輛，

these are 3,000-, 4,000-, 7,000-car counts

三千、四千、七千輛車計入，

and we know that two lanes can handle 10,000 cars per day.

我們知道兩線車道 每天只能容納一萬輛車。

Look at these numbers -- they're all near or under 10,000 cars,

看這些數據， 它們大都接近或少於一萬輛

and these were the streets that were designated

而我們設計的

in the new downtown plan

用於新的市中心方案

to be four lanes to six lanes wide.

有 4 車道至 6 車道寬

So you had a fundamental disconnect between the number of lanes

因此所需的車道數

and the number of cars that wanted to use them.

與會使用那些車道的車輛數 有很大的誤差

So it was my job to redesign every street in the downtown

因此我的工作就是重新設計 市中心的每一條路

從這頭路緣到另一頭路緣

from curb face to curb face,

and we did it for 50 blocks of streets,

我們做了 50 街區的街道

and we're rebuilding it now.

我們在重新建造它

So a typical oversized street to nowhere

因此一個典型的過寬街道難於縮小的

is being narrowed, and now under construction,

正在建設

and the project is half done.

項目已經進半

The typical street like this, you know,

典型的街道是這樣的

when you do that, you find room for medians.

當你做的時候，你找到中間的空間

You find room for bike lanes.

你找到自行車道

We've doubled the amount of on-street parking.

我們把街道停車區拓寬到2倍

We've added a full bike network where one didn't exist before.

我們增加了之前沒有的完整的自行車網路

But not everyone has the money that Oklahoma City has,

但是並不是每個城市都像奧克拉荷馬市一樣

because they have an extraction economy that's doing quite well.

有經費去這麼做，它們做的很好的提取經濟

The typical city is more like Cedar Rapids,

典型的城市更像Cedar Rapids

where they have an all four-lane system, half one-way system.

這裡有4車道體系，其中一半是單車道系統

And it's a little hard to see,

看起來有點困難

but what we've done -- what we're doing; it's in process right now,

但是，我們已經做的，我們正在做的

it's in engineering right now --

正在工程中

is turning an all four-lane system, half one-way

就是把4車道系統，一半單線系統

into an all two-lane system, all two-way,

轉變為2車道系統，全部是2車道

and in so doing, we're adding 70 percent more on-street parking,

與此同時，我們增加70%的沿街駐車

which the merchants love,

這個商人們很喜歡

and it protects the sidewalk.

因為它保護了人行道

That parking makes the sidewalk safe,

駐車區保護了人行道的安全

and we're adding a much more robust bicycle network.

我們增加了強健的自行車網路

Then the lanes themselves. How wide are they?

然後是車道本身，它們現在多寬？

That's really important.

這很重要

The standards have changed such that, as Andrés Duany says,

標準在改變，正如Andrés Duany所說

the typical road to a subdivision in America

典型的通往美國郊區的街道

allows you to see the curvature of the Earth.

讓你看到地球的蜿蜒

(Laughter)

（笑聲）

This is a subdivision outside of Washington from the 1960s.

這是一個始於60年代的華盛頓外的郊區

Look very carefully at the width of the streets.

請仔細看街道寬度

This is a subdivision from the 1980s.

這是80年代的

1960s, 1980s.

60年代，80年代

The standards have changed to such a degree

標準差別變得如此之大

that my old neighborhood of South Beach,

那個南海灘的我的老鄰居

when it was time to fix the street that wasn't draining properly,

當去排水不當的街道時

they had to widen it and take away half our sidewalk,

他們需要拓寬街道，佔用人行道

because the standards were wider.

因為標準要求寬了

People go faster on wider streets.

人們在寬的街道上行進的更快

People know this.

人們知道

The engineers deny it, but the citizens know it,

工程師並不認可，但是市民知道

so that in Birmingham, Michigan, they fight for narrower streets.

因此在伯明翰，密西根人們遊行抗議

Portland, Oregon, famously walkable,

波特蘭，俄勒岡都是適於步行的

instituted its "Skinny Streets" program in its residential neighborhood.

發起了居民區的“窄路”計劃

We know that skinny streets are safer.

我們知道窄路更安全

The developer Vince Graham, in his project I'On,

Vince Graham,項目開發者

which we worked on in South Carolina,

我們工作于南卡羅來納

he goes to conferences and he shows his amazing 22-foot roads.

他在會議中展現了驚人的22英呎街道

These are two-way roads, very narrow rights of way,

這些是2車道街道，很窄

and he shows this well-known philosopher,

他展示了這位著名的哲學家，

who said, "Broad is the road that leads to destruction ...

他說：“路的寬廣導致毀滅，

narrow is the road that leads to life."

路的狹窄帶來生活“”

(Laughter)

（笑聲）

(Applause)

（掌聲）

This plays very well in the South.

這在南部很實用

Now: bicycles.

現在：自行車

Bicycles and bicycling are the current revolution underway

自行車是只在美國南部一些城市

in only some American cities.

正在進行的革命

But where you build it, they come.

但是，當你建造它，他們會來

As a planner, I hate to say that, but the one thing I can say

作為規劃者，我不想說，但是有一點

is that bicycle population is a function of bicycle infrastructure.

自行車數量是自行車基礎設施的函數

I asked my friend Tom Brennan from Nelson\Nygaard in Portland

我問我的朋友在波特蘭的Tom Brennan

to send me some pictures of the Portland bike commute.

要來一些波特蘭的自行車交通照片

He sent me this. I said, "Was that bike to work day?"

他發給我這些，我說“自行車工作么”

He said, "No, that was Tuesday."

他說：“不，那是周二”

When you do what Portland did and spend money on bicycle infrastructure --

當你做波特蘭所做，花費金錢在自行車設施上

New York City has doubled the number of bikers in it several times now

如今紐約已經多次將自行車人數翻倍

by painting these bright green lanes.

粉刷了亮綠色

Even automotive cities like Long Beach, California:

甚至汽車城市，像長灘，加利福尼亞州

vast uptick in the number of bikers based on the infrastructure.

因為基礎設施，騎自行車的人數劇增

And of course, what really does it,

當然，真正有效

if you know 15th Street here in Washington, DC --

如果你知道華盛頓特區的第15街

please meet Rahm Emanuel's new bike lanes in Chicago,

請看芝加哥Rahm Emanuel的新自行車道

the buffered lane, the parallel parking pulled off the curb,

緩衝道，並排的停車帶

the bikes between the parked cars and the curb --

自行車介於停車帶和路沿之間

these mint cyclists.

這些檸檬色騎行者

If, however, as in Pasadena, every lane is a bike lane,

然而，如果在帕薩迪納，每條車道都是自行車道，

then no lane is a bike lane.

也就沒有自行車道了

And this is the only bicyclist that I met in Pasadena, so ...

這是我在巴薩蒂娜唯一見到的自行車者

(Laughter)

（笑聲）

The parallel parking I mentioned --

我提過的並行駐車

it's an essential barrier of steel

是保護路沿以及行人

that protects the curb and pedestrians from moving vehicles.

的非常必要的金屬阻攔

This is Ft. Lauderdale; one side of the street, you can park,

這是Ft.Lauderdale;一邊的街道，你可以停車，

the other side of the street, you can't.

另外一邊不可以

This is happy hour on the parking side.

停車區域是開心時刻

This is sad hour on the other side.

另一邊不是

And then the trees themselves slow cars down.

然後街道本身會讓汽車慢下來

They move slower when trees are next to the road,

當樹木就在路邊，他們會減速

and, of course, sometimes they slow down very quickly.

當然，有時會忽然減速

All the little details -- the curb return radius.

所有的細節，路沿返回半徑

Is it one foot or is it 40 feet?

這是1英尺還是40英尺

How swoopy is that curb to determine how fast the car goes

路沿有多平緩決定了車子的速度

and how much room you have to cross.

以及你有多少空間

And then I love this, because this is objective journalism.

我喜歡這個，因為這是客觀的新聞

"Some say the entrance to CityCenter is not inviting to pedestrians."

“有人說通往城市重新的路並不歡迎行人”

When every aspect of the landscape is swoopy,

當風景的每部分是順暢的

is aerodynamic, is stream-form geometrics,

就是符合空氣動力學的流體形式

it says: "This is a vehicular place."

它說“這是車輛地區”

So no one detail, no one speciality, can be allowed to set the stage.

沒有細節，特色能夠放入其中

And here, you know, this street:

這裡，你知道，街道

yes, it will drain within a minute of the hundred-year storm,

是的，它能夠將百年一遇的暴風雨快速的排水

but this poor woman has to mount the curb every day.

但是可憐的婦人卻要每天攀爬路沿

So then quickly, the comfortable walk has to do with the fact

所以，很快，舒適的步行不得不考慮以下事實

that all animals seek, simultaneously, prospect and refuge.

所有動物同時尋找，前程和庇護。

We want to be able to see our predators,

我們想要看到我們的捕食者

but we also want to feel that our flanks are covered.

但我們也想感覺我們的側翼被覆蓋。

And so we're drawn to places that have good edges,

所以我們被吸引到有好的邊緣之處

and if you don't supply the edges, people won't want to be there.

如果沒有好的邊緣，人們就不會在那裡

What's the proper ratio of height to width?

什麼是合適的高寬比？

Is it one to one? Three to one?

是1比1？還是3比1？

If you get beyond one to six, you're not very comfortable anymore.

如果你超出了6，你不在會感到舒適

You don't feel enclosed.

你感受不到包圍感

Now, six to one in Salzburg can be perfectly delightful.

現在，6比1在薩爾茨堡來說很好

The opposite of Salzburg is Houston.

休斯頓可就不是了

The point being the parking lot is the principal problem here.

駐車問題是關鍵點

However, missing teeth, those empty lots can be issues as well,

但是，缺齒，那些空地段也可能是問題，

and if you have a missing corner because of an outdated zoning code,

如果因為過期的郵編導致了缺失的角落

then you could have a missing nose in your neighborhood.

你可能會遺忘在鄰居家你的鼻子

That's what we had in my neighborhood.

那就是我在鄰居那裡的東西

This was the zoning code that said I couldn't build on that site.

郵編說我不能在那裡建造

As you may know, Washington, DC is now changing its zoning

你知道，華盛頓特區正在改變

to allow sites like this to become sites like this.

允許地區變成這樣

We needed a lot of variances to do that.

我們有很多需要做的

Triangular houses can be interesting to build,

三角形的房屋建造起來很有趣

but if you get one built, people generally like it.

但是如果建成了一個，人們一般喜歡它

So you've got to fill those missing noses.

所以你需要填補這些

And then, finally, the interesting walk:

然後，最終，有趣的步行

signs of humanity.

是人性的表現

We are among the social primates.

我們是社會靈長類動物之一。

Nothing interests us more than other people.

其他人最能引起我們的興趣

We want signs of people.

我需要人類的訊號

So the perfect one-to-one ratio, it's a great thing.

所以，完美的1比1，才是最好的

This is Grand Rapids, a very walkable city,

這是Grand Rapids，一個步行城市

but nobody walks on this street

但是沒人走在上面

that connects the two best hotels together,

它連接的兩個最好的酒店

because if on the left, you have an exposed parking deck,

因為，在左邊，你有露天的駐車區域

and on the right, you have a conference facility

右邊，你有會議設施

that was apparently designed in admiration for that parking deck,

那顯然是對駐車點的看重

then you don't attract that many people.

你不能吸引很多人

Mayor Joe Riley, in his 10th term, Mayor of Charleston, South Carolina,

Joe Riley市長，在他第10任，查爾斯頓，南卡羅來納

taught us it only takes 25 feet of building

教我們，只需要25英呎的建築

to hide 250 feet of garage.

就能節省250英呎

This one I call the Chia Pet Garage. It's in South Beach.

這一個我叫Chia寵物車庫。 它在南海灘。

That active ground floor.

那使用了第一層

I want to end with this project that I love to show.

我希望完成這個項目，

It's by Meleca Architects. It's in Columbus, Ohio.

它是由Meleca建築師。它在俄亥俄州哥倫布。

To the left is the convention center neighborhood, full of pedestrians.

左邊是鄰里中心，到處是行人

To the right is the Short North neighborhood -- ethnic,

右邊是短的北部鄰里關係

great restaurants, great shops, struggling.

很好的酒店，商店競爭

It wasn't doing very well because this was the bridge,

它做的並不是很好因為有做橋

and no one was walking from the convention center

沒有人從會議中心走過

into that neighborhood.

到鄰居那

Well, when they rebuilt the highway, they added an extra 80 feet to the bridge.

當他們重新建高速公路時，給橋增加了80英呎

Sorry -- they rebuilt the bridge over the highway.

對不起，他們在高速公路上重建了橋

The city paid 1.9 million dollars,

城市花了190萬美金

they gave the site to a developer,

他們把地點給了開發商

the developer built this

開發商建了這個

and now the Short North has come back to life.

現在短北回到生活中

And everyone says, the newspapers, not the planning magazines,

每個人都說，報紙報道，不是規劃雜誌

the newspapers say it's because of that bridge.

報紙說，因為那座橋

So that's it. That's the general theory of walkability.

所以，那就是步行理論

Think about your own cities.

想想你自己的城市

Think about how you can apply it.

想想如何應用它

You've got to do all four things at once.

你要同時做四件事

So find those places where you have most of them

找到你常去的地方

and fix what you can,

盡力去改造

fix what still needs fixing in those places.

改造任何需要改進的地方

I really appreciate your attention,

我非常感謝你們的聆聽

and thank you for coming today.

也感謝你們今天的到場

(Applause)

（掌聲）