How do we heal medicine? | Atul Gawande

493,032 views ใƒป 2012-04-16

TED


์•„๋ž˜ ์˜๋ฌธ์ž๋ง‰์„ ๋”๋ธ”ํด๋ฆญํ•˜์‹œ๋ฉด ์˜์ƒ์ด ์žฌ์ƒ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

๋ฒˆ์—ญ: Woo Hwang ๊ฒ€ํ† : JaeHoon Lee
00:15
I got my start
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์™ธ๊ณผ ์ˆ˜๋ จ์˜๋กœ์จ
00:18
in writing and research
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์—ฐ๊ตฌํ•˜๊ณ  ์ €์ˆ  ํ™œ๋™์„ ํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ
00:20
as a surgical trainee,
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์ œ ์ธ์ƒ์„ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ–ˆ๋Š”๋ฐ์š”,
00:23
as someone who was a long ways away
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์ „๋ฌธ๊ฐ€๊ฐ€ ๋œ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€
00:25
from becoming any kind of an expert at anything.
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๋จผ๋‚˜๋ผ ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐ์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•œ ๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์ด์—ˆ์ฃ .
00:28
So the natural question you ask then at that point
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๊ทธ๋Ÿผ ์ž์—ฐ์Šค๋Ÿฝ๊ฒŒ ์ด๋Ÿฐ ์งˆ๋ฌธ์„ ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋˜์ฃ ,
00:31
is, how do I get good at what I'm trying to do?
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"์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ์ผ์„ ์ž˜ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋˜์—ˆ๋‚˜์š”?"
00:33
And it became a question of,
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ด ์งˆ๋ฌธ์€,
00:35
how do we all get good
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"์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ์ผ์„ ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ์ž˜ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋˜์—ˆ๋‚˜์š”?"
00:37
at what we're trying to do?
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๋ผ๋Š” ์งˆ๋ฌธ์ด ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:40
It's hard enough to learn to get the skills,
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์„ ์Šต๋“ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ์–ด๋ ต์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค,
00:44
try to learn all the material you have to absorb
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์—๊ฒŒ ์ฃผ์–ด์ง„ ๋ชจ๋“  ์ผ์—์„œ ๋ฐ›์•„ ๋“ค์ผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š”
00:47
at any task you're taking on.
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๋ชจ๋“  ์†Œ์žฌ๋ฅผ ๋ฐฐ์šฐ๋„๋ก ํ•ด์•ผํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:49
I had to think about how I sew and how I cut,
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์ €๋„ ๊ผฌ๋งค๋Š” ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•, ์ ˆ๊ฐœํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด์„œ ๊ณ ๋ฏผํ•ด์•ผ ํ–ˆ์ง€๋งŒ,
00:52
but then also how I pick the right person
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๋˜ํ•œ ์ˆ˜์ˆ ์‹ค์— ์ˆ™๋ จ๋˜๊ณ  ์ ๋‹นํ•œ
00:54
to come to an operating room.
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์‚ฌ๋žŒ์„ ๋ฝ‘์•„์„œ ๋“ค์–ด๊ฐ€๋Š” ๊ฒƒ๋„ ๊ณ ๋ฏผ์„ ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:56
And then in the midst of all this
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ด ๋ชจ๋“ ๊ฒƒ์˜ ์ค‘์‹ฌ์€
00:58
came this new context
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์ข‹์€๊ฒƒ์ด ๋ฌด์—‡์ธ์ง€์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜๋Š”
01:00
for thinking about what it meant to be good.
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์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ๋ถ„์œ„๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ๋œ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:02
In the last few years
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์ง€๋‚œ ๋ช‡๋…„๋™์•ˆ,
01:04
we realized we were in the deepest crisis
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์˜ํ•™์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ
01:07
of medicine's existence
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๊นŠ์€ ์œ„๊ธฐ๊ฐ์„ ๋Š๊ผˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค,
01:09
due to something you don't normally think about
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๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์€ ์˜์‚ฌ๊ฐ€ ๋˜์—ˆ์„ ๋•Œ,
01:11
when you're a doctor
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์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ
01:13
concerned with how you do good for people,
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์ž˜ ํ•ด์ค„ ๊ฒƒ์ธ๊ฐ€๊ฐ€ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ
01:16
which is the cost
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์˜๋ฃŒ๋น„์šฉ์„ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜๋Š” ๋น„์ •์ƒ์ ์ธ
01:18
of health care.
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์ƒ๊ฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:20
There's not a country in the world
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์„ธ์ƒ์— ์˜์‚ฌ๋“ค์ด
01:23
that now is not asking
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๋ฌด์—‡์„ ํ•˜๋Š”์ง€
01:25
whether we can afford what doctors do.
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์งˆ๋ฌธํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๋Š” ๋‚˜๋ผ๋Š” ์„ธ์ƒ์— ์—†์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:28
The political fight that we've developed
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์ผ๊ตฌ์–ด์˜จ ์ •์น˜์  ํˆฌ์Ÿ์ด
01:31
has become one around
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์ •๋ถ€์— ๋ฌธ์ œ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋Š”์ง€
01:33
whether it's the government that's the problem
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๋˜๋Š” ๋ณดํ—˜ํšŒ์‚ฌ์— ๋ฌธ์ œ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋Š”์ง€
01:36
or is it insurance companies that are the problem.
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๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ด€์ ์ด ๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:41
And the answer is yes and no;
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๊ทธ ๋‹ต์€ "๋„ค" ๋„ ๋˜๊ณ  "์•„๋‹ˆ์˜ค" ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:45
it's deeper than all of that.
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๋ฌธ์ œ๋Š” ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ ๋ณด๋‹ค๋„ ํ›จ์”ฌ ๋” ๊นŠ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:47
The cause of our troubles
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๋ฌธ์ œ์˜ ์›์ธ์€
01:49
is actually the complexity that science has given us.
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์‚ฌ์‹ค ๊ณผํ•™์ด ์šฐ๋ฆฌ์—๊ฒŒ ์ฃผ๋Š” ๋ณต์žก์„ฑ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:52
And in order to understand this,
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ด ๋ถ€๋ถ„์„ ์ดํ•ดํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ,
01:54
I'm going to take you back a couple of generations.
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๋ช‡์„ธ๋Œ€ ์ „์œผ๋กœ ๋Œ์•„๊ฐ€ ๋ณด๋„๋กํ•˜์ฃ .
01:58
I want to take you back
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๋ฃจ์ด์Šค ํ† ๋งˆ์Šค(Lewis Thomas)๊ฐ€ "๊ฐ€์žฅ ์ Š์€ ๊ณผํ•™(The Youngest Science"์ด๋ผ๋Š”
02:00
to a time when Lewis Thomas was writing in his book, "The Youngest Science."
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์ฑ…์„ ์“ด ์‹œ๋Œ€๋กœ ๋Œ์•„๊ฐ€ ๋ณด์ฃ .
02:03
Lewis Thomas was a physician-writer,
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๋ฃจ์ด์Šค ํ† ๋งˆ์Šค๋Š” ๋‚ด๊ณผ์˜์‚ฌ ๊ฒธ ์ž‘๊ฐ€์˜€๋Š”๋ฐ์š”,
02:05
one of my favorite writers.
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์ œ๊ฐ€ ์ข‹์•„ํ•˜๋Š” ์ž‘๊ฐ€์ค‘ ํ•œ๋ถ„์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:07
And he wrote this book to explain, among other things,
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์ง€๋งŒ, ๊ทธ๋Š” 1937๋…„์—
02:10
what it was like to be a medical intern
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ํŽ˜๋‹ˆ์‹ค๋ฆฐ์ด ๋‚˜์˜ค๊ธฐ ์ด์ „์—
02:13
at the Boston City Hospital
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๋ณด์Šคํ„ด ๋ณ‘์›์—์„œ
02:15
in the pre-penicillin year
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์ธํ„ด์˜์‚ฌ๊ฐ€ ๋˜๋Š”๊ฒƒ์ด ์–ด๋–ค ๊ฒƒ์ธ์ง€
02:17
of 1937.
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๋งํ•˜๋ ค๊ณ  ์ด ์ฑ…์„ ์ผ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:20
It was a time when medicine was cheap
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๊ทธ์‹œ๋Œ€๋Š” ์˜์ˆ ์ด ์ €๋ ดํ•˜๊ณ 
02:24
and very ineffective.
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๋งค์šฐ ๋น„ํšจ์œจ์ ์ด์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:28
If you were in a hospital, he said,
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๋ฃจ์ด์Šค๊ฐ€ ๋งํ•˜๊ธฐ๋ฅผ
02:31
it was going to do you good
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๋ณ‘์›์— ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉด ์ข‹์€ ์ด์œ ๊ฐ€
02:34
only because it offered you
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๋”ฐ๋œปํ•œ ์˜จ์ •, ์Œ์‹, ์•ˆ์‹์ฒ˜,
02:36
some warmth, some food, shelter,
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์•„๋งˆ๋„
02:40
and maybe the caring attention
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๊ฐ„ํ˜ธ์‚ฌ์˜ ์„ธ์‹ฌํ•œ ๋ฐฐ๋ ค
02:42
of a nurse.
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๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:44
Doctors and medicine
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์˜์‚ฌ๋“ค๊ณผ ์˜์ˆ ์€
02:48
made no difference at all.
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ํฐ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ์ฃผ๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ์ฐจ์ด๊ฐ€ ์—†์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:50
That didn't seem to prevent the doctors
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๋ฃจ์ด์Šค๊ฐ€ ๋งํ•œ๋ฐ๋กœ,
02:52
from being frantically busy in their days,
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๊ทธ๋ ‡๋‹ค๊ณ  ๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ ์ƒํ™ฉ์ด ์˜์‚ฌ๋“ค์ด ๋ฏธ์นœ๋“ฏ์ด
02:54
as he explained.
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์ผํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋ง‰์ง€๋Š” ์•Š์•„ ๋ณด์ด๊ธด ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:56
What they were trying to do
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์˜์‚ฌ๋“ค์ด ํ–ˆ๋˜ ์ผ๋“ค์€
02:58
was figure out whether you might have one of the diagnoses
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ํ• ์ˆ˜์žˆ๋Š” ๋ฒ”์œ„๋‚ด์—์„œ
03:01
for which they could do something.
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์ง„๋‹จ์„ ํ•ด๋ณด๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:04
And there were a few.
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ๋Š” ์–ผ๋งˆ ์•ˆ๋˜์—ˆ์ฃ .
03:06
You might have a lobar pneumonia, for example,
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์˜ˆ๋ฅผ๋“ค์–ด ํ๋ ด์— ๊ฑธ๋ ค์„œ,
03:09
and they could give you an antiserum,
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ํ•ญํ˜ˆ์ฒญ์ œ๋ฅผ ์ค„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•˜์ฃ ,
03:11
an injection of rabid antibodies
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์ธํ„ด ์˜์‚ฌ๊ฐ€ ์˜ฌ๋ฐ”๋ฅด๊ฒŒ ๋ถ„๋ฅ˜ํ–ˆ๋‹ค๋ฉด,
03:15
to the bacterium streptococcus,
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์—ฐ์‡„๊ตฌ๊ท ์— ๋งž๋Š”
03:18
if the intern sub-typed it correctly.
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ํ•ญ์ฒด์ฃผ์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ์ค๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:22
If you had an acute congestive heart failure,
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๋งŒ์•ฝ ์‹ฌ๊ฐํ•œ ์ถฉํ˜ˆ์„ฑ ์‹ฌ๋ถ€์ „ ์ฆ์ƒ์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค๋ฉด,
03:25
they could bleed a pint of blood from you
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์˜์‚ฌ๋“ค์€ ํŒ” ์ •๋งฅ์—์„œ
03:28
by opening up an arm vein,
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์ƒ๋‹นํ•œ ์–‘์˜ ํ”ผ๋ฅผ ์ฑ„ํ˜ˆ์„ ํ•˜๊ณ ,
03:31
giving you a crude leaf preparation of digitalis
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๊ฐ•์‹ฌ์ œ๋ฅผ ์ฃผ์ž…ํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ
03:34
and then giving you oxygen by tent.
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๊ฑฐ์ฆˆ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ์‚ฐ์†Œ๋ฅผ ๊ณต๊ธ‰ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:39
If you had early signs of paralysis
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์ดˆ๊ธฐ ๋งˆ๋น„์ฆ์„ธ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๊ณ ,
03:41
and you were really good at asking personal questions,
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์˜์‚ฌ๊ฐ€ ํ™˜์ž์—๊ฒŒ ๊ฐœ์ธ์ ์ธ ์งˆ๋ฌธ์„ ์ž˜ ๋ฌผ์–ด ๋ณผ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋ฉด,
03:44
you might figure out
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์ด ๋งˆ๋น„์ฆ์ƒ์ด ์žˆ๋Š” ํ™˜์ž๋Š”
03:46
that this paralysis someone has is from syphilis,
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๋งค๋…์ด ์›์ธ์ด๋ผ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์•Œ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์ฃ ,
03:49
in which case you could give this nice concoction
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์—๋Š” ์ˆ˜์€๊ณผ ๋น„์†Œ์˜
03:52
of mercury and arsenic --
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ํ˜ผํ•ฉ์•ฝํ’ˆ์„ ์ฒ˜๋ฐฉ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. --
03:56
as long as you didn't overdose them and kill them.
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๊ณผ์šฉํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๋Š”ํ•œ ํ™˜์ž๋ฅผ ์ฃฝ์ด์ง€ ์•Š์ฃ .
04:01
Beyond these sorts of things,
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์ด๋Ÿฐ ์ผ๋“ค์„ ๋„˜์–ด์„œ,
04:03
a medical doctor didn't have a lot that they could do.
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์˜์‚ฌ๋“ค์ด ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์ผ๋“ค์€ ๋งŽ์ง€ ์•Š์•˜์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:08
This was when the core structure of medicine
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์ด๋Ÿฐ ์ƒํ™ฉ์ด ์˜๋ฃŒ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์˜ ์ฃผ์š” ๋ผˆ๋Œ€๊ฐ€
04:10
was created --
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๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด์ง€๋˜ ์‹œ๋Œ€์˜ ์ผ์ด์ฃ . --
04:12
what it meant to be good at what we did
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์ด์ „์— ์ž˜ ํ–ˆ๋˜ ๊ฒƒ๊ณผ
04:15
and how we wanted to build medicine to be.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์˜์ˆ ์„ ์–ด๋–ค ๋ชจ์Šต์œผ๋กœ ๋งŒ๋“ค๊ณ  ์‹ถ์€์ง€์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ฑฐ์ฃ .
04:17
It was at a time
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์˜์‚ฌ๋“ค์ด ์•Œ๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค๊ณ 
04:19
when what was known you could know,
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์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด ์ƒ๊ฐํ–ˆ๋˜ ์‹œ๋Œ€์—๋Š”,
04:21
you could hold it all in your head, and you could do it all.
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๋ชจ๋“  ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋จธ๋ฆฌ์†์— ๋‹ด์•„์„œ ํ•  ์ˆ˜์žˆ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:24
If you had a prescription pad,
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์ง„๋ฃŒ์ฑ ํŠธ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๊ณ ,
04:26
if you had a nurse,
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๊ฐ„ํ˜ธ์‚ฌ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๊ณ ,
04:28
if you had a hospital
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์š”์–‘ํ•  ์žฅ์†Œ๋ฅผ ์ œ๊ณตํ•˜๋Š”
04:30
that would give you a place to convalesce, maybe some basic tools,
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๋ณ‘์›์ด ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค๋ฉด
04:33
you really could do it all.
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๋ชจ๋“ ๊ฒƒ์„ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:35
You set the fracture, you drew the blood,
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๊ณจ์ ˆ์„ ์น˜๋ฃŒํ•˜๊ณ , ์ฑ„ํ˜ˆํ•˜๊ณ ,
04:38
you spun the blood,
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ํ˜ˆ์ฒญ์„ ํšŒ์ „์‹œ์ผœ
04:40
looked at it under the microscope,
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ํ˜„๋ฏธ๊ฒฝ์œผ๋กœ ๊ด€์ฐฐํ•˜๊ณ ,
04:42
you plated the culture, you injected the antiserum.
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์กฐ์ง์„ ๋ฐฐ์–‘ํ•˜๊ณ , ํ•ญํ˜ˆ์ฒญ์ œ๋ฅผ ์ฃผ์‚ฌํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:45
This was a life as a craftsman.
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์ด๋Ÿฐ ์ž‘์—…์€ ๊ณต์˜ˆ๊ฐ€์˜ ์ƒํ™œ์ด์—ˆ์ฃ .
04:50
As a result, we built it around
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๊ฒฐ๊ณผ์ ์œผ๋กœ, ์˜์‚ฌ ํ˜ผ์ž์„œ
04:53
a culture and set of values
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๋Œ€๋‹ดํ•˜๊ณ ,
04:55
that said what you were good at
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์šฉ๊ธฐ์žˆ๊ณ ,
04:58
was being daring,
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๋…๋ฆฝ์ ์œผ๋กœ
05:00
at being courageous,
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์ž๊ธ‰์ž์กฑ์— ๋Šฅํ•˜๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋งํ•˜๋Š”
05:02
at being independent and self-sufficient.
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๋ฌธํ™”์™€ ๊ฐ€์น˜๊ด€์— ์˜์ˆ ์„ ๋งŒ๋“ค์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:06
Autonomy was our highest value.
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์ž๋ฆฝ์‹ฌ์€ ์˜์‚ฌ๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ๋Š” ์ตœ๊ณ ์˜ ๊ฐ€์น˜์˜€์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:12
Go a couple generations forward
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์ด์ œ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์‚ด๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š”
05:14
to where we are, though,
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ํ˜„์žฌ ์„ธ๋Œ€๋กœ ์™€๋ณผ๊นŒ์š”.
05:16
and it looks like a completely different world.
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์™„์ „ํžˆ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์„ธ๊ณ„์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ๋ณด์ด์ฃ .
05:18
We have now found treatments
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์ง€๊ธˆ์€ ์ธ๊ฐ„์ด ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š”
05:21
for nearly all of the tens of thousands of conditions
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๊ฑฐ์˜ ๋ชจ๋“  ์ข…๋ฅ˜์˜ ์ฆ์ƒ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ
05:25
that a human being can have.
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์น˜๋ฃŒ๋ฒ•์ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:27
We can't cure it all.
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๋ชจ๋‘ ์น˜๋ฃŒ ํ•  ์ˆ˜๋Š” ์—†๊ฒ ์ฃ .
05:29
We can't guarantee that everybody will live a long and healthy life.
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๋ชจ๋“  ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์ด ๊ฑด๊ฐ•ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์˜ค๋ž˜ ์‚ด์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋„๋ก ๋ณด์žฅ ํ•  ์ˆ˜๋Š” ์—†์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:32
But we can make it possible
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„์˜ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด
05:34
for most.
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๊ทธ๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ์‚ด๋„๋ก์€ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:37
But what does it take?
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๋ญ๊ฐ€ ํ•„์š”ํ• ๊นŒ์š”?
05:39
Well, we've now discovered
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๊ธ€์Ž„์š”, ์ง€๊ธˆ๊นŒ์ง€
05:41
4,000 medical and surgical procedures.
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์•ฝ 4,000๊ฐœ์˜ ์น˜๋ฃŒ์ ˆ์ฐจ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:45
We've discovered 6,000 drugs
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์ œ๊ฐ€ ์ฒ˜๋ฐฉ์ด ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•œ ์•ฝ๋งŒํ•ด๋„
05:48
that I'm now licensed to prescribe.
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6,000๊ฐœ๋‚˜ ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:51
And we're trying to deploy this capability,
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ด๋Ÿฐ ์—ญ๋Ÿ‰์„
05:53
town by town,
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๋„์‹œ๋งˆ๋‹ค ๋ฐฐํฌํ•˜๋ ค๊ณ  ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค,
05:55
to every person alive --
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๋ชจ๋“  ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์ด ์‚ด๋„๋ก ๋ง์ด์ฃ  --
05:59
in our own country,
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์ „์„ธ๊ณ„๋Š” ์•„๋‹ˆ๋”๋ผ๋„
06:01
let alone around the world.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ ๋‚˜๋ผ์—์„œ ๋งŒ์ด๋ผ๋„์š”.
06:03
And we've reached the point where we've realized,
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์˜์‚ฌ๋กœ์จ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์•Œ๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š”
06:06
as doctors,
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๋ถ€๋ถ„๊นŒ์ง€ ๋„๋‹ฌํ–ˆ๋Š”๋ฐ์š”,
06:08
we can't know it all.
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๋ชจ๋‘ ์•Œ์ˆ˜๋Š” ์—†์ฃ .
06:10
We can't do it all
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๋ชจ๋“ ๊ฒƒ์„ ํ™€๋กœ
06:13
by ourselves.
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ํ•  ์ˆ˜๋Š” ์—†์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:15
There was a study where they looked
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์‹œ๊ฐ„์ด ์ง€๋‚˜๋ฉด์„œ
06:17
at how many clinicians it took to take care of you
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„๋“ค์ด ๋ณ‘์›์— ๊ฐ€๋ฉด,
06:19
if you came into a hospital,
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๋ช‡๋ช…์˜ ์˜๋ฃŒ์ง„์ด
06:21
as it changed over time.
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„๋“ค์„ ๋ณด์‚ดํ”ผ๋Š”์ง€์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:23
And in the year 1970,
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1970๋…„์—๋Š”
06:25
it took just over two full-time equivalents of clinicians.
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๋‘๋ช…์ด ์กฐ๊ธˆ ๋„˜๋Š” ์˜๋ฃŒ์ง„์ด ํˆฌ์ž…๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:28
That is to say,
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๋‹ค์‹œ ๋งํ•˜๋ฉด,
06:30
it took basically the nursing time
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๊ธฐ๋ณธ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ฐ„ํ˜ธ์‚ฌ๋“ค์ด
06:33
and then just a little bit of time for a doctor
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๋Œ๋ณด๋Š” ์‹œ๊ฐ„์ด๊ณ ,
06:35
who more or less checked in on you
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์˜์‚ฌ๋Š” ํ•˜๋ฃจ์— ํ•œ๋ฒˆ๋งŒ
06:37
once a day.
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์ ๋‹นํžˆ ๊ฒ€์ง„์„ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:39
By the end of the 20th century,
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20์„ธ๊ธฐ ๋ง์ฏค์—,
06:42
it had become more than 15 clinicians
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์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์ธ ํ™˜์ž๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ
06:45
for the same typical hospital patient --
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15๋ช…์ด ๋„˜๋Š” ์˜๋ฃŒ์ง„์ด ํˆฌ์ž…๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. --
06:48
specialists, physical therapists,
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์ „๋ฌธ์˜, ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ์น˜๋ฃŒ์‚ฌ,
06:51
the nurses.
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๊ฐ„ํ˜ธ์‚ฌ ๋“ฑ ๋ง์ด์ฃ .
06:54
We're all specialists now,
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์ง€๊ธˆ์€ 1์ฐจ์ง„๋ฃŒ ๊ธฐ๊ด€์—์„œ๋„
06:56
even the primary care physicians.
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๋ชจ๋‘ ์ „๋ฌธ์˜๋“ค์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:58
Everyone just has
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๋ชจ๋“  ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด
07:00
a piece of the care.
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์น˜๋ฃŒ๋ฅผ ๋ฐ›๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:03
But holding onto that structure we built
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์˜๋ฃŒ์ง„๋“ค์ด ์Šค์Šค๋กœ
07:05
around the daring, independence,
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๋Œ€๋‹ดํ•˜๊ณ  ๋…๋ฆฝ์ ์œผ๋กœ
07:07
self-sufficiency
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์ž๋ฆฝ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ง„๋ฃŒ๋ฅผ ๋ณด๋Š”
07:09
of each of those people
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๊ตฌ์กฐ๋ฅผ ์œ ์ง€ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€
07:12
has become a disaster.
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์ผ์ข…์˜ ํฐ ์–ด๋ ค์›€์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:14
We have trained, hired and rewarded people
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์˜๋ฃŒ์ง„ ํ•œ๋ช…์ด ๋ชจ๋“  ๊ฒƒ์„ ํ•˜๋„๋ก
07:18
to be cowboys.
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์นด์šฐ๋ณด์ด๋ฅผ ๊ต์œกํ•˜๊ณ , ๊ณ ์šฉํ•˜๊ณ , ๋ณด์ƒํ•ด ์™”์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:21
But it's pit crews that we need,
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ํ™˜์ž๋“ค์„ ์œ„ํ•œ
07:24
pit crews for patients.
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ํ”ผํŠธํฌ๋ฃจ(๊ฒฝ์ฃผ์šฉ ์ž๋™์ฐจ ์ˆ˜๋ฆฌํŒ€ ์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ์ž˜ ์กฐ์งํ™”๋œ)๊ฐ€ ํ•„์š”ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:26
There's evidence all around us:
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ ์ฃผ๋ณ€์— ๋งŽ์€ ์ฆ๊ฑฐ๋“ค์ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:28
40 percent of our coronary artery disease patients
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ ๋‚˜๋ผ์—์„œ
07:31
in our communities
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๊ด€์ƒ๋™๋งฅ์— ๋ณ‘์ด ์žˆ๋Š” ํ™˜์ž์˜ 40%๊ฐ€
07:33
receive incomplete or inappropriate care.
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๋ถ€์ ์ ˆํ•œ ์น˜๋ฃŒ๋ฅผ ๋ฐ›์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:37
60 percent
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์ฒœ์‹๊ณผ ๋‡Œ์กธ์ฆ ํ™˜์ž์˜
07:39
of our asthma, stroke patients
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60%๊ฐ€
07:42
receive incomplete or inappropriate care.
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๋ถ€์ ์ ˆํ•œ ์น˜๋ฃŒ๋ฅผ ๋ฐ›๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:46
Two million people come into hospitals
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2๋ฐฑ๋งŒ๋ช…์˜ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด
07:49
and pick up an infection
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๋ณ‘์›์— ์™€์„œ ์—†์—ˆ๋˜
07:51
they didn't have
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๋ณ‘๊ท ์— ๊ฐ์—ผ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:53
because someone failed to follow
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๋ˆ„๊ตฐ๊ฐ€ ๊ธฐ๋ณธ์ ์ธ ์œ„์ƒ์ ˆ์ฐจ๋ฅผ
07:56
the basic practices of hygiene.
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๋”ฐ๋ฅด์ง€ ์•Š๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ด์ฃ .
07:59
Our experience
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์‚ฌ๋žŒ์ด ์•„ํ”„๋ฉด
08:01
as people who get sick,
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋“ค์€
08:03
need help from other people,
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๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์˜ ๋„์›€์ด ํ•„์š”ํ•˜๋“ฏ์ด,
08:05
is that we have amazing clinicians
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ํ›Œ๋ฅญํ•œ ์˜๋ฃŒ์ง„์„
08:08
that we can turn to --
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๋ณด์œ ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. --
08:10
hardworking, incredibly well-trained and very smart --
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์—ด์‹ฌํžˆ ์ผํ•˜๊ณ , ์ž˜ ๊ต์œก ๋ฐ›๊ณ , ๋˜‘๋˜‘ํ•œ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด์ฃ  --
08:13
that we have access to incredible technologies
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์šฐ๋ฆฌ์—๊ฒŒ ํฌ๋ง์„ ์ค„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š”
08:16
that give us great hope,
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๋†€๋ผ์šด ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์„ ํ™œ์šฉ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ตฌ์š”,
08:18
but little sense
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์ฒ˜์Œ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ
08:20
that it consistently all comes together for you
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๋๊นŒ์ง€ ์ง€์†์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ชจ๋“  ๊ฒƒ์ด
08:24
from start to finish
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ํ†ตํ•ฉ๋œ๋‹ค๋Š” ์ƒ๊ฐ์ด ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ
08:27
in a successful way.
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๊ฐ์ž๊ฐ€ ๋…๋ฆฝ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ญ”๊ฐ€๋ฅผ ํ•œ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:30
There's another sign
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ์— ์ž˜ ์กฐ์งํ™”๋œ ์˜๋ฃŒ์ง„์ด
08:32
that we need pit crews,
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ํ•„์š”ํ•˜๋‹ค๋Š” ๋˜๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์ด์œ ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋Š”๋ฐ์š”,
08:34
and that's the unmanageable cost
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ํ†ต์ œ๊ฐ€ ์•ˆ๋˜๋Š”
08:37
of our care.
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์ง„๋ฃŒ๋น„์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:40
Now we in medicine, I think,
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ํ˜„์žฌ ์˜๋ฃŒ๊ณ„์—์„œ
08:42
are baffled by this question of cost.
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์ด ๋น„์šฉ์˜ ๋ฌธ์ œ๋Š” ์ดํ•ด๊ฐ€ ์•ˆ๋œ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:44
We want to say, "This is just the way it is.
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"๊ทธ๋Œ€๋กœ ๊ทธ๋ ‡๊ฒŒ,"
08:48
This is just what medicine requires."
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"์˜๋ฃŒ๊ณ„๊ฐ€ ์›ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ทธ๋Œ€๋กœ" ๋ผ๊ณ  ๋งํ•˜๊ณ  ์‹ถ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:50
When you go from a world
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„๋“ค์ด ์•„์Šคํ”ผ๋ฆฐ์œผ๋กœ
08:52
where you treated arthritis with aspirin,
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๊ด€์ ˆ์—ผ์„ ์น˜๋ฃŒํ•˜๋Š” ๊ณณ์— ๊ฐ€๋ฉด,
08:55
that mostly didn't do the job,
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๋Œ€๊ฒŒ๋Š” ํšจ๊ณผ๊ฐ€ ์—†์ฃ ,
08:58
to one where, if it gets bad enough,
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์ถฉ๋ถ„ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์ง€๋งŒ,
09:00
we can do a hip replacement, a knee replacement
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๊ณ ๊ด€์ ˆ์ด๋‚˜ ๋ฌด๋ฆŽ๊ด€์ ˆ ๊ต์ฒด๋ฅผ ํ•ด์„œ
09:02
that gives you years, maybe decades,
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์žฅ์•  ์—†์ด ์ˆ˜์‹ญ๋…„์„
09:05
without disability,
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์‚ด์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ฒŒ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค,
09:07
a dramatic change,
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์•„์ฃผ ๊ทน์ ์ธ ๋ณ€ํ™”์ธ๋ฐ์š”,
09:09
well is it any surprise
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ๋ฐ
09:11
that that $40,000 hip replacement
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4์ฒœ5๋ฐฑ๋งŒ์›์ •๋„ ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ณ ๊ด€์ ˆ ๊ต์ฒด ์‹œ์ˆ ์ด
09:14
replacing the 10-cent aspirin
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100์›์งœ๋ฆฌ ์•„์Šคํ”ผ๋ฆฐ์œผ๋กœ ๋Œ€์ฒด๋œ๋‹ค๋Š”๊ฒŒ ๋†€๋ž์ฃ ?
09:16
is more expensive?
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๋” ๋น„์‹ผ๊ฐ€์š”?
09:18
It's just the way it is.
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๊ทธ๋Œ€๋กœ ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:21
But I think we're ignoring certain facts
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ง€๊ธˆ ํ• ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ๋“ค์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ
09:23
that tell us something about what we can do.
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์‚ฌ์‹ค๋“ค์„ ๋ฌด์‹œํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:28
As we've looked at the data
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๋ณต์žก๋„๊ฐ€ ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ
09:30
about the results that have come
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๊ฐ€์ ธ์˜จ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๋ฅผ
09:33
as the complexity has increased,
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๋ณด๋ฉด์š”,
09:35
we found
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์ œ์ผ ๋น„์‹ผ ์น˜๋ฃŒ๋ฒ•์ด
09:37
that the most expensive care
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๊ฐ€์žฅ ์ข‹์€ ์น˜๋ฃŒ๋ฒ•์€
09:39
is not necessarily the best care.
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์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์•Œ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:42
And vice versa,
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๋ฐ˜๋Œ€๋กœ,
09:44
the best care
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์ข‹์€ ์น˜๋ฃŒ๋ฒ•์€
09:46
often turns out to be the least expensive --
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์ข…์ข… ์ œ์ผ ์ €๋ ดํ•œ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. --
09:49
has fewer complications,
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๊ฑฐ์˜ ํ•ฉ๋ณ‘์ฆ๋„ ์—†๊ตฌ์š”,
09:52
the people get more efficient at what they do.
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๋” ํšจ์œจ์ ์ธ ์น˜๋ฃŒ๋ฅผ ๋ฐ›์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:55
And what that means
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๊ทธ๋ง์€
09:57
is there's hope.
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ํฌ๋ง์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๋ง์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:00
Because [if] to have the best results,
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์ด ๋‚˜๋ผ, ๋˜๋Š” ์ „ ์„ธ๊ณ„์—์„œ
10:03
you really needed the most expensive care
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์ตœ์ƒ์˜ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ์–ป๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ
10:06
in the country, or in the world,
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๊ฐ€์žฅ ๋น„์‹ผ ์น˜๋ฃŒ๋ฅผ ๋ฐ›์•„์•ผํ•œ๋‹ค๋ฉด,
10:08
well then we really would be talking about rationing
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์˜๋ฃŒ์„œ๋น„์Šค๋ฅผ ๋ฐ›์ง€ ๋ชปํ•  ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์„ ์„ ๋ณ„ํ•ด์•ผํ•˜๋Š”
10:11
who we're going to cut off from Medicare.
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๋ฐฐ๊ธ‰ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด์„œ ๊ณ ๋ฏผํ•ด์•ผํ•˜๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:15
That would be really our only choice.
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๊ทธ๊ฒŒ ์œ ์ผํ•œ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ์˜ ์„ ํƒ์ผ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:19
But when we look at the positive deviants --
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๊ธ์ •์ ์ธ ์ผํƒˆ์ž๋ฅผ ๋ณด๋ฉด --
10:21
the ones who are getting the best results
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์ตœ์†Œ ๋น„์šฉ์œผ๋กœ ์ตœ์ƒ์˜ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ
10:24
at the lowest costs --
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์–ป๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค ๋ง์ด์ฃ . --
10:26
we find the ones that look the most like systems
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๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„ ์˜๋ฃŒ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์ด ์•„์ฃผ ์„ฑ๊ณต์ ์ผ ๋•Œ
10:29
are the most successful.
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:31
That is to say, they found ways
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๋‹ค์‹œ ๋งํ•ด์„œ,
10:34
to get all of the different pieces,
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์„œ๋กœ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์กฐ๊ฐ๋“ค์„ ๋ชจ์œผ๊ณ ,
10:36
all of the different components,
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๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋ชจ๋“  ์š”์†Œ๋“ค์„
10:38
to come together into a whole.
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ํ•จ๊ป˜ ๋ฌถ์–ด์„œ ํ•˜๋‚˜๋กœ ๋งŒ๋“œ๋Š” ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์„ ์ฐพ์•˜์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:41
Having great components is not enough,
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์ข‹์€ ์š”์†Œ๋“ค๋งŒ์œผ๋กœ๋Š” ์ถฉ๋ถ„์น˜ ์•Š์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค,
10:44
and yet we've been obsessed in medicine with components.
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ๋ฐ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์€ ์ด๋Ÿฐ ์š”์†Œ๋“ค๋กœ ์˜์ˆ ์„ ๊ณ ์ง‘ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:48
We want the best drugs, the best technologies,
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์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์€ ์ตœ๊ณ ์˜ ์•ฝํ’ˆ, ๊ธฐ์ˆ ,
10:51
the best specialists,
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์ตœ๊ณ ์˜ ์ „๋ฌธ์˜๋“ค์„ ์›ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ,
10:54
but we don't think too much
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์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ์ด ๋ชจ๋“  ๊ฒƒ๋“ค์„
10:56
about how it all comes together.
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ํ•˜๋‚˜๋กœ ๋ฌถ์„์ง€์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด์„œ๋Š” ๋งŽ์ด ์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:59
It's a terrible design strategy actually.
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์€ ์‚ฌ์‹ค ์ •๋ง ํ˜•ํŽธ์—†๋Š” ์ „๋žต์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:03
There's a famous thought experiment
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์ด๋Ÿฐ ๋‚ด์šฉ์„ ์ •ํ™•ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ํ‘œํ˜„ํ•˜๋Š”
11:06
that touches exactly on this
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์œ ๋ช…ํ•œ ์‚ฌ๊ณ  ์‹คํ—˜์ด ์žˆ๋Š”๋ฐ์š”,
11:08
that said, what if you built a car
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์•„์ฃผ ์ตœ๊ณ ์˜ ๋ถ€ํ’ˆ๋“ค๋กœ
11:10
from the very best car parts?
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์ž๋™์ฐจ๋ฅผ ๋งŒ๋“ค๋ฉด ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ๋ ๊นŒ์š”?
11:13
Well it would lead you to put in Porsche brakes,
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์ด๋Ÿฐ๊ฑฐ์ฃ , ํฌ๋ฅด์‰ ๋ธŒ๋ ˆ์ดํฌ์—,
11:16
a Ferrari engine,
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ํŽ˜๋ผ๋ฆฌ ์—”์ง„,
11:18
a Volvo body, a BMW chassis.
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๋ณผ๋ณด ์ฐจ์ฒด, BMW ์ƒค์‹œ๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:21
And you put it all together and what do you get?
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์ด ๋ชจ๋“  ๋ถ€ํ’ˆ์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•ด์„œ ๋ฌด์—‡์„ ์–ป์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์„๊นŒ์š”?
11:24
A very expensive pile of junk that does not go anywhere.
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์•„๋ฌด๋ฐ๋„ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ๋ชปํ•˜๋Š” ์•„์ฃผ ๋น„์‹ผ ์“ฐ๋ ˆ๊ธฐ ๋”๋ฏธ์ผ ๋ฟ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:28
And that is what medicine can feel like sometimes.
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ๊ฒŒ ๋ฐ”๋กœ ์˜๋ฃŒ๊ณ„๊ฐ€ ๋•Œ๋กœ๋Š” ๋Š๋ผ๋Š” ํ˜„์ƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:33
It's not a system.
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์ด๊ฑด ์˜๋ฃŒ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์ด ์•„๋‹™๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:36
Now a system, however,
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์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์€ ์•„๋‹ˆ์ง€๋งŒ,
11:38
when things start to come together,
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๋ชจ๋“ ๊ฒƒ๋“ค์ด ํ•จ๊ป˜ ํ†ตํ•ฉ๋  ๋•Œ,
11:41
you realize it has certain skills
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๋ญ”๊ฐ€ ํ–‰๋™ํ•˜๊ณ  ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์„ ์ฐพ๋Š”
11:44
for acting and looking that way.
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๊ธฐ์ˆ ์„ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ฒŒ ๋œ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์•Œ๊ฒŒ ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:47
Skill number one
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์ฒซ๋ฒˆ์งธ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์€
11:49
is the ability to recognize success
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์„ฑ๊ณต๊ณผ ์‹คํŒจ๋ฅผ ์ธ์ง€ํ•˜๋Š”
11:51
and the ability to recognize failure.
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์žฌ๋Šฅ์ด ํ•„์š”ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:54
When you are a specialist,
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์ด ์ „๋ฌธ์˜๋ผ๋ฉด,
11:56
you can't see the end result very well.
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์ตœ์ข…๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ์ •ํ™•ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์•Œ์ง€ ๋ชปํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:59
You have to become really interested in data,
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๋“ฃ๊ธฐ์—๋Š” ์•ˆ์ข‹์ง€๋งŒ
12:02
unsexy as that sounds.
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๋ฐ์ดํƒ€์— ๊ด€์‹ฌ์„ ๊ฐ€์ ธ์•ผ๋งŒ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:04
One of my colleagues is a surgeon in Cedar Rapids, Iowa,
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์ œ ๋™๋ฃŒ๋Š” ์•„์ด์˜ค์™€์ฃผ์˜ ์‹œ๋” ๋ž˜ํ”ผ์ฆˆ์‹œ์— ์žˆ๋Š” ์™ธ๊ณผ์˜์‚ฌ์ธ๋ฐ์š”,
12:07
and he got interested in the question of,
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๊ทธ ์ง€์—ญ์—์„œ
12:11
well how many CT scans did they do
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์ดฌ์˜๋˜๋Š” CT(์ปดํ“จํ„ฐ ๋‹จ์ธต์ดฌ์˜์ˆ )์˜ ์ˆ˜๊ฐ€
12:13
for their community in Cedar Rapids?
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์–ผ๋งˆ๋‚˜ ๋˜๋Š”์ง€์— ๊ด€์‹ฌ์„ ๊ฐ€์กŒ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:15
He got interested in this
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๊ทธ ์นœ๊ตฌ๊ฐ€ ๊ด€์‹ฌ์„ ๊ฐ€์ง„ ์ด์œ ๋Š”
12:17
because there had been government reports,
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์ •๋ถ€ ๋ณด๊ณ ์„œ, ์‹ ๋ฌธ, ๋…ผ๋ฌธ ๋“ฑ์—์„œ
12:19
newspaper reports, journal articles
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๋„ˆ๋ฌด ๋งŽ์€ CT ์ดฌ์˜์ด
12:21
saying that there had been too many CT scans done.
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์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์ง€ ์ง„๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ–ˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:24
He didn't see it in his own patients.
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๊ทธ๋Š” ์ž์‹ ์˜ ํ™˜์ž์—๊ฒŒ์„œ๋Š” ์–ผ๋งˆ๋‚˜ ์ดฌ์˜์„ ํ–ˆ์ง€๋Š” ๋ชฐ๋ž์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:28
And so he asked the question, "How many did we do?"
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์–ผ๋งˆ๋‚˜ ๋งŽ์€ CT๋ฅผ ์ดฌ์˜ํ–ˆ๋Š”์ง€ ์งˆ๋ฌธ์„ ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:30
and he wanted to get the data.
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ๋ฐ์ดํƒ€๊ฐ€ ํ•„์š”ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:32
It took him three months.
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3๊ฐœ์›”์ด ๊ฑธ๋ ธ์–ด์š”.
12:34
No one had asked this question in his community before.
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์ด ๋„์‹œ์—์„œ๋Š” ์•„๋ฌด๋„ ์ด๋Ÿฐ ์งˆ๋ฌธ์„ ํ•˜๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์ด ์—†์—ˆ์–ด์š”.
12:37
And what he found was that,
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๊ทธ ์นœ๊ตฌ๊ฐ€ ์•Œ๊ฒŒ ๋œ๊ฒƒ์€,
12:39
for the 300,000 people in their community,
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๊ทธ ๋„์‹œ์— ์žˆ๋Š” 30๋งŒ๋ช…์ค‘์—์„œ,
12:41
in the previous year
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์ž‘๋…„์—,
12:43
they had done 52,000 CT scans.
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52,000๊ฑด์˜ CT ์ดฌ์˜์„ ํ–ˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:48
They had found a problem.
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๋ฌธ์ œ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์•Œ์•˜์ฃ .
12:51
Which brings us to skill number two a system has.
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๊ทธ ๋ง์€ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์ด ๊ฐ€์ ธ์•ผํ•˜๋Š” ๋‘๋ฒˆ์งธ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์„ ๋งํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:56
Skill one, find where your failures are.
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์ฒซ๋ฒˆ์งธ, ์–ด๋””์„œ ์‹คํŒจํ•˜๋Š”์ง€๋ฅผ ์•Œ์•„์•ผ ํ•˜๊ณ ,
12:59
Skill two is devise solutions.
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๋‘๋ฒˆ์งธ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์€ ํ•ด๊ฒฐ์ฑ…์„ ๊ณ ์•ˆํ•ด์•ผํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:03
I got interested in this
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์ €๋Š” ์ด๋ฌธ์ œ๋ฅผ
13:05
when the World Health Organization came to my team
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์„ธ๊ณ„๋ณด๊ฑด๊ธฐ๊ตฌ(WHO)์—์„œ ์™ธ๊ณผ์ˆ˜์ˆ  ์ค‘์—
13:07
asking if we could help with a project
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์‚ฌ๋งํ•˜๋Š” ๋น„์œจ์„ ๊ฐ์†Œ์‹œํ‚ค๋Š” ํ”„๋กœ์ ํŠธ๋ฅผ ์ง„ํ–‰ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š”์ง€
13:09
to reduce deaths in surgery.
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๋ฌผ์–ด๋ณด๋Ÿฌ ์™”์„ ๋•Œ ๊ด€์‹ฌ์„ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ธฐ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:11
The volume of surgery had spread
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์™ธ๊ณผ์ˆ˜์ˆ ์€
13:13
around the world,
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์„ธ๊ณ„์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ ์  ๋งŽ์•„์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ์ง€๋งŒ,
13:15
but the safety of surgery
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์•ˆ์ •์„ฑ์€ ๋Š˜์–ด๋‚œ ์ˆ˜์ˆ ๋งŒํผ
13:17
had not.
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์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•˜์ง€๋Š” ์•Š์•˜์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:19
Now our usual tactics for tackling problems like these
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์ด๋Ÿฐ ๋ฌธ์ œ๋ฅผ ํ•ด๊ฒฐํ•˜๋Š” ์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์ธ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์€
13:22
are to do more training,
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๊ต์œก์„ ๋” ํ•˜๋Š”๊ฒƒ์ธ๋ฐ์š”,
13:24
give people more specialization
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๋” ์ „๋ฌธํ™”๋œ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์„ ๊ฐ€๋ฅด์น˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜,
13:27
or bring in more technology.
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๋ฐœ๋‹ฌ๋œ ์˜๋ฃŒ์žฅ๋น„๋ฅผ ๋” ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด์ฃ .
13:30
Well in surgery, you couldn't have people who are more specialized
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๋Œ์Ž„์š”, ์™ธ๊ณผ๋ถ„์•ผ์—์„œ๋Š”, ์˜์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ๋” ์ „๋ฌธํ™”๋˜๊ณ 
13:33
and you couldn't have people who are better trained.
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๋” ๋‚ณ์€ ๊ต์œก์„ ๋ฐ›์€ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์ด ์žˆ์„ ์ˆ˜ ์—†์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:36
And yet we see unconscionable levels
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๊ทธ๋Ÿผ์—๋„ ์ด๋ถ„์•ผ์—์„œ๋Š” ํ”ผํ• ์ˆ˜ ์—†๋Š”
13:39
of death, disability
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์‚ฌ๋ง๊ณผ ์žฅ์•  ์‚ฌ๊ณ ๊ฐ€
13:43
that could be avoided.
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๋ฐœ์ƒํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:45
And so we looked at what other high-risk industries do.
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๊ณ ์œ„ํ—˜์˜ ๋ถ„์•ผ๊ฐ€ ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ํ•˜๋Š”์ง€๋ฅผ ๊ด€์ฐฐํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:47
We looked at skyscraper construction,
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์ดˆ๊ณ ์ธต ๊ฑด์„ค ๋ถ„์•ผ๋ฅผ ๊ด€์ฐฐํ–ˆ๊ณ ,
13:49
we looked at the aviation world,
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ํ•ญ๊ณต์‚ฐ์—…์„ ๋ณด์•˜๊ณ ,
13:52
and we found
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š”
13:54
that they have technology, they have training,
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ ์‚ฐ์—…๋“ค์€ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ๊ณผ ๊ต์œก์ด ์žˆ๊ณ ,
13:56
and then they have one other thing:
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๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋ญ”๊ฐ€๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์•Œ์•˜์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค :
13:59
They have checklists.
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๊ทธ ๋ถ„์•ผ์—๋Š” ๊ฒ€์‚ฌํ•ญ๋ชฉ ๋˜๋Š” ์ฒดํฌ๋ฆฌ์ŠคํŠธ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:02
I did not expect
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์ œ๊ฐ€ ํ•˜๋ฒ„๋“œ ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต์˜
14:04
to be spending a significant part
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์™ธ๊ณผ์˜์‚ฌ๋กœ ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉด์„œ
14:06
of my time as a Harvard surgeon
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์ €์˜ ์ƒ๋‹นํžˆ ๋งŽ์€ ์‹œ๊ฐ„์„ ์ฒดํฌ๋ฆฌ์ŠคํŠธ๋ฅผ
14:08
worrying about checklists.
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๊ณ ๋ฏผํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ผ๊ณ ๋Š” ์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜์ง€ ๋ชปํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:11
And yet, what we found
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์ด๋Ÿฐ ์ฒดํฌ๋ฆฌ์ŠคํŠธ์™€ ๊ฐ™์€
14:13
were that these were tools
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์ผ์ข…์˜ ๋„๊ตฌ๋“ค์ด ์ „๋ฌธ๊ฐ€๋“ค์„
14:16
to help make experts better.
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๋” ํ›Œ๋ฅญํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋งŒ๋“ ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์•Œ์•˜์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:19
We got the lead safety engineer for Boeing to help us.
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์ €ํฌ๋ฅผ ๋•๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ๋ณด์ž‰์‚ฌ์˜ ์•ˆ์ „๋‹ด๋‹น ์—”์ง€๋‹ˆ์–ด๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:23
Could we design a checklist for surgery?
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์™ธ๊ณผ๋ถ„์•ผ์— ๋งž๋Š” ์ฒดํฌ๋ฆฌ์ŠคํŠธ๋ฅผ ๋งŒ๋“ค ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š”์ง€ ์งˆ๋ฌธํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:26
Not for the lowest people on the totem pole,
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์กฐ์ง์—์„œ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๋‚ฎ์€ ์ง€์œ„์˜ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์„ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ๊ฐ€ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ
14:28
but for the folks
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์กฐ์ง์— ํ•ญ์ƒ ์†ํ•ด์žˆ๋Š”
14:30
who were all the way around the chain,
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์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์„ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ,
14:32
the entire team including the surgeons.
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์™ธ๊ณผ์˜์‚ฌ๋“ค์„ ํฌํ•จํ•œ ํŒ€์ „์ฒด๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•œ ์ฒดํฌ๋ฆฌ์ŠคํŠธ ๋ง์ด์ฃ .
14:34
And what they taught us
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๋ณด์ž‰์‚ฌ์˜ ์—”์ง€๋‹ˆ์–ด๋“ค์ด ์šฐ๋ฆฌ์—๊ฒŒ ์•Œ๋ ค์ค€ ๊ฒƒ์€
14:36
was that designing a checklist
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์•Œ๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ๋ณด๋‹ค ํ›จ์”ฌ ๋ณต์žกํ•œ ๊ฒƒ๋“ค์„
14:38
to help people handle complexity
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๋‹ค๋ฃจ๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์„ ๋„์šธ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š”
14:40
actually involves more difficulty than I had understood.
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์ฒดํฌ๋ฆฌ์ŠคํŠธ๋ฅผ ์„ค๊ณ„ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:43
You have to think about things
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์ •์ง€๋œ ์ˆœ๊ฐ„์ด๋ผ๊ณ 
14:45
like pause points.
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์ƒ๊ฐํ•ด์•ผ๋งŒ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:47
You need to identify the moments in a process
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์ƒํ™ฉ์ด ์œ„ํ—˜ํ•ด์ง€๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ๋ญ”๊ฐ€๋ฅผ ํ•˜๊ธฐ์ „์—
14:50
when you can actually catch a problem before it's a danger
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๋ฌธ์ œ๋ฅผ ํŒŒ์•…ํ•  ๋•Œ, ๊ทธ ์ˆœ๊ฐ„์„
14:52
and do something about it.
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์ธ์‹ํ•ด์•ผํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:54
You have to identify
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์ด๋ฅ™์ง์ „์— ํ™•์ธํ•ด์•ผํ•˜๋Š”
14:56
that this is a before-takeoff checklist.
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์ฒดํฌ๋ฆฌ์ŠคํŠธ์ธ๊ฑฐ์ฃ .
14:59
And then you need to focus on the killer items.
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋‚˜์„œ ํ•ต์‹ฌ์ ์ธ ์ ˆ์ฐจ์— ์ง‘์ค‘ํ•ด์•ผํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
15:02
An aviation checklist,
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๋‹จ๋ฐœ ์—”์ง„ ๋น„ํ–‰๊ธฐ์— ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋˜๋Š”
15:04
like this one for a single-engine plane,
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์ด๋Ÿฐ ์ฒดํฌ๋ฆฌ์ŠคํŠธ๋Š”
15:06
isn't a recipe for how to fly a plane,
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๋น„ํ–‰๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์„ค๋ช…์„œ๊ฐ€ ์•„๋‹ˆ๊ณ ,
15:08
it's a reminder of the key things
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์ฒดํฌ๊ฐ€ ์•ˆ๋˜๋ฉด
15:10
that get forgotten or missed
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์žŠ์–ด๋ฒ„๋ฆฌ๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ์‹ค์ˆ˜ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š”
15:13
if they're not checked.
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์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์„ ์ƒ๊ธฐ์‹œ์ผœ ์ฃผ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
15:15
So we did this.
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์ €ํฌ๋„ ์ด์™€ ๊ฐ™์€ ๊ฒƒ์„ ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
15:17
We created a 19-item two-minute checklist
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์™ธ๊ณผ ์ˆ˜์ˆ ํŒ€์„ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ 19๊ฐ€์ง€ ํ•ญ๋ชฉ์˜
15:20
for surgical teams.
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2๋ถ„์งœ๋ฆฌ ์ฒดํฌ๋ฆฌ์ŠคํŠธ๋ฅผ ๋งŒ๋“ค์—ˆ์ฃ .
15:22
We had the pause points
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๋งˆ์ทจ๋ฅผ ํ•˜๊ธฐ์ „์—
15:24
immediately before anesthesia is given,
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๋ฐ”๋กœ ํ™•์ธ ์‹œ๊ฐ„์„ ๊ฐ–์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
15:27
immediately before the knife hits the skin,
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์ ˆ๊ฐœ๋ฅผ ํ•˜๊ธฐ ๋ฐ”๋กœ์ „์ด๊ธฐ๋„ ํ•˜๊ตฌ์š”,
15:30
immediately before the patient leaves the room.
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ํ™˜์ž๊ฐ€ ์ˆ˜์ˆ ์‹ค์„ ๋– ๋‚˜๊ธฐ ๋ฐ”๋กœ ์ „ ์ด๊ธฐ๋„ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
15:33
And we had a mix of dumb stuff on there --
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๊ทธ ์ƒํ™ฉ์—์„œ ๋’ค์ฃฝ๋ฐ•์ฃฝ์ธ ๊ฒƒ๋„ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. --
15:36
making sure an antibiotic is given in the right time frame
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๊ฐ์—ผ๋ฅ ์„ 50% ๊ฐ์†Œ ์‹œํ‚ค๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ํ•ญ์ƒ์ œ๋Š”
15:39
because that cuts the infection rate by half --
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์ •ํ™•ํ•œ ์‹œ๊ฐ„์— ํˆฌ์—ฌํ•ด์•ผ ํ•˜๊ฑฐ๋“ ์ฃ . --
15:41
and then interesting stuff,
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ํฅ๋ฏธ๋กœ์šด ๊ฒƒ๋„ ์žˆ๊ตฌ์š”,
15:43
because you can't make a recipe for something as complicated as surgery.
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์™œ๋ƒํ•˜๋ฉด ์™ธ๊ณผ์‹œ์ˆ ์€ ๋ณต์žกํ•ด์„œ ์„ค๋ช…์„œ๋ฅผ ๋งŒ๋“ค๊ธฐ ์–ด๋ ต์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
15:46
Instead, you can make a recipe
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๋Œ€์‹ ์— ์˜ˆ์ƒ์น˜ ๋ชปํ•œ ์ƒํ™ฉ์— ๋Œ€๋น„ํ•˜๋Š”
15:48
for how to have a team that's prepared for the unexpected.
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์ˆ˜์ˆ ํŒ€์„ ๋งŒ๋“œ๋Š” ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์„ค๋ช…์„œ๋ฅผ ๋งŒ๋“ค ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์ฃ .
15:51
And we had items like making sure everyone in the room
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์ˆ˜์ˆ ์‹ค์— ์žˆ๋Š” ๋ชจ๋“  ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์˜ ์ด๋ฆ„์„
15:54
had introduced themselves by name at the start of the day,
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์†Œ๊ฐœํ•˜๊ณ  ํ™•์ธํ•˜๋Š” ์ ˆ์ฐจ๋ฅผ ๋งŒ๋“ค์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
15:57
because you get half a dozen people or more
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์™œ๋ƒํ•˜๋ฉด ๋•Œ๋กœ๋Š” ํ•จ๊ป˜ ๋ชจ์ธ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ค‘
15:59
who are sometimes coming together as a team
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์ ˆ๋ฐ˜์ด ๋„˜๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด
16:02
for the very first time that day that you're coming in.
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์ฒ˜์Œ ๋ณธ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ธ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
16:05
We implemented this checklist
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์ด๋Ÿฐ ์ฒดํฌ๋ฆฌ์ŠคํŠธ๋ฅผ
16:07
in eight hospitals around the world,
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์ „์„ธ๊ณ„ 8๊ฐœ ๋ณ‘์›์— ๋งŒ๋“ค์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
16:10
deliberately in places from rural Tanzania
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์ผ๋ถ€๋Ÿฌ ํƒ„์ž๋‹ˆ์•„ ์‹œ๊ณจ์—์„œ ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ
16:12
to the University of Washington in Seattle.
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์‹œ์• ํ‹€์˜ ์›Œ์‹ฑํ„ด ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ๋ณ‘์›๊นŒ์ง€์š”.
16:15
We found that after they adopted it
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์ด๋Ÿฐ ์ฒดํฌ๋ฆฌ์ŠคํŠธ๋ฅผ ์ ์šฉํ•œํ›„
16:18
the complication rates fell
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ํ•ฉ๋ณ‘์ฆ ๋น„์œจ์ด
16:20
35 percent.
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35% ๊ฐ์†Œํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์„ ์•Œ๊ฒŒ ๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
16:22
It fell in every hospital it went into.
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๋ชจ๋“  ๋ณ‘์›์—์„œ ํ•ฉ๋ณ‘์ฆ ๋น„์œจ์„ ์ค„์˜€์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
16:25
The death rates fell
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์‚ฌ๋ง์œจ์€
16:27
47 percent.
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47% ๋–จ์–ด ๋œจ๋ ธ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
16:30
This was bigger than a drug.
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์ด๊ฑด ์•ฝ๋ณด๋‹ค ๋” ํฐ ์„ฑ๊ณผ์ฃ .
16:32
(Applause)
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(๋ฐ•์ˆ˜)
16:38
And that brings us
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ด๋Ÿฐ ์ž‘์—…๋“ค์ด
16:40
to skill number three,
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์„ธ๋ฒˆ์งธ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์„ ๊ฐ€์ ธ์˜ค๊ฒŒ ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค,
16:43
the ability to implement this,
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์ด๋Ÿฐ ์ ˆ์ฐจ๋ฅผ ๊ตฌํ˜„ํ•˜๋Š” ๋Šฅ๋ ฅ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค,
16:45
to get colleagues across the entire chain
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์ด๋Ÿฐ ์ผ๋“ค์„ ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ
16:48
to actually do these things.
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์ „์ฒด ์กฐ์ง์„ ์•„์šฐ๋ฅด๋Š” ๋™๋ฃŒ๋“ค์„ ๋งŒ๋“œ๋Š” ๊ฑฐ์ฃ .
16:51
And it's been slow to spread.
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์ด๋Ÿฐ ์ ˆ์ฐจ๋Š” ์ฒœ์ฒœํžˆ ํผ์ ธ ๋‚˜๊ฐ€๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
16:53
This is not yet our norm in surgery --
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์ด๋Ÿฐ ์ ˆ์ฐจ๋Š” ์™ธ๊ณผ์‹œ์ˆ ์—์„œ๋Š” ์•„์ง ํ‘œ์ค€์€ ์•„๋‹™๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. --
16:57
let alone making checklists
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๋งŒ๋“œ๋Š”๊ฒƒ๋„ ์ผ์ด์ง€๋งŒ
16:59
to go onto childbirth and other areas.
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๋ถ„๋งŒ์‹ค์ด๋‚˜ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋ถ„์•ผ๋กœ๋„ ๊ฐ€์•ผํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
17:02
There's a deep resistance
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์ด๋Ÿฐ ๋„๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€
17:04
because using these tools
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์˜๋ฃŒ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์ด
17:06
forces us to confront
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์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜๋„๋ก ๊ฐ•์š”ํ•˜๊ณ ,
17:08
that we're not a system,
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์„œ๋กœ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๊ฐ€์น˜๊ด€์„ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ํ–‰๋™ํ•˜๋„๋ก ํ•˜๊ธฐ์—
17:10
forces us to behave with a different set of values.
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์ €ํ•ญ์ด ๋งŽ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
17:13
Just using a checklist
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์ฒดํฌ๋ฆฌ์ŠคํŠธ๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€
17:15
requires you to embrace different values from the ones we've had,
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ์—๊ฒŒ ๊ฒธ์†, ๊ทœ์œจ, ํŒ€์› ๊ฐ™์€
17:18
like humility,
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๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์˜
17:22
discipline,
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๊ฐ€์น˜๊ด€์„ ๋ฐ›์•„๋“ค์ด๋„๋ก
17:25
teamwork.
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์š”๊ตฌํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
17:27
This is the opposite of what we were built on:
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์ด๋Ÿฐ ๋ฐฉ์‹์€ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ํ•ด์™”๋˜ ๊ฒƒ๊ณผ๋Š” ๋ฐ˜๋Œ€์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค:
17:30
independence, self-sufficiency,
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๋…๋ฆฝ, ์ž๊ธ‰์ž์กฑ,
17:32
autonomy.
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์ž๋ฆฝ์‹ฌ ๊ฐ™์€ ๊ฒƒ๋“ค ๋ง์ด์ฃ .
17:35
I met an actual cowboy, by the way.
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ๋ฐ ์‹ค์ œ๋กœ ์นด์šฐ๋ณด์ด๋ฅผ ๋งŒ๋‚ฌ์—ˆ๋Š”๋ฐ์š”,
17:38
I asked him, what was it like
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์ˆ˜๋งŽ์€ ์†Œ๋–ผ๋ฅผ ๋ชฐ๊ณ 
17:41
to actually herd a thousand cattle
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์ˆ˜๋ฐฑ ํ‚ฌ๋กœ๋ฏธํ„ฐ๋ฅผ
17:43
across hundreds of miles?
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ํšก๋‹จํ•˜๋Š” ๋Š๋‚Œ์ด ์–ด๋–ป๋ƒ๊ณ  ๋ฌผ์–ด ๋ณด์•˜์ฃ .
17:45
How did you do that?
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์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ๊ทธ๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋ƒ๊ณ  ๋ฌผ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
17:47
And he said, "We have the cowboys stationed at distinct places all around."
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๊ทธ๊ฐ€ ๋งํ•˜๊ธฐ๋ฅผ "์„œ๋กœ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๊ฐ ์ง€๋ฐฉ์— ์นด์šฐ๋ณด์ด๋“ค์ด ๊ฑฐ์ฃผํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค." ๋ผ๊ณ  ํ•˜๋”๊ตฐ์š”.
17:50
They communicate electronically constantly,
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๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ๊พธ์ค€ํžˆ ์œ ์„ ์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ์˜์‚ฌ์†Œํ†ตํ•˜๊ณ ,
17:53
and they have protocols and checklists
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๋ชจ๋“ ๊ฒƒ๋“ค์„ ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ๋‹ค๋ฃจ์–ด์•ผํ•˜๋Š”์ง€์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ
17:55
for how they handle everything --
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๊ทœ์•ฝ๊ณผ ์ฒดํฌ๋ฆฌ์ŠคํŠธ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•˜๋”๊ตฐ์š”. --
17:57
(Laughter)
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(์›ƒ์Œ)
17:59
-- from bad weather
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-- ๊ตฟ์€ ๋‚ ์”จ ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ
18:01
to emergencies or inoculations for the cattle.
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์‘๊ธ‰์ƒํ™ฉ, ์ ‘์ข…์‹œ๊ธฐ ๋“ฑ ๋ง์ด์ฃ .
18:04
Even the cowboys are pit crews now.
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์ง€๊ธˆ์€ ์นด์šฐ๋ณด์ด๋“ค๋„ ์ž˜ ์กฐ์ง๋œ ํ”ผํŠธํฌ๋ฃจ(Pit Crew) ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
18:08
And it seemed like time
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์ด์ œ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์ด๋Ÿฐ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์„
18:10
that we become that way ourselves.
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์‚ฌ์šฉํ•ด์•ผ ํ•  ๋•Œ๊ฐ€ ๋œ๊ฒƒ ๊ฐ™์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
18:12
Making systems work
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์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์ด ์ž˜ ๋Œ์•„๊ฐ€๊ฒŒ ํ•˜๋Š”๊ฒƒ์€
18:14
is the great task of my generation
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ ์„ธ๋Œ€์˜ ๋‚ด๊ณผ, ์™ธ๊ณผ์˜ ์‚ฌ๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ์ฃผ์–ด์ง„
18:17
of physicians and scientists.
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ํฐ ์ž„๋ฌด์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
18:19
But I would go further and say
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๋” ๋‚˜์•„๊ฐ€์„œ ๋งํ•˜๋ฉด,
18:21
that making systems work,
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๋ณด๊ฑด๋ถ„์•ผ๋“ , ๊ต์œก์ด๋“ ,
18:23
whether in health care, education,
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๊ธฐํ›„๋ณ€ํ™”๋“ ,
18:25
climate change,
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๋นˆ๊ณค์„ ํ‡ด์น˜ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด๋“ ,
18:27
making a pathway out of poverty,
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์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์ด ์ž˜ ์ž‘๋™ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€
18:29
is the great task of our generation as a whole.
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์ „์ฒด์ ์œผ๋กœ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ ์„ธ๋Œ€์˜ ์ž„๋ฌด๋ผ๋Š” ๊ฑฐ์ฃ .
18:33
In every field, knowledge has exploded,
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๋ชจ๋“  ๋ถ„์•ผ์—์„œ ์ง€์‹์ด ๋„˜์ณ๋‚˜์ง€๋งŒ,
18:36
but it has brought complexity,
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๋ณต์žกํ•˜๊ฒŒ๋งŒ ๋งŒ๋“ค์—ˆ๊ณ ,
18:38
it has brought specialization.
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์ „๋ฌธํ™”๋ฅผ ๋งŒ๋“ค์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
18:41
And we've come to a place where we have no choice
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์„ ํƒ์˜ ์—ฌ์ง€๋Š” ์—†์ง€๋งŒ
18:43
but to recognize,
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๊ฐœ์ธ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์›ํ•˜๋Š” ๋งŒํผ
18:45
as individualistic as we want to be,
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์ธ์ง€ ํ•  ์ˆ˜๋Š” ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ณณ์œผ๋กœ ์™”์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค,
18:48
complexity requires
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๋ณต์žก์„ฑ์€ ๋‹จ์ฒด๋กœ ๋ญ”๊ฐ€๋ฅผ ํ•˜๊ธฐ๋ฅผ
18:51
group success.
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์š”๊ตฌํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
18:53
We all need to be pit crews now.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ ๋ชจ๋‘๊ฐ€ ํ”ผํŠธํฌ๋ฃจ(Pit Crew)๊ฐ€ ๋˜์–ด์•ผ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
18:57
Thank you.
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๊ฐ์‚ฌํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
18:59
(Applause)
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(๋ฐ•์ˆ˜)
์ด ์›น์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ ์ •๋ณด

์ด ์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ๋Š” ์˜์–ด ํ•™์Šต์— ์œ ์šฉํ•œ YouTube ๋™์˜์ƒ์„ ์†Œ๊ฐœํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ „ ์„ธ๊ณ„ ์ตœ๊ณ ์˜ ์„ ์ƒ๋‹˜๋“ค์ด ๊ฐ€๋ฅด์น˜๋Š” ์˜์–ด ์ˆ˜์—…์„ ๋ณด๊ฒŒ ๋  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ ๋™์˜์ƒ ํŽ˜์ด์ง€์— ํ‘œ์‹œ๋˜๋Š” ์˜์–ด ์ž๋ง‰์„ ๋”๋ธ” ํด๋ฆญํ•˜๋ฉด ๊ทธ๊ณณ์—์„œ ๋™์˜์ƒ์ด ์žฌ์ƒ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋น„๋””์˜ค ์žฌ์ƒ์— ๋งž์ถฐ ์ž๋ง‰์ด ์Šคํฌ๋กค๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์˜๊ฒฌ์ด๋‚˜ ์š”์ฒญ์ด ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์ด ๋ฌธ์˜ ์–‘์‹์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ฌธ์˜ํ•˜์‹ญ์‹œ์˜ค.

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