4 ways to make a city more walkable | Jeff Speck

翻译人员: Xueting Wang 校对人员: Yolanda Zhang

So I'm here to talk to you about the walkable city.

我想在这里讲一下可步行的城市。

What is the walkable city?

什么是可步行城市？

一个更好的解释是，

Well, for want of a better definition,

it's a city in which the car is an optional instrument of freedom,

对于这个城市而言， 车是一个选择性的代步工具，

rather than a prosthetic device.

而不是一个必不可少的辅助设备。

And I'd like to talk about why we need the walkable city,

我想要探讨一下为什么 我们需要一个可步行城市，

and I'd like to talk about how to do the walkable city.

然后我想讲一下如何 去实现一个可步行城市。

Most of the talks I give these days are about why we need it,

最近我的大部分演讲 都是关于为什么我们需要它，

but you guys are smart.

但是你们都很聪明 （一定能猜到答案）。

And also I gave that talk exactly a month ago,

并且我在一个月前 做过一次类似的演讲，

and you can see it at TED.com.

你们可以在TED.COM上观看。

So today I want to talk about how to do it.

那么今天我想讲讲如何实现它。

In a lot of time thinking about this,

在很长一段时间的冥思苦想之后，

I've come up with what I call the general theory of walkability.

我总结出了一套“可步行性的基本理论”。

A bit of a pretentious term, it's a little tongue-in-cheek,

这是个稍有点狂妄的术语， 还有点开玩笑的意味。

but it's something I've thought about for a long time,

但这是个我想了很久的理论，

and I'd like to share what I think I've figured out.

我很想跟大家分享下我的心得。

In the American city, the typical American city --

在典型的美国城市——

the typical American city is not Washington, DC,

不是指华盛顿特区，

or New York, or San Francisco;

亦不是纽约或旧金山；

而是大急流城（密歇根州），锡达拉皮兹市 （爱荷华州），或孟菲斯市（田纳西州）。

it's Grand Rapids or Cedar Rapids or Memphis --

in the typical American city in which most people own cars

在典型的美国城市中，大部分人拥有车，

and the temptation is to drive them all the time,

并且倾向于凡事都开车，

if you're going to get them to walk, then you have to offer a walk

如果你想要让他们步行， 那你需要让步行体验

that's as good as a drive or better.

和驾驶一样好，或更好。

What does that mean?

这意味着什么？

It means you need to offer four things simultaneously:

这意味着你需要同时满足4件事：

there needs to be a proper reason to walk,

一个合适的理由去步行，

the walk has to be safe and feel safe,

本身要安全，也让人有安全感，

the walk has to be comfortable

要是舒适的，

and the walk has to be interesting.

还要让人乐在其中。

You need to do all four of these things simultaneously,

你需要同时做到这四点，

and that's the structure of my talk today,

这就是我今天演讲的概要，

to take you through each of those.

我会逐一介绍。

The reason to walk is a story I learned from my mentors,

步行的原因来自我从 我的导师那里听来的故事，

Andrés Duany and Elizabeth Plater-Zyberk,

Andres Duany 和 Elizabeth Plater-Zyberk，

新城市化运动的创始人。

the founders of the New Urbanism movement.

And I should say half the slides and half of my talk today

我应该说今天一半的演示稿， 一半的演讲

I learned from them.

也是从他们那学来的。

It's the story of planning,

这是一个关于规划的故事，

the story of the formation of the planning profession.

关于规划专业诞生的故事。

When in the 19th century people were choking

在19世纪，人们在如地狱般

from the soot of the dark, satanic mills,

黑暗的磨坊的煤烟中苟延残喘，

the planners said, hey, let's move the housing away from the mills.

于是规划者们说：嘿， 我们把居住区搬离磨坊吧。

And lifespans increased immediately, dramatically,

居民的平均寿命瞬间激增，

and we like to say

我们通常会说，

规划者们一直试图重复当初的经验。

the planners have been trying to repeat that experience ever since.

So there's the onset of what we call Euclidean zoning,

于是就出现了我们称为 欧几里得的分区，

the separation of the landscape into large areas of single use.

大面积独立使用的分离地标景观。

And typically when I arrive in a city to do a plan,

通常当我到达一个城市 去做规划的时候，

a plan like this already awaits me on the property that I'm looking at.

这样的规划往往已经在那里等着我了。

And all a plan like this guarantees

所有的规划都千篇一律，

is that you will not have a walkable city,

就使得你无法拥有一个可步行的城市，

because nothing is located near anything else.

因为没有任何一个地点是彼此相邻的。

The alternative, of course, is our most walkable city,

相反的，当然就是最适宜步行的城市，

and I like to say, you know, this is a Rothko,

我想说， 这是一个罗斯科 （抽象表现主义风格），

这是一个秀拉（点彩风格）。

and this is a Seurat.

It's just a different way -- he was the pointilist --

只是方式不同—— 秀拉是一个点彩画派的艺术家——

使用了不同的打造用地的方式。

it's a different way of making places.

And even this map of Manhattan is a bit misleading

即使是这张曼哈顿的地图， 也有一点误导性，

because the red color is uses that are mixed vertically.

因为红色代表着纵向混合用地。

So this is the big story of the New Urbanists --

那么这是一个关于新城市化的故事——

to acknowledge that there are only two ways

去确认新城市化只有两种方式，

that have been tested by the thousands

已经在世界历史上

to build communities, in the world and throughout history.

被无数人尝试了很多次。

One is the traditional neighborhood.

第一是传统的街区，

You see here several neighborhoods of Newburyport, Massachusetts,

这里是马萨诸塞州 纽伯里波特的几个街区，

which is defined as being compact and being diverse --

这里被认定为紧凑和多样的地方——

places to live, work, shop, recreate, get educated --

人们在这生活，工作，购物， 娱乐，接受教育——

all within walking distance.

都是在步行的距离内。

And it's defined as being walkable.

这里被认定为可步行的。

There are lots of small streets.

这里有很多的小街道，

Each one is comfortable to walk on.

每一个都让散步者感到舒适。

And we contrast that to the other way,

我们将其与另一种方式进行对比，

an invention that happened after the Second World War,

一个在二战后产生的创意，

suburban sprawl,

郊区扩张，

clearly not compact, clearly not diverse, and it's not walkable,

明显的不紧凑，明显的不多样， 并且不适宜步行，

because so few of the streets connect,

因为只有几条街区相互连接，

that those streets that do connect become overburdened,

相连的街区变得负担过重，

and you wouldn't let your kid out on them.

并且你不会让你的孩子 在这样的街区玩耍。

And I want to thank Alex Maclean, the aerial photographer,

我想要感谢空中摄影师 艾利克斯.麦克林，

for many of these beautiful pictures that I'm showing you today.

提供了今天我呈现给你们的 这么多美丽的照片。

So it's fun to break sprawl down into its constituent parts.

其实将大片区域分解成多个部分很有趣。

It's so easy to understand,

这很好理解，

the places where you only live, the places where you only work,

你只用来生活的地方， 只用来工作的地方，

the places where you only shop,

只用来购物的地方，

and our super-sized public institutions.

和我们的大型公共机构。

Schools get bigger and bigger,

学校越来越大，

and therefore, further and further from each other.

所以，彼此距离就越来越远。

And the ratio of the size of the parking lot

还有停车场的大小

to the size of the school

和学校面积的比率

tells you all you need to know,

会让你一目了然，

那就是没有孩子是步行去学校的，

which is that no child has ever walked to this school,

no child will ever walk to this school.

没有孩子将会走着去学校。

The seniors and juniors are driving the freshmen and the sophomores,

高年级学生开着车 带着低年级的学生，

and of course we have the crash statistics to prove it.

当然我们有事故统计能证明这一点。

And then the super-sizing of our other civic institutions

然后是我们另外的巨型民众机构，

like playing fields --

比如运动场所——

it's wonderful that Westin in the Ft. Lauderdale area

很赞的是劳德代尔堡的 威斯汀（佛罗里达州）

has eight soccer fields and eight baseball diamonds

有八个足球场，八个棒球场

and 20 tennis courts,

和20个网球馆，

but look at the road that takes you to that location,

但是看看带你到达这些地点的路，

and would you let your child bike on it?

你会让你的孩子骑自行车去吗？

And this is why we have the soccer mom now.

这就是为什么现在我们有足球妈妈。

When I was young, I had one soccer field,

在我小的时候，附近有一个足球场，

one baseball diamond and one tennis court,

一个棒球场和一个网球场，

but I could walk to it, because it was in my neighborhood.

但是我可以走着去，因为它们就在附近。

Then the final part of sprawl that everyone forgot to count:

扩张的最后一部分， 所有人都忘记考虑了：

if you're going to separate everything from everything else

如果你将所有的场地彼此分离，

然后仅仅通过交通工具彼此连接，

and reconnect it only with automotive infrastructure,

那么你的景观就开始变成这样。

then this is what your landscape begins to look like.

所以我在这里主要想传达的信息是：

The main message here is:

if you want to have a walkable city, you can't start with the sprawl model.

如果你想拥有一个可步行的城市， 你不能以扩长的模式开始。

you need the bones of an urban model.

你需要一个城市模式的骨架。

This is the outcome of that form of design,

这是这种设计构架的产物，

as is this.

还有这个。

And this is something that a lot of Americans want.

这正是大多美国人向往的。

But we have to understand it's a two-part American dream.

但是我们要知道这是两部分的美国梦。

如果你的梦想是这样，

If you're dreaming for this,

you're also going to be dreaming of this, often to absurd extremes,

同时你也得想象这样的场景， 通常比较滑稽的极端情况会发生在

when we build our landscape to accommodate cars first.

我们的景观设计优先 考虑交通状况的时候。

And the experience of being in these places --

在这种环境中的体验——

(Laughter)

（笑声）

这照片没有PS过。

This is not Photoshopped.

Walter Kulash took this slide.

沃特·库拉斯（交通工程师） 做了这张换灯片。

It's in Panama City.

这是在巴拿马城。

This is a real place.

这是一个真实的地方。

And being a driver can be a bit of a nuisance,

在这些地方，作为司机会有些懊恼，

and being a pedestrian can be a bit of a nuisance

而作为行人也是

in these places.

不胜其烦。

This is a slide that epidemiologists have been showing for some time now,

这是流行病学家 展示过一段时间的幻灯片，

(Laughter)

（笑声）

The fact that we have a society where you drive to the parking lot

事实上，我们有这样一个社会， 你开着车去停车场，

to take the escalator to the treadmill

搭着扶梯去跑步机上锻炼，

shows that we're doing something wrong.

这表明我们的做法不太对。

但是我们知道如何做得更好。

But we know how to do it better.

Here are the two models contrasted.

这里有两个对比的模式。

I show this slide,

我展示的这张幻灯片

which has been a formative document of the New Urbanism now

已经成为现在新城市化的成型文档

for almost 30 years,

有将近30年了，

to show that sprawl and the traditional neighborhood contain the same things.

它为我们展现了扩张后的和 传统的街区包含同样的东西。

It's just how big are they,

那就是它们的面积有多大，

how close are they to each other,

彼此间的距离有多远，

how are they interspersed together

如何交错在一起，

and do you have a street network, rather than a cul-de-sac

呈现的是一个网状的街道 还是死胡同，

or a collector system of streets?

还是一组街道系统？

So when we look at a downtown area,

那么当我们观察市中心的时候，

at a place that has a hope of being walkable,

在某处仍存在着步行的可能性，

and mostly that's our downtowns in America's cities

通常就是我们美国城市，

and towns and villages,

城镇和村庄的繁华地带，

we look at them and say we want the proper balance of uses.

我们看到后就想要实现合理的使用。

So what is missing or underrepresented?

那么什么东西缺失了，或不具代表性呢？

And again, in the typical American cities in which most Americans live,

在美国人生活的典型美国城市，

it is housing that is lacking.

出现短缺的是住房。

The jobs-to-housing balance is off.

就业和住房比例不均衡。

And you find that when you bring housing back,

然后你发现当你把住房带回来的时候，

these other things start to come back too,

这些其他的事物也会跟着回来，

and housing is usually first among those things.

住房往往是这些事情中首要的。

And, of course, the thing that shows up last and eventually

当然，最终出现的

is the schools,

是学校，

because the people have to move in,

因为人们需要搬进来，

the young pioneers have to move in, get older, have kids

年轻的开拓者们需要搬入， 成长，有自己的孩子，

and fight, and then the schools get pretty good eventually.

然后奋斗，学校最终会变得很不错。

The other part of this part,

这方面的另一个部分，

the useful city part,

有用的城市部分，

is transit,

是运输，

and you can have a perfectly walkable neighborhood without it.

即便没有它你也可以拥有 一个完美的可步行街区。

But perfectly walkable cities require transit,

但是完美的可步行街区要求运输，

because if you don't have access to the whole city as a pedestrian,

因为你不能通过步行踏遍整个城市，

then you get a car,

你就要有车，

and if you get a car,

如果你有了一辆车，

the city begins to reshape itself around your needs,

城市就开始重新格局去满足你的需要，

街道开始变宽，接着停车场变大，

and the streets get wider and the parking lots get bigger

and you no longer have a walkable city.

最后你就不再拥有 一个可步行的城市了。

So transit is essential.

所以运输是必不可少的。

But every transit experience, every transit trip,

但是每一次通行的经历， 每一次运送的旅行，

begins or ends as a walk,

都开始或终于步行，

and so we have to remember to build walkability around our transit stations.

那么我们需要记得围绕 运输枢纽打造可步行性。

Next category, the biggest one, is the safe walk.

下一个要点，也是最重要的， 是安全的步行。

It's what most walkability experts talk about.

这是可步行性专家谈论最多的。

安全是必不可少的，但是只有 安全是不足以激励人们去步行的。

It is essential, but alone not enough to get people to walk.

And there are so many moving parts that add up to a walkable city.

可步行城市还包含很多移动部分。

The first is block size.

第一部分是街区的宽窄。

This is Portland, Oregon,

这是波特兰，俄勒冈州，

famously 200-foot blocks, famously walkable.

著名的60米街道，出名的可步行，

This is Salt Lake City,

这是盐湖城，

famously 600-foot blocks,

著名的180米街区，

famously unwalkable.

出名的不可步行。

If you look at the two, it's almost like two different planets,

如果你看这两个地方， 像在两个不一样的星球，

但是这些地方都是人造的，

but these places were both built by humans

然而事实上， 当你拥有60米宽的街区城市，

and in fact, the story is that when you have a 200-foot block city,

you can have a two-lane city,

你就可以有双车道城市，

or a two-to-four lane city,

或者一个双车或四车道城市，

and a 600-foot block city is a six-lane city, and that's a problem.

同时一个有180米宽街道的城市， 可以是六车道的，那这就有问题了。

These are the crash statistics.

这里有事故统计。

When you double the block size --

当你将街道拓宽一倍——

this was a study of 24 California cities --

这是一个关于24个 加利福尼亚城市的研究——

when you double the block size,

当你将街道拓宽两倍，

you almost quadruple the number of fatal accidents

你在非高速路上几乎增加了三倍的

on non-highway streets.

死亡事故数量。

So how many lanes do we have?

那么我们现在有多少车道？

This is where I'm going to tell you what I tell every audience I meet,

正如同我讲给每一位听众那样， 我还要同样

提醒你们“诱导需求”这个概念。

which is to remind you about induced demand.

Induced demand applies both to highways and to city streets.

诱导需求适用于高速和城市街道。

And induced demand tells us that when we widen the streets

同时诱导需求告诉我们 要在什么时候拓宽街道

to accept the congestion that we're anticipating,

去接受我们所预期的堵塞，

or the additional trips that we're anticipating

或者需要多绕行的路，

in congested systems, it is principally that congestion

原则上说，在拥堵的系统中，

that is constraining demand,

拥堵限制着需求，

and so that the widening comes,

所以我们需要拓宽道路，

and there are all of these latent trips that are ready to happen.

很多潜在的线路开始浮现了。

People move further from work

人们从工作的地点搬得更远，

and make other choices about when they commute,

并且在通勤的时候做出其他的选择，

and those lanes fill up very quickly with traffic,

同时这些车道很快就会开始拥堵，

so we widen the street again, and they fill up again.

我们再次拓宽街道，然而很快又堵塞了。

我们已经意识到，在堵塞的系统里，

And we've learned that in congested systems,

we cannot satisfy the automobile.

我们无法保证机动车行驶通畅。

This is from Newsweek Magazine -- hardly an esoteric publication:

著名的《新闻周刊》杂志 有这么一段文字：

“现今的工程师承认

"Today's engineers acknowledge

that building new roads usually makes traffic worse."

建设新公路往往会加剧交通堵塞。”

我读它时的反应是， 请让我见一见这些工程师，

My response to reading this was, may I please meet some of these engineers,

because these are not the ones that I --

因为这些不是我日常共事过的——

there are great exceptions that I'm working with now --

当然他们其中不排除很有远见的——

但这些不是在城市 能遇到的典型的工程师，

but these are not the engineers one typically meets working in a city,

通常那些人会说，“哦，路太挤了， 我们需要加一个车道。”

where they say, "Oh, that road is too crowded, we need to add a lane."

So you add a lane, and the traffic comes,

于是加了一个车道后， 车流就涌上来了，

and they say, "See, I told you we needed that lane."

然后他们会说， “看吧，我说过我们需要加车道。”

This applies both to highways and to city streets if they're congested.

这同时适用于拥堵的高速和城市道路。

But the amazing thing about most American cities that I work in,

但奇妙的是，大多数 我工作过的美国城市，

the more typical cities,

大部分典型的城市，

is that they have a lot of streets that are actually oversized

对于他们现在面临的拥挤情况，

其原因是有很多街道都过宽了。

for the congestion they're currently experiencing.

This was the case in Oklahoma City,

这是俄克拉荷马市的实例，

市长曾非常沮丧的来找我，

when the mayor came running to me, very upset,

because they were named in Prevention Magazine

因为他们在《预防杂志》中被命名为

the worst city for pedestrians in the entire country.

全国对行人最不友好的城市。

Now that can't possibly be true,

这多半有些夸张，

but it certainly is enough to make a mayor do something about it.

但是足够让市长决定采取行动了。

We did a walkability study,

我们做了可步行性的研究，

and what we found, looking at the car counts on the street --

然后我们发现，统计一下街道上的车辆，

these are 3,000-, 4,000-, 7,000-car counts

大概有3000，4000，7000辆车，

and we know that two lanes can handle 10,000 cars per day.

我们知道双车道 每天可以承载一万辆车。

Look at these numbers -- they're all near or under 10,000 cars,

比较一下这些数字—— 全都几乎接近或低于一万辆车，

and these were the streets that were designated

而且这些街道全都在新城市计划中

in the new downtown plan

被指定要建成为

to be four lanes to six lanes wide.

四到六车道宽。

So you had a fundamental disconnect between the number of lanes

那么车道数量和使用车道的

and the number of cars that wanted to use them.

车的数量有一个明显的脱节。

So it was my job to redesign every street in the downtown

那么我的工作就是去 重新设计市区的每一个街道，

from curb face to curb face,

从路面到路面，

包括了50个街区的街道，

and we did it for 50 blocks of streets,

and we're rebuilding it now.

现在正在重建中。

So a typical oversized street to nowhere

一个典型的方向不明确的过宽街道

is being narrowed, and now under construction,

变窄了，目前正在施工中，

and the project is half done.

已经完成了一半。

The typical street like this, you know,

像这样的典型街道，大家都见过，

when you do that, you find room for medians.

把它们变窄后， 就为隔离带腾出了空间。

You find room for bike lanes.

你也为自行车道找到了空间。

We've doubled the amount of on-street parking.

街边停车位的数量加倍了。

We've added a full bike network where one didn't exist before.

我们还增加了之前 并不存在的自行车道网络。

But not everyone has the money that Oklahoma City has,

但不是所有的城市都能像 俄克拉荷马市有足够的资金，

because they have an extraction economy that's doing quite well.

因为他们有一个 运作良好的提取经济。

The typical city is more like Cedar Rapids,

典型的城市更像锡达拉皮兹市，

where they have an all four-lane system, half one-way system.

那里他们有四车道的系统， 半单向车道系统。

And it's a little hard to see,

可能很难发现，

but what we've done -- what we're doing; it's in process right now,

但是我们已经重新规划过的—— 还有一些在建项目，

it's in engineering right now --

目前正在施工——

是将全部的四车道和半单向系统

is turning an all four-lane system, half one-way

into an all two-lane system, all two-way,

转变为双车道，全双向系统，

and in so doing, we're adding 70 percent more on-street parking,

在建设的过程中， 我们增加了70%的街边停车位，

which the merchants love,

很受商家的欢迎，

and it protects the sidewalk.

还能保护人行道。

That parking makes the sidewalk safe,

停车位让人行道变的安全，

and we're adding a much more robust bicycle network.

我们还增加了很多 经久耐用的自行车道网络。

Then the lanes themselves. How wide are they?

然后车道本身，是多宽呢？

That's really important.

这非常重要。

The standards have changed such that, as Andrés Duany says,

标准已经改变， 正如安德烈斯杜安尼所说，

通往美国城区的典型道路

the typical road to a subdivision in America

可以让你看到地球的曲线。

allows you to see the curvature of the Earth.

（笑声）

(Laughter)

这是一个1960年代华盛顿的外城区。

This is a subdivision outside of Washington from the 1960s.

Look very carefully at the width of the streets.

仔细观察这个街道的宽窄。

这是一个1980年代的城区。

This is a subdivision from the 1980s.

1960s, 1980s.

1960s，1980s

The standards have changed to such a degree

标准变化到了这么一个程度，

that my old neighborhood of South Beach,

导致我的南海岸的旧邻

when it was time to fix the street that wasn't draining properly,

要去维修道路排水系统的时候，

他们需要拓宽并拿掉一半的人行道，

they had to widen it and take away half our sidewalk,

because the standards were wider.

因为标准变宽了。

People go faster on wider streets.

人们在更宽的路上可以移动得更快。

People know this.

人们知道这一点。

工程师们否认它，但是市民们知道，

The engineers deny it, but the citizens know it,

so that in Birmingham, Michigan, they fight for narrower streets.

所以在伯明翰，密西根， 他们力争窄的街道。

波特兰，俄勒冈，有名的可步行，

Portland, Oregon, famously walkable,

instituted its "Skinny Streets" program in its residential neighborhood.

在居民社区创立了“街道瘦身”项目。

We know that skinny streets are safer.

我们知道窄型的街道更安全。

开发人文斯-格雷厄姆， 在他的项目 I'On中,

The developer Vince Graham, in his project I'On,

which we worked on in South Carolina,

也是我们在南卡从事的项目，

he goes to conferences and he shows his amazing 22-foot roads.

他前往大会并展示了 他的完美的6.7米路宽。

These are two-way roads, very narrow rights of way,

它们是双向车道，两边都很窄，

and he shows this well-known philosopher,

他还展示了著名的哲人

who said, "Broad is the road that leads to destruction ...

曾说的：“广阔是走向破坏的道路......

narrow is the road that leads to life."

狭窄是通往生活的道路。”

(Laughter)

（笑声）

(Applause)

（掌声）

This plays very well in the South.

这在南部取得的效果非常好。

Now: bicycles.

现在：说说自行车。

Bicycles and bicycling are the current revolution underway

自行车和骑自行车 现在都只在部分美国城市

in only some American cities.

面临着革命。

But where you build it, they come.

但是你在哪建造自行车道， 它们就到哪。

As a planner, I hate to say that, but the one thing I can say

作为一个规划人，我不想承认这一点， 但是有一件事我可以确定，

is that bicycle population is a function of bicycle infrastructure.

骑自行车的人口数 是自行车建设的基础。

I asked my friend Tom Brennan from Nelson\Nygaard in Portland

我曾让我在波特兰的 纳尔逊尼格公司的朋友汤姆博南

to send me some pictures of the Portland bike commute.

发给我一些波特兰自行车通勤的照片。

He sent me this. I said, "Was that bike to work day?"

他发给我这个，我问“这是骑车上班日”吗？

He said, "No, that was Tuesday."

他说：“不是，这是一个普通的周二。”

When you do what Portland did and spend money on bicycle infrastructure --

当你像波特兰那样 花费资金在自行车道建设上——

New York City has doubled the number of bikers in it several times now

纽约市通过画这些亮绿色的自行车道，

by painting these bright green lanes.

多次让骑车的人数翻倍。

Even automotive cities like Long Beach, California:

甚至机动车主导的城市， 像加州的长滩：

vast uptick in the number of bikers based on the infrastructure.

也出现了基于基础设施的 大量骑车人数上升。

And of course, what really does it,

当然，其背后真正的原因，

if you know 15th Street here in Washington, DC --

如果你知道华盛顿特区的第15大道——

请看在芝加哥的 拉姆·伊曼纽尔的新自行车道，

please meet Rahm Emanuel's new bike lanes in Chicago,

缓冲通道，平行停车的路缘，

the buffered lane, the parallel parking pulled off the curb,

the bikes between the parked cars and the curb --

自行车介于停靠的车和路缘之间——

these mint cyclists.

这些友好的骑车者。

If, however, as in Pasadena, every lane is a bike lane,

然而如果在（南加州的）帕萨迪纳市， 每一条道路都是自行车道，

then no lane is a bike lane.

那么也就等于没有自行车道了。

And this is the only bicyclist that I met in Pasadena, so ...

这是唯一一个我在帕萨迪纳 遇到的骑自行车的人。

(Laughter)

（笑声）

The parallel parking I mentioned --

我提到的平行泊车——

it's an essential barrier of steel

是针对那些铁家伙的重要保护屏障，

它保护路缘和行人免于移动车辆的伤害。

that protects the curb and pedestrians from moving vehicles.

This is Ft. Lauderdale; one side of the street, you can park,

这是劳德代尔堡， 街道的一侧，你可以泊车，

the other side of the street, you can't.

另一侧则不可以。

This is happy hour on the parking side.

这是商家优惠时段的停车侧。

This is sad hour on the other side.

这是淡季时段里的另一侧。

And then the trees themselves slow cars down.

这些树木本身也可以让车慢下来。

They move slower when trees are next to the road,

当路边有树木时行车会比较慢，

and, of course, sometimes they slow down very quickly.

当然，有时候 他们减速非常快（撞树了）。

All the little details -- the curb return radius.

还要考虑所有的小细节—— 比如路缘的曲度。

Is it one foot or is it 40 feet?

它是0.3米的还是12米?

How swoopy is that curb to determine how fast the car goes

需要多么尖锐的路缘 来决定车可以开多快，

and how much room you have to cross.

（转弯）需要占用多少空间？

And then I love this, because this is objective journalism.

我很喜欢这一段内容， 因为这是客观的报道，

"Some say the entrance to CityCenter is not inviting to pedestrians."

“有人说市中心的入口并不欢迎路人。”

When every aspect of the landscape is swoopy,

当处处景观都很炫酷，

is aerodynamic, is stream-form geometrics,

呈现空气动力的，流线型几何构造，

it says: "This is a vehicular place."

它要表达的是：“这里是车的天下。”

So no one detail, no one speciality, can be allowed to set the stage.

没有一个细节，没有一种特色 能够为行人友好化铺路。

And here, you know, this street:

虽然这条街：

yes, it will drain within a minute of the hundred-year storm,

是的，它可以在一分钟内排泄百年洪水，

but this poor woman has to mount the curb every day.

但是这个可怜的女人 每天过马路都需要爬路缘。

So then quickly, the comfortable walk has to do with the fact

于是很快的，舒适的 行走需要面临一个事实，

那就是所有的动物 都要寻找，期待，和躲藏。

that all animals seek, simultaneously, prospect and refuge.

We want to be able to see our predators,

我们希望能够看清路况， 但同时也想要感到

but we also want to feel that our flanks are covered.

道路两边的 建筑能提供一定的遮掩。

And so we're drawn to places that have good edges,

于是我们被有人性化设计的 路缘的城市吸引了，

and if you don't supply the edges, people won't want to be there.

而且如果你不提供路缘， 人们就不会想去哪里。

What's the proper ratio of height to width?

什么样的（楼）高（路）宽比 是合适的呢？

Is it one to one? Three to one?

是2比1，3比1？

If you get beyond one to six, you're not very comfortable anymore.

如果超过一比六，你就不会觉得舒服了。

You don't feel enclosed.

你不再有安全感。

Now, six to one in Salzburg can be perfectly delightful.

6比1在萨尔茨堡可以非常赏心悦目的。

The opposite of Salzburg is Houston.

和萨尔茨堡相反的是休斯敦。

这里的首要问题是停车场。

The point being the parking lot is the principal problem here.

However, missing teeth, those empty lots can be issues as well,

然而，少了一栋楼， 那些空旷的位置也可能成为问题，

and if you have a missing corner because of an outdated zoning code,

如果因为过期的区域码导致了一块缺角，

then you could have a missing nose in your neighborhood.

那么可能在你社区一条路的 中间位置出现一个缺口。

That's what we had in my neighborhood.

这是我住的社区。

This was the zoning code that said I couldn't build on that site.

这是区码，上面写着 这里不可以施工建设。

As you may know, Washington, DC is now changing its zoning

你们都知道，华盛顿特区 正在对社区进行改造，

to allow sites like this to become sites like this.

让街道的一侧从这样变成这样的。

We needed a lot of variances to do that.

我们需要很多的变动。

Triangular houses can be interesting to build,

建造三角房屋很有趣，

but if you get one built, people generally like it.

但是如果你建一个，人们通常会很喜欢。

So you've got to fill those missing noses.

所有你要想办法去填补 这些缺失的空间。

And then, finally, the interesting walk:

那么最后一个要点，良好的步行体验：

signs of humanity.

人性的标志。

We are among the social primates.

我们是社会的首要成员。

Nothing interests us more than other people.

没什么能比其他人更让我们感兴趣了。

We want signs of people.

我们想要人的踪迹。

So the perfect one-to-one ratio, it's a great thing.

那么完美的1比1，是好事。

This is Grand Rapids, a very walkable city,

这是大急流城， 一个标志性的步行城市，

but nobody walks on this street

但是没人在连接着

that connects the two best hotels together,

两个最好的宾馆之间的街道上走，

because if on the left, you have an exposed parking deck,

因为如果在左边， 有一个暴露的停车楼，

and on the right, you have a conference facility

然后在右边有一个会议中心，

that was apparently designed in admiration for that parking deck,

这就是一个明显迁就于停车楼的设计，

then you don't attract that many people.

那么你就不能吸引很多的人了。

Mayor Joe Riley, in his 10th term, Mayor of Charleston, South Carolina,

市长乔·莱利，在他作为南卡罗来纳州 查尔斯顿市市长的第10个任期，

taught us it only takes 25 feet of building

告诉了我们只用7.6米的建筑就可以

to hide 250 feet of garage.

掩盖一个76米的停车场。

This one I call the Chia Pet Garage. It's in South Beach.

这一个被我叫做奇亚宠物车库。 它在南海滩。

That active ground floor.

地面上的那层还能正常运作。

我想要以这个项目结束我的演讲。

I want to end with this project that I love to show.

It's by Meleca Architects. It's in Columbus, Ohio.

它属于马莱卡建筑师公司， 在俄亥俄州的哥伦布市。

To the left is the convention center neighborhood, full of pedestrians.

左边是会议中心区，全部是行人。

右边是短北街道社区—— 少数民族聚集区，

To the right is the Short North neighborhood -- ethnic,

great restaurants, great shops, struggling.

很棒的餐厅，很棒的消费区， 但却濒临倒闭。

It wasn't doing very well because this was the bridge,

这块区域运行的不是很好， 因为这曾经有一座桥，

and no one was walking from the convention center

没人愿意从会议区走路到

into that neighborhood.

这边的街区。

Well, when they rebuilt the highway, they added an extra 80 feet to the bridge.

那么，当他们重新建高速的时候， 他们为这个桥加宽了25米。

Sorry -- they rebuilt the bridge over the highway.

很抱歉——他们是在 高速路上面重建了这个桥。

The city paid 1.9 million dollars,

市政府花了190万美金，

they gave the site to a developer,

他们把这块区域交给开发者，

the developer built this

然后开发者打造了这个设计，

and now the Short North has come back to life.

然后现在短北区又充满生机了。

And everyone says, the newspapers, not the planning magazines,

每个人都在谈论，报纸， 不包括规划杂志，

报纸新闻说是因为那个桥。

the newspapers say it's because of that bridge.

So that's it. That's the general theory of walkability.

大概就是这样， 这就是可步行性的基本理论。

想想你们自己的城市。

Think about your own cities.

Think about how you can apply it.

想想你能如何使用这个理论。

You've got to do all four things at once.

你需要同时做四件事。

So find those places where you have most of them

那么找到可以满足多数条件的地方，

and fix what you can,

然后改进你能做的，

fix what still needs fixing in those places.

完善那些始终需要完善的。

I really appreciate your attention,

很感谢大家耐心听我的演讲，

and thank you for coming today.

感谢大家的到来。

(Applause)

（掌声）