Margaret Wertheim: The beautiful math of coral (and crochet)

129,391 views ใƒป 2009-04-20

TED


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืžืชืจื’ื: Yubal Masalker ืžื‘ืงืจ: Sigal Tifferet
00:18
I'm here today, as June said,
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ื›ืคื™ ืฉื’'ื•ืŸ ืืžืจื”, ืื ื™ ื ืžืฆืืช ื›ืืŸ ื”ื™ื•ื,
00:20
to talk about a project
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื“ื‘ืจ ืขืœ ืžื™ื–ื
00:22
that my twin sister and I have been doing for the past three and half years.
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ืฉืื—ื•ืชื™ ื”ืชืื•ืžื” ื•ืื ื™ ืžื‘ืฆืขื•ืช ื‘ืฉืœื•ืฉ ื•ื—ืฆื™ ื”ืฉื ื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื•ืช.
00:26
We're crocheting a coral reef.
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืกื•ืจื’ื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื™ืช ืืœืžื•ื’ื™ื.
00:29
And it's a project that we've actually
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ื•ื–ื” ืžื™ื–ื ืฉื”ืฆื˜ืจืคื• ืืœื™ื• ื ื›ื•ืŸ ืœืขื›ืฉื™ื•
00:32
been now joined by hundreds of people around the world,
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ืžืื•ืช ืื ืฉื™ื ื‘ืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื
00:35
who are doing it with us. Indeed thousands of people
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ืฉืžื‘ืฆืขื™ื ืื•ืชื• ืื™ืชื ื•. ืื›ืŸ ืืœืคื™ ืื ืฉื™ื
00:38
have actually been involved in this project,
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ืžืขื•ืจื‘ื™ื ื‘ืคื•ืขืœ ื‘ืžื™ื–ื ื–ื”,
00:40
in many of its different aspects.
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ื‘ื”ื™ื‘ื˜ื™ื• ื”ืฉื•ื ื™ื ื•ื”ืžื’ื•ื•ื ื™ื.
00:42
It's a project that now reaches across three continents,
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ื–ื”ื• ืžื™ื–ื ื”ืžืชืคืจืฉ ื›ื™ื•ื ืขืœ-ืคื ื™ ืฉืœื•ืฉ ื™ื‘ืฉื•ืช.
00:45
and its roots go into the fields of mathematics,
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ืฉื•ืจืฉื™ื• ืžื’ื™ืขื™ื ืœืชื—ื•ืžื™ ื”ืžืชืžื˜ื™ืงื”,
00:49
marine biology, feminine handicraft
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ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื™ืžื™ืช, ืžืœืื›ืช-ื™ื“ ื ืฉื™ืช
00:52
and environmental activism.
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ื•ืžืขื•ืจื‘ื•ืช ืกื‘ื™ื‘ืชื™ืช.
00:55
It's true.
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ื–ื” ืื›ืŸ ื ื›ื•ืŸ.
00:57
It's also a project
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ื–ื” ื’ื ืžื™ื–ื
00:59
that in a very beautiful way,
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ืฉื‘ื“ืจืš ืžืื•ื“ ื™ืคื”,
01:01
the development of this
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ื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ืชื•
01:03
has actually paralleled the evolution of life on earth,
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ืžืงื‘ื™ืœื” ืœื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ืช ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื›ื“ื•ืจ-ื”ืืจืฅ,
01:07
which is a particularly lovely thing to be saying
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ืฉื–ื” ื“ื‘ืจ ืžืื•ื“ ื™ืคื” ืœื•ืžืจ,
01:09
right here in February 2009 --
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ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ื‘ืคื‘ืจื•ืืจ 2009 --
01:11
which, as one of our previous speakers told us,
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ืฉื›ืคื™ ืฉืื—ื“ ื”ื“ื•ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ืงื•ื“ืžื™ื ืกื™ืคืจ ืœื ื•,
01:13
is the 200th anniversary
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ื”ื•ื ื™ื•ื ื”ืฉื ื” ื”-200
01:15
of the birth of Charles Darwin.
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ืœื”ื•ืœื“ืช ืฆ'ืจืœืก ื“ืืจื•ื•ื™ืŸ.
01:17
All of this I'm going to get to in the next 18 minutes, I hope.
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ืืช ื›ืœ ื–ื” ืื ื™ ื”ื•ืœื›ืช ืœื”ื›ื ื™ืก ื‘-18 ื”ื“ืงื•ืช ื”ื‘ืื•ืช, ืื ื™ ืžืงื•ื”.
01:21
But let me first begin by showing you
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ืืชื—ื™ืœ ื‘ื–ื” ืฉืืจืื” ืœื›ื
01:23
some pictures of what this thing looks like.
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ื›ืžื” ืชืžื•ื ื•ืช ืขืœ ืื™ืš ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ื–ื” ื ืจืื”.
01:26
Just to give you an idea of scale,
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ืจืง ื›ื“ื™ ืœืชืช ืœื›ื ืžื•ืฉื’ ืขืœ ืงื ื”-ื”ืžื™ื“ื”,
01:28
that installation there is about six feet across,
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ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ื–ื” ืฉื ืจื•ื—ื‘ื• ื›ืฉื ื™ ืžื˜ืจ.
01:31
and the tallest models are about two or three feet high.
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ื•ื”ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื”ื ื›ื—ืฆื™ ืžื˜ืจ ืื• ืžื˜ืจ ืœื’ื•ื‘ื”.
01:35
This is some more images of it.
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ืืœื” ืขื•ื“ ื›ืžื” ืชืžื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืœื”ื.
01:37
That one on the right is about five feet high.
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ื–ื” ืžื™ืžื™ืŸ ื’ื•ื‘ื”ื• ื›ืžื˜ืจ ื•ื—ืฆื™.
01:39
The work involves hundreds of different crochet models.
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ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื›ื•ืœืœืช ืžืื•ืช ืขื™ืฆื•ื‘ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ืกืจื™ื’ื•ืช.
01:43
And indeed there are now thousands and thousands of models that people
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ื•ืื›ืŸ ื›ื™ื•ื ื™ืฉื ื ืืœืคื™ ืขื™ืฆื•ื‘ื™ื ืฉืื ืฉื™ื
01:46
have contributed all over the world as part of this.
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ืžื›ืœ ื”ืขื•ืœื ืชืจืžื• ื›ื—ืœืง ืžื”ืžื™ื–ื.
01:49
The totality of this project
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ื”ืžื™ื–ื ื‘ืฉืœืžื•ืชื•
01:51
involves tens of thousands of hours
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ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ ืžืขืฉืจื•ืช ืืœืคื™ ืฉืขื•ืช
01:53
of human labor --
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ืฉืœ ืขื‘ื•ื“ืช ืื“ื --
01:55
99 percent of it done by women.
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99 ืื—ื•ื–ื™ื ืžื”ืŸ ืฉืœ ื ืฉื™ื.
01:57
On the right hand side, that bit there is part of an installation
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ืžืฆื“ ื™ืžื™ืŸ, ื”ื—ืชื™ื›ื” ื”ื”ื™ื ืฉื ื”ื™ื ื—ืœืง ืžืขืฆื
02:00
that is about 12 feet long.
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ืฉืื•ืจื›ื• ื›-4 ืžื˜ืจ.
02:02
My sister and I started this project in 2005
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ืื—ื•ืชื™ ื•ืื ื™ ื”ืชื—ืœื ื• ืืช ื”ืžื™ื–ื ื‘-2005
02:05
because in that year, at least in the science press,
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ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื‘ืื•ืชื” ืฉื ื”, ืœืคื—ื•ืช ืขืœ-ืคื™ ืขื™ืชื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืžื“ืข,
02:07
there was a lot of talk about global warming,
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ื”ื™ื• ื”ืจื‘ื” ื“ื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื”ืชื—ืžืžื•ืช ื’ืœื•ื‘ืœื™ืช,
02:10
and the effect that global warming was having on coral reefs.
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ื•ืœื”ืฉืคืขื” ืฉื”ื™ืชื” ืœื” ืขืœ ืฉื•ื ื™ื•ืช ื”ืืœืžื•ื’ื™ื.
02:13
Corals are very delicate organisms,
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ืืœืžื•ื’ื™ื ื”ื ื™ืฆื•ืจื™ื ืžืื•ื“ ืขื“ื™ื ื™ื
02:15
and they are devastated by any rise in sea temperatures.
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ื•ื”ื ื ื›ื—ื“ื™ื ื‘ื’ืœืœ ื›ืœ ืขืœื™ื™ื” ื‘ื˜ืžืคื˜ื•ืจืช ื”ื™ื.
02:18
It causes these vast bleaching events
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ื–ื” ื’ื•ืจื ืœืืจื•ืขื™ ื”ื”ืœื‘ื ื” ื”ืขื ืงื™ื™ื
02:20
that are the first signs of corals of being sick.
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ืฉื”ื ื”ืกื™ืžื ื™ื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื ืฉื”ืืœืžื•ื’ื™ื ื—ื•ืœื™ื.
02:23
And if the bleaching doesn't go away --
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ื•ืื ื”ื”ืœื‘ื ื” ืœื ื ืขืœืžืช,
02:25
if the temperatures don't go down -- reefs start to die.
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ืื ื”ื˜ืžืคืจื˜ื•ืจื” ืื™ื ื” ื™ื•ืจื“ืช, ื”ืฉื•ื ื™ื•ืช ืžืชื—ื™ืœื•ืช ืœืžื•ืช.
02:28
A great deal of this has been happening in the Great Barrier Reef,
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ื–ื” ืงื•ืจื” ื”ืจื‘ื” ื‘"ืฉื•ื ื™ืช ื”ืžื—ืกื•ื ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ",
02:31
particularly in coral reefs all over the world.
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ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ื‘ืฉื•ื ื™ื•ืช ื”ืืœืžื•ื’ื™ื ื‘ื›ืœ ืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื.
02:33
This is our invocation in crochet of a bleached reef.
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ื–ื•ื”ื™ ื”ืงืจื™ืื” ืฉืœื ื• ืœืขื–ืจื” ื‘ืฆื•ืจืช ืกืจื™ื’ื” ืฉืœ ืฉื•ื ื™ืช ืžื•ืœื‘ื ืช.
02:37
We have a new organization together called The Institute for Figuring,
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ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ืืจื’ื•ืŸ ื—ื“ืฉ ื‘ืฉื "ื”ืžื›ื•ืŸ ืœื”ืชื•ื•ื™ื™ืช ืฆื•ืจื•ืช",
02:40
which is a little organization we started
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ืฉื–ื” ืืจื’ื•ืŸ ืงื˜ืŸ ืฉื”ืงืžื ื•
02:42
to promote, to do projects about the
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœืงื“ื, ื›ื“ื™ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืžื™ื–ืžื™ื ืขืœ
02:44
aesthetic and poetic dimensions of science and mathematics.
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ืžื™ืžื“ื™ื ืืกืชื˜ื™ื™ื ื•ืœื™ืจื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ืžื“ืข ื•ืžืชืžื˜ื™ืงื”.
02:47
And I went and put a little announcement up on our site,
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ื•ืฉืžืชื™ ืžื•ื“ืขื” ืงื˜ื ื” ื‘ืืชืจ ืฉืœื ื•,
02:50
asking for people to join us in this enterprise.
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ื•ื‘ื” ื‘ื™ืงืฉืชื™ ืžืื ืฉื™ื ืœื”ืฆื˜ืจืฃ ืœื™ื•ื–ืžื” ืฉืœื ื•.
02:52
To our surprise, one of the first people who called
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ืœื”ืคืชืขืชื ื•, ืžื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื ืืฉืจ ื”ืชืงืฉืจื• ืืœื™ื ื•
02:55
was the Andy Warhol Museum.
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ื”ื™ื” ื”ืžื•ื–ื™ืื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ืื ื“ื™ ื•ื•ืจื”ื•ืœ.
02:57
And they said they were having an exhibition
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ืœื“ื‘ืจื™ื”ื, ื”ื ืชื›ื ื ื• ืื– ืชืขืจื•ื›ื”
02:59
about artists' response to global warming,
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ื‘ื ื•ืฉื ืชื’ื•ื‘ืช ื”ืืžื ื™ื ืœื”ืชื—ืžืžื•ืช ื’ืœื•ื‘ืœื™ืช,
03:01
and they'd like our coral reef to be part of it.
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ื•ืฉื”ื ื”ื™ื• ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืฉืฉื•ื ื™ืช ื”ืืœืžื•ื’ื™ื ืฉืœื ื• ืชื”ื™ื” ื—ืœืง ืžื”ืชืขืจื•ื›ื”.
03:03
I laughed and said, "Well we've only just started it,
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ืฆื—ืงืชื™ ื•ืืžืจืชื™, "ื˜ื•ื‘, ืจืง ื”ืชื—ืœื ื• ืขื›ืฉื™ื•,
03:05
you can have a little bit of it."
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ื•ืืชื ืชืงื‘ืœื• ืžืฉื”ื• ืžื–ื”."
03:07
So in 2007 we had an exhibition,
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ื›ืš ืฉื‘-2007 ื”ื™ืชื” ืœื ื• ืชืขืจื•ื›ื”,
03:10
a small exhibition of this crochet reef.
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ืชืขืจื•ื›ื” ืงื˜ื ื” ืฉืœ ืฉื•ื ื™ืช ืกืจื•ื’ื” ื–ื•.
03:12
And then some people in Chicago came along and they said,
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ื•ืื– ื›ืžื” ื‘ืจื™ื•ืช ืžืฉื™ืงื’ื• ื‘ืื• ื•ืืžืจื•,
03:14
"In late 2007, the theme of the Chicago Humanities Festival is
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"ืœืงืจืืช ืกื•ืฃ 2007, ื”ืžื•ื˜ื™ื‘ ื”ืžืจื›ื–ื™ ืฉืœ ืคืกื˜ื™ื‘ืœ ืžื“ืขื™-ื”ืจื•ื— ื‘ืฉื™ืงื’ื• ื”ื•ื
03:19
global warming. And we've got this 3,000 square-foot gallery
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ื”ืชื—ืžืžื•ืช ื’ืœื•ื‘ืœื™ืช. ื•ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ืื•ืœื ืชืฆื•ื’ื” ืฉืฉื˜ื—ื• 300 ืžื˜ืจ ืžืจื•ื‘ืขื™ื
03:22
and we want you to fill it with your reef."
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ื•ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืฉืชืžืœืื• ืื•ืชื• ืขื ื”ืฉื•ื ื™ืช ืฉืœื›ื."
03:25
And I, naively by this stage, said, "Oh, yes, sure."
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ื•ืื ื™, ื‘ืจื•ื‘ ื ืื™ื‘ื™ื•ืชื™ ื‘ืื•ืชื• ื–ืžืŸ, ืืžืจืชื™, "ื›ืŸ, ื‘ื˜ื—."
03:28
Now I say "naively" because actually
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ืื ื™ ืื•ืžืจืช ื ืื™ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื›ื™ ืœืžืขืฉื”
03:30
my profession is as a science writer.
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ื”ืžืงืฆื•ืข ืฉืœื™ ื”ื•ื ื›ืชื™ื‘ื” ืžื“ืขื™ืช.
03:32
What I do is I write books about the cultural history of physics.
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ืžื” ืฉืื ื™ ืขื•ืฉื” ื–ื” ืœื›ืชื•ื‘ ืกืคืจื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ื”ืชืจื‘ื•ืชื™ืช ืฉืœ ืคื™ื–ื™ืงื”.
03:35
I've written books about the history of space,
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ื›ืชื‘ืชื™ ืกืคืจื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ืฉืœ ื—ืœืœ,
03:37
the history of physics and religion,
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ื”ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ืฉืœ ืคื™ื–ื™ืงื” ื•ื“ืช,
03:39
and I write articles for people like the New York Times and the L.A. Times.
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ื•ืื ื™ ื›ื•ืชื‘ืช ืžืืžืจื™ื ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœ ื”ื ื™ื•-ื™ื•ืจืง ื˜ื™ื™ืžืก ื•ื”ืœื•ืก-ืื ื’'ืœืก ื˜ื™ื™ืžืก.
03:42
So I had no idea what it meant to fill a 3,000 square-foot gallery.
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ื›ืš ืฉืœื ื”ื™ื” ืœื™ ืžื•ืฉื’ ืžื” ื”ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ืฉืœ ืœืžืœื ืื•ืœื ืชืฆื•ื’ื” ืฉืฉื˜ื—ื• 300 ืžื˜ืจ ืžืจื•ื‘ืขื™ื.
03:46
So I said yes to this proposition.
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ืœื›ืŸ ืขื ื™ืชื™ ื‘ื—ื™ื•ื‘ ืœื”ืฆืขื” ื–ื•.
03:48
And I went home, and I told my sister Christine.
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ื”ืœื›ืชื™ ื”ื‘ื™ืชื” ื•ืกื™ืคืจืชื™ ืœืื—ื•ืชื™ ื›ืจื™ืกื˜ื™ืŸ
03:50
And she nearly had a fit
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ื•ื”ื™ื ื›ืžืขื˜ ื•ื”ืชืขืœืคื”
03:52
because Christine is a professor at one of
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ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื”ื™ื ืคืจื•ืคืกื•ืจ ื‘ืื—ืช
03:54
L.A.'s major art colleges, CalArts,
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ืžื”ืžื›ืœืœื•ืช ื”ืžื•ื‘ื™ืœื•ืช ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ ืืžื ื•ืช ื‘ืœื•ืก ืื ื’'ืœืก, CalArts,
03:57
and she knew exactly what it meant to fill a 3,000 square-foot gallery.
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ื•ื”ื™ื ื™ื“ืขื” ื‘ืžื“ื•ื™ื™ืง ืžื” ื–ื” ืื•ืžืจ ืœืžืœื ืื•ืœื ืชืฆื•ื’ื” ืฉืœ 300 ืžื˜ืจ ืžืจื•ื‘ืขื™ื.
04:00
She thought I'd gone off my head.
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ื”ื™ื ื—ืฉื‘ื” ืฉื”ืฉืชื’ืขืชื™.
04:03
But she went into crochet overdrive.
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื™ื ื ื›ื ืกื” ืœื˜ื™ืจื•ืฃ ืฉืœ ืกืจื™ื’ื”.
04:05
And to cut a long story short, eight months later
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ื‘ืงื™ืฆื•ืจ, ืื—ืจื™ 8 ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื,
04:07
we did fill the Chicago Cultural Center's
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ื”ืฆืœื—ื ื• ืœืžืœื ืืช ืื•ืœื ื”ืชืฆื•ื’ื” ืฉืฉื˜ื—ื• 300 ืžื˜ืจ ืžืจื•ื‘ืขื™ื
04:10
3,000 square foot gallery.
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ื‘ื”ื™ื›ืœ ื”ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืฉื™ืงื’ื•.
04:12
By this stage the project had taken on
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ื‘ืฉืœื‘ ื–ื” ื”ืžื™ื–ื ืขื‘ืจ
04:14
a viral dimension of its own,
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ืœืžื™ืžื“ ื”ืชืคืฉื˜ื•ืชื™ ืžืฉืœื•,
04:16
which got completely beyond us.
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ืฉื™ืฆื ืœื’ืžืจื™ ืžืฉืœื™ื˜ืชื ื•.
04:18
The people in Chicago decided
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ืชื•ืฉื‘ื™ ืฉื™ืงื’ื• ื”ื—ืœื™ื˜ื•
04:20
that as well as exhibiting our reefs, what they wanted to do
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ืฉื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ ืœื”ืฆื’ืช ื”ืฉื•ื ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœื ื•, ืžื” ืฉื”ื ืจืฆื• ืœืขืฉื•ืช
04:23
was have the local people there make a reef.
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ื”ื™ื” ืฉื ืืคืฉืจ ืœืื ืฉื™ ื”ืžืงื•ื ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ืฉื•ื ื™ืช.
04:25
So we went and taught the techniques. We did workshops and lectures.
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ืื– ืœื™ืžื“ื ื• ืื•ืชื ืืช ื”ื˜ื›ื ื™ืงื•ืช. ื”ืขื‘ืจื ื• ืกื“ื ืื•ืช ื•ื”ืจืฆืื•ืช.
04:28
And the people in Chicago made a reef of their own.
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ื•ืชื•ืฉื‘ื™ ืฉื™ืงื’ื• ื™ืฆืจื• ืฉื•ื ื™ืช ืžืฉืœ ืขืฆืžื.
04:31
And it was exhibited alongside ours.
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ื•ื”ื™ื ื”ื•ืฆื’ื” ืœืฆื“ ื–ื• ืฉืœื ื•.
04:33
There were hundreds of people involved in that.
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ืžืื•ืช ืื ืฉื™ื ื”ื™ื• ืžืขื•ืจื‘ื™ื ื‘ื–ื”.
04:35
We got invited to do the whole thing
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ื”ื–ืžื™ื ื• ืื•ืชื ื• ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืืช ื›ืœ ื–ื”
04:38
in New York, and in London,
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ื‘ื ื™ื•-ื™ื•ืจืง, ื•ื‘ืœื•ื ื“ื•ืŸ,
04:40
and in Los Angeles.
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ื•ื‘ืœื•ืก-ืื ื’'ืœืก.
04:42
In each of these cities, the local citizens,
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ื‘ื›ืœ ืื—ืช ืžื”ืขืจื™ื ื”ืœืœื•, ื”ืชื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ื”ืžืงื•ืžื™ื™ื,
04:44
hundreds and hundreds of them, have made a reef.
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ืžืื•ืช ืขืœ ื’ื‘ื™ ืžืื•ืช, ื™ืฆืจื• ืฉื•ื ื™ื•ืช.
04:46
And more and more people get involved in this,
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ื•ื™ื•ืชืจ ื•ื™ื•ืชืจ ืื ืฉื™ื ื”ืฉืชืชืคื• ื‘ื–ื”,
04:49
most of whom we've never met.
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ืืช ืจื•ื‘ื ืืฃ ืคืขื ืœื ืคื’ืฉื ื•.
04:51
So the whole thing has sort of morphed
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ื›ืš ืฉื›ืœ ื”ืขืกืง ืฉื™ื ื” ืฆื•ืจื”
04:53
into this organic, ever-evolving creature,
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ืœืžื™ืŸ ื™ืฆื•ืจ ืื•ืจื’ื ื™ ื›ื–ื” ื”ืžืชืคืชื— ื‘ื”ืชืžื“ื”,
04:55
that's actually gone way beyond Christine and I.
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ืฉืœื›ืจื™ืกื˜ื™ืŸ ื•ืœื™ ืื™ืŸ ืฉืœื™ื˜ื” ืขืœื™ื•.
04:59
Now some of you are sitting here thinking,
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ื—ืœืงื›ื ื™ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ื›ืืŸ ื•ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื,
05:02
"What planet are these people on?
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"ืื™ืคื” ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ื”ืืœื” ื—ื™ื™ื?
05:04
Why on earth are you crocheting a reef?
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ืžื“ื•ืข ืœื›ืœ ื”ืจื•ื—ื•ืช ืืชื ืกื•ืจื’ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ืช?
05:07
Woolenness and wetness aren't exactly
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ืฆืžืจ ื•ืจื˜ื™ื‘ื•ืช ืื™ื ื ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง
05:09
two concepts that go together.
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ืฉื ื™ ืžื•ืฉื’ื™ื ื”ื”ื•ืœื›ื™ื ื™ื—ื“.
05:11
Why not chisel a coral reef out of marble?
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ืžื“ื•ืข ืœื ืœื’ืœืฃ ืฉื•ื ื™ืช ืืœืžื•ื’ื™ื ืžืฉื™ืฉ?
05:13
Cast it in bronze."
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ืื• ืœื™ืฆื•ืง ืื•ืชื” ืžื‘ืจื•ื ื–ื”?"
05:15
But it turns out there is a very good reason
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ืื‘ืœ ืžืชื‘ืจืจ ืฉื™ืฉ ืกื™ื‘ื” ืžืื•ื“ ื˜ื•ื‘ื”
05:17
why we are crocheting it
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ืžื“ื•ืข ืื ื• ืกื•ืจื’ื™ื ืื•ืชืŸ.
05:19
because many organisms in coral reefs
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ื–ื” ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉืœื™ืฆื•ืจื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ื‘ืฉื•ื ื™ื•ืช ืืœืžื•ื’ื™ื
05:21
have a very particular kind of structure.
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ื™ืฉ ืžื‘ื ื” ืžืกื•ื’ ืžืื•ื“ ืžื™ื•ื—ื“.
05:23
The frilly crenulated forms that you see
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ื”ืฆื•ืจื•ืช ื”ืžืขื•ื˜ืจื•ืช ื‘ืขืœื•ืช ื”ื›ืจื‘ื•ืœื•ืช ืฉืืชื ืจื•ืื™ื
05:25
in corals, and kelps, and sponges and nudibranchs,
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ื‘ืืœืžื•ื’ื™ื, ืืฆื•ืช-ื™ื, ื™ืฆื•ืจื™ื ืกืคื•ื’ื™ื™ื ื•ืจื›ื™ื›ื•ืช,
05:28
is a form of geometry known as hyperbolic geometry.
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ื”ื™ื ืฆื•ืจื” ืฉืœ ื’ื™ืื•ืžื˜ืจื™ื” ื”ื™ื“ื•ืขื” ื‘ืชื•ืจ ื’ื™ืื•ืžื˜ืจื™ื” ื”ื™ืคืจื‘ื•ืœื™ืช.
05:31
And the only way that mathematicians know
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ื•ื”ื“ืจืš ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ื” ืฉืžืชืžื˜ื™ืงืื™ื ืžื›ื™ืจื™ื
05:34
how to model this structure
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื‘ื ื•ืช ืžื‘ื ื” ื›ื–ื”
05:36
is with crochet. It happens to be a fact.
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ื”ื™ื ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ืกืจื™ื’ื”. ืžืกืชื‘ืจ ืฉื–ื• ืขื•ื‘ื“ื”.
05:38
It's almost impossible to model this structure any other way,
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ื–ื” ื›ืžืขื˜ ื‘ืœืชื™ ืืคืฉืจื™ ืœื‘ื ื•ืช ืžื‘ื ื” ื–ื” ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืจืš ืื—ืจืช.
05:41
and it's almost impossible to do it on computers.
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ื•ื–ื” ื›ืžืขื˜ ื‘ืœืชื™ ืืคืฉืจื™ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื–ืืช ื‘ืžื—ืฉื‘.
05:44
So what is this hyperbolic geometry
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ืื– ืžื”ื™ ื”ื’ื™ืื•ืžื˜ืจื™ื” ื”ื”ื™ืคืจื‘ื•ืœื™ืช ื”ื–ื•
05:46
that corals and sea slugs embody?
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ืืฉืจ ื‘ืื” ืœื™ื“ื™ ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ ื‘ืืœืžื•ื’ื™ื ื•ืฉื‘ืœื•ืœื™ื?
05:49
The next few minutes is, we're all going to get raised up
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ื‘ื“ืงื•ืช ื”ื‘ืื•ืช ื›ื•ืœื ื• ื ืชืขืœื”
05:52
to the level of a sea slug.
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ืœื“ืจื’ื” ืฉืœ ืจื›ื™ื›ืช ื™ื.
05:54
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
05:55
This sort of geometry revolutionized mathematics
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ืกื•ื’ ื–ื” ืฉืœ ื’ื™ืื•ืžื˜ืจื™ื” ื’ืจื ืœืžื”ืคื›ื” ื‘ืžืชืžื˜ื™ืงื”
05:58
when it was first discovered in the 19th century.
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ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ื™ื ื ืชื’ืœืชื” ืœืจืืฉื•ื ื” ื‘ืžืื” ื”-19.
06:01
But not until 1997 did mathematicians actually understand
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ืื‘ืœ ืจืง ื‘-1997 ื”ืžืชืžื˜ื™ืงืื™ื ืžืžืฉ ื”ื‘ื™ื ื•
06:04
how they could model it.
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ื›ื™ืฆื“ ื”ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ื“ื’ื™ื ืื•ืชื”.
06:06
In 1997 a mathematician
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ื‘-1997, ืžืชืžื˜ื™ืงืื™ืช ื‘ืงื•ืจื ืœ,
06:08
at Cornell, Daina Taimina,
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ื“ื™ื™ื ื” ื˜ืื™ืžื™ื ื”,
06:10
made the discovery that this structure
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ื’ื™ืœืชื” ืฉืžื‘ื ื” ื–ื” ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ
06:12
could actually be done in knitting and crochet.
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ื‘ืกืจื™ื’ื” ืขื ืžืกืจื’ื” ืื—ืช ืื• ืฉืชื™ื™ื.
06:14
The first one she did was knitting.
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ืืช ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื”ื™ื ื™ืฆืจื” ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ืฉืชื™ ืžืกืจื’ื•ืช.
06:16
But you get too many stitches on the needle. So she quickly realized
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ืื‘ืœ ื ืชืงื‘ืœื• ืืฆืœื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื“ื™ ืชืคืจื™ื ืขืœ ื”ืžืกืจื’ื”.
06:18
crochet was the better thing.
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ืœื›ืŸ ื”ื™ื ืžื™ื™ื“ ื”ื‘ื™ื ื” ืฉืขื“ื™ืคื” ืจืง ืžืกืจื’ื” ืื—ืช.
06:20
But what she was doing was actually making a model
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ืื‘ืœ ืžื” ืฉื”ื™ื ืขืฉืชื” ื”ื™ื” ืœืžืขืฉื” ื”ื›ื ืช ื“ื’ื
06:23
of a mathematical structure, that many mathematicians
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ื‘ืขืœ ืžื‘ื ื” ืžืชืžื˜ื™, ืฉืžืชืžื˜ื™ืงืื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื
06:25
had thought it was actually impossible to model.
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ืื– ืกื‘ืจื• ืฉื–ื”ื• ืžื•ื“ืœ ื‘ืœืชื™ ืืคืฉืจื™.
06:28
And indeed they thought that anything like this structure
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ืื›ืŸ ื”ื ืกื‘ืจื• ืฉืžืฉื”ื• ื›ืžื• ื”ืžื‘ื ื” ื”ื–ื”
06:30
was impossible per se.
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ื”ื™ื” ื‘ืœืชื™ ืืคืฉืจื™ ืœื›ืฉืขืฆืžื•.
06:32
Some of the best mathematicians spent hundreds of years
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ื›ืžื” ืžื”ืžืชืžื˜ื™ืงืื™ื ื”ืžืฆื˜ื™ื™ื ื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ื™ืœื• ืžืื•ืช ืฉื ื™ื
06:34
trying to prove that this structure was impossible.
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ื‘ื ื™ืกื™ื•ืŸ ืœื”ื•ื›ื™ื— ืฉืžื‘ื ื” ื›ื–ื” ื”ื•ื ื‘ืœืชื™ ืืคืฉืจื™.
06:37
So what is this impossible hyperbolic structure?
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ืื– ืžื”ื• ื”ืžื‘ื ื” ื”ื”ื™ืคืจื‘ื•ืœื™ ื”ื‘ืœืชื™ ืืคืฉืจื™ ื”ื–ื”?
06:40
Before hyperbolic geometry, mathematicians knew
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ืœืคื ื™ ื’ื™ืื•ืžื˜ืจื™ื” ื”ื™ืคืจื‘ื•ืœื™ืช, ืžืชืžื˜ื™ืงืื™ื ื™ื“ืขื•
06:42
about two kinds of space:
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ืขืœ ืฉื ื™ ืกื•ื’ื™ ืžืจื—ื‘,
06:44
Euclidean space, and spherical space.
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ืžืจื—ื‘ ืื•ืงืœื™ื“ื™ ื•ืžืจื—ื‘ ื›ื“ื•ืจื™.
06:47
And they have different properties.
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ื•ื™ืฉ ืœื”ื ืชื›ื•ื ื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช.
06:49
Mathematicians like to characterize things by being formalist.
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ืžืชืžื˜ื™ืงืื™ื ืื•ื”ื‘ื™ื ืœืืคื™ื™ืŸ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืคื•ืจืžืœื™.
06:52
You all have a sense of what a flat space is, Euclidean space is.
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ืœื›ื•ืœื ื• ื™ืฉ ืชื—ื•ืฉื” ืžื”ื• ืžืจื—ื‘ ืฉื˜ื•ื—, ืžื”ื• ืžืจื—ื‘ ืื•ืงืœื™ื“ื™.
06:56
But mathematicians formalize this in a particular way.
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ืื‘ืœ ืžืชืžื˜ื™ืงืื™ื ืžื ืกื—ื™ื ืืช ื–ื” ื‘ื“ืจืš ืžืกื•ื™ื™ืžืช.
06:59
And what they do is, they do it through the concept
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ื•ืžื” ืฉื”ื ืขื•ืฉื™ื, ื”ื ืขื•ืฉื™ื ื–ืืช ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ
07:01
of parallel lines.
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ืฉืœ ืงื•ื™ื ืžืงื‘ื™ืœื™ื.
07:03
So here we have a line and a point outside the line.
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ื›ืืŸ ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ืงื• ื•ื ืงื•ื“ื” ืžื—ื•ืฅ ืœืงื•.
07:06
And Euclid said, "How can I define parallel lines?
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ืื•ื™ืงืœื™ื“ืก ืืžืจ, "ื›ื™ืฆื“ ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื”ื’ื“ื™ืจ ืงื•ื™ื ืžืงื‘ื™ืœื™ื?
07:09
I ask the question, how many lines can I draw through
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ืื ื™ ืฉื•ืืœ, ื›ืžื” ืงื•ื™ื ืื ื™ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ืขื‘ื™ืจ ื“ืจืš
07:12
the point but never meet the original line?"
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ื”ื ืงื•ื“ื” ื‘ืชื ืื™ ืฉืœื ื™ื™ืคื’ืฉื• ืขื ื”ืงื• ื”ืžืงื•ืจื™?"
07:14
And you all know the answer. Does someone want to shout it out?
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ื›ื•ืœื›ื ืžื›ื™ืจื™ื ืืช ื”ืชืฉื•ื‘ื”. ื”ืื ืžื™ืฉื”ื• ืจื•ืฆื” ืœื•ืžืจ ื‘ืงื•ืœ ืจื?
07:17
One. Great. Okay.
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ืื—ื“. ื ื›ื•ืŸ.
07:19
That's our definition of a parallel line.
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ื–ื•ื”ื™ ื”ื’ื“ืจืชื ื• ืœืงื• ืžืงื‘ื™ืœ.
07:21
It's a definition really of Euclidean space.
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ื–ื•ื”ื™ ืื›ืŸ ื”ื’ื“ืจื” ืฉืœ ืžืจื—ื‘ ืื•ืงืœื™ื“ื™.
07:24
But there is another possibility that you all know of:
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ืื‘ืœ ืงื™ื™ืžืช ืืคืฉืจื•ืช ื ื•ืกืคืช ืฉืืชื ืžื›ื™ืจื™ื --
07:26
spherical space.
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ืžืจื—ื‘ ื›ื“ื•ืจื™.
07:28
Think of the surface of a sphere --
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ืชื—ืฉื‘ื• ืขืœ ืคื ื™-ื”ืฉื˜ื— ืฉืœ ื›ื“ื•ืจ --
07:30
just like a beach ball, the surface of the Earth.
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ื›ืžื• ื›ื“ื•ืจ-ื™ื, ืคื ื™-ืฉื˜ื— ื›ื“ื•ืจ-ื”ืืจืฅ.
07:32
I have a straight line on my spherical surface.
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ื™ืฉ ืœื™ ืงื• ื™ืฉืจ ืขืœ ื”ืžืฉื˜ื— ื”ื›ื“ื•ืจื™.
07:35
And I have a point outside the line. How many straight lines
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ื•ื™ืฉ ืœื™ ื ืงื•ื“ื” ืžื—ื•ืฅ ืœืงื•. ื›ืžื” ืงื•ื™ื ื™ืฉืจื™ื
07:37
can I draw through the point
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ืื•ื›ืœ ืœื”ืขื‘ื™ืจ ื“ืจืš ื”ื ืงื•ื“ื”
07:39
but never meet the original line?
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ื‘ืชื ืื™ ืฉืœื ื™ื™ืคื’ืฉื• ืขื ื”ืงื• ื”ืžืงื•ืจื™?
07:41
What do we mean to talk about
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ืœืžื” ืื ื• ืžืชื›ื•ื•ื ื™ื ื›ืืฉืจ ืื ื• ืžื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ
07:43
a straight line on a curved surface?
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ืงื• ื™ืฉืจ ืขืœ-ื’ื‘ื™ ืžืฉื˜ื— ืžืขื•ืงืœ?
07:46
Now mathematicians have answered that question.
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ืžืชืžื˜ื™ืงืื™ื ืขื ื• ืขืœ ืฉืืœื” ื–ื•.
07:49
They've understood there is a generalized concept
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ื”ื ื”ื‘ื™ื ื• ืฉื™ืฉ ื›ืืŸ ืชืคื™ืกื” ื›ื•ืœืœื ื™ืช
07:51
of straightness, it's called a geodesic.
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ืฉืœ ื™ืฉืจ. ื”ื™ื ื ืงืจืืช ื’ื™ืื•ื“ื™ื–ื™.
07:53
And on the surface of a sphere,
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ื•ืขืœ ืžืฉื˜ื— ืฉืœ ื›ื“ื•ืจ,
07:55
a straight line is the biggest possible circle you can draw.
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ืงื• ื™ืฉืจ ื”ื•ื ื”ืžืขื’ืœ ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื”ืืคืฉืจื™ ืฉื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืฆื™ื™ืจ.
07:58
So it's like the equator or the lines of longitude.
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ืื– ื–ื” ื›ืžื• ืงื•-ื”ืžืฉื•ื•ื” ืื• ืงื•ื™-ื”ืื•ืจืš.
08:02
So we ask the question again,
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ืื– ื ืฉืืœ ืืช ื”ืฉืืœื” ืฉื•ื‘,
08:04
"How many straight lines can I draw through the point,
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"ื›ืžื” ืงื•ื™ื ื™ืฉืจื™ื ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื”ืขื‘ื™ืจ ื“ืจืš ื”ื ืงื•ื“ื”,
08:06
but never meet the original line?"
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ื‘ืชื ืื™ ืฉืœื ื™ื™ืคื’ืฉื• ืขื ื”ืงื• ื”ืžืงื•ืจื™?"
08:08
Does someone want to guess?
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ืžื™ืฉื”ื• ืจื•ืฆื” ืœื ื—ืฉ?
08:11
Zero. Very good.
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ืืคืก. ื˜ื•ื‘ ืžืื•ื“.
08:13
Now mathematicians thought that was the only alternative.
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ื”ืžืชืžื˜ื™ืงืื™ื ื—ืฉื‘ื• ืฉื–ื•ื”ื™ ื”ืืคืฉืจื•ืช ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ื”.
08:15
It's a bit suspicious isn't it? There is two answers to the question so far,
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ื–ื” ืงืฆืช ืžืขื•ืจืจ ืชื”ื™ื•ืช, ื ื›ื•ืŸ? ื™ืฉื ืŸ ื›ืขืช ืฉืชื™ ืชืฉื•ื‘ื•ืช ืœืฉืืœื”.
08:18
Zero and one.
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ืืคืก ื•ืื—ื“.
08:20
Two answers? There may possibly be a third alternative.
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ืฉืชื™ ืชืฉื•ื‘ื•ืช? ืื•ืœื™ ื™ืฉ ืืคืฉืจื•ืช ืœืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ืช.
08:22
To a mathematician if there are two answers,
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ืœืžืชืžื˜ื™ืงืื™ื, ืื ื™ืฉื ืŸ ืฉืชื™ ืชืฉื•ื‘ื•ืช,
08:24
and the first two are zero and one,
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ื•ื”ืŸ ืืคืก ื•ืื—ืช,
08:26
there is another number that immediately suggests itself
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ื™ืฉ ืขืจืš ื ื•ืกืฃ ื”ืฆืฅ ื‘ืขืฆืžื• ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืžื™ื™ื“ื™,
08:28
as the third alternative.
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ื‘ืชื•ืจ ื”ืืคืฉืจื•ืช ื”ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ืช.
08:30
Does anyone want to guess what it is?
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ื”ืื ืžื™ืฉื”ื• ืจื•ืฆื” ืœื ื—ืฉ ืžื”ื•?
08:33
Infinity. You all got it right. Exactly.
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ืื™ืŸ-ืกื•ืฃ. ืงืœื˜ืชื ื ื›ื•ืŸ.
08:36
There is, there's a third alternative.
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ื™ืฉื ื” ืืคืฉืจื•ืช ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ืช.
08:38
This is what it looks like.
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ื•ื›ืš ื”ื™ื ื ืจืื™ืช.
08:40
There's a straight line, and there is an infinite number of lines
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ื™ืฉ ืœื• ืงื• ื™ืฉืจ ื•ื™ืฉ ืžืกืคืจ ืื™ืŸ-ืกื•ืคื™ ืฉืœ ืงื•ื™ื ืฉืขื•ื‘ืจื™ื ื“ืจืš ื”ื ืงื•ื“ื”
08:43
that go through the point and never meet the original line.
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ื•ืฉืœืขื•ืœื ืœื ื™ื™ืคื’ืฉื• ืขื ื”ืงื• ื”ืžืงื•ืจื™.
08:45
This is the drawing.
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ื–ื”ื• ื”ืฆื™ื•ืจ.
08:47
This nearly drove mathematicians bonkers
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ื”ืžืชืžื˜ื™ืงืื™ื ื›ืžืขื˜ ื”ืฉืชื’ืขื• ื‘ื’ืœืœ ื–ื”
08:49
because, like you, they're sitting there feeling bamboozled.
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ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื›ืžื•ื›ื, ื”ื ื”ืจื’ื™ืฉื• ืฉืžืฉื˜ื™ื ื‘ื”ื.
08:52
Thinking, how can that be? You're cheating. The lines are curved.
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ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื, ืื™ืš ื–ื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช? ืžื™ืฉื”ื• ืžืจืžื” ื›ืืŸ. ื”ืงื•ื™ื ื”ืืœื” ืขืงื•ืžื™ื.
08:55
But that's only because I'm projecting it onto a
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ืื‘ืœ ื–ื” ืงื•ืจื” ืจืง ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉืื ื™ ืžืงืจื™ื ื” ืื•ืชื
08:57
flat surface.
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ืขืœ ืžืฉื˜ื— ื™ืฉืจ.
08:59
Mathematicians for several hundred years
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ืžืชืžื˜ื™ืงืื™ื ื‘ืžืฉืš ื›ืžื” ืžืื•ืช ืฉื ื™ื
09:01
had to really struggle with this.
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ื”ื™ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื”ืชืืžืฅ ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืืช ื–ื”.
09:03
How could they see this?
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ื›ื™ืฆื“ ื”ื ื™ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ื–ืืช?
09:05
What did it mean to actually have a physical model
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ืžื” ื–ื” ืื•ืžืจ ืฉืงื™ื™ื ืžืžืฉ ืžื•ื“ืœ ืคื™ื–ื™
09:08
that looked like this?
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ืฉื ืจืื” ื›ืš?
09:10
It's a bit like this: imagine that we'd only ever encountered Euclidean space.
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ื–ื” ื‘ืขืจืš ื›ืš :ื ื“ืžื™ื™ืŸ ืฉืชืžื™ื“ ื ืชืงืœื ื• ืืš ื•ืจืง ื‘ืžืฉื˜ื— ืื•ืงืœื™ื“ื™.
09:13
Then our mathematicians come along
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ื•ืื– ื‘ืื™ื ื”ืžืชืžื˜ื™ืงืื™ื
09:15
and said, "There's this thing called a sphere,
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ื•ืื•ืžืจื™ื, "ื™ืฉ ื“ื‘ืจ ื›ื–ื” ืฉื ืงืจื ื›ื“ื•ืจ,
09:17
and the lines come together at the north and south pole."
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ื•ื”ืงื•ื™ื ื ืคื’ืฉื™ื ื‘ืงื•ื˜ื‘ ื”ืฆืคื•ื ื™ ื•ื”ื“ืจื•ืžื™."
09:19
But you don't know what a sphere looks like.
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ืื‘ืœ ืื™ื ื›ื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืื™ืš ื”ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื ืจืื”.
09:21
And someone that comes along and says, "Look here's a ball."
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ื•ืื– ื‘ื ืžื™ืฉื”ื• ื•ืื•ืžืจ, "ื”ื ื” ื›ืš ื ืจืื” ื›ื“ื•ืจ."
09:24
And you go, "Ah! I can see it. I can feel it.
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ืืชื ืื•ืžืจื™ื, "ืื”, ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ืื ื—ื ื• ืžื‘ื™ื ื™ื.
09:26
I can touch it. I can play with it."
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ืงื™ื‘ืœื ื• ืชื—ื•ืฉื” ืžื” ื–ื”. ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื’ืขืช ื‘ื–ื”. ืืคืฉืจ ืœืฉื—ืง ืขื ื–ื”."
09:29
And that's exactly what happened
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ื•ื–ื” ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ืžื” ืฉืงืจื”
09:31
when Daina Taimina
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ื›ืืฉืจ ื“ื ื™ื” ื˜ืื™ืžื™ื ื”
09:33
in 1997, showed that you could crochet models
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ื‘ืฉื ืช 1997, ื”ืจืืชื” ืฉื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืกืจื•ื’ ื“ื’ืžื™ื ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ืžืกืจื’ื” ืื—ืช
09:37
in hyperbolic space.
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ื‘ืžืจื—ื‘ ื”ื™ืคืจื‘ื•ืœื™.
09:39
Here is this diagram in crochetness.
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ื”ื ื” ื”ืชืจืฉื™ื ื‘ืฆื•ืจืช ืกืจื™ื’ื”.
09:42
I've stitched Euclid's parallel postulate on to the surface.
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ืชืคืจืชื™ ืืช ืืงืกื•ื™ืžืช ื”ืžืงื‘ื™ืœื™ื ืฉืœ ืื•ื™ืงืœื™ื“ืก ืขืœ ื”ืžืฉื˜ื—.
09:46
And the lines look curved.
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ื”ืงื•ื™ื ื ืจืื™ื ืžืขื•ืงืœื™ื.
09:48
But look, I can prove to you that they're straight
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ืื‘ืœ ืชืจืื•, ืื•ื›ืœ ืœื”ื•ื›ื™ื— ืฉื”ื ื™ืฉืจื™ื
09:51
because I can take any one of these lines,
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ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉืื•ื›ืœ ืœื‘ื—ื•ืจ ืื—ื“ ืžื”ืงื•ื™ื ื”ืœืœื•,
09:53
and I can fold along it.
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ื•ืื•ื›ืœ ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ืงืคืœ ืœืื•ืจื›ื•.
09:56
And it's a straight line.
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ื–ื” ืงื• ื™ืฉืจ.
09:58
So here, in wool,
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ืื– ื›ืš, ืขืœ-ื’ื‘ื™ ืฆืžืจ,
10:01
through a domestic feminine art,
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ื‘ืขื–ืจืช ืืžื ื•ืช ื ืฉื™ืช ื‘ื™ืชื™ืช,
10:03
is the proof that the most famous postulate
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ืžืงื‘ืœื™ื ื”ื•ื›ื—ื” ืฉื”ืืงืกื™ื•ืžื” ื”ืžืคื•ืจืกืžืช ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ
10:05
in mathematics is wrong.
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ื‘ืžืชืžื˜ื™ืงื” ื”ื™ื ืœื ื ื›ื•ื ื”.
10:08
(Applause)
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(ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื)
10:14
And you can stitch all sorts of mathematical
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ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืชืคื•ืจ ื›ืœ ืžื™ื ื™ ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ื
10:16
theorems onto these surfaces.
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ืžืชืžื˜ื™ื™ื ืขืœ-ื’ื‘ื™ ืžืฉื˜ื—ื™ื ื”ืœืœื•.
10:19
The discovery of hyperbolic space ushered in the field of mathematics
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ื”ื’ื™ืœื•ื™ ืฉืœ ืžืจื—ื‘ ื”ื™ืคืจื‘ื•ืœื™ ื”ืขืœื” ืœืฉื“ื” ื”ืžืชืžื˜ื™ืงื”
10:22
that is called non-Euclidean geometry.
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ืืช ืžื” ืฉื ืงืจื ื’ื™ืื•ืžื˜ืจื™ื” ืœื-ืื•ืงืœื™ื“ื™ืช.
10:24
And this is actually the field of mathematics
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ื–ื”ื• ืœืžืขืฉื” ืชื—ื•ื ื‘ืžืชืžื˜ื™ืงื”
10:26
that underlies general relativity
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ื”ืขื•ืžื“ ื‘ื‘ืกื™ืก ืชื•ืจืช ื”ื™ื—ืกื•ืช ื”ื›ืœืœื™ืช
10:28
and is actually ultimately going to show us
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ื•ื”ืขื•ืžื“ ื‘ืขืฆื ืœื”ืจืื•ืช ืœื ื•
10:30
about the shape of the universe.
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ืžื”ื™ ืฆื•ืจืช ื”ื™ืงื•ื.
10:32
So there is this direct line
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ื›ืœื•ืžืจ ื™ืฉ ืงื• ื™ืฉืจ ื”ืžื—ื‘ืจ
10:34
between feminine handicraft,
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ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžืœืื›ืช-ื™ื“ ื ืฉื™ืช,
10:36
Euclid and general relativity.
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ืื•ื™ืงืœื™ื“ืก ื•ืชื•ืจืช ื”ื™ื—ืกื•ืช ื”ื›ืœืœื™ืช.
10:39
Now, I said that mathematicians thought that this was impossible.
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ืืžืจืชื™ ืงื•ื“ื ืฉืžืชืžื˜ื™ืงืื™ื ืกื‘ืจื• ืฉื–ื” ื‘ืœืชื™ ืืคืฉืจื™.
10:42
Here's two creatures who've never heard of Euclid's parallel postulate --
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ื”ื ื” ืฉื ื™ ื™ืฆื•ืจื™ื ืฉืžืขื•ืœื ืœื ืฉืžืขื• ืขืœ ืืงืกื™ื•ืžืช ื”ืžืงื‘ื™ืœื™ื ืฉืœ ืื•ื™ืงืœื™ื“ืก --
10:46
didn't know it was impossible to violate,
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ื”ื ืœื ื™ื“ืขื• ืฉื–ื” ื‘ืœืชื™ ืืคืฉืจื™ ืœื”ืคืจ ืื•ืชื”,
10:48
and they're simply getting on with it.
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ื•ื”ื ืžืกืชื“ืจื™ื ืขื ื–ื”.
10:50
They've been doing it for hundreds of millions of years.
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ื”ื ื›ื‘ืจ ืขื•ืฉื™ื ื–ืืช ื‘ืžืฉืš ืžืื•ืช ืžื™ืœื™ื•ื ื™ ืฉื ื™ื.
10:54
I once asked the mathematicians why it was
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ืคืขื ืฉืืœืชื™ ืžืชืžื˜ื™ืงืื™ื ืื™ืš ื–ื”
10:56
that mathematicians thought this structure was impossible
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ืฉืžืชืžื˜ื™ืงืื™ื ื—ืฉื‘ื• ืฉืžื‘ื ื” ื›ื–ื” ื‘ืœืชื™ ืืคืฉืจื™
10:59
when sea slugs have been doing it since the Silurian age.
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ื›ืืฉืจ ืฉื‘ืœื•ืœื™-ื™ื ื›ื‘ืจ ืขื•ืฉื™ื ื–ืืช ืžื”ืชืงื•ืคื” ื”ืกื™ืœื•ืจื™ืื ื™ืช.
11:02
Their answer was interesting.
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ืชืฉื•ื‘ืชื ื”ื™ืชื” ืžืขื ื™ื™ื ืช.
11:04
They said, "Well I guess there aren't that many mathematicians
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ื”ื ืืžืจื•, "ื›ื ืจืื” ืฉืœื ื”ื™ื• ื›ืœ-ื›ืš ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžืชืžื˜ื™ืงืื™ื
11:06
sitting around looking at sea slugs."
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ืฉื™ืฉื‘ื• ื•ื”ืชื‘ื•ื ื ื• ื‘ืฉื‘ืœื•ืœื™-ื™ื."
11:08
And that's true. But it also goes deeper than that.
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ื•ื–ื” ื ื›ื•ืŸ. ืื‘ืœ ื–ื” ืžืฉื”ื• ื™ื•ืชืจ ืขืžื•ืง ืžื–ื”.
11:11
It also says a whole lot of things
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ื–ื” ื’ื ืื•ืžืจ ื”ืจื‘ื” ื‘ื ื•ื’ืข
11:13
about what mathematicians thought mathematics was,
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ืœืžื” ืฉืžืชืžื˜ื™ืงืื™ื ื—ืฉื‘ื• ืขืœ ืžื”ื™ ืžืชืžื˜ื™ืงื”.
11:16
what they thought it could and couldn't do,
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ืžื” ื”ื ื—ืฉื‘ื• ืฉื”ื™ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืื• ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœืขืฉื•ืช.
11:18
what they thought it could and couldn't represent.
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ืžื” ื”ื ื—ืฉื‘ื• ืฉื”ื™ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืื• ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื”ืฆื™ื’.
11:20
Even mathematicians, who in some sense
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ืืคื™ืœื• ืžืชืžื˜ื™ืงืื™ื, ืฉื‘ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ืžืกื•ื™ื™ื
11:22
are the freest of all thinkers,
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ื”ื ื‘ืขืœื™ ืžื—ืฉื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืคืชื•ื—ื” ืžืื—ืจื™ื,
11:24
literally couldn't see
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ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืœื ื”ื™ื• ืžืกื•ื’ืœื™ื ืœืจืื•ืช
11:26
not only the sea slugs around them,
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ืœื ืจืง ืืช ืฉื‘ืœื•ืœื™-ื”ื™ื ืฉืกื‘ื™ื‘ื,
11:28
but the lettuce on their plate --
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ืืœื ืืคื™ืœื• ืืช ื”ื—ืกื” ื‘ืฆืœื—ืชื,
11:30
because lettuces, and all those curly vegetables,
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ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื—ืกื”, ื•ื›ืœ ื”ื™ืจืงื•ืช ื”ืžืกื•ืœืกืœื™ื,
11:32
they also are embodiments of hyperbolic geometry.
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ืžื’ืœืžื™ื ื‘ืชื•ื›ื ืืช ื”ื’ื™ืื•ืžื˜ืจื™ื” ื”ื”ื™ืคืจื‘ื•ืœื™ืช.
11:36
And so in some sense they literally,
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ื‘ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ืžืกื•ื™ื™ื ื”ื ืคืฉื•ื˜ --
11:39
they had such a symbolic view of mathematics,
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ื”ื™ืชื” ืœื”ื ื”ืฉืงืคื” ื›ื” ืžื•ื‘ื ื™ืช ืขืœ ืžืชืžื˜ื™ืงื” --
11:41
they couldn't actually see what was going on
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ื”ื ืœื ื”ื™ื• ืžืกื•ื’ืœื™ื ืœื”ื‘ื—ื™ืŸ ื‘ืžื” ืฉืžืชืจื—ืฉ
11:44
on the lettuce in front of them.
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ืขืœ ื—ืกื” ืžืžืฉ ืžื•ืœ ืขื™ื ื™ื”ื.
11:47
It turns out that the natural world is full of hyperbolic wonders.
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ืžืชื‘ืจืจ ืฉืขื•ืœื ื”ื˜ื‘ืข ืžืœื ื‘ืคืœืื™ื ื”ื™ืคืจื‘ื•ืœื™ื™ื.
11:51
And so, too, we've discovered
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ื•ื›ืš ื’ื ืื ื—ื ื• ื’ื™ืœื™ื ื•
11:53
that there is an infinite taxonomy
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ืฉื™ืฉื ื• ืžื’ื•ื•ืŸ ืื™ืŸ-ืกื•ืคื™
11:55
of crochet hyperbolic creatures.
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ืฉืœ ื™ืฆื•ืจื™ื ื”ื™ืคืจื‘ื•ืœื™ื™ื ืกืจื•ื’ื™ื.
11:57
We started out, Chrissy and I and our contributors,
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ื”ืชื—ืœื ื•, ื›ืจื™ืกื™, ืื ื™ ื•ื”ืชื•ืจืžื™ื ืฉืœื ื•,
12:00
doing the simple mathematically perfect models.
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ื‘ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ื“ื’ืžื™ื ืžืชืžื˜ื™ื™ื ืคืฉื•ื˜ื™ื ื•ืžื•ืฉืœืžื™ื.
12:02
But we found that when we deviated from the specific
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ืื‘ืœ ื’ื™ืœื™ื ื• ืฉื›ืืฉืจ ืกื•ื˜ื™ื ืžื”ื”ื’ื“ืจื” ื”ืžืงื•ื‘ืœืช
12:06
setness of the mathematical code
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ืฉืœ ื”ื ื•ืกื—ื” ื”ืžืชืžื˜ื™ืช
12:09
that underlies it -- the simple algorithm
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ื”ืžื•ื ื—ืช ื‘ื‘ืกื™ืก ื”ืืœื’ื•ืจื™ืชื ื”ืคืฉื•ื˜,
12:11
crochet three, increase one --
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ืฉื–ื” ืœืกืจื•ื’ ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ื•ืœื”ืชืงื“ื ืื—ื“.
12:13
when we deviated from that and made embellishments to the code,
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ื›ืืฉืจ ืกื˜ื™ื ื• ืžื–ื” ื•ื”ื›ื ืกื ื• ืชื•ืกืคื•ืช ืœื ื•ืกื—ื”,
12:16
the models immediately started to look more natural.
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ื”ื“ื’ืžื™ื ื”ื—ืœื• ืžื™ื™ื“ ืœื”ื™ืจืื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ื˜ื‘ืขื™ื™ื.
12:20
And all of our contributors, who are an amazing
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ื•ื›ืœ ื”ืžืกื™ื™ืขื™ื ืœื ื•, ืฉื”ื ืื•ืกืฃ ืฉืœ
12:22
collection of people around the world,
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ืื ืฉื™ื ืžื“ื”ื™ืžื™ื ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื,
12:24
do their own embellishments.
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ืžื•ืกื™ืคื™ื ืืช ื”ืชื•ืกืคื•ืช ืฉืœื”ื.
12:26
As it were, we have this ever-evolving,
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ื›ืžื• ืฉืชืžื™ื“ ื–ื” ืงื•ืจื”, ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ืืช ืขืฅ ื”ื–ื ื™ื
12:28
crochet taxonomic tree of life.
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ื”ืกืจื™ื’ื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ื—ื™ื™ื ื”ืžืชืคืชื— ื‘ื”ืชืžื“ื”,
12:30
Just as the morphology
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ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ื›ืžื• ืฉื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ืช ื”ืžื‘ื ื™ื, ื”ืฆื•ืจื•ืช ื•ื”ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ื•ืช
12:32
and the complexity of life on earth is never ending,
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ืฉืœ ื—ื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื›ื“ื•ืจ-ื”ืืจืฅ ืœืขื•ืœื ืœื ื ื’ืžืจืช.
12:34
little embellishments and complexifications
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ืชื•ืกืคื•ืช ืงื˜ื ื•ืช ื•ืขืœื™ื•ืช ื–ืขื™ืจื•ืช ื‘ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ื•ืช
12:37
in the DNA code
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ืฉืœ ืงื•ื“ ื”-DNA,
12:39
lead to new things like giraffes, or orchids --
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ืžื•ื‘ื™ืœื•ืช ืœื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื™ื ื›ืžื• ื’'ื™ืจืคื•ืช ื•ืกื—ืœื‘ื™ื.
12:42
so too, do little embellishments in the crochet code
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ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื“ื•ืžื”, ืชื•ืกืคื•ืช ืงื˜ื ื•ืช ื‘ื ื•ืกื—ืช ื”ืกืจื™ื’ื”
12:45
lead to new and wondrous creatures
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ืžื•ื‘ื™ืœื•ืช ืœื™ืฆื•ืจื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื™ื ื•ืžื•ืคืœืื™ื
12:48
in the evolutionary tree of crochet life.
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ื‘ืขืฅ ื”ืื‘ื•ืœื•ืฆื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื”ืกืจื™ื’ื™ื™ื.
12:51
So this project really has
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ื›ืš ืฉืžื™ื–ื ื–ื” ืžืžืฉ
12:53
taken on this inner organic life of its own.
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ืื™ืžืฅ ืžื‘ืคื ื™ื ื—ื™ื™ื ืื•ืจื’ื ื™ื™ื ืžืฉืœื•.
12:56
There is the totality of all the people who have come to it.
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ื™ืฉ ืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ืฉืœืžื” ืฉืœ ืื ืฉื™ื ืืฉืจ ื”ื’ื™ืขื• ืœื–ื”.
12:59
And their individual visions,
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ื•ื”ื—ื–ื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืคืจื˜ื™ื™ื ืฉืœื”ื,
13:01
and their engagement with this mathematical mode.
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ื•ืขื™ืกื•ืงื ืขื ื”ืฆื•ืจื” ื”ืžืชืžื˜ื™ืช ื”ื–ื•.
13:04
We have these technologies. We use them.
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ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ื”ืœืœื•. ืื ื• ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ื‘ื”ืŸ.
13:06
But why? What's at stake here? What does it matter?
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ืื‘ืœ ืžื“ื•ืข? ืžื” ืžื•ื ื— ืขืœ ื›ืฃ ื”ืžืื–ื ื™ื™ื? ืžื” ื–ื” ืžืฉื ื”?
13:09
For Chrissy and I, one of the things that's important here
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ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœ ื›ืจื™ืกื™ ื•ืื ื•ื›ื™, ืื—ื“ ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื™ื ื›ืืŸ
13:12
is that these things suggest
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ื”ื•ื ืฉื›ืœ ื–ื” ืžืฆื‘ื™ืข
13:14
the importance and value of embodied knowledge.
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ืขืœ ื”ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืช ื•ืขืœ ื”ืขืจืš ืฉืœ ื™ื“ืข ืžื•ื—ืฉื™.
13:17
We live in a society
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ืื ื• ื—ื™ื™ื ื‘ื—ื‘ืจื”
13:19
that completely tends to valorize
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ืฉื ื•ื˜ื” ืžืื•ื“ ืœื”ืขืจื™ืš
13:21
symbolic forms of representation --
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ืกื™ืžื ื™ื ื›ืฉื™ื˜ื” ืœืชืื•ืจ ืฉืœ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื --
13:23
algebraic representations,
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ืชืื•ืจื™ื ืืœื’ื‘ืจื™ื™ื,
13:25
equations, codes.
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ืžืฉื•ื•ืื•ืช, ื ื•ืกื—ืื•ืช.
13:27
We live in a society that's obsessed
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ืื ื• ื—ื™ื™ื ื‘ื—ื‘ืจื” ืฉืคื™ืชื—ื” ืื•ื‘ืกืกื™ื”
13:29
with presenting information in this way,
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ืœื”ืฆื’ืช ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื–ื”,
13:31
teaching information in this way.
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ืœื”ื ื—ืœืช ื™ื“ืข ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื–ื”.
13:34
But through this sort of modality,
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ืื‘ืœ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ืฆื•ืจื” ื›ื–ื• ืฉืœ ื”ื“ื’ืžื” ืžื•ื—ืฉื™ืช,
13:37
crochet, other plastic forms of play --
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ืกืจื™ื’ื”, ืฆื•ืจื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ืช ืฉืœ ืžืœืื›ืช-ื™ื“ ืคืœืกื˜ื™ืช,
13:41
people can be engaged with the most abstract,
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ืื ืฉื™ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžืขื•ืจื‘ื™ื ื‘ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ื›ื™ ืžื•ืคืฉื˜ื™ื,
13:44
high-powered, theoretical ideas,
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ื‘ืจืขื™ื•ื ื•ืช ืชืื•ืจื˜ื™ื™ื, ื‘ืขืœื™ ืขื•ืฆืžื” --
13:46
the kinds of ideas that normally you have to go
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ืจืขื™ื•ื ื•ืช ืžื”ืกื•ื’ ืฉื‘ื“ืจืš-ื›ืœืœ ืฆืจื™ืš ืœืœื›ืช
13:48
to university departments to study in higher mathematics,
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ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœื ืœืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ื” ื•ืœืœืžื•ื“ ืžืชืžื˜ื™ืงื” ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื”,
13:51
which is where I first learned about hyperbolic space.
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ืžืงื•ื ื‘ื• ืื ื™ ืœืžื“ืชื™ ืœืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืขืœ ืžืจื—ื‘ ื”ื™ืคืจื‘ื•ืœื™.
13:54
But you can do it through playing with material objects.
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ืื‘ืœ ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื”ืฉื™ื’ ืืช ื›ืœ ื–ืืช ื‘ื”ืชืขืกืงื•ืช ืขื ืขืฆืžื™ื ืคื™ื–ื™ื™ื.
13:58
One of the ways that we've come to think about this
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ืื—ืช ื”ื“ืจื›ื™ื ืฉื—ืฉื‘ื ื• ืขืœื™ื”ืŸ
14:00
is that what we're trying to do with the Institute for Figuring
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ื”ื™ื ื–ื• ืฉืื ื• ืžื ืกื™ื ืœื™ื™ืฉื ื‘"ืžื›ื•ืŸ ืœื”ืชื•ื•ื™ื™ืช ืฆื•ืจื•ืช",
14:03
and projects like this, we're trying to have
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ื•ื‘ืžื™ื–ืžื™ื ื›ืžื• ืืœื”. ืื ื—ื ื• ืžื ืกื™ื ืœื”ืงื™ื
14:05
kindergarten for grown-ups.
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ื’ื ื™-ื™ืœื“ื™ื ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœ ืžื‘ื•ื’ืจื™ื.
14:07
And kindergarten was actually a very formalized
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ื’ืŸ-ื™ืœื“ื™ื ื”ื•ื ืœืžืขืฉื” ืฉื™ื˜ื”
14:09
system of education,
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ืžืื•ื“ ืคื•ืจืžืœื™ืช ืœื—ื™ื ื•ืš,
14:11
established by a man named Friedrich Froebel,
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ืฉื ื•ืกื“ื” ืขืœ-ื™ื“ื™ ืื“ื ื‘ืฉื ืคืจื™ื“ืจื™ืš ืคืจื•ื™ื™ื‘ืœ,
14:13
who was a crystallographer in the 19th century.
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ืฉื”ื™ื” ื—ื•ืงืจ ื’ื‘ื™ืฉื™ื ื‘ืžืื” ื”-19.
14:15
He believed that the crystal was the model
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ื”ื•ื ื”ืืžื™ืŸ ืฉื”ื’ื‘ื™ืฉ ื”ื•ื ื”ืžื•ื“ืœ
14:17
for all kinds of representation.
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ืœื›ืœ ืžื™ื ื™ ืฆื•ืจื•ืช ืฉืœ ืชื™ืื•ืจ.
14:19
He developed a radical alternative system
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ื”ื•ื ืคื™ืชื— ืฉื™ื˜ื” ืืœื˜ืจื ื˜ื™ื‘ื™ืช ืจื“ื™ืงืœื™ืช
14:22
of engaging the smallest children
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืขืกื™ืง ื™ืœื“ื™ื ืžืื•ื“ ืงื˜ื ื™ื
14:24
with the most abstract ideas
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ื‘ืจืขื™ื•ื ื•ืช ื”ื›ื™ ืžื•ืคืฉื˜ื™ื
14:26
through physical forms of play.
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ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ืฆื•ืจื•ืช ืžืฉื—ืง ืžืขืฉื™ื•ืช.
14:28
And he is worthy of an entire talk on his own right.
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ื”ื•ื ืจืื•ื™ ืœื”ืจืฆืื” ื ืคืจื“ืช ืขืœื™ื•.
14:30
The value of education
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ื”ืขืจืš ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื™ื ื•ืš,
14:32
is something that Froebel championed,
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ื–ื” ืžืฉื”ื• ืฉื”ื•ื ื”ืขืœื” ืขืœ ื ืก
14:35
through plastic modes of play.
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ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ืฉื™ื˜ื•ืช ื‘ืขื‘ื•ื“ืช ืคืœืกื˜ื™ืง.
14:37
We live in a society now
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ื›ื™ื•ื ืื ื• ื—ื™ื™ื ื‘ื—ื‘ืจื”
14:39
where we have lots of think tanks,
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ืฉื‘ื” ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ื”ืžื•ืŸ ืฆื•ื•ืชื™-ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื”,
14:41
where great minds go to think about the world.
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ื‘ื”ื ืžื•ื—ื•ืช ืžื‘ืจื™ืงื™ื ืžืขืœื™ื ืžื—ืฉื‘ื•ืช ืขืœ ื”ืขื•ืœื.
14:44
They write these great symbolic treatises
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ื”ื ืžืขืœื™ื ืื•ืชืŸ ื‘ืฆื•ืจืช ืขื‘ื•ื“ื•ืช ืžื—ืงืจ ื›ืชื•ื‘ื•ืช ื”ืžืฉืชืžืฉื•ืช ื‘ืกื™ืžื ื™ื
14:46
called books, and papers,
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ื•ื”ื ืงืจืื•ืช ืกืคืจื™ื, ืžืืžืจื™ื ืžื“ืขื™ื™ื,
14:48
and op-ed articles.
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ื•ืžืืžืจื™ ืขื™ืชื•ื ื•ืช.
14:50
We want to propose, Chrissy and I,
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ื›ืจื™ืกื™ ื•ืื ื™ ืจื•ืฆื•ืช ืœื”ืฆื™ืข
14:52
through The Institute for Figuring, another alternative way of doing things,
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ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช "ื”ืžื›ื•ืŸ ืœื”ืชื•ื•ื™ื™ืช ืฆื•ืจื•ืช" ื“ืจืš ืืœื˜ืจื ื˜ื™ื‘ื™ืช ืœืขืฉื™ื™ืช ื“ื‘ืจื™ื,
14:55
which is the play tank.
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ืฉื”ื•ื ืฆื•ื•ืช-ืžืœืื›ื”.
14:58
And the play tank, like the think tank,
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ืฆื•ื•ืช-ืžืœืื›ื”, ื›ืžื• ืฆื•ื•ืช-ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื”,
15:00
is a place where people can go
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ื”ื•ื ืžืงื•ื ื‘ื• ืื ืฉื™ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืชื›ื ืก
15:02
and engage with great ideas.
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ื•ืœื”ืชืขืกืง ื‘ืจืขื™ื•ื ื•ืช ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื.
15:04
But what we want to propose,
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ืื‘ืœ ืžื” ืฉืื ื• ืจื•ืฆื•ืช ืœื”ืฆื™ืข
15:06
is that the highest levels of abstraction,
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ื”ื•ื ืฉืจืžื•ืช ื”ื”ืคืฉื˜ื” ื”ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื•ืช,
15:08
things like mathematics, computing, logic, etc. --
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ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื›ืžื• ืžืชืžื˜ื™ืงื”, ืžื—ืฉื‘ื™ื, ืชื•ืจืช-ื”ื”ื™ื’ื™ื•ืŸ ื•ื›ื•' --
15:11
all of this can be engaged with,
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ื‘ื›ืœ ืืœื• ื ื™ืชืŸ ื™ื”ื™ื” ืœืขืกื•ืง,
15:13
not just through purely cerebral algebraic
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ืœื ืจืง ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ืฉืคืช ื”ืกื™ืžื ื™ื
15:15
symbolic methods,
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ืฉืœ ืืœื’ื‘ืจื” ืžื—ืฉื‘ืชื™ืช ื’ืจื™ื“ื,
15:17
but by literally, physically playing with ideas.
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ืืœื ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ืžื’ืข ืคื™ื–ื™ ืขื ื”ืจืขื™ื•ื ื•ืช, ืคืฉื•ื˜ื• ื›ืžืฉืžืขื•.
15:21
Thank you very much.
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ืชื•ื“ื” ืจื‘ื” ืœื›ื.
15:23
(Applause)
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(ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื)
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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