Ami Klin: A new way to diagnose autism

21,293 views ・ 2015-07-15

TED


μ•„λž˜ μ˜λ¬Έμžλ§‰μ„ λ”λΈ”ν΄λ¦­ν•˜μ‹œλ©΄ μ˜μƒμ΄ μž¬μƒλ©λ‹ˆλ‹€.

00:00
Translator: Joseph Geni Reviewer: Morton Bast
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λ²ˆμ—­: K Bang κ²€ν† : hale kwon
00:12
I always wanted to become a walking laboratory of social engagement:
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항상 μ €λŠ” λ‹€λ₯Έ μ‚¬λžŒλ“€κ³Ό λ”λΆˆμ–΄ μ–΄μšΈλ¦¬λ©°
κ·Έ μ•ˆμ—μ„œ κ·Έ μ‚¬λžŒλ“€μ˜
κΈ°λΆ„, 생각, 의ν–₯, 동기듀을 μ „ν•˜λŠ”
00:18
to resonate other people's feelings, thoughts, intentions, motivations,
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사ꡐ적인 λ§Œλ‚¨μ„ μ΄μ–΄κ°€λŠ”, κ±Έμ–΄λ‹€λ‹ˆλŠ” 연ꡬ싀이 λ˜κ³ μ‹Άμ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:23
in the act of being with them.
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00:26
As a scientist, I always wanted to measure that resonance,
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κ³Όν•™μžλ‘œμ„œ, μ €λŠ” λˆˆκΉœμ§ν•  μƒˆ μΌμ–΄λ‚˜λŠ”
00:32
that sense of the other that happens so quickly,
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λ‹€λ₯Έ μ‚¬λžŒλ“€μ˜ 감각의 곡λͺ…을
00:35
in the blink of an eye.
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μΈ‘μ •ν•˜κ³  μ‹Άμ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:37
We intuit other people's feelings;
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μš°λ¦¬λŠ” λ‹€λ₯Έμ‚¬λžŒλ“€μ˜ 기뢄을 μ§κ°ν•˜κ³ 
00:40
we know the meaning of their actions even before they happen.
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κ·Έ μ‚¬λžŒλ“€μ˜ ν–‰λ™μ˜ 의미λ₯Ό μ•Œ 수 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
심지어 κ·Έ 행동이 있기 전에도 말이죠.
00:43
We're always in this stance
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μš°λ¦¬λŠ” 항상 λ‹€λ₯Έ μ‚¬λžŒμœΌλ‘œλΆ€ν„° μ£Όκ΄€μ„±μ˜
00:45
of being the object of somebody else's subjectivity.
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λŒ€μƒμœΌλ‘œμ¨ μ‘΄μž¬ν•˜λŠ” μž…μž₯에 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:48
We do that all the time. We just can't shake it off.
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μš°λ¦¬λŠ” 항상 κ·Έλ ‡μ£ , ν›Œν›Œ 털어버릴 μˆ˜λ„ μ—†μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:52
It's so important that the very tools we use to understand ourselves,
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μš°λ¦¬κ°€ 슀슀둜λ₯Ό μ΄ν•΄ν•˜κ³ , μ£Όλ³€ 세상을 μ΄ν•΄ν•˜λŠ”λ° μ‚¬μš©ν•˜λŠ”
λ°”λ‘œ κ·Έ 도ꡬ가, κ·Έ μ£Όκ΄€μ„±μ˜ λŒ€μƒμ— μ˜ν•΄
00:55
to understand the world around us,
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λ§Œλ“€μ–΄μ§„λ‹€λŠ” 것은 μ€‘μš”ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:57
are shaped by that stance.
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01:00
We are social to the core.
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μš°λ¦¬κ°€ μ‚¬νšŒμ˜ ν•΅μ‹¬μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:03
So my journey in autism really started
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κ·Έλž˜μ„œ μžνμ¦μ— λŒ€ν•œ 제 여행은
01:06
when I lived in a residential unit for adults with autism.
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μ œκ°€ 자폐 성인듀을 μœ„ν•œ μ£Όκ±° 지역에 μ‚΄μ•˜μ„ λ•ŒλΆ€ν„° μ‹œμž‘λ˜μ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
그곳에 μžˆλŠ” λŒ€λΆ€λΆ„μ˜ μ‚¬λžŒλ“€μ€ μ‚Άμ˜ λŒ€λΆ€λΆ„μ„
01:10
Most of those individuals had spent most of their lives
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01:13
in long-stay hospitals.
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μž₯κΈ° 치료 λ³‘μ›μ—μ„œ λ³΄λƒˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€. μ•„μ£Ό μ˜€λž˜μ „ 일이죠.
01:14
This is a long time ago.
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01:17
And for them, autism was devastating.
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κ·Έλ“€μ—κ²Œ μžνμ¦μ€ 절망적인 μΌμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:21
They had profound intellectual disabilities.
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그듀은 κ·Ήμ‹¬ν•œ 지적 μž₯μ• λ₯Ό κ°€μ‘Œκ³ 
01:24
They didn't talk.
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그듀은 말도 ν•˜μ§€ μ•ŠμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€. ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ 무엇보닀도,
01:26
But most of all,
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그듀은 μ™„μ „νžˆ κ³ λ¦½λ˜μ–΄ μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:28
they were extraordinarily isolated from the world around them,
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κ·Έλ“€ μ£Όλ³€μ˜ μ„Έμƒμ—μ„œ, ν™˜κ²½μ—μ„œ,
01:33
from their environment
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그리고 μ‚¬λžŒλ“€λ‘œλΆ€ν„° 말이죠.
01:35
and from the people.
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01:37
In fact, at the time, if you walked into a school
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λ§Œμ•½ μ—¬λŸ¬λΆ„μ΄ μ§€κΈˆ μžνμ¦μ„ 가지고 μžˆλŠ” μ‚¬λžŒλ“€μ„ μœ„ν•œ ν•™κ΅λ‘œ κ±Έμ–΄ λ“€μ–΄κ°„λ‹€κ³  ν•΄λ΄…μ‹œλ‹€.
01:40
for individuals with autism,
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μ—¬λŸ¬λΆ„μ€ μ‚¬λžŒλ“€μ΄ μ†Œλž€μ„ ν”Όμš°κ³ 
01:42
you'd hear a lot of noise,
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01:44
plenty of commotion, actions, people doing things.
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μ΄λŸ°μ €λŸ° 행동도 ν•˜κ³ , μ‹œλ„λŸ¬μš΄ μ†Œλ¦¬λ„ λ“£κ²Œ 될 κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:49
But they're always doing things by themselves.
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κ·ΈλŸ¬λ‚˜ νŠΉμ΄ν•œκ±΄, 그듀은 늘 ν˜Όμžμ„œ 무언가λ₯Ό ν•˜κ³  μžˆλ‹€λŠ” 것이죠.
01:53
So they may be looking at a light in the ceiling,
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그듀은 μ•„λ§ˆ 천μž₯의 ν˜•κ΄‘λ“±μ„ 쳐닀보고 μžˆμ„μ§€λ„ λͺ¨λ₯΄κ³ ,
01:57
or they may be isolated in the corner,
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μ•„λ‹ˆλ©΄ ꡬ석에 혼자 μžˆμ„μ§€λ„ λͺ¨λ₯΄κ³ 
02:00
or they might be engaged in these repetitive movements,
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μ•„λ‹ˆλ©΄ 슀슀둜 μžκ·Ήλ°›μ•„ λ¬΄μž‘μ • 무언가λ₯Ό
02:04
in self-stimulatory movements that led them nowhere.
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계속 λ°˜λ³΅ν•˜λŠ”λ° μ§‘μ€‘ν•˜κ³  μžˆμ„κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:08
Extremely, extremely isolated.
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κ·Ήλ„λ‘œ, μ‹¬ν•˜κ²Œ κ³ λ¦½λ˜μ–΄ μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:12
Well, now we know that autism is this disruption,
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이제 μš°λ¦¬λŠ” 자폐증이
μ΄λŸ¬ν•œ 곡λͺ…μ˜ λΆ„μ—΄μ΄λΌλŠ” κ²ƒμž„μ„
02:18
the disruption of this resonance that I am telling you about.
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μ•Œκ²Œ λ˜μ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:21
These are survival skills.
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μ΄λŸ°κ²ƒλ“€μ΄ μƒμ‘΄μ˜ κΈ°μˆ μ΄λΌλŠ” 것이죠.
02:23
These are survival skills that we inherited
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수 λ°±, 수 천 λ…„μ „ μ‘°μƒμœΌλ‘œ λΆ€ν„°
μš°λ¦¬κ°€ 물렀받은 μ§„ν™”μ˜
02:26
over many, many hundreds of thousands of years of evolution.
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생쑴 기술이죠.
02:30
You see, babies are born in a state of utter fragility.
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아기듀을 보면, 맀우 μ—°μ•½ν•œ μƒνƒœλ‘œ νƒœμ–΄λ‚©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:36
Without the caregiver, they wouldn't survive,
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λ„μ™€μ£ΌλŠ” μ‚¬λžŒμ΄ μ—†μ΄λŠ” ν˜Όμžμ„œ 생쑴 ν•  수 μ—†μ§€μš”,
02:38
so it stands to reason that nature would endow them
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κ·Έλž˜μ„œ 이 μžμ—°μ μΈ ν˜„μƒμ΄ μ΄λŸ¬ν•œ μƒμ‘΄μ˜ λ©”μΉ΄λ‹ˆμ¦˜μ„
02:40
with these mechanisms of survival.
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λΆˆλŸ¬μΌμœΌν‚€λŠ” μ΄μœ κ°€ λ©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
아기듀은 μžμ‹ μ„ λŒλ΄μ£ΌλŠ” μ‚¬λžŒμ—κ²Œ μ μ‘ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:44
They orient to the caregiver.
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02:46
From the first days and weeks of life,
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처음 νƒœμ–΄λ‚œ λ‚ λΆ€ν„° μ‚Άμ˜ λͺ‡μ£Όκ°„ 계속
02:49
babies prefer to hear human sounds,
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아기듀은 μ£Όμœ„μ˜ λ‹€λ₯Έ μ†Œλ¦¬λ³΄λ‹€λŠ”
02:52
rather than just sounds in the environment.
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μ‚¬λžŒμ˜ μ†Œλ¦¬λ₯Ό λ“£κ³  μ‹Άμ–΄ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:54
They prefer to look at people rather than at things,
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아기듀은 λ‹€λ₯Έ 물체λ₯Ό λ³΄λŠ” 것보닀 μ‚¬λžŒμ„ λ³΄κ³ μ‹Άμ–΄ν•˜μ£ .
02:57
and even as they're looking at people, they look at people's eyes,
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그리고 κ·Έλƒ₯ μ‚¬λžŒμ„ λ³΄λŠ” 것이 μ•„λ‹ˆλΌ
κ·Έλ“€μ˜ λˆˆμ„ λ°”λΌλ΄…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:01
because the eye is the window to the other person's experiences,
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μ™œλƒν•˜λ©΄, λˆˆμ€ κ·Έ μ‚¬λžŒμ˜ κ²½ν—˜μ˜ 창이기 λ•Œλ¬Έμ΄μ£ 
03:05
so much so that they even prefer to look at people
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κ·Έλž˜μ„œ μ•„κΈ°λŠ” λ‹€λ₯Έ 곳을 λ³΄κ³ μžˆλŠ” μ‚¬λžŒλ³΄λ‹€λŠ”
03:08
who are looking at them rather than people who are looking away.
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μžμ‹ μ„ λ°”λΌλ΄μ£ΌλŠ” μ‚¬λžŒμ„ 보기λ₯Ό μ’‹μ•„ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€
03:12
Well, they orient to the caregiver.
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κ·Έλž˜μ„œ 그듀은 μžμ‹ μ„ λŒλ΄μ£ΌλŠ” μ‚¬λžŒμ—κ²Œ μ§‘μ€‘ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:15
The caregiver seeks the baby.
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λŒλ³΄λŠ” μ‚¬λžŒμ€ μ•„κΈ°λ₯Ό μ°ΎμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:17
And it's out of this mutually reinforcing choreography
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마음의 μΆœν˜„μ— μ€‘μš”ν•œ λ§Žμ€ μš”μ†Œλ“€μ΄
03:21
that a lot that is of importance to the emergence of mind --
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μ‚¬νšŒμ  심리, μ‚¬νšŒμ  지λŠ₯에 μ˜μ‘΄ν•œλ‹€λŠ” 것은
03:24
the social mind, the social brain -- depends on.
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이런 μƒν˜Έ κ°•ν™” μ—°μΆœλ‘œ λΆ€ν„° μ•Œ 수 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:29
We always think about autism
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μš°λ¦¬λŠ” 항상 μžνμ¦μ— λŒ€ν•΄
03:32
as something that happens later on in life.
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λ‚˜μ΄κ°€ λ“€μ–΄μ„œ κ±Έλ¦¬λŠ” 것이라고 μƒκ°ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€
03:37
It doesn't; it begins with the beginning of life.
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그렇지 μ•ŠμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€. 처음 νƒœμ–΄λ‚  λ•ŒλΆ€ν„° μ‹œμž‘λ©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:42
As babies engage with caregivers, they soon realize that, well,
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아기듀이 λŒλ³΄λŠ” μ‚¬λžŒκ³Ό ꡐ감할 λ•Œ, 그듀은 곧 κΉ¨λ‹«μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€
κ·Έλ“€μ˜ κ·€λ₯Ό 톡해 무언가
03:48
there is something between the ears that is very important --
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맀우 μ€‘μš”ν•˜κ³ 
03:52
it's invisible, you can't see it, but it's really critical.
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λˆˆμ— 보이지 μ•Šμ§€λ§Œ, λŒ€λ‹¨νžˆ μ€‘μš”ν•œ
03:56
And that thing is called attention.
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--보톡 이것을 관심이라고 λΆ€λ₯΄λŠ” 것이 μžˆλ‹€λŠ” κ±Έ κΉ¨λ‹«κ²Œ λ˜λŠ”κ±°μ£ .
03:58
And they learn soon enough,
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심지어 ν•œ λ§ˆλ”” 단어λ₯Ό λ°œμŒν•  수 있게 λ˜κΈ°λ„ 전에
04:00
even before they can utter one word,
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아이듀은 관심을 λ°›λŠ” 방법을 재빠λ₯΄κ²Œ 배우게 되고,
04:02
that they can take that attention and move somewhere
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μ›ν•˜λŠ” 것을 μ–»κΈ° μœ„ν•΄ μ–΄λ””λ‘ κ°€ μ›€μ§μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:06
in order to get things they want.
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04:09
They also learn to follow other people's gazes,
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λ‹€λ₯Έ μ‚¬λžŒμ˜ μ‹œμ„ μ„ λ”°λΌκ°€λŠ” 것도 λ°°μš°κ³ μš”.
04:12
because whatever people are looking at is what they are thinking about.
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μ™œλƒν•˜λ©΄ μ‚¬λžŒλ“€μ΄ λ³΄λŠ” 것은
그듀이 μƒκ°ν•˜κ³  μžˆλŠ” 것이기 λ•Œλ¬Έμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:18
And soon enough, they start to learn about the meaning of things,
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또 맀우 λΉ λ₯΄κ²Œ μ‚¬λ¬Όμ˜ 의미λ₯Ό 배우게 λ©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
λˆ„κ΅°κ°€κ°€ 무엇을 λ³΄κ±°λ‚˜,
04:22
because when somebody is looking at something
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04:24
or somebody is pointing at something,
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무언가λ₯Ό 가리킬 λ•Œ
단지 λ°©ν–₯의 λ‹¨μ„œλ§Œ μ–»λŠ” 것이 μ•„λ‹ˆλΌ
04:27
they're not just getting a directional cue.
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04:29
They are getting the other person's meaning of that thing,
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λ‹€λ₯Έ μ‚¬λžŒμ΄ κ·Έ 사물에 λŒ€ν•΄ μ˜λ―Έν•˜λŠ” 것과
νƒœλ„λ₯Ό μ•Œκ²Œ λ˜μ§€μš”, 그리고 곧
04:33
the attitude.
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04:34
And soon enough, they start building this body of meanings,
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의미의 쑰합을 λ§Œλ“€κ²Œ λ©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:39
but meanings that were acquired within the realm of social interaction.
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κ·ΈλŸ¬λ‚˜ μ˜λ―ΈλŠ” μ‚¬νšŒμ  관계 μ˜μ—­ μ•ˆμ—μ„œ
μŠ΅λ“λ©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:44
Those are meanings that are acquired
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λ‹€λ₯Έ 이듀과 곡유된 κ²½ν—˜μ˜ μΌλΆ€λΆ„μœΌλ‘œ
04:46
as part of their shared experiences with others.
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μ–»μ–΄μ§€λŠ” μ˜λ―Έλ“€μ΄μ§€μš”.
04:50
Well, this is a 15-month-old little girl,
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자 μ—¬κΈ° 15 κ°œμ›”λœ μ—¬μ•„κ°€ μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
자폐λ₯Ό κ°–κ³  μžˆμ–΄μš”.
04:57
and she has autism.
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05:00
And I am coming so close to her that I am maybe two inches from her face,
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μ•„κΈ°μ—κ²Œ μ•„μ£Ό κ°€κΉŒμ΄, μ•„λ§ˆλ„ 얼꡴에
2μΈμΉ˜κΉŒμ§€ 닀가가도 μ•„κΈ°λŠ” μ €λ₯Ό 잘 κ°μ§€ν•˜μ§€ λͺ»ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
05:06
and she's quite oblivious to me.
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05:08
Imagine if I did that to you, came two inches from your face.
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μ—¬λŸ¬λΆ„μ—κ²Œ ν•΄λ΄€λ‹€κ³  μƒκ°ν•΄λ³΄μ„Έμš”.
μ—¬λŸ¬λΆ„ 얼꡴에 2μΈμΉ˜κΉŒμ§€ κ°€κΉŒμ΄ κ°”λ‹€λ©΄
05:11
You'd do probably two things, wouldn't you?
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μ•„λ§ˆ λ‘˜ 쀑 ν•˜λ‚˜λ₯Ό ν–ˆμ„κ±°μ—μš”.
05:13
You would recoil. You would call the police.
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λ’·κ±ΈμŒμ§ˆ μΉ˜κ±°λ‚˜, 경찰을 λΆˆλ €κ² μ£ . (μ›ƒμŒ)
05:16
(Laughter)
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05:17
You would do something,
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μ•„λ§ˆ 뭐든 ν–ˆμ„ κ²λ‹ˆλ‹€. μ™œλƒν•˜λ©΄
05:18
because it's literally impossible to penetrate somebody's physical space
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μ–΄λ–€ 이의 신체적 곡간을 μΉ¨λ²”ν–ˆμ„ λ•Œ
λ°˜μ‘μ΄ λ‚˜νƒ€λ‚˜μ§€ μ•ŠλŠ” 것은 말 κ·ΈλŒ€λ‘œ λΆˆκ°€λŠ₯ν•΄μš”.
05:23
and not get that reaction.
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05:24
We do so, remember, intuitively, effortlessly.
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μš°λ¦¬λŠ” κ·Έλ ‡μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€. κΈ°μ–΅ν•˜μ„Έμš”, μ§κ΄€μ μœΌλ‘œ, νž˜λ“€μ΄μ§€ μ•Šκ³ .
05:27
This is our body wisdom;
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이것이 μ‹ μ²΄μ˜ μ§€ν˜œμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€. 우리의 μ–Έμ–΄λ‘œ
05:29
it's not something mediated by our language.
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μ „ν•΄μ§€λŠ” 것이 μ•„λ‹ˆμ—μš”. 우리의 λͺΈμ΄ μ•Œκ³  μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
05:31
Our body just knows that.
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우린 κ·Έκ±Έ 였래 μ „λΆ€ν„° μ•Œκ³  μžˆμ—ˆμ§€μš”.
05:34
And we've known that for a long time.
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05:36
And this is not something that happens to humans only.
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μΈκ°„μ—κ²Œλ§Œ λ‚˜νƒ€λŠ” 것이 μ•„λ‹™λ‹ˆλ‹€.
05:39
It happens to some of our phyletic cousins,
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일뢀 μœ μΈμ›μ—κ²Œλ„ λ‚˜νƒ€λ‚©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
05:42
because if you're a monkey, and you look at another monkey,
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μ—¬λŸ¬λΆ„μ΄ μ›μˆ­μ΄λΌλ©΄
λ‹€λ₯Έ μ›μˆ­μ΄λ₯Ό 보고,
05:46
and that monkey has a higher hierarchy position than you,
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κ·Έ μ›μˆ­μ΄κ°€ μ—¬λŸ¬λΆ„λ³΄λ‹€ 더 높은 μ„œμ—΄μ„ 가지고 있으면,
05:50
and that is considered to be a signal or threat,
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그것은 μ–΄λ–€ μ‹ ν˜Έλ‚˜ μœ„ν˜‘μœΌλ‘œ κ°„μ£Όλ˜μ–΄
05:54
well, you are not going to be alive for long.
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κΈ€μŽ„μš”, μ•„λ§ˆλ„ 더 였래 μ‚΄μ§€λŠ” λͺ»ν• κ±°μ—μš”.
05:57
So something that in other species are survival mechanisms,
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κ·Έλž˜μ„œ λ‹€λ₯Έ μ’…μ—μ„œ 생쑴 기제인 μ–΄λ–€ 것이 μžˆμ–΄μ„œ
그것 μ—†μ΄λŠ” 기본적으둜 μ‚΄μ•„κ°ˆ μˆ˜κ°€ μ—†λ‹€λ©΄,
06:02
without which they wouldn't basically live,
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06:05
we bring into the context of human beings,
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이λ₯Ό 인λ₯˜μ˜ 상황에 μ μš©ν•΄ λ³΄μ•˜μ„ λ•Œ
06:07
and this is what we need to simply act, socially.
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μš°λ¦¬μ—κ²Œ ν•„μš”ν•œ 것은 단지 ν™œλ™ν•˜λŠ” 것, μ‚¬νšŒμ μœΌλ‘œ ν™œλ™ν•˜λŠ” κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
06:12
Now, she is oblivious to me and I'm so close to her,
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자, 이 μ•„κΈ°λŠ” μ €μ—κ²Œ λ°˜μ‘μ„ 보이지 μ•Šμ•„μš”. μ €λŠ” 이 μ•„κΈ°μ—κ²Œ μ•„μ£Ό κ°€κΉŒμ΄ μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
06:14
and you think, maybe she can see you,
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μ—¬λŸ¬λΆ„μ€ μ•„κΈ°κ°€ μ—¬λŸ¬λΆ„μ„ λ³Ό 수 있고,
06:16
maybe she can hear you.
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μ—¬λŸ¬λΆ„μ„ 듀을 수 μžˆλ‹€κ³  μƒκ°ν•˜κ² μ§€μš”.
06:18
Well, a few minutes later,
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자, λͺ‡ λΆ„ ν›„ 이 μ•„κΈ°λŠ” 방의 ν•œ κ΅¬μ„μœΌλ‘œ κ°‘λ‹ˆλ‹€.
06:20
she goes to the corner of the room,
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μž‘μ€ μ— μ—”μ— (M&M) 초콜릿 ν•œ 쑰각을 λ°œκ²¬ν•΄μš”.
06:22
and she finds a tiny little piece of candy, an M&M.
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06:26
So I could not attract her attention,
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μ €λŠ” μ•„κΈ°μ˜ 관심을 받을 수 μ—†μ—ˆμ§€λ§Œ,
06:31
but something -- a thing -- did.
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μ–΄λ–€ 것, 그것은 관심을 λŒμ—ˆμ–΄μš”.
06:33
Now, most of us make a big dichotomy
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우리 λŒ€λΆ€λΆ„μ€ 사물과 μ‚¬λžŒμ΄ μ‚¬λŠ” μ„ΈμƒμœΌλ‘œ
06:36
between the world of things and the world of people.
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크게 λ‘κ°€μ§€λ‘œ λ‚˜λˆ•λ‹ˆλ‹€.
06:40
Now, for this girl, that division line is not so clear,
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자, 이 μ•„κΈ°μ—κ²ŒλŠ” κ·Έ 뢀뢄이 λͺ…ν™•ν•˜μ§€ μ•ŠμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
06:45
and the world of people is not attracting her
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λŒ€λΆ€λΆ„μ˜ μš°λ¦¬μ™€λŠ” 달리 μ‚¬λžŒμ˜ 세상은
06:48
as much as we would like.
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κ·Έλ…€μ˜ 관심을 λŒμ§€ λͺ»ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
06:50
Now, remember that we learn a great deal by sharing experiences.
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κ²½ν—˜μ„ κ³΅μœ ν•¨μœΌλ‘œμ¨ λ§Žμ€ 것을
λ°°μš΄λ‹€λŠ” 점을 λ‹€μ‹œ 기얡해보죠.
06:54
What she is doing right now is that her path of learning is diverging,
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이 μ•„κΈ°κ°€ λ°”λ‘œ μ§€κΈˆ ν•˜λŠ” 것은
λ°°μ›€μ˜ κ²½λ‘œκ°€ λ§€μˆœκ°„ λΆ„κΈ°λ˜κ³  μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
07:00
moment by moment,
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07:02
as she is isolating herself further and further.
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κ·Έλ…€λ₯Ό λ”μš± κ³ λ¦½ν•˜λ©΄ ν•  수둝 말이죠.
07:05
So we feel sometimes that the brain is deterministic,
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μš°λ¦¬λŠ” μ’…μ’… λ‡Œκ°€ 결정둠적이라고 μƒκ°ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
07:08
the brain determines who we're going to be.
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즉, λ‡Œκ°€ μš°λ¦¬κ°€ μ–΄λ–»κ²Œ 될지λ₯Ό κ²°μ •ν•œλ‹€λŠ”κ±°μ£ .
07:11
But, in fact, the brain also becomes who we are,
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ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ 사싀 λ‡Œλ„ μ—­μ‹œ μš°λ¦¬κ°€ λˆ„κ΅¬λƒμ— 따라 λ‹¬λΌμ§‘λ‹ˆλ‹€.
07:14
and at the same time that her behaviors are taking away
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그리고 λ™μ‹œμ— μ•„μ΄μ˜ 행동은 μ‚¬νšŒμ  ꡐλ₯˜μ˜ μ˜μ—­μœΌλ‘œλΆ€ν„°
07:18
from the realm of social interaction,
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λ©€μ–΄μ§‘λ‹ˆλ‹€. 그것이 μ•„μ΄μ˜ λ§ˆμŒμ—μ„œ μΌμ–΄λ‚˜λŠ” μΌμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
07:20
this is what's happening with her mind,
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그리고 또, κ·Έ μ•„μ΄μ˜ λ‡Œμ—μ„œ μΌμ–΄λ‚˜λŠ” 것이기도 ν•˜μ§€μš”.
07:22
and this is what's happening with her brain.
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μžνμ¦μ€ λ°œλ‹¬ μž₯μ•  μ€‘μ—μ„œ
07:27
Well, autism is the most strongly genetic condition
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07:32
of all developmental disorders.
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κ°€μž₯ μœ μ „ 쑰건에 영ν–₯을 λ°›λŠ”
λ‡Œ μž₯μ• μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
07:36
And it's a brain disorder.
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07:38
It's a disorder that begins much prior to the time
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아이가 νƒœμ–΄λ‚˜κΈ° 훨씬 μ „λΆ€ν„°
07:41
that the child is born.
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μ‹œμž‘λ˜λŠ” μž₯μ• μ΄μ§€μš”.
07:44
We now know that there is a very broad spectrum of autism.
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이제 μš°λ¦¬λŠ” μžνμ¦μ— 맀우 λ‹€μ–‘ν•œ μ’…λ₯˜κ°€ μžˆλ‹€λŠ” 것을 μ•Œκ³  μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
μ™„μ „νžˆ 지적 μž₯μ• λ₯Ό 가진 μ‚¬λžŒμ΄ μžˆλŠ” 반면,
07:48
There are those individuals who are profoundly intellectually disabled
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νŠΉλ³„ν•œ 재λŠ₯을 가진 μ‚¬λžŒλ„ μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
07:51
but there are those that are gifted.
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07:53
There are those individuals who don't talk at all;
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μ „ν˜€ 말할 수 μ—†λŠ” μ‚¬λžŒλ„ μžˆμ§€λ§Œ,
말을 λ„ˆλ¬΄ 많이 ν•˜λŠ” μ‚¬λžŒλ„ μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
07:56
there are those individuals who talk too much.
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ν•™κ΅μ—μ„œ 그듀을 κ΄€μ°°ν•  λ•Œ
07:58
There are those individuals that if you observe them in their school,
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κ·Έλƒ₯ 내버렀두면 ν•˜λ£¨ 쒅일 μ£Όλ³€ λ‹΄μž₯따라 κ³„μ†ν•΄μ„œ
08:02
you see them running the periphery fence all the school day if you let them,
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μžμ‹ μ—κ²Œ λ‹€κ°€λ‘ λŠ 것을 막지 λͺ»ν•˜λŠ” μ‚¬λžŒμ„ ν–₯ν•΄
08:05
to those individuals who cannot stop coming to you
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λ›°μ–΄λ“œλŠ” 아이λ₯Ό λ³Ό 수 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
λ°˜λ³΅ν•΄μ„œ κ°€ν˜Ήν•˜κ²Œ 주의λ₯Ό 끌렀고 ν•˜λŠ”λ°
08:08
and trying to engage you repeatedly, relentlessly,
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μ’…μ’… μ΄μƒν•œ λ°©λ²•μœΌλ‘œ
08:11
but often in an awkward fashion,
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즉각적인 곡감도 없이 κ·ΈλŸ½λ‹ˆλ‹€.
08:14
without that immediate resonance.
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08:17
Well, this is much more prevalent than we thought at the time.
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λ‹Ήμ‹œ μƒκ°ν–ˆλ˜ 것보닀 λ”μš± 일반적인 κ²½μš°μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
08:21
When I started in this field,
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이 λΆ„μ•Ό 연ꡬλ₯Ό μ‹œμž‘ν–ˆμ„ λ•Œ,
08:23
we thought there were four individuals with autism per 10,000 --
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1만 λͺ…λ‹Ή 4λͺ…이 자폐증이라고 μƒκ°ν–ˆμ§€μš”.
맀우 적은 μˆ˜μΉ˜μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
08:26
a very rare condition.
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08:27
Well, now we know it's more like one in 100.
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ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ μ΄μ œλŠ” 100λͺ… λ‹Ή ν•œ λͺ…μ΄λΌλŠ” 것을 μ•Œκ³  μžˆμ§€μš”.
08:31
There are millions of individuals with autism all around us.
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주변에 수백만 λͺ…μ˜ 자폐증 ν™˜μžκ°€ μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
08:37
The societal cost of this condition is huge,
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이에 λ”°λ₯΄λŠ” μ‚¬νšŒμ  λΉ„μš©μ€ μ—„μ²­λ‚©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
08:40
in the US alone, maybe 35 to 80 billion dollars.
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λ―Έκ΅­μ—μ„œλ§Œ 거의 350μ–΅μ—μ„œ 800μ–΅ λ‹¬λŸ¬μ— μ΄λ¦…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
08:43
And you know what?
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μ•„μ‹œλ‚˜μš”? λŒ€λΆ€λΆ„μ˜ λΉ„μš©μ€
08:44
Most of those funds are associated with adolescents and particularly adults
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μ‹¬κ°ν•œ μž₯μ• λ₯Ό 가진
08:49
who are severely disabled,
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λͺ¨λ“  것을 λŒλ΄μ£Όμ–΄μ•Ό ν•˜λŠ”
08:51
individuals who need wraparound services --
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μ²­μ†Œλ…„κ³Ό 특히 성인에 λŒ€ν•œ λΉ„μš©μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
08:53
services that are very, very intensive.
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μ„œλΉ„μŠ€λŠ” 맀우 강도 λ†’κ³ ,
08:55
And those services can cost in excess of 60,000 to 80,000 dollars a year.
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이런 μ„œλΉ„μŠ€λŠ” 맀년 6만 λ‹¬λŸ¬μ—μ„œ 8만 λ‹¬λŸ¬λ₯Ό λ„˜μ–΄μ„­λ‹ˆλ‹€.
09:00
Those are individuals who did not benefit from early treatment,
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초기 치료 λ‹¨κ³„μ—λŠ” 거의 도움을 받지 λͺ»ν•˜λŠ”데,
μ™œλƒν•˜λ©΄ μžνμ¦μ€ μ œκ°€ μ–ΈκΈ‰ν•œλŒ€λ‘œ
09:04
because now we know that autism creates itself
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09:08
as individuals diverge in that pathway of learning that I mentioned to you.
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ν•™μŠ΅ 전달 κ²½λ‘œκ°€ 정상적인 λ²”μœ„μ—μ„œ
μ΄νƒˆν•˜μ—¬ μƒμ„±λ˜κΈ° λ•Œλ¬Έμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
09:13
Were we to be able to identify this condition
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만일 이 쑰건을 초기 λ‹¨κ³„μ—μ„œ ꡬ별할 수 있고,
09:15
at an earlier point, and intervene and treat --
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쀑간에 μΉ˜λ£Œν•  수 μžˆλ‹€λ©΄
09:19
I can tell you, this has been probably something that has changed my life
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λΆ„λͺ…νžˆ λ§μ”€λ“œλ¦¬κ±΄λ°, μ•„λ§ˆλ„
제 μ‚Άμ—μ„œ μ§€λ‚œ 10년을 λ°”κΎΈμ–΄ λ†“μ•˜μ„ κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
09:23
in the past 10 years,
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09:25
this notion that we can absolutely attenuate this condition.
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이 쑰건을 λΆ„λͺ…νžˆ μ•½ν™”μ‹œν‚¬ 수 μžˆλŠ”
κ°œλ…μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
09:30
Also, we have a window of opportunity,
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그리고 μš°λ¦¬μ—κ²ŒλŠ” 기회의 창이 남아 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
09:33
because the brain is malleable for just so long,
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μ™œλƒν•˜λ©΄ λ‡ŒλŠ” κ·Έλ ‡κ²Œ 였랜 기간에 적응할 수 있기 λ•Œλ¬Έμ΄μ£ .
09:36
and that window of opportunity happens in the first three years of life.
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그리고 기회의 창은
μΈμƒμ˜ 첫 μ„Έ ν•΄ λ™μ•ˆ μ—΄λ¦½λ‹ˆλ‹€.
09:39
It's not that that window closes; it doesn't.
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κ·Έ 창이 λ‹«νžˆλŠ” 것은 μ•„λ‹™λ‹ˆλ‹€. 그렇지 μ•Šμ•„μš”.
ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ κ°€λŠ₯성을 μƒλ‹Ήνžˆ κ°μ†Œμ‹œν‚΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
09:43
But it diminishes considerably.
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09:46
And yet, the median age of diagnosis in this country
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ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ λ―Έκ΅­μ—μ„œ μ§„λ‹¨ν•˜λŠ” 평균 λ‚˜μ΄λŠ”
아직 μ—¬μ „νžˆ 5μ„Έμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
09:50
is still about five years,
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09:51
and in disadvantaged populations,
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그리고 μ‚¬νšŒμ  ν˜œνƒμ„ 받지 λͺ»ν•˜λŠ” μ‚¬λžŒλ“€,
즉 의료 μ„œλΉ„μŠ€λ₯Ό 받지 λͺ»ν•˜κ³ ,
09:54
the populations that don't have access to clinical services,
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09:57
rural populations, minorities,
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ꡐ외에 κ±°μ£Όν•˜κ³ , μ†Œμˆ˜ 집단일 경우
10:00
the age of diagnosis is later still,
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진단을 λ°›λŠ” λ‚˜μ΄λŠ” λ”μš± λŠ¦μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
μ œκ°€ λ§μ”€λ“œλ Έλ˜ κ²ƒμ²˜λŸΌ
10:03
which is almost as if I were to tell you
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10:05
that we are condemning those communities to have individuals with autism
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저주받은 이 집단 λ‚΄ 자폐증 ν™˜μžλ“€μ˜
μƒν™œ 쑰건은 점점 심각해지고 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
10:08
whose condition is going to be more severe.
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10:12
So I feel that we have a bioethical imperative.
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κ·Έλž˜μ„œ 생λͺ… μœ€λ¦¬ν•™μ΄ κΌ­ ν•„μš”ν•˜λ‹€λŠ” 것을 λŠλ‚λ‹ˆλ‹€.
10:15
The science is there.
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과학은 그곳에 μžˆμ§€λ§Œ,
10:18
But no science is of relevance
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κ·Έ μ‚¬νšŒμ— 영ν–₯을 λ―ΈμΉ˜μ§€ λͺ»ν•œλ‹€λ©΄
10:20
if it doesn't have an impact on the community.
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κ·Έ λ¬Έμ œμ™€ κ΄€λ ¨λœ 과학은 μ—†λŠ” κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
10:23
And we just can't afford that missed opportunity,
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그리고 μš°λ¦¬λŠ” 기회λ₯Ό λ†“μ³μ„œλŠ” μ•ˆλ©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
10:26
because children with autism become adults with autism.
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μ™œλƒν•˜λ©΄ 자폐증 어린이듀은 자폐증 μ„±μΈμœΌλ‘œ 자라고,
μš°λ¦¬κ°€ 이 아이듀을 μœ„ν•΄, κ·Έλ“€μ˜ 가쑱을 μœ„ν•΄
10:30
And we feel that those things we can do
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10:34
for these children, for those families, early on,
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초기 단계에 ν•  수 μžˆλŠ” 이런 일듀이
10:36
will have lifetime consequences --
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인생을 κ²°μ •μ§“λŠ”λ‹€κ³  느끼기 λ•Œλ¬Έμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
아이와 κ°€μ‘±, 그리고 ν¬κ²ŒλŠ” κ·Έ 곡동체λ₯Ό μœ„ν•΄μ„œ 말이죠.
10:39
for the child, for the family, and for the community at large.
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즉 이것이 μš°λ¦¬κ°€ μžνμ¦μ„ λ³΄λŠ” μ‹œκ°μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
10:43
So this is our view of autism.
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μžνμ¦μ— κ΄€κ³„λœ λ°±μ—¬κ°€μ§€μ˜ μœ μ „μžκ°€ μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
10:46
There are over a hundred genes that are associated with autism.
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사싀 κ³Όν•™μžλ“€μ€ 자폐증과 κ΄€λ ¨λœ μœ μ „μžκ°€
10:49
In fact, we believe there are going to be
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300κ°œμ—μ„œ 600κ°œκ°€ 될 것이고,
10:51
something between 300 and 600 genes associated with autism,
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10:55
and genetic anomalies, much more than just genes.
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λ‹¨μˆœ μœ μ „μžλ³΄λ‹€ μ΄ν˜• μœ μ „μžλ“€μ΄ κ΄€λ ¨λ˜μ–΄ μžˆλ‹€κ³  보고 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
여기에 μ•½κ°„μ˜ 의문점이 μžˆλŠ”λ°,
10:59
And we actually have a bit of a question here,
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11:03
because if there are so many different causes of autism,
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κ·Έλ ‡κ²Œ λ§Žμ€ 자폐증의 원인이 μžˆλ‹€λ©΄
11:06
how do you go from those liabilities to the actual syndrome?
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μ‹€μ œ 증상을 μΌμœΌν‚€λŠ” μ„±μ§ˆμ€
μ–΄λ–€ 것인지 μ•Œμ•„λ‚Ό 수 μžˆμ„κΉŒμš”?
11:11
Because people like myself,
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저같은 μ‚¬λžŒμ€ 놀이방에 λ“€μ–΄κ°€λŠ” μˆœκ°„,
11:13
when we walk into a playroom,
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11:15
we recognize a child as having autism.
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자폐증이 μžˆλŠ” 아이λ₯Ό μ•Œμ•„λ΄…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
11:18
So how do you go from multiple causes
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κ·Έλ ‡λ‹€λ©΄ μ–΄λ–»κ²Œ λ˜‘κ°™μ€ 동일성을 λ³΄μ΄λŠ”
증상을 μ„œλ‘œ λ‹€λ₯Έ μ›μΈμœΌλ‘œ ꡬ별할 수 μžˆμ„κΉŒμš”?
11:21
to a syndrome that has some homogeneity?
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11:24
And the answer is what lies in between,
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해닡은 λ°œλ‹¬ κ³Όμ •
11:27
which is development.
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쀑에 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
11:29
And in fact, we are very interested in those first two years of life,
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그리고 μ‹€μ œλ‘œ νƒœμ–΄λ‚œ ν›„ 첫 두 해에
관심이 κ°€μž₯ 많이 κ°€λŠ”λ°, 이 λ•Œ λ‚˜νƒ€λ‚˜λŠ”
11:34
because those liabilities don't necessarily convert into autism.
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μ„±μ§ˆμ΄ κΌ­ 자폐증으둜 μ—°κ²°λ˜λŠ” 것은 μ•„λ‹™λ‹ˆλ‹€.
11:38
Autism creates itself.
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μžνμ¦μ€ 슀슀둜 λ‚˜νƒ€λ‚˜μ§€μš”.
11:40
Were we to be able to intervene during those years of life,
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이 λ°œλ‹¬ κ³Όμ • 쀑에 κ°œμž…ν•  수 μžˆλ‹€λ©΄,
11:45
we might attenuate for some, and God knows, maybe even prevent for others.
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증상을 약간은 μ™„ν™”μ‹œν‚¬ 수 μžˆμ„μ§€ λͺ¨λ¦…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
μ•„λ§ˆλ„ κ·Έ λ°–μ˜ κ²½μš°μ—λŠ” 심지어 예방이 κ°€λŠ₯할지도 λͺ¨λ£Ήλ‹ˆλ‹€. .
11:51
So how do we do that?
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ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ κ·Έκ±Έ μ–΄λ–»κ²Œ μ•Œ 수 μžˆμ„κΉŒμš”?
11:53
How do we enter that feeling of resonance,
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μ–΄λ–»κ²Œ κ·Έ λ°˜μ‘μ„ λŠλ‚„ 수 있고,
11:56
how do we enter another person's being?
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μ–΄λ–»κ²Œ νƒ€μΈμ˜ μ‘΄μž¬μ— κ°œμž…ν•  수 μžˆμ„κΉŒμš”?
15μ›”λœ 아기와 κ΅κ°ν•˜λ˜ 경우λ₯Ό λ– μ˜¬λ €λ³Ό λ•Œ
12:01
I remember when I interacted with that 15-month-old,
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12:04
the thing that came to my mind was,
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이런 생각이 λ“€μ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
12:06
"How do you come into her world?
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"이 μ•„κΈ°μ˜ 세상에 μ–΄λ–»κ²Œ λ“€μ–΄κ°ˆ 수 μžˆμ„κΉŒ?
이 μ•„κΈ°κ°€ λ‚˜μ— λŒ€ν•΄ μƒκ°ν•˜λŠ” 걸까? μ•„λ‹ˆλ©΄ λ‹€λ₯Έ μ‚¬λžŒμ— λŒ€ν•΄?
12:09
Is she thinking about me? Is she thinking about others?"
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12:13
Well, it's hard to do that,
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맀우 μ–΄λ €μš΄ μΌμ΄μ—ˆκ³ , κ·Έλž˜μ„œ μš°λ¦¬λŠ” κΈ°μˆ μ„ κ°œλ°œν•΄μ•Ό ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
12:16
so we had to create the technologies.
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기본적으둜 κ·Έ λͺΈ μ•ˆμœΌλ‘œ ν•œ 발짝 λ“€μ–΄κ°€λ³΄μ•˜μ§€μš”.
12:18
We had to basically step inside a body.
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12:21
We had to see the world through her eyes.
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κ·Έ μ•„κΈ°μ˜ λˆˆμ„ 톡해 세상을 λ΄μ•Όν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
그리고 μ§€λ‚œ λͺ‡ λ…„κ°„ μ‹œμ„  기둝을 기반으둜 ν•œ
12:25
And so in the past many years,
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12:27
we've been building these new technologies
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μƒˆλ‘œμš΄ κΈ°μˆ μ„ κ°œλ°œν•΄μ˜€κ³  μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
12:29
that are based on eye tracking.
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12:31
We can see, moment by moment, what children are engaging with.
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μˆœκ°„μˆœκ°„ 아이가
무엇과 ꡐλ₯˜ν•˜λŠ”지 λ³Ό 수 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
이 μ‚¬λžŒμ€ 제 λ™λ£Œ μ›Œλ Œ 쑴슀(Warren Jones)μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
12:38
This is my colleague, Warren Jones,
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12:39
with whom we've been building these methods, these studies,
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그와 ν•¨κ»˜ 이 기법과 이 연ꡬλ₯Ό
12:43
for the past 12 years.
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μ§€λ‚œ 12λ…„ κ°„ κ³„μ†ν•΄μ™”μ§€μš”.
12:44
And you see there a happy five-month-old,
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μ €κΈ° ν–‰λ³΅ν•œ 5κ°œμ›”λœ μ•„κΈ°λ₯Ό λ³΄μ„Έμš”.
5κ°œμ›”λœ λ‚¨μž μ•„κΈ°κ°€ 사물듀을 λ³Ό κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
12:48
a five-month little boy who is going to watch things
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12:53
that are brought from his world:
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그의 세상인 μ•„μ΄μ˜ μ—„λ§ˆ, 보호자,
12:56
his mom, the caregiver,
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λ˜ν•œ λ³΄μœ‘μ›μ—μ„œ μ•„κΈ°κ°€ κ²½ν—˜ν•  κ²ƒλ“€λ‘œλΆ€ν„°
12:58
but also experiences that he would have were he to be in his daycare.
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κ°€μ Έμ˜¨ κ²ƒλ“€μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
13:03
What we want is to embrace that world and bring it into our laboratory,
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κ·Έ μ•„κΈ°μ˜ 세상을 κΉ¨λ‹«κ³ ,
그것을 μ‹€ν—˜μ‹€μ— κ°€μ Έμ˜€κ³ μž ν•˜λŠ” κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
13:07
but in order for us to do that,
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그러기 μœ„ν•΄μ„œλŠ”,
13:09
we had to create these very sophisticated measures,
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맀우 μ •κ΅ν•œ μΈ‘μ • 방법을 λ§Œλ“€μ–΄μ•Ό ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
μ–΄λ–»κ²Œ μ‚¬λžŒμ΄, μ–΄λ¦° 아기듀이, 신생아가
13:14
measures of how people, how little babies,
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13:17
how newborns, engage with the world, moment by moment.
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세상과 κ΅κ°ν•˜λŠ”μ§€ μΈ‘μ •ν•  수 μžˆμ–΄μ•Ό ν–ˆμ§€μš”.
μˆœκ°„μˆœκ°„
무엇이 μ€‘μš”ν•˜κ³ , 무엇이 μ€‘μš”ν•˜μ§€ μ•Šμ€μ§€,
13:22
What is important and what is not.
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13:25
Well, we created those measures,
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이런 μΈ‘μ • 방법을 κ°œλ°œν•΄μ„œ μ—¬κΈ° λ³΄μ‹œλŠ” κ²ƒμ²˜λŸΌ
13:27
and here, what you see is what we call a funnel of attention.
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"μ§‘μ€‘μ˜ κΉ”λŒ€κΈ°(funnel of attention)"λž€ 것을 λ§Œλ“€μ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
13:31
You're watching a video --
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λΉ„λ””μ˜€λ₯Ό 보싀텐데,
13:33
those frames are separated by about a second --
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각 ν”„λ ˆμž„μ€ λŒ€λž΅ 초 λ‹¨μœ„λ‘œ λ‚˜λˆ μ§„
13:36
through the eyes of 35 typically developing two-year-olds.
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35 λͺ…μ˜ 일반적 λ°œλ‹¬ κ³Όμ •μ˜ 2μ„Έ μ•„λ™μ˜
μ‹œμ„ μ„ κΈ°λ‘ν•œ κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
13:40
And we freeze one frame,
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ν•œ μž₯면을 λ©ˆμΆ”μ–΄λ³΄λ©΄,
13:43
and this is what the typical children are doing.
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이것이 일반적인 μ•„μ΄μ˜ κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
13:47
In this scan pass, in green here, are two-year-olds with autism.
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λ‹€μŒ μž₯의 이 녹색 뢀뢄이 μžνμ¦μ„ 가진 두 μ‚΄ μ•„μ΄μ˜ κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
13:51
So on that frame, the children who are typical are watching this,
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이 μž₯λ©΄μ—μ„œ 일반적인 아이듀은
이런 것을 λ΄…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
13:58
the emotion of expression of that little boy
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μ—¬μž 아이와 살짝 λ‹€νˆ¬μ—ˆμ„ λ•Œμ˜
14:00
as he's fighting a little bit with the little girl.
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감정 ν‘œν˜„μ΄μ§€μš”.
14:03
What are the children with autism doing?
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자폐증이 μžˆλŠ” μ•„μ΄λŠ” μ–΄λ–€κ°€μš”?
14:05
They are focusing on the revolving door,
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이 아이듀은 νšŒμ „λ¬Έμ— μ‹œμ„ μ„ κ³ μ •ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
14:09
opening and shutting.
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열리고, λ‹«νžˆκ³ .
14:11
Well, I can tell you that this divergence that you're seeing here
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μ—¬λŸ¬λΆ„μ΄ μ§€κΈˆ λ³΄μ‹œλŠ” 이 차이가
5λΆ„ λ™μ•ˆμ˜ μ‹€ν—˜μ—μ„œλ§Œ λ‚˜νƒ€λ‚˜λŠ” 것이
14:14
doesn't happen only in our five-minute experiment.
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μ•„λ‹ˆλΌλŠ” 것을 λ§μ”€λ“œλ¦¬κ³  μ‹ΆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
14:17
It happens moment by moment in their real lives,
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κ·Έλ“€μ˜ μ‹€μƒν™œ μ†μ—μ„œ 맀 μˆœκ°„ λ°œμƒν•˜κ³ ,
14:21
and their minds are being formed and their brains are being specialized
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μ •μ‹  세계가 ν˜•μ„±λ˜μ–΄κ°€κ³ ,
λ‡Œκ°€ λ‹€λ₯Έ μ£Όλ³€ μ•„μ΄λ“€μ—κ²Œ μΌμ–΄λ‚˜λŠ” κ²ƒκ³ΌλŠ” λ‹€λ₯΄κ²Œ
14:26
in something other than what is happening with their typical peers.
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νŠΉμ • 것에 νŠΉν™”λ˜κ²Œ λ©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
14:30
Well, we took a construct from our pediatrician friends,
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λ™λ£Œ μ†Œμ•„κ³Ό μ˜μ‚¬λ“€λ‘œλΆ€ν„°
μ„±μž₯ 차트의 κ°œλ…μ„
μ°¨μš©ν•΄μ™”μ–΄μš”.
14:37
the concept of growth charts --
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14:38
you know, when you take a child to the pediatrician,
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μ•„μ‹œλ‹€μ‹œν”Ό 아이λ₯Ό μ†Œμ•„κ³Όμ— 데렀가면,
μ‹ μž₯κ³Ό 체쀑을 μž¬μž–μ•„μš”.
14:41
and you have physical height and weight.
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14:45
Well, we decided we were going to create growth charts
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κ·Έλž˜μ„œ μ‚¬νšŒ 관계에 λŒ€ν•œ
μ„±μž₯ 차트λ₯Ό λ§Œλ“€κΈ°λ‘œ κ²°μ •ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
14:48
of social engagement.
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14:50
We sought children from the time they're born.
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그리고 아이가 νƒœμ–΄λ‚˜λŠ” μˆœκ°„λΆ€ν„°
14:53
What you see here on the x-axis
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μ—¬κΈ° λ³΄μ΄λŠ” κ²ƒμ²˜λŸΌ κ°€λ‘œμΆ•μ— λ‘˜, μ…‹, λ„·
14:56
is two, three, four, five, six months and nine,
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λ‹€μ„―, μ—¬μ„―, 그리고 아홉, 총 슀물 λ„€ λ‹¬κΉŒμ§€ ν‘œμ‹œν•˜κ³ 
15:01
until about the age of 24 months.
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15:02
This is the percent of their viewing time
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λ‹€λ₯Έ μ‚¬λžŒμ˜ λˆˆμ— μ΄ˆμ μ„ λ§žμΆ”λŠ”
15:05
that they're focusing on people's eyes,
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λΉ„μœ¨μ„ ν‘œμ‹œν•΄μ„œ
15:07
and this is their growth chart.
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μ΄λ ‡κ²Œ μ„±μž₯ 차트λ₯Ό λ§Œλ“€μ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
μ—¬κΈ°μ„œλΆ€ν„° μ‹œμž‘ν•΄μ„œ, 아이듀은 μ‚¬λžŒμ˜ λˆˆμ„ μ’‹μ•„ν•˜μ§€μš”.
15:10
They start over here -- they love people's eyes --
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15:12
and it remains quite stable.
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그리고 κ½€ κ· μΌν•˜κ²Œ μœ μ§€λ©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
15:15
It sort of goes up a little bit in those initial months.
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초기 단계에 쑰금 더 μ˜¬λΌκ°€κΈ΄ ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
15:19
Now, let's see what's happening with babies who became autistic.
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자, 자폐증으둜 λ°œμ „ν•˜λŠ”
μ•„κΈ°λ“€μ—κ²ŒλŠ” μ–΄λ–€ 일이 μƒκΈ°λŠ” 지 λ΄…μ‹œλ‹€.
15:23
It's something very different.
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맀우 λ‹€λ₯Έ 점이 μžˆμ–΄μš”.
15:26
It starts way up here, but then it's a free fall.
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μ—¬κΈ°κΉŒμ§€ λ‹€λ‹€λžλ‹€κ°€, κ°‘μžκΈ° μΆ”λ½ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
15:29
It's very much like they brought into this world the reflex
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μžμ‹ μ„ μ‚¬λžŒλ“€μ—κ²Œ μ μ‘ν•˜λŠ” 것에 λŒ€ν•œ
15:33
that orients them to people, but it has no traction.
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λ°˜μ‚¬ μž‘μš©μœΌλ‘œ μ΄λ„λŠ” 것 κ°™μ§€λ§Œ, 견인 μš”μ†Œκ°€ μ—†μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
15:37
It's almost as if that stimulus -- you --
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마치 κ·Έ 자극, μ—¬λŸ¬λΆ„μ΄,
15:40
you're not exerting influence on what happens
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μΌμ–΄λ‚˜λŠ” 일에 영ν–₯을 λ―ΈμΉ˜μ§€ μ•ŠλŠ” κ²ƒμ²˜λŸΌ
15:43
as they navigate their daily lives.
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κ·Έλ“€μ˜ 일상을 μΈλ„ν•΄κ°‘λ‹ˆλ‹€.
15:47
Now, we thought those data were so powerful, in a way,
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이 데이타가 맀우 μ˜λ―Έκ°€ μžˆλ‹€κ³  μƒκ°ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
생후 6κ°œμ›” κ°„μ˜ μ‹œκΈ°μ— 무슨 일이 μΌμ–΄λ‚˜λŠ”μ§€
15:54
that we wanted to see what happened in the first six months of life,
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보기 μœ„ν•œ λ°©λ²•μ΄μ—ˆμ£ . μ™œλƒν•˜λ©΄
15:57
because if you interact with a two- and a three-month-old,
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2, 3 κ°œμ›”λœ 아기와 ꡐ감할 λ•Œ
이 μ‹œκΈ°μ˜ 아기듀이 μ–Όλ§ˆλ‚˜ μ‚¬νšŒμ μΈ 쀄 μ•Œλ©΄ λ†€λΌμ‹€κ²λ‹ˆλ‹€.
16:01
you'd be surprised by how social those babies are.
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16:05
And what we see in the first six months of life
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생후 6κ°œμ›” λ™μ•ˆ 두 그룹이
μ•„μ£Ό μ‰½κ²Œ ꡬ뢄이 κ°€λŠ₯ν•˜λ‹€λŠ” 것을 μ•Œκ²Œ λ˜μ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
16:08
is that those two groups can be segregated very easily.
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16:14
And using these kinds of measures and many others,
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이런 방법과 λ‹€λ₯Έ λ§Žμ€ 방법을 톡해
우리 과학이 무엇을 ν•  수 μžˆλŠ”μ§€λ₯Ό μ°Ύμ•„λƒˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
16:17
what we found out is that our science could, in fact,
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16:20
identify this condition early on.
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즉, 이 쑰건을 빨리 확인할 수 μžˆμ—ˆμ§€μš”.
16:23
We didn't have to wait for the behaviors of autism
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생후 2년이 λ˜μ–΄ 자폐 증세가
16:26
to emerge in the second year of life.
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λͺ…λ°±ν•΄μ§ˆ λ•ŒκΉŒμ§€ 기닀릴 ν•„μš”κ°€ μ—†μ—ˆμ§€μš”.
μ μ§„μ μœΌλ‘œ μΌμ •ν•˜κ²Œ 잘 μœ μ§€ν•˜μ—¬
16:30
If we measured things that are, evolutionarily, highly conserved,
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λ°œλ‹¬ κ³Όμ •μ˜ μ•„μ£Ό 초기 단계인
16:34
and developmentally very early-emerging --
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16:37
things that are online from the first weeks of life --
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생후 1주일뢀터 λ‚˜νƒ€λ‚˜λŠ” 것듀을 μΈ‘μ •ν•œλ‹€λ©΄,
16:39
we could push the detection of autism
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자폐증 확인을
16:41
all the way to those first months,
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생후 1κ°œμ›”κΉŒμ§€ 단좕할 수 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
16:44
and that's what we are doing now.
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μ§€κΈˆ κ·Έλ ‡κ²Œ ν•˜κ³  μžˆμ§€μš”.
16:48
Now, we can create the very best technologies
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졜고의 κΈ°μˆ μ„ κ°œλ°œν•˜κ³ ,
16:51
and the very best methods to identify the children,
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자폐 아동을 ν™•μΈν•˜λŠ” 졜고의 방법을 λ§Œλ“€μ—ˆλ‹€ν•˜λ”λΌλ„
우리 μ‚¬νšŒμ˜ ν˜„μ‹€μ—μ„œ μΌμ–΄λ‚˜λŠ” 일에
16:55
but this would be for naught if we didn't have an impact
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16:58
on what happens in their reality in the community.
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영ν–₯을 λ―ΈμΉ˜μ§€ λͺ»ν•œλ‹€λ©΄ μ•„λ¬΄λŸ° μ†Œμš©μ΄ 없을 κ²λ‹ˆλ‹€.
17:01
Now we want those devices, of course,
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이 μž₯비듀이 λ¬Όλ‘ 
17:03
to be deployed by those who are in the trenches --
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ν˜„μž₯μ—μ„œ μΌν•˜λŠ” 이듀,
17:06
our colleagues, the primary care physicians, who see every child --
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μ €ν¬λ“€μ˜ λ™λ£Œ, 그리고 아이듀을 λŒλ³΄λŠ” μ˜μ‚¬λ“€μ—κ²Œ
주어지기λ₯Ό μ›ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
17:12
and we need to transform those technologies
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그리고 이 κΈ°μˆ λ“€μ„ 싀무에 κ°€μΉ˜λ₯Ό
17:14
into something that is going to add value to their practice,
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더할 수 μžˆλŠ” λ¬΄μ–Έκ°€λ‘œ λ³€ν™”μ‹œν‚€κΈ°λ₯Ό μ›ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
17:17
because they have to see so many children.
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그듀은 정말 λ§Žμ€ 아이듀을 보아야 ν•˜κΈ° λ•Œλ¬Έμ΄μ£ .
17:19
And we want to do that universally so that we don't miss any child.
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그리고 널리 ν™•μ‚°λ˜μ–΄
ν•œ λͺ…μ˜ 아이듀도 λ†“μΉ˜κ³  싢지 μ•Šμ•„μš”.
17:23
But this would be immoral
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ν•œνŽΈ 치료λ₯Ό μœ„ν•œ
17:26
if we also did not have an infrastructure for intervention, for treatment.
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μ‘°μ • 기반이 μ—†λ‹€λ©΄
λΆ€λ„λ•ν•œ κ²ƒμ΄κ² μ§€μš”.
17:32
We need to be able to work with the families, support the families,
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κ°€μ‘±κ³Ό ν•¨κ»˜ 일할 수 μžˆμ–΄μ•Ό ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
κ·Έ 가쑱듀을 μ§€μ›ν•˜κ³ , 첫 ν•΄λ₯Ό ν•¨κ»˜
17:36
to manage those first years with them.
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κ΄€λ¦¬ν•΄μ€˜μ•Ό ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€. μ „λ°˜μ μΈ μ§„λ‹¨μœΌλ‘œλΆ€ν„°
17:40
We need to be able to really go
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17:42
from universal screening to universal access to treatment,
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μ „λ°˜μ μΈ 치료의 μ ‘κ·ΌκΉŒμ§€ 지원이 κ°€λŠ₯ν•΄μ•Ό ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
17:46
because those treatments are going to change
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μ™œλƒν•˜λ©΄ μΉ˜λ£Œμ•Όλ§λ‘œ κ·Έ 아이듀과
17:49
these children's and those families' lives.
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κ·Έ κ°€μ‘±μ˜ 삢을 λ°”κΏ€ 수 있기 λ•Œλ¬Έμ΄μ§€μš”.
자, μš°λ¦¬κ°€ κ·Έ 첫 ν•΄ λ™μ•ˆ ν•  수 μžˆλŠ” 일이
17:54
Now, when we think about what we [can] do in those first years,
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무엇인지 생각해 λ³Ό λ•Œ,
18:00
I can tell you, having been in this field for so long,
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μ œκ°€ λ§μ”€λ“œλ¦΄ 수 μžˆλŠ” 것은
이 뢄야에 μ΄λ ‡κ²Œ 였래 μžˆλ‹€λ³΄λ©΄
정말 λ‹€μ‹œ μ Šμ–΄μ§€λŠ” 것을 λŠλ‚λ‹ˆλ‹€.
18:06
one feels really rejuvenated.
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18:08
There is a sense that the science that one worked on
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λˆ„κ΅°κ°€ μ—°κ΅¬ν•˜λŠ” 과학이
μ‹€μ œλ‘œ ν˜„μ‹€μ— 영ν–₯을 λ―ΈμΉ  수 μžˆλ‹€λŠ” 인식이 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
18:13
can actually have an impact on realities,
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18:16
preventing, in fact, those experiences
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사싀, 이 λΆ„μ•Όμ˜ 여정을 정말 μ‹œμž‘ν–ˆλ˜
18:19
that I really started in my journey in this field.
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이런 κ²½ν—˜λ“€μ΄ λ°©ν•΄κ°€ λ©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
18:23
I thought at the time that this was an intractable condition.
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λ‹Ήμ‹œμ—λŠ” 이것이 닀루기 νž˜λ“  쑰건이라고 μƒκ°ν–ˆμ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
18:26
No longer. We can do a great deal of things.
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더 이상은 μ•„λ‹ˆμ—μš”. 더 큰 일듀을 ν•  수 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
18:30
And the idea is not to cure autism.
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그리고 μžνμ¦μ„ μΉ˜λ£Œν•˜λ €λŠ”
18:33
That's not the idea.
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생각이 μ•„λ‹ˆμ—μš”.
18:35
What we want is to make sure
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λΆ„λͺ…νžˆ ν•˜κ³ ν”ˆ λ°”λŠ”,
18:37
that those individuals with autism can be free
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μžνμ¦μ„ κ°–κ³  μžˆλŠ” 각 개인이
18:40
from the devastating consequences that come with it at times,
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λ•Œλ•Œλ‘œ μ°Ύμ•„μ˜€λŠ” 파괴적인 κ²°κ³Όλ‘œλΆ€ν„° 자유둭기λ₯Ό μ›ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
18:44
the profound intellectual disabilities, the lack of language,
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κΉŠμ€ 지적 μž₯μ• , μ–Έμ–΄μ˜ λΆ€μ‘±,
18:47
the profound, profound isolation.
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뿌리 κΉŠμ€ 고독 λ“±μœΌλ‘œλΆ€ν„° 말이죠.
18:51
We feel that individuals with autism, in fact,
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μžνμ¦μ„ 가지고 μžˆλŠ” 이듀이 사싀
18:53
have a very special perspective on the world,
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세상에 맀우 νŠΉλ³„ν•œ κ· ν˜•μ„ κ°€μ Έμ˜€κ³  μžˆλ‹€κ³  λŠλ‚λ‹ˆλ‹€.
18:56
and we need diversity.
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닀양성이 ν•„μš”ν•˜μ£ . 또 그듀은 강점을 가진
18:58
And they can work extremely well in some areas of strength:
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νŠΉμ • λΆ„μ•Όμ—μ„œ λ†€λΌμš΄ λŠ₯λ ₯을 λ³΄μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
19:02
predictable situations, situations that can be defined.
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예츑 κ°€λŠ₯ν•œ 상황, μ •μ˜λ  수 μžˆλŠ” μƒν™©μ—μ„œ 말이죠.
19:05
Because after all, they learn about the world
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μ™œλƒν•˜λ©΄ 결과적으둜 그듀은 세상에 λŒ€ν•΄
19:08
almost, like, about it,
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μ–΄λ–»κ²Œ μž‘λ™ν•˜λŠ”μ§€λ³΄λ‹€λŠ” κ·Έ μžμ²΄μ— λŒ€ν•΄ 배우기 λ•Œλ¬Έμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
19:10
rather than learning how to function in it.
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19:13
But this is a strength if you're working, for example, in technology.
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ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ 이것은 κ°•μ μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€. λ§Œμ•½ μ—¬λŸ¬λΆ„μ΄
기술 뢄야에 μ’…μ‚¬ν•˜κ³  μžˆλ‹€λ©΄ λ§μ΄μ§€μš”.
19:18
And there are those individuals who have incredible artistic abilities.
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그리고 λ†€λΌμš΄ 예술적 λŠ₯λ ₯을 가진
이듀도 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
19:21
We want them to be free to do that.
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그듀이 자유둭기λ₯Ό λ°”λž˜μš”.
λ‹€μŒ μ„ΈλŒ€μ˜ μžνμ¦μ„ 가진 이듀이
19:24
We want that the next generations of individuals with autism
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19:27
will be able not only to express their strengths,
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κ·Έλ“€μ˜ 강점을 ν‘œν˜„ν•˜λŠ” 것 뿐 μ•„λ‹ˆλΌ
19:30
but to fulfill their promise.
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κ·Έλ“€μ˜ 약속을 μ„±μ·¨ν•  수 있기λ₯Ό λ°”λžλ‹ˆλ‹€.
19:32
Well, thank you for listening to me.
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κ²½μ²­ν•΄μ£Όμ…”μ„œ κ°μ‚¬ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€. (λ°•μˆ˜)
19:34
(Applause)
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이 μ›Ήμ‚¬μ΄νŠΈ 정보

이 μ‚¬μ΄νŠΈλŠ” μ˜μ–΄ ν•™μŠ΅μ— μœ μš©ν•œ YouTube λ™μ˜μƒμ„ μ†Œκ°œν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€. μ „ 세계 졜고의 μ„ μƒλ‹˜λ“€μ΄ κ°€λ₯΄μΉ˜λŠ” μ˜μ–΄ μˆ˜μ—…μ„ 보게 될 κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€. 각 λ™μ˜μƒ νŽ˜μ΄μ§€μ— ν‘œμ‹œλ˜λŠ” μ˜μ–΄ μžλ§‰μ„ 더블 ν΄λ¦­ν•˜λ©΄ κ·Έκ³³μ—μ„œ λ™μ˜μƒμ΄ μž¬μƒλ©λ‹ˆλ‹€. λΉ„λ””μ˜€ μž¬μƒμ— 맞좰 μžλ§‰μ΄ μŠ€ν¬λ‘€λ©λ‹ˆλ‹€. μ˜κ²¬μ΄λ‚˜ μš”μ²­μ΄ μžˆλŠ” 경우 이 문의 양식을 μ‚¬μš©ν•˜μ—¬ λ¬Έμ˜ν•˜μ‹­μ‹œμ˜€.

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