Electrical experiments with plants that count and communicate | Greg Gage

3,235,411 views ・ 2017-11-01

TED


μ•„λž˜ μ˜λ¬Έμžλ§‰μ„ λ”λΈ”ν΄λ¦­ν•˜μ‹œλ©΄ μ˜μƒμ΄ μž¬μƒλ©λ‹ˆλ‹€.

λ²ˆμ—­: Changkyun Ahn κ²€ν† : Gichung Lee
00:12
I'm a neuroscientist,
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μ €λŠ” μ‹ κ²½κ³Όν•™μž μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:14
and I'm the co-founder of Backyard Brains,
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Backyard BrainsλΌλŠ” κΈ°μ—…μ˜ κ³΅λ™μ°½μ—…μžμ΄κΈ°λ„ ν•˜λ©°
00:16
and our mission is to train the next generation of neuroscientists
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저희 νšŒμ‚¬λŠ” λ‹€μŒ μ„ΈλŒ€μ˜ μ‹ κ²½κ³Όν•™μžλ“€μ„ μ–‘μ„±ν•˜κΈ° μœ„ν•΄
00:20
by taking graduate-level neuroscience research equipment
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λŒ€ν•™μ› μˆ˜μ€€μ˜ μ‹ κ²½κ³Όν•™ 연ꡬμž₯비듀을
00:23
and making it available for kids in middle schools and high schools.
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쀑.κ³ λ“±ν•™κ΅λ‘œ 가져와 아이듀이 μ²΄ν—˜ν•΄λ³΄κ²Œλ” ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:27
And so when we go into the classroom,
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κ·Έλž˜μ„œ μ €ν¬λŠ” κ΅μ‹€λ‘œ λ“€μ–΄κ°ˆ λ•Œλ§ˆλ‹€
00:29
one way to get them thinking about the brain, which is very complex,
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학생듀이 이 λ‚œν•΄ν•œ λ‡Œμ— λŒ€ν•΄ μƒκ°ν•΄λ³΄κ²Œλ” ν•˜λ €κ³ 
00:33
is to ask them a very simple question about neuroscience,
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μ‹ κ²½κ³Όν•™ λΆ„μ•Όμ˜ κ°„λ‹¨ν•œ 질문 ν•œ 개λ₯Ό λ˜μ Έλ΄…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:36
and that is, "What has a brain?"
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"λ‡Œλ₯Ό 가지고 μžˆλŠ” 것듀은 무엇이 μžˆμ§€?"
00:39
When we ask that,
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μš°λ¦¬κ°€ κ·Έλ ‡κ²Œ 물으면
00:40
students will instantly tell you that their cat or dog has a brain,
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학생듀은 즉각 λ‹΅ν•˜κΈ°λ₯Ό κ·Έλ“€μ˜ κ°œλ‚˜ 고양이가 λ‡Œλ₯Ό 지녔닀고
00:44
and most will say that a mouse or even a small insect has a brain,
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그리고 λŒ€λΆ€λΆ„ 학생듀은 μ₯λΌλ˜κ°€ μž‘μ€ κ³€μΆ©κΉŒμ§€ λ‡Œλ₯Ό 지녔닀고 λ‹΅ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ
00:49
but almost nobody says that a plant or a tree
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μ‹λ¬Όμ΄λ‚˜ λ‚˜λ¬΄ ν˜Ήμ€ κ΄€λͺ©μ—κ²Œ λ‡Œκ°€ μžˆλ‹€κ³ 
00:51
or a shrub has a brain.
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λ‹΅ν•˜λŠ” 학생은 거의 μ—†μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:54
And so when you push --
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κ·Έλž˜μ„œ 학생듀을 닀그쳐보면
00:56
because this could actually help describe a little bit
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μ™œλƒλ©΄ μ΄λ ‡κ²Œ λ‹€κ·ΈμΉ˜λŠ” 것이 λ‡Œκ°€ μ–΄λ–»κ²Œ κΈ°λŠ₯ν•˜λŠ”μ§€λ₯Ό
00:59
how the brain actually functions --
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λ¬˜μ‚¬ν•˜λŠ”λ° 쑰금 도움이 λ˜κ±°λ“ μš”.
01:01
so you push and say,
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μ΄λŸ°μ‹μœΌλ‘œ λ¬Όμ–΄λ³΄λŠ” κ²λ‹ˆλ‹€,
01:02
"Well, what is it that makes living things have brains versus not?"
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"자, 생물듀 쀑 λ‡Œκ°€ μžˆλŠ” 것듀과 μ—†λŠ” 것듀간에 차이가 뭐지?"
01:06
And often they'll come back with the classification
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그러면 λŒ€κ°œ 학생듀은 이런 μ‹μ˜ ꡬ뢄법을 μ œμ‹œν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:08
that things that move tend to have brains.
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μ›€μ§μ΄λŠ” 것듀이 λ‡Œκ°€ μžˆλ‹€κ³ μš”.
01:12
And that's absolutely correct.
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그건 μ§„μ§œ μ •ν™•ν•œ λ§μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:14
Our nervous system evolved because it is electrical.
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우리의 μ‹ κ²½κ³„λŠ” μ „κΈ°μ‹ ν˜Έμ΄κΈ°μ— μ§„ν™”λ‘œ νšλ“ν•œ κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:16
It's fast, so we can quickly respond to stimuli in the world
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μ „κΈ°λΌμ„œ λΉ λ₯΄κ³  κ·Έλž˜μ„œ ν•„μš”μ‹œ μ™ΈλΆ€μ„Έκ³„μ˜ μžκ·Ήμ— λΉ λ₯΄κ²Œ λ°˜μ‘ν•˜κ³ 
01:19
and move if we need to.
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움직일 수 μžˆκ±°λ“ μš”.
01:21
But you can go back and push back on a student,
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κ·Έμ―€μ—μ„œ λ‹€μ‹œ λŒμ•„κ°€ 학생듀을 또 λ‹€κ·Έμ³λ΄…λ‹ˆλ‹€,
01:24
and say, "Well, you know, you say that plants don't have brains,
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"κΈ€μŽ„, λ„ˆν¬λ“€λ„ μ•Œκ² μ§€λ§Œ, 식물듀에겐 λ‡Œκ°€ μ—†μž–μ•„.
01:27
but plants do move."
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κ·ΈλŸ°λ°λ„ 식물듀은 μ›€μ§μ΄λŠ”κ±Έ."
01:28
Anyone who has grown a plant
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식물을 길러본 μ‚¬λžŒμ€ λˆ„κ΅¬λ‚˜
01:30
has noticed that the plant will move
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식물듀이 햇볕을 ν–₯ν•΄ μ›€μ§μΈλ‹€λŠ”κ±Έ
01:32
and face the sun.
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λˆˆμΉ˜μ±„μ…¨μ„ κ²λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:34
But they'll say, "But that's a slow movement.
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그러면 학생듀은 μ΄λ ‡κ²Œ λ§ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€. "그치만 그건 느린 μ›€μ§μž„μΈκ±Έμš”.
01:36
You know, that doesn't count. That could be a chemical process."
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그건 μ•ˆ μ³μ€˜μš”. κ·Έλ ‡κ²Œ 느린 건 화학적인 κ±Έ μˆ˜λ„ μžˆμž–μ•„μš”."
01:39
But what about fast-moving plants?
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그럼 빨리 μ›€μ§μ΄λŠ” 식물은 μ–΄λ–¨κΉŒμš”?
01:42
Now, in 1760, Arthur Dobbs, the Royal Governor of North Carolina,
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1760λ…„ λ‹Ήμ‹œ λ…ΈμŠ€ μΊλ‘€λΌμ΄λ‚˜μ˜ μ•„μ„œ λ•μŠ€ μ£Όμ§€μ‚¬λŠ”
01:47
made a pretty fascinating discovery.
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맀우 ν₯미둜운 것을 λ°œκ²¬ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:49
In the swamps behind his house,
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그의 집 뒀에 μžˆλŠ” μŠ΅μ§€μ—μ„œ
01:52
he found a plant that would spring shut
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ν•œ 식물이 자기 잎 사이에 λ²Œλ ˆκ°€ λ‚ μ•„μ˜¬ λ•Œλ§ˆλ‹€
01:56
every time a bug would fall in between it.
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이파리λ₯Ό λ‹«λŠ” 것을 λ°œκ²¬ν•˜μ˜€μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:59
He called this plant the flytrap,
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κ·ΈλŠ” 이 식물을 νŒŒλ¦¬μ§€μ˜₯이라고 λͺ…λͺ…ν–ˆμœΌλ©°
02:02
and within a decade, it made its way over to Europe,
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κ·Έλ‘œλΆ€ν„° 10λ…„ 내에 κ·Έ 식물은 유럽으둜 λ„˜μ–΄κ°”μœΌλ©°
02:05
where eventually the great Charles Darwin got to study this plant,
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κ·Έκ³³μ—μ„œ μœ„λŒ€ν•œ 찰슀 λ‹€μœˆμ΄ κ·Έ 식물에 λŒ€ν•΄ μ—°κ΅¬ν•˜κ²Œ λ˜μ—ˆκ³ 
02:09
and this plant absolutely blew him away.
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κ·Έ 식물은 찰슀 λ‹€μœˆμ„ 깜짝 λ†€λΌκ²Œ ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:11
He called it the most wonderful plant in the world.
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λ‹€μœˆμ€ κ·Έ 식물이 μ§€κ΅¬μ—μ„œ κ°€μž₯ 경이둜운 식물이라 λΆˆλ €μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:13
This is a plant that was an evolutionary wonder.
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이 식물은 μ§„ν™”μ˜ λΆˆκ°€μ‚¬μ˜μ˜€μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:16
This is a plant that moves quickly,
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이 식물은 λΉ λ₯΄κ²Œ 움직이며
02:18
which is rare,
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λ“œλ¬Έ νŠΉμ§•μΈλ°μš”
02:19
and it's carnivorous, which is also rare.
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μœ‘μ‹μ΄κΈ°λ„ ν•œλ° 이 점 μ—­μ‹œ λ“œλ­…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:21
And this is in the same plant.
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이 두가지가 같은 식물에 있죠.
02:22
But I'm here today to tell you
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μ œκ°€ 였늘 μ—¬λŸ¬λΆ„λ“€κ»˜ λ§μ”€λ“œλ¦΄ 것은
02:24
that's not even the coolest thing about this plant.
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이 μ‹λ¬Όμ˜ κ°€μž₯ λ†€λΌμš΄ 점은 λ”°λ‘œ μžˆλ‹€λŠ” κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:26
The coolest thing is that the plant can count.
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그것은 λ°”λ‘œ 식물이 수λ₯Ό μ…€ 수 μžˆλ‹€λŠ” κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:30
So in order to show that,
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그것을 λ³΄μ—¬λ“œλ¦¬κΈ° μœ„ν•΄
02:31
we have to get some vocabulary out of the way.
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μš°λ¦¬λŠ” λͺ‡λͺ‡ 단어λ₯Ό νŒŒν—€μ³λ³΄μ•„μ•Ό ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:34
So I'm going to do what we do in the classroom with students.
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μ œκ°€ λ³΄μ—¬λ“œλ¦΄ 것은 μ œκ°€ μ‹€μ œ κ΅μ‹€μ—μ„œ 학생듀과 ν•˜λŠ” κ²λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:37
We're going to do an experiment on electrophysiology,
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전기생리학에 κ΄€ν•œ μ‹€ν—˜μ„ ν•˜λ‚˜ ν•  κ±΄λ°μš”.
02:41
which is the recording of the body's electrical signal,
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그것은 곧 체내 μ „κΈ° μ‹ ν˜Έλ₯Ό 기둝해보겠단 λ§μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:44
either coming from neurons or from muscles.
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κ·Όμœ‘μ΄λ‚˜ μ‹ κ²½μœΌλ‘œλΆ€ν„° μ˜€λŠ” 것듀을 말이죠.
02:46
And I'm putting some electrodes here on my wrists.
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μ €λŠ” μ—¬κΈ° 제 손λͺ©μ— 전극을 λΆ€μ°©ν•΄λ‘μ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:49
As I hook them up,
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μ œκ°€ μ—°κ²°μ‹œν‚€μžλ§ˆμž
02:50
we're going to be able to see a signal
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μ—¬κΈ° 화면에 μ‹ ν˜Έκ°€ μž‘νžˆλŠ” 것을
02:52
on the screen here.
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보싀 수 있죠.
02:54
And this signal may be familiar to you.
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μ•„λ§ˆ λ‹€λ“€ 보신 적 μžˆμ„ κ²λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:56
It's called the EKG, or the electrocardiogram.
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EKG ν˜Ήμ€ 심전도 라고 λΆˆλ¦¬λŠ” κ±΄λ°μš”.
02:58
And this is coming from neurons in my heart
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이건 제 심μž₯ 속 μ‹ κ²½μ„Έν¬λ‘œλΆ€ν„° λ‚˜μ˜¨ 것인데
03:00
that are firing what's called action potentials,
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이λ₯Έλ°” ν™œλ™μ „μœ„λΌλŠ” 것을 보내고 μžˆκ΅¬μš”.
03:03
potential meaning voltage and action meaning it moves quickly up and down,
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μ „μœ„μ˜ μ˜λ―ΈλŠ” 전압이고, ν™œλ™μ€ λΉ λ₯΄κ²Œ 였λ₯΄κ³  내림을 λœ»ν•˜λ©°
03:07
which causes my heart to fire,
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이게 제 심μž₯이 λ›°κ²Œλ” ν•˜μ—¬μ„œ
03:08
which then causes the signal that you see here.
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μ—¬κΈ°μ„œ μ—¬λŸ¬λΆ„λ“€μ΄ λ³΄μ‹œλŠ” μ‹ ν˜Έκ°€ 작히게 λ˜λŠ” κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:11
And so I want you to remember the shape of what we'll be looking at right here,
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μ•žμœΌλ‘œ λ³΄μ‹œκ²Œ 될 이 λͺ¨μ–‘을 잘 κΈ°μ–΅ν•΄λ‘μ‹œκΈ° λ°”λžλ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:15
because this is going to be important.
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ꡉμž₯히 μ€‘μš”ν•˜κ±°λ“ μš”.
03:17
This is a way that the brain encodes information
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이 ν™œλ™μ „μœ„μ˜ ν˜•νƒœκ°€ λ°”λ‘œ λ‡Œκ°€ 정보λ₯Ό
03:19
in the form of an action potential.
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μ•”ν˜Έν™”ν•˜λŠ” λ°©μ‹μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:21
So now let's turn to some plants.
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λ‹€μ‹œ μ‹λ¬Όλ“€λ‘œ λŒμ•„κ°€λ³΄μ£ .
03:24
So I'm going to first introduce you to the mimosa,
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μš°μ„  이 λ―Έλͺ¨μ‚¬λ₯Ό λ³΄μ‹œλ©΄μš”.
03:28
not the drink, but the Mimosa pudica,
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술 말고, ν•¨μˆ˜μ΄ˆ λ§μ΄μ—μš”.
03:31
and this is a plant that's found in Central America and South America,
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이 식물은 쀑남미 μ§€μ—­μ—μ„œ λ°œκ²¬λ˜λŠ” μ‹λ¬ΌμΈλ°μš”.
03:35
and it has behaviors.
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λ…νŠΉν•œ 행동양식듀을 μ§€λ…”μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:37
And the first behavior I'm going to show you
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첫번째둜 λ³΄μ—¬λ“œλ¦΄ 행동은
03:39
is if I touch the leaves here,
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μ œκ°€ 이 μ΄νŒŒλ¦¬λ“€μ„ λ§Œμ§€λ©΄
03:41
you get to see that the leaves tend to curl up.
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잎이 λ§λ €μ˜¬λΌκ°€λŠ” 것을 λ³΄μ‹œκ²Œ 될 κ²λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:45
And then the second behavior is,
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λ‘λ²ˆμ§Έλ‘œ λ³΄μ—¬λ“œλ¦΄ 행동은
03:47
if I tap the leaf,
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μžŽμ„ 톑톑 두듀기면
03:49
the entire branch seems to fall down.
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가지 전체가 λ‚΄λ €μ•‰λŠ” 것을 λ³΄μ‹œκ²Œ λ©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:51
So why does it do that?
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μ™œ μ €λŸ΄κΉŒμš”?
03:53
It's not really known to science.
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과학이 그에 λŒ€ν•œ 닡을 μ£Όμ§€λŠ” λͺ»ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€λ§Œ
03:54
One of the reasons why could be that it scares away insects
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μΆ”μ •λ˜λŠ” μ΄μœ λ‘œλŠ” λ―Έλͺ¨μ‚¬κ°€ 곀좩듀을 λ‚΄μ«“κΈ° μœ„ν•œλ‹€κ±°λ‚˜
03:58
or it looks less appealing to herbivores.
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μ΄ˆμ‹λ™λ¬Όμ—κ²Œ 덜 먹히렀고 κ·ΈλŸ°λ‹€κ³  μ•Œλ €μ ΈμžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:00
But how does it do that? Now, that's interesting.
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μ–΄λ–»κ²Œ μ €λŸ΄ 수 μžˆμ„κΉŒμš”? λ°”λ‘œ κ·Έ 점이 ν₯λ―Έλ‘œμš΄λ°μš”.
04:02
We can do an experiment to find out.
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μ‹€ν—˜μ„ 톡해 μ•Œμ•„λ³Ό 수 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:04
So what we're going to do now,
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μ§€κΈˆλΆ€ν„° ν•΄λ³Ό 것은
04:06
just like I recorded the electrical potential from my body,
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제 λͺΈμ—μ„œ 생긴 ν™œλ™μ „μœ„λ₯Ό κΈ°λ‘ν•΄λ³΄μ•˜λ“―μ΄
04:09
we're going to record the electrical potential from this plant, this mimosa.
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이 식물, κ·ΈλŸ¬λ‹ˆκΉŒ λ―Έλͺ¨μ‚¬μ˜ ν™œλ™μ „μœ„λ₯Ό 기둝해볼 κ²λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:13
And so what we're going to do is I've got a wire wrapped around the stem,
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그러기 μœ„ν•΄ λ―Έλͺ¨μ‚¬μ˜ 쀄기에닀가 전선을 λ‘˜λŸ¬κ°μ•„ λ‘μ—ˆκ΅¬μš”,
04:19
and I've got the ground electrode where?
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μ—¬κΈ° 접지전극 (ground electrode) 도 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€. μ–΄λ””μ—μš”?
04:22
In the ground. It's an electrical engineering joke. Alright.
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λ•… μ†μ—μš”. μ „κΈ° 곡학 λ†λ‹΄μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:25
(Laughter)
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(μ›ƒμŒ)
04:26
Alright. So I'm going to go ahead and tap the leaf here,
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자, 그럼 이제 λ‹€μ‹œ μžŽμ„ 톑톑 λ‘λ“œλ € λ³Ό κ±΄λ°μš”.
04:29
and I want you to look at the electrical recording
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μ—¬λŸ¬λΆ„λ“€μ€ μ „κΈ°μ‹ ν˜Έ 기둝에 μ£Όλͺ©ν•΄μ£Όμ„Έμš”.
04:31
that we're going to see inside the plant.
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식물 μ•ˆμ—μ„œ μΌμ–΄λ‚˜λŠ” 것을 보게 λ ν…Œλ‹ˆκΉŒμš”.
04:34
Whoa. It is so big, I've got to scale it down.
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와. 정말 ν¬λ„€μš”, μ€Œμ•„μ›ƒ μ’€ ν•΄μ•Όκ² μ–΄μš”.
04:37
Alright. So what is that?
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방금 λ³Έ 것이 λ­˜κΉŒμš”?
04:38
That is an action potential that is happening inside the plant.
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μ €κ²Œ 식물 μ†μ—μ„œ 생긴 ν™œλ™μ „μœ„ μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:41
Why was it happening?
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μ™œ μ €κ²Œ 생겼죠?
04:43
Because it wanted to move. Right?
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식물이 움직이렀고 ν–ˆμž–μ•„μš”. κ·Έλ ‡μ£ ?
04:44
And so when I hit the touch receptors,
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μ œκ°€ 촉각 수용체λ₯Ό κ±΄λ“œλ Έμ„ λ•Œ
04:47
it sent a voltage all the way down to the end of the stem,
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μ „μœ„κ°€ κ·Έκ³³λΆ€ν„° 쀄기 λκΉŒμ§€ ν˜λŸ¬λ‚΄λ € λ³΄λ‚΄μ‘ŒκΈ°μ—
04:51
which caused it to move.
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μ›€μ§μž„μ΄ μΌμ–΄λ‚œκ±°μ£ .
04:52
And now, in our arms, we would move our muscles,
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κ·Έλ ‡λ‹€λ©΄ 우리 νŒ”μ€ κ·Όμœ‘μ„ 톡해 μ›€μ§μ΄λŠ”λ°
04:54
but the plant doesn't have muscles.
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μ‹λ¬Όμ—λŠ” 근윑이 μ—†μž–μ•„μš”.
04:56
What it has is water inside the cells
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식물에 μžˆλŠ” 것은 세포 μ•ˆμ— μžˆλŠ” λ¬ΌμΈλ°μš”.
04:58
and when the voltage hits it, it opens up, releases the water,
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μ „μœ„κ°€ λ„μ°©ν•˜λ©΄ 채널이 μ—΄λ € 물을 λ°–μœΌλ‘œ λ‚΄λ³΄λ‚΄κ²Œ λ©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
05:01
changes the shape of the cells, and the leaf falls.
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κ·Έλž˜μ„œ μ„Έν¬μ˜ λͺ¨μ–‘이 λ°”λ€Œκ³  잎이 λ‚΄λ €κ°„κ±°μ£ .
05:04
OK. So here we see an action potential encoding information to move. Alright?
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μ§€κΈˆκΉŒμ§€ 식물이 μ›€μ§μ΄λ €λŠ” 정보λ₯Ό μ§€λ‹Œ ν™œλ™μ „μœ„λ₯Ό λ΄€μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€. κ·Έλ ‡μ£ ?
05:09
But can it do more?
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식물이 λ­”κ°€ 더 ν•  수 μžˆμ„κΉŒμš”?
05:10
So let's go to find out.
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확인해 λ΄…μ‹œλ‹€.
05:12
We're going to go to our good friend, the Venus flytrap here,
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μ§€κΈˆλΆ€ν„° μ‚΄νŽ΄λ³Ό μΉœκ΅¬λŠ” λ°”λ‘œ νŒŒλ¦¬μ§€μ˜₯이며
05:15
and we're going to take a look at what happens inside the leaf
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νŒŒλ¦¬μ§€μ˜₯의 μžŽμ— νŒŒλ¦¬κ°€ μ•‰μ•˜μ„ λ•Œ 잎 μ†μ—μ„œ μ–΄λ–€ 일이 μΌμ–΄λ‚˜λŠ”μ§€
05:19
when a fly lands on here.
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μ•Œμ•„λ³Ό κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
05:21
So I'm going to pretend to be a fly right now.
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μ§€κΈˆλΆ€ν„° μ œκ°€ 파리 역할을 ν•΄λ³Όκ²Œμš”.
05:24
And now here's my Venus flytrap,
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μ—¬κΈ° νŒŒλ¦¬μ§€μ˜₯이 μžˆκ΅¬μš”.
05:26
and inside the leaf, you're going to notice
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잎 속을 μžμ„Ένžˆ λ“€μ—¬λ‹€ λ³΄μ‹œλ©΄
05:28
that there are three little hairs here, and those are trigger hairs.
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μ„Έ κ°€λ‹₯의 κ²€μ • 털이 보이싀 κ²λ‹ˆλ‹€. 이 털듀이 λ°©μ•„μ‡  역할을 ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
05:31
And so when a fly lands --
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κ·ΈλŸ¬λ‹ˆκΉŒ νŒŒλ¦¬κ°€ λ‚΄λ € μ•‰μœΌλ©΄ --
05:32
I'm going to touch one of the hairs right now.
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μ œκ°€ 이 ν„Έλ“€ 쀑 ν•˜λ‚˜λ₯Ό κ±΄λ“œλ €λ³΄κ² μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
05:35
Ready? One, two, three.
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쀀비됐죠? ν•˜λ‚˜, λ‘˜, μ…‹
05:39
What do we get? We get a beautiful action potential.
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뭐가 λ‚˜μ™”λ‚˜μš”? 화면에 멋진 ν™œλ™μ „μœ„ ν•˜λ‚˜κ°€ μƒκ²Όλ„€μš”.
05:41
However, the flytrap doesn't close.
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κ·ΈλŸ¬λ‚˜ νŒŒλ¦¬μ§€μ˜₯은 μ—¬μ „νžˆ μ—΄λ €μžˆλŠ” μƒνƒœμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
05:44
And to understand why that is,
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μ™œ μ΄λŸ°κ°€λ₯Ό μ΄ν•΄ν•˜λ €λ©΄
05:46
we need to know a little bit more about the behavior of the flytrap.
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μš°λ¦¬λŠ” νŒŒλ¦¬μ§€μ˜₯의 ν–‰νƒœμ— λŒ€ν•΄ 쑰금 더 μ•Œμ•„μ•Όν•  ν•„μš”κ°€ μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
05:49
Number one is that it takes a long time to open the traps back up --
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첫번째둜 μš°μ„  νŒŒλ¦¬μ§€μ˜₯이 λ‹«νžˆλ©΄ λ‹€μ‹œ μ—΄λ¦¬κΈ°κΉŒμ§€ μ‹œκ°„μ΄ κΉλ‹ˆλ‹€.
05:52
you know, about 24 to 48 hours if there's no fly inside of it.
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λŒ€λž΅ 24 ~ 48 μ‹œκ°„ 정도 λ˜λŠ”λ° 만일 νŒŒλ¦¬κ°€ κ±°κΈ° μ—†μ—ˆλ‹€λ©΄μš”?
05:56
And so it takes a lot of energy.
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ν•œλ²ˆ λ‹«λŠ”λ° μ—λ„ˆμ§€λ„ 많이 λ“­λ‹ˆλ‹€.
05:58
And two, it doesn't need to eat that many flies throughout the year.
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λ‘λ²ˆμ§ΈλŠ” 일년 λ™μ•ˆ νŒŒλ¦¬μ§€μ˜₯이 λ§Žμ€ 파리λ₯Ό 먹을 ν•„μš”κ°€ μ—†λ‹€λŠ” μ μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
06:01
Only a handful. It gets most of its energy from the sun.
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νƒœμ–‘μœΌλ‘œλΆ€ν„° λŒ€λΆ€λΆ„μ˜ μ—λ„ˆμ§€λ₯Ό 얻기에 ν•œμ›…νΌμ΄λ©΄ λ©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
06:04
It's just trying to replace some nutrients in the ground with flies.
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κ·Έμ € λ•…μ—μ„œ μ–»λŠ” μ˜μ–‘μ†Œλ“€ 쀑 일뢀λ₯Ό 파리둜 λŒ€μ²΄ν•˜λ €λŠ” 것 λΏμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
06:07
And the third thing is,
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μ„Έλ²ˆμ§Έ 사싀은
06:09
it only opens then closes the traps a handful of times
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νŒŒλ¦¬μ§€μ˜₯의 μΌμƒλ™μ•ˆ μžŽμ„ μ—΄κ³  λ‹«κΈ°λ₯Ό
06:12
until that trap dies.
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λͺ‡ 번 μ•ˆν•œλ‹€λŠ” κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
06:14
So therefore, it wants to make really darn sure
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λ”°λΌμ„œ, νŒŒλ¦¬μ§€μ˜₯은 μžŽμ„ λ‹«κΈ° 전에
06:16
that there's a meal inside of it before the flytrap snaps shut.
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λ­”κ°€ μ†Œν™”ν•  λ§Œν•œ 게 μžˆλ‹€λŠ” 것을 ν™•μ‹€ν•˜κ²Œ 해두고 μ‹Άμ–΄ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
06:21
So how does it do that?
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μ–΄λ–»κ²Œ ν™•μ‹€νžˆ ν• κΉŒμš”?
06:23
It counts the number of seconds
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λ°”λ‘œ λ°©μ•„μ‡  털이 μ œλŒ€λ‘œ κ±΄λ“œλ €μ§„
06:25
between successive touching of those hairs.
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횟수 μ‚¬μ΄μ˜ 초λ₯Ό μ„ΈλŠ” κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
06:29
And so the idea is that there's a high probability,
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μ‰½κ²Œ λ§ν•˜μžλ©΄ 만일 νŒŒλ¦¬μ§€μ˜₯ μ•ˆμ— νŒŒλ¦¬κ°€ μžˆλ‹€λ©΄
06:31
if there's a fly inside of there, they're going to be quick together,
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μžŽλ³΄λ‹€ νŒŒλ¦¬κ°€ 빨리 움직일 κ°€λŠ₯성이 맀우 λ†’μœΌλ‹ˆκΉŒ
06:35
and so when it gets the first action potential,
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νŒŒλ¦¬μ§€μ˜₯은 첫번째 ν™œλ™μ „μœ„λ‘œλΆ€ν„°
06:37
it starts counting, one, two,
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초λ₯Ό μ…‰λ‹ˆλ‹€. ν•˜λ‚˜, λ‘˜
06:38
and if it gets to 20 and it doesn't fire again,
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20κΉŒμ§€ μ„ΈλŠ” λ™μ•ˆ λ‹€μ‹œ ν™œλ™μ „μœ„κ°€ μ•ˆ 생기면
06:41
then it's not going to close,
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μžŽμ„ 닫지 μ•ŠλŠ” 것이죠.
06:42
but if it does it within there, then the flytrap will close.
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κ·ΈλŸ¬λ‚˜ κ·Έ 사이에 λ‹€μ‹œ ν™œλ™μ „μœ„κ°€ 생기면 잎이 λ‹«νžˆλŠ” 것이죠.
06:45
So we're going to go back now.
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νŒŒλ¦¬μ§€μ˜₯μ—κ²Œ λŒμ•„κ°€μ„œ
06:46
I'm going to touch the Venus flytrap again.
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λ‹€μ‹œ νŒŒλ¦¬μ§€μ˜₯을 κ±΄λ“œλ €λ³Ό κ±΄λ°μš”.
06:48
I've been talking for more than 20 seconds.
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μ €λŠ” ν•œ 20초 이상 λ§ν•˜κ³  μžˆμ—ˆμœΌλ‹ˆκΉŒ
06:50
So we can see what happens when I touch the hair a second time.
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λ‘λ²ˆμ§Έλ‘œ 털을 κ±΄λ“œλ¦¬λ©΄ μ–΄λ–€ 일이 μƒκΈ°λŠ”μ§€ λ΄…μ‹œλ‹€.
06:55
So what do we get? We get a second action potential,
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뭐가 λ‚˜μ˜€λ‚˜μš”? λ‘λ²ˆμ§Έ ν™œλ™μ „μœ„κ°€ λ‚˜μ™”λ„€μš”.
06:58
but again, the leaf doesn't close.
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κ·ΈλŸ¬λ‚˜ μžŽμ€ μ—¬μ „νžˆ μ•ˆ λ‹«νžˆμ£ .
07:00
So now if I go back in there
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λ‹€μ‹œ νŒŒλ¦¬μ§€μ˜₯μ—κ²Œ κ°€μ„œ
07:02
and if I'm a fly moving around,
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움직이며 λŒμ•„λ‹€λ‹ˆλŠ” νŒŒλ¦¬μΈμ–‘
07:04
I'm going to be touching the leaf a few times.
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μžŽμ„ λͺ‡ 번 κ±΄λ“œλ € λ³΄κ² μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
07:06
I'm going to go and brush it a few times.
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이런 μ‹μœΌλ‘œ λͺ‡ μ°¨λ‘€ κ±΄λ“œλ¦¬λ©΄
07:08
And immediately,
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μ¦‰μ‹œ λ°”λ‘œ
07:10
the flytrap closes.
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νŒŒλ¦¬μ§€μ˜₯이 λ‹«νžˆμ£ .
07:11
So here we are seeing the flytrap actually doing a computation.
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λ³΄μ‹œλŠ” 바와 같이 νŒŒλ¦¬μ§€μ˜₯이 μ‹€μ œλ‘œ νŒλ‹¨μ„ ν•œλ‹€λŠ” κ±°μ£ .
07:16
It's determining if there's a fly inside the trap,
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νŒŒλ¦¬μ§€μ˜₯이 덫 μ•ˆμ— 파리의 유무λ₯Ό νŒλ‹¨ν•΄μ„œ 그에 따라
07:18
and then it closes.
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μžŽμ„ λ‹«μœΌλ‹ˆκΉŒμš”.
07:20
So let's go back to our original question.
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λ‹€μ‹œ 처음 질문으둜 λŒμ•„κ°€λ΄…μ‹œλ‹€.
07:23
Do plants have brains?
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μ‹λ¬Όμ—κ²Œ λ‡Œκ°€ μžˆλ‚˜μš”?
07:25
Well, the answer is no.
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μ•„λ‹ˆμ£ . μ—†μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
07:27
There's no brains in here.
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식물에겐 λ‡Œκ°€ μ—†μ–΄μš”.
07:28
There's no axons, no neurons.
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μ‹ κ²½ 좕삭도 μ—†κ³ , 신경세포도 μ—†μ–΄μš”.
07:32
It doesn't get depressed.
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μš°μšΈμ¦λ„ μ•ˆ 걸리고
07:33
It doesn't want to know what the Tigers' score is.
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λ””νŠΈλ‘œμ΄νŠΈ νƒ€μ΄κ±°μ¦ˆ μ μˆ˜λ„ μ•ˆ κΆκΈˆν•΄ ν•˜κ³ 
07:36
It doesn't have self-actualization problems.
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μžμ•„μ‹€ν˜„μ— κ΄€ν•œ λ¬Έμ œλ„ μ—†μ£ .
07:38
But what it does have is something that's very similar to us,
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κ·ΈλŸ¬λ‚˜ 식물에겐 μš°λ¦¬μ™€ λΉ„μŠ·ν•œ 점이 μžˆλŠ”λ°
07:41
which is the ability to communicate using electricity.
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그건 λ°”λ‘œ μ „κΈ°λ₯Ό μ΄μš©ν•œ μ†Œν†΅λŠ₯λ ₯μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
07:44
It just uses slightly different ions than we do,
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μ‚¬λžŒκ³ΌλŠ” λ‹€λ₯Έ μ’…λ₯˜μ˜ 이온으둜 μ†Œν†΅ν•  뿐
07:47
but it's actually doing the same thing.
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사싀상 같은 일을 ν•˜κ±°λ“ μš”.
07:49
So just to show you
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이런 ν™œλ™μ „μœ„μ˜ νŠΉμ§•μ΄
07:51
the ubiquitous nature of these action potentials,
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λͺ¨λ“  μƒλ¬Όμ—κ²Œ μ‘΄μž¬ν•œλ‹€λŠ” 점을 μ—¬λŸ¬λΆ„λ“€κ»˜ λ³΄μ—¬λ“œλ¦¬κΈ° μœ„ν•΄
07:54
we saw it in the Venus flytrap,
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νŒŒλ¦¬μ§€μ˜₯도 λ³΄μ•˜κ΅¬μš”.
07:56
we've seen an action potential in the mimosa.
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λ―Έλͺ¨μ‚¬μ—μ„œλ„ ν™œλ™μ „μœ„μ˜ 잠재λ ₯을 λ³΄μ•˜μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
07:59
We've even seen an action potential in a human.
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μš°λ¦¬λŠ” μΈμ²΄μ—μ„œμ˜ ν™œλ™μ „μœ„λ„ λͺ©κ²©ν•œ λ°” μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
08:01
Now, this is the euro of the brain.
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이 ν™œλ™μ „μœ„λž€ 것은 λ‡Œμ˜ 곡용 화폐와 κ°™μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
08:04
It's the way that all information is passed.
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λͺ¨λ“  정보가 ν™œλ™μ „μœ„μ˜ ν˜•νƒœλ‘œ μ „λ‹¬λ©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
08:06
And so what we can do is we can use those action potentials
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κ·Έλž˜μ„œ 이 ν™œλ™μ „μœ„λ₯Ό μ΄μš©ν•˜μ—¬
08:09
to pass information
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λ‹€λ₯Έ 식물 쒅끼리도
08:11
between species of plants.
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정보λ₯Ό 전달할 수 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
08:13
And so this is our interspecies plant-to-plant communicator,
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μ—¬κΈ° λ³΄μ΄λŠ” 것은 저희 νšŒμ‚¬μ˜ 식물 μ’…κ°„ μ†Œν†΅κΈ°κ³„ μΈλ°μš”.
08:17
and what we've done is we've created a brand new experiment
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저희가 κ°œλ°œν•΄λ‚Έ 것은 μƒˆλ‘œμš΄ μ’…λ₯˜μ˜ μ‹€ν—˜μ„ κ°€λŠ₯ν•˜κ²Œ λ§Œλ“€μ—ˆκ³ .
08:20
where we're going to record the action potential from a Venus flytrap,
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μ§€κΈˆλΆ€ν„° νŒŒλ¦¬μ§€μ˜₯의 ν™œλ™μ „μœ„λ₯Ό κΈ°λ‘ν•˜μ—¬
08:24
and we're going to send it into the sensitive mimosa.
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이 λ―Όκ°ν•œ λ―Έλͺ¨μ‚¬μ—κ²Œ μ „ν•΄λ„£μ–΄ λ³Ό κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
08:27
So I want you to recall what happens
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λ―Έλͺ¨μ‚¬μ˜ μžŽμ„ κ±΄λ“œλ Έμ„ λ•Œ
08:28
when we touch the leaves of the mimosa.
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μ–΄λ–€ 일이 μΌμ–΄λ‚¬μ—ˆλŠ”μ§€ λ– μ˜¬λ €λ³΄μ„Έμš”.
08:30
It has touch receptors that are sending that information
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λ―Έλͺ¨μ‚¬μ—λŠ” 촉각 μˆ˜μš©μ²΄κ°€ 있고 그것듀이 받아듀인 정보λ₯Ό
08:33
back down in the form of an action potential.
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ν™œλ™μ „μœ„μ˜ ν˜•νƒœλ‘œ μ•„λž˜λ‘œ ν˜λŸ¬λ‚΄λ € λ³΄λƒ…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
08:35
And so what would happen
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λ”°λΌμ„œ λ§Œμ•½μ—
08:36
if we took the action potential from the Venus flytrap
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νŒŒλ¦¬μ§€μ˜₯μ—μ„œ 생긴 ν™œλ™μ „μœ„λ₯Ό
08:40
and sent it into all the stems of the mimosa?
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λ―Έλͺ¨μ‚¬μ˜ 쀄기에 λ„£μœΌλ©΄ μ–΄λ–»κ²Œ λ κΉŒμš”?
08:44
We should be able to create the behavior of the mimosas
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λ―Έλͺ¨μ‚¬λŠ” μ „ν˜€ κ±΄λ“œλ¦¬μ§€ μ•Šμ€μ±„λ‘œ
08:47
without actually touching it ourselves.
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μ›€μ§μ΄κ²Œ λ§Œλ“€ 수 μžˆμ§€ μ•Šμ„κΉŒμš”?
08:49
And so if you'll allow me,
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자 그럼 μ œκ°€ ν•œλ²ˆ
08:51
I'm going to go ahead and trigger this mimosa right now
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νŒŒλ¦¬μ§€μ˜₯의 λ°©μ•„μ‡  털을 κ±΄λ“œλ¦ΌμœΌλ‘œμ¨
08:54
by touching on the hairs of the Venus flytrap.
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λ―Έλͺ¨μ‚¬λ₯Ό μ›€μ§μ΄κ²Œ λ§Œλ“€μ–΄λ³΄κ² μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
08:58
So we're going to send information about touch from one plant to another.
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μ‰½κ²Œ 말해 ν•œ μ‹λ¬Όλ‘œλΆ€ν„° 생긴 정보λ₯Ό λ‹€λ₯Έ μ‹λ¬Όλ‘œ λ³΄λ‚΄λ³΄κ² μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
09:06
So there you see it.
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μ΄λ ‡κ²Œ 말이죠.
09:08
So --
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κ·ΈλŸ¬λ‹ˆκΉŒ
09:09
(Applause)
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(λ°•μˆ˜)
09:15
So I hope you learned a little bit, something about plants today,
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였늘 식물에 λŒ€ν•΄ μ‘°κΈˆμ΄λΌλ„ 더 μ•Œκ²Œ λ˜μ…¨λ‹€λ©΄ μ’‹κ² μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
09:18
and not only that.
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그뿐만 μ•„λ‹ˆλΌ
09:19
You learned that plants could be used to help teach neuroscience
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식물듀을 신경과학을 κ°€λ₯΄μΉ˜λŠ”데 μ“Έ μˆ˜λ„ 있음과 μ‹ κ²½ν˜λͺ…μ˜ λ„λž˜μ—λ„
09:23
and bring along the neurorevolution.
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기여함을 μ•Œμ•„μ£Όμ„Έμš”.
09:24
Thank you.
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κ°μ‚¬ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
09:26
(Applause)
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(λ°•μˆ˜)
이 μ›Ήμ‚¬μ΄νŠΈ 정보

이 μ‚¬μ΄νŠΈλŠ” μ˜μ–΄ ν•™μŠ΅μ— μœ μš©ν•œ YouTube λ™μ˜μƒμ„ μ†Œκ°œν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€. μ „ 세계 졜고의 μ„ μƒλ‹˜λ“€μ΄ κ°€λ₯΄μΉ˜λŠ” μ˜μ–΄ μˆ˜μ—…μ„ 보게 될 κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€. 각 λ™μ˜μƒ νŽ˜μ΄μ§€μ— ν‘œμ‹œλ˜λŠ” μ˜μ–΄ μžλ§‰μ„ 더블 ν΄λ¦­ν•˜λ©΄ κ·Έκ³³μ—μ„œ λ™μ˜μƒμ΄ μž¬μƒλ©λ‹ˆλ‹€. λΉ„λ””μ˜€ μž¬μƒμ— 맞좰 μžλ§‰μ΄ μŠ€ν¬λ‘€λ©λ‹ˆλ‹€. μ˜κ²¬μ΄λ‚˜ μš”μ²­μ΄ μžˆλŠ” 경우 이 문의 양식을 μ‚¬μš©ν•˜μ—¬ λ¬Έμ˜ν•˜μ‹­μ‹œμ˜€.

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