Wade Davis: The worldwide web of belief and ritual

86,921 views ใƒป 2008-06-13

TED


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืžืชืจื’ื: Shlomo Adam ืžื‘ืงืจ: Ido Dekkers
00:12
You know, culture was born of the imagination,
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ื”ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ื ื•ืœื“ื” ืžืŸ ื”ื“ืžื™ื•ืŸ,
00:16
and the imagination -- the imagination as we know it --
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ื•ื”ื“ืžื™ื•ืŸ - ื”ื“ืžื™ื•ืŸ ื›ืคื™ ืฉื”ื•ื ืžื•ื›ืจ ืœื ื• -
00:19
came into being when our species descended
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ื ื•ืฆืจ ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ืžื™ืŸ ืฉืœื ื• ื”ืชืคืชื—
00:22
from our progenitor, Homo erectus,
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ืžืื‘ื™ื ื• ื”ืงื“ืžื•ืŸ, "ื”ืื“ื ื”ื–ืงื•ืฃ",
00:25
and, infused with consciousness, began a journey that would carry it
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ื•ื›ืฉื ืขืฉื” ืžื•ื“ืข, ื”ื•ื ื™ืฆื ืœืžืกืข ืฉื™ื™ืฉื ืื•ืชื•
00:28
to every corner of the habitable world.
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ืœื›ืœ ืคื™ื ื•ืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ืจืื•ื™ ืœื™ื™ืฉื•ื‘.
00:31
For a time, we shared the stage with our distant cousins, Neanderthal,
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ื–ืžืŸ-ืžื” ื”ืชืคืชื—ื ื• ื‘ืžืงื‘ื™ืœ ืœื‘ืŸ-ื“ื•ื“ื ื• ื”ืจื—ื•ืง, ื”ืื“ื ื”ื ื™ืื ื“ืจื˜ืœื™,
00:34
who clearly had some spark of awareness,
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ืฉืœืœื ืกืคืง ื”ื™ื” ืœื• ื ื™ืฆื•ืฅ ืฉืœ ืžื•ื“ืขื•ืช,
00:36
but -- whether it was the increase in the size of the brain,
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ืื‘ืœ, ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื ื‘ื’ืœืœ ื”ืขืœื™ื” ื‘ื’ื•ื“ืœ ื”ืžื•ื—,
00:39
or the development of language,
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ื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ืช ื”ืฉืคื” ืื• ื‘ื’ืœืœ ื–ืจื– ืื‘ื•ืœื•ืฆื™ื•ื ื™ ืื—ืจ,
00:41
or some other evolutionary catalyst --
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00:43
we quickly left Neanderthal gasping for survival.
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ื‘ืžื”ืจื” ื”ืชืจื—ืงื ื• ืžืŸ ื”ืื“ื ื”ื ื™ืื ื“ืจื˜ืœื™ ื”ื ืื‘ืง ืœืฉืจื•ื“.
00:47
By the time the last Neanderthal disappeared in Europe,
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ื‘ืขืช ื‘ื” ื ืขืœื ืื—ืจื•ืŸ ื”ื ื™ืื ื“ืจื˜ืœื™ื ื‘ืื™ืจื•ืคื”,
00:50
27,000 years ago,
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ืœืคื ื™ 27,000 ืฉื ื”,
00:52
our direct ancestors had already,
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ื›ื‘ืจ ืื–, ืื‘ื•ืชื™ื ื• ื”ืงื“ืžื•ื ื™ื, ื•ื‘ืžืฉืš 5,000 ืฉื ื” ืžืื–,
00:54
and for 5,000 years,
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00:56
been crawling into the belly of the earth,
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ื–ื—ืœื• ืœืชื•ืš ื‘ื˜ืŸ ื”ืื“ืžื”,
00:58
where in the light of the flickers of tallow candles,
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ื•ืœืื•ืจื ื”ืžื”ื‘ื”ื‘ ืฉืœ ื ืจื•ืช-ื—ืœื‘ ื”ืคื™ื—ื• ืจื•ื—-ื—ื™ื™ื
01:01
they had brought into being
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01:03
the great art of the Upper Paleolithic.
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ื‘ืืžื ื•ืช ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ืฉืœ ืชืงื•ืคืช ื”ืื‘ืŸ ื”ืขืœื™ื•ื ื”.
01:05
And I spent two months in the caves of southwest France
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ื‘ื™ืœื™ืชื™ ื›ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื™ื ื‘ืžืขืจื•ืช ืฉืœ ื“ืจื•ื-ืžืขืจื‘ ืฆืจืคืช
01:08
with the poet Clayton Eshleman, who wrote a beautiful book called "Juniper Fuse."
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ืขื ื”ืžืฉื•ืจืจ ืงืœื™ื™ื˜ื•ืŸ ืืฉืœืžืŸ, ืฉื›ืชื‘ ืกืคืจ ื ืคืœื ื‘ืฉื "ืคืชื™ืœืช ืขืจืขืจ".
01:11
And you could look at this art and you could, of course,
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ืžื”ืชื‘ื•ื ื ื•ืช ื‘ืืžื ื•ืช ื”ื–ืืช ืชื•ื›ืœื• ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ืœืจืื•ืช
01:13
see the complex social organization
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ืืช ื”ืืจื’ื•ืŸ ื”ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ ื”ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ ืฉืœ ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉื™ืฆืจื• ืื•ืชื”.
01:15
of the people who brought it into being.
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01:17
But more importantly, it spoke of a deeper yearning,
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ืื‘ืœ ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ื™ื•ืชืจ, ื”ื™ื ื”ื‘ื™ืขื” ื›ืžื™ื”ื” ืขืžื•ืงื” ื™ื•ืชืจ,
01:20
something far more sophisticated than hunting magic.
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ืœืžืฉื”ื• ืžืชื•ื—ื›ื ื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืืฉืจ ื”ืงืกื ืฉื‘ืฆื™ื“.
01:23
And the way Clayton put it was this way.
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ื•ื›ืš ืงืœื™ื™ื˜ื•ืŸ ื ื™ืกื— ื–ืืช:
01:25
He said, "You know, clearly at some point,
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ื”ื•ื ืืžืจ: "ื‘ืจื•ืจ ืฉื‘ืฉืœื‘ ืžืกื•ื™ื™ื ื”ื™ื” ืœื›ื•ืœื ื• ื˜ื‘ืข ื—ื™ื™ืชื™,
01:29
we were all of an animal nature, and at some point, we weren't."
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"ื•ืžืฉืœื‘ ืžืกื•ื™ื™ื - ื›ื‘ืจ ืœื."
01:31
And he viewed proto-shamanism as a kind of original attempt,
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ื‘ืขื™ื ื™ื•, ื”ืฉืืžืื ื™ื–ื ื”ืงื“ืžื•ืŸ ื”ื™ื” ืžืขื™ืŸ ื ืกื™ื•ืŸ ืจืืฉื•ื ื™,
01:33
through ritual, to rekindle a connection
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ืœื”ืฆื™ืช ืžื—ื“ืฉ, ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื”ืคื•ืœื—ืŸ, ืงืฉืจ ืฉืื‘ื“ ืœืœื ืฉื•ื‘.
01:36
that had been irrevocably lost.
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01:38
So, he saw this art not as
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ื›ืš ืฉื‘ืขื™ื ื™ื•, ื”ืืžื ื•ืช ื”ื–ื•
ืœื ืžื™ื™ืฆื’ืช ืืช ืงืกื ื”ืฆื™ื“, ืืœื ื”ื™ื ื‘ื’ื“ืจ ื’ืœื•ื™ื•ืช ื ื•ืกื˜ืœื’ื™ื•ืช.
01:41
hunting magic, but as postcards of nostalgia.
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01:45
And viewed in that light,
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ื•ื‘ืื•ืจ ื”ื–ื” ื”ื™ื ืœื•ื‘ืฉืช ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื” ืœื’ืžืจื™.
01:47
it takes on a whole other resonance.
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ื•ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ืžื“ื”ื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืืžื ื•ืช ืชืงื•ืคืช ื”ืื‘ืŸ ื”ืขืœื™ื•ื ื”
01:49
And the most amazing thing about the Upper Paleolithic art
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01:51
is that as an aesthetic expression,
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ื”ื™ื ืฉื”ื™ื ืฉืจื“ื” ื›ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ ืืกืชื˜ื™ ื›ืžืขื˜ 20,000 ืฉื ื”.
01:54
it lasted for almost 20,000 years.
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01:57
If these were postcards of nostalgia,
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ืื ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ื’ืœื•ื™ื•ืช ื ื•ืกื˜ืœื’ื™ื•ืช,
ืื™ืŸ ืกืคืง ืฉื”ืคืจื™ื“ื” ืฉืœื ื• ื”ื™ืชื” ืืจื•ื›ื” ืžืื“.
02:00
ours was a very long farewell indeed.
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ื•ืื– ื’ื ื”ื—ืœื” ืชื—ื•ืฉืช ืื™-ืฉื‘ื™ืขื•ืช ื”ืจืฆื•ืŸ ืฉืœื ื•,
02:03
And it was also the beginning of our discontent,
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02:05
because if you wanted to distill all of our experience
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ื›ื™ ืื ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืœืชืžืฆืช ืืช ื›ืœ ื ืกื™ื•ืŸ ื—ื™ื™ื ื• ืžืื– ืชืงื•ืคืช ื”ืื‘ืŸ,
02:07
since the Paleolithic, it would come down to two words:
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ื”ื•ื ื™ืกืชื›ื ื‘ืฉืชื™ ืžื™ืœื™ื:
02:10
how and why.
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ื›ื™ืฆื“ ื•ืžื“ื•ืข.
02:12
And these are the slivers of insight upon which cultures have been forged.
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ืืœื” ื”ื ืจืกื™ืกื™ ื”ืชื•ื‘ื ื” ืฉืžื”ื ื—ื•ืฉืœื• ืชืจื‘ื•ื™ื•ืช.
02:15
Now, all people share the same
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ื›ืœ ื‘ื ื™ ื”ืื“ื ื—ื•ืœืงื™ื ื”ืจื™ ืืช ืื•ืชื ืฆื™ื•ื•ื™ื™ ื”ืกืชื’ืœื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืžื™ื™ื:
02:17
raw, adaptive imperatives.
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02:19
We all have children.
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ืœื›ื•ืœื ื• ื™ืฉ ื™ืœื“ื™ื.
ื›ื•ืœื ื• ื ืืœืฆื™ื ืœื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ ืขื ืชืขืœื•ืžืช ื”ืžื•ื•ืช,
02:21
We all have to deal with the mystery of death,
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02:23
the world that waits beyond death,
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ืขื ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ืžืฆืคื” ืœื ื• ืื—ืจื™ ื”ืžื•ื•ืช,
02:25
the elders who fall away into their elderly years.
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ืขื ื”ืงืฉื™ืฉื™ื ืฉื”ื•ืœื›ื™ื ื•ืžื–ื“ืงื ื™ื.
02:28
All of this is part of our common experience,
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ื›ืœ ื–ื” ื”ื•ื ื—ืœืง ืžื—ื•ื•ื™ื™ืชื ื• ื”ืžืฉื•ืชืคืช,
02:30
and this shouldn't surprise us, because, after all,
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ื•ื–ื” ืœื ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ืคืชื™ืข ืื•ืชื ื•, ื›ื™ ืื—ืจื™ ื”ื›ืœ,
02:32
biologists have finally proven it to be true,
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ื”ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื ืกื•ืฃ-ืกื•ืฃ ืื™ืžืชื•
02:34
something that philosophers have always dreamt to be true.
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ืžืฉื”ื• ืฉื”ืคื™ืœื•ืกื•ืคื™ื ืชืžื™ื“ ื—ืœืžื• ืฉื™ืชื‘ืจืจ ื›ืืžืช:
02:37
And that is the fact that we are all brothers and sisters.
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ื”ืœื ื”ื™ื ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื” ืฉื›ื•ืœื ื• ืื—ื™ื ื•ืื—ื™ื•ืช,
02:39
We are all cut from the same genetic cloth.
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ื›ื•ืœื ื• ื’ื–ื•ืจื™ื ืžืื•ืชื• ืืจื™ื’ ื’ื ื˜ื™.
02:42
All of humanity, probably, is descended from a thousand people
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ื›ื ืจืื” ืฉื›ืœ ื”ืื ื•ืฉื•ืช ืžื•ืฆืื” ืžืืœืฃ ื‘ื ื™-ืื“ื
02:45
who left Africa roughly 70,000 years ago.
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ืฉื™ืฆืื• ืžืืคืจื™ืงื” ืœืคื ื™ ื›-70,000 ืฉื ื”.
02:48
But the corollary of that is that,
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ืžืกืงื ื” ืžื›ืš ื”ื™ื ืฉืื ื›ื•ืœื ื• ืื—ื™ื ื•ืื—ื™ื•ืช
02:50
if we all are brothers and sisters
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ื•ื›ื•ืœื ื• ื—ื•ืœืงื™ื ืืช ืื•ืชื• ื—ื•ืžืจ ื’ื ื˜ื™,
02:52
and share the same genetic material,
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ื”ืจื™ ืฉื›ืœ ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื•ืช ื”ืื“ื ื—ื•ืœืงื•ืช ืืช ืื•ืชื” ื’ืื•ื ื•ืช ืื ื•ืฉื™ืช ื’ื•ืœืžื™ืช,
02:54
all human populations share the same raw human genius,
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02:56
the same intellectual acuity.
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ืืช ืื•ืชื” ื—ื“ื•ืช-ืžื—ืฉื‘ื”.
02:58
And so whether that genius is placed
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ื›ืš ืฉื‘ื™ืŸ ืื ื’ืื•ื ื•ืช ื–ื• ืžื’ื•ื™ื™ืกืช ืœื˜ื•ื‘ืช ืงืกื ื”ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื”
03:00
into -- technological wizardry
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03:02
has been the great achievement of the West --
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ืฉื”ื™ื” ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื”ื™ืฉื’ื™ ื”ืžืขืจื‘ --
03:05
or by contrast, into unraveling the complex threads
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ืื• ืœื”ื™ืคืš, ืœื”ืชืจืช ื”ืกื‘ืš ื”ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ ืฉืœ ื–ื›ืจื•ื ื•ืช ืฉื™ื•ืฆืจื™ื ืื’ื“ื”,
03:08
of memory inherent in a myth,
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03:10
is simply a matter of choice and cultural orientation.
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ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ืคืฉื•ื˜ ื‘ื‘ื—ื™ืจื” ื•ื‘ืžื’ืžื” ืชืจื‘ื•ืชื™ืช.
03:12
There is no progression of affairs
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ืื™ืŸ ืฉื•ื ื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ืช ืื™ืจื•ืขื™ื ื‘ื—ื•ื•ื™ื” ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™ืช.
03:14
in human experience.
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03:16
There is no trajectory of progress. There's no pyramid
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ืื™ืŸ ืฉื•ื ืžืกืœื•ืœ ืฉืœ ื”ืชืงื“ืžื•ืช. ืื™ืŸ ืฉื•ื ืคื™ืจืžื™ื“ื”
03:18
that conveniently places Victorian England at the apex
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ืฉืžืฆื™ื‘ื” ืœืžืจื‘ื” ื”ื ื•ื—ื•ืช ืืช ืื ื’ืœื™ื” ื”ื•ื™ืงื˜ื•ืจื™ืื ื™ืช ื‘ืงื•ื“ืงื•ื“
03:21
and descends down the flanks
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ื•ืœืžืจื’ืœื•ืชื™ื” ื ืžืฆืื™ื ื”"ืคืจื™ืžื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื™ื" ืฉืœ ื”ืขื•ืœื.
03:23
to the so-called primitives of the world.
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03:25
All peoples are simply cultural options,
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ื›ืœ ืขื ื•ืขื ื”ื•ื ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืื•ืคืฆื™ื” ืชืจื‘ื•ืชื™ืช,
03:28
different visions of life itself.
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ื”ืฉืงืคื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช ืขืœ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ืขืฆืžื.
03:30
But what do I mean by different visions of life
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ืžื”ื™ ื›ื•ื•ื ืชื™ ื‘"ื”ืฉืงืคื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช ืขืœ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื"
03:32
making for completely different
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ืฉืžื—ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื”ื‘ื“ืœื™ื ืžื•ื—ืœื˜ื™ื ื‘ืืคืฉืจื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืงื™ื•ื ื”ืฉื•ื ื•ืช?
03:34
possibilities for existence?
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03:36
Well, let's slip for a moment into the greatest culture sphere
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ื”ื‘ื” ื ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืœืจื’ืข ืœืชื—ื•ื ื”ืชืจื‘ื•ืชื™ ื”ืจื—ื‘ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ
03:38
ever brought into being by the imagination,
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ืฉื”ื“ืžื™ื•ืŸ ืื™-ืคืขื ื™ืฆืจ,
03:41
that of Polynesia.
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ื–ื” ืฉืœ ืคื•ืœื™ื ื–ื™ื”.
03:43
10,000 square kilometers,
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10,000 ืงื™ืœื•ืžื˜ืจื™ื ืจื‘ื•ืขื™ื,
03:45
tens of thousands of islands flung like jewels upon the southern sea.
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ืขืฉืจื•ืช ืืœืคื™ ืื™ื™ื ื”ืžืคื•ื–ืจื™ื ื›ื™ื”ืœื•ืžื™ื ื‘ืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ื™ื ื”ื“ืจื•ืžื™.
03:48
I recently sailed on the Hokulea,
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ื”ืคืœื’ืชื™ ืœืื—ืจื•ื ื” ืœื”ื•ืงื•ืœื™ืื”,
03:50
named after the sacred star of Hawaii,
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ื”ืงืจื•ื™ื” ืขืœ ืฉื ื”ื›ื•ื›ื‘ ื”ืžืงื•ื“ืฉ ืฉืœ ื”ื•ื•ืื™ื™,
03:53
throughout the South Pacific to make a film
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ื”ืคืœื’ืชื™ ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืจื•ื ื”ืื•ืงื™ื™ื ื•ืก ื”ืฉืงื˜ ื›ื“ื™ ืœืฆืœื ืกืจื˜ ืขืœ ื”ื ื•ื•ื˜ื™ื:
03:55
about the navigators.
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ืืœื” ื”ื ื’ื‘ืจื™ื ื•ื ืฉื™ื ืฉื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื, ืืคื™ืœื• ื”ื™ื•ื,
03:57
These are men and women who, even today, can name
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03:59
250 stars in the night sky.
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ืœื ืงื•ื‘ ื‘ืฉืžื•ืช 250 ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™ื ื‘ืฉืžื™ ื”ืœื™ืœื”,
04:01
These are men and women who can sense the presence of distant atolls
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ื’ื‘ืจื™ื ื•ื ืฉื™ื ืฉืžืกื•ื’ืœื™ื ืœื—ื•ืฉ ื‘ื ื•ื›ื—ื•ืชื ืฉืœ ืื˜ื•ืœื™ื ืจื—ื•ืงื™ื
04:04
of islands beyond the visible horizon,
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ืฉืœ ืื™ื™ื ืฉืžืขื‘ืจ ืœืื•ืคืง ื”ื ืจืื”,
ืจืง ืžืชื•ืš ื”ืชื‘ื•ื ื ื•ืช ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื•ื˜ ื”ื’ืœื™ื
04:07
simply by watching the reverberation of waves
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04:09
across the hull of their vessel, knowing full well
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ืœืฆื“ ื’ื•ืฃ ื›ืœื™ ื”ืฉื™ื˜ ืฉืœื”ื,
ื•ื”ื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ื”ื™ื˜ื‘ ืฉืœื›ืœ ืงื‘ื•ืฆืช ืื™ื™ื ื‘ืื•ืงื™ื™ื ื•ืก ื”ืฉืงื˜
04:11
that every island group in the Pacific
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04:13
has its unique refractive pattern
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ื™ืฉ ืชื‘ื ื™ืช ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ื™ืช ืฉืœ ืฉื‘ื™ืจืช ื’ืœื™ื
04:15
that can be read with the same perspicacity
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ืฉื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืงืจืื” ื‘ืื•ืชื” ื‘ื”ื™ืจื•ืช
ืฉื‘ื” ืžื•ืžื—ื” ืœื–ื™ื”ื•ื™ ืคืœื™ืœื™ ืงื•ืจื ื˜ื‘ื™ืขืช ืืฆื‘ืข.
04:18
with which a forensic scientist would read a fingerprint.
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ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ืžืœื—ื™ื, ืฉื‘ื—ืฉื™ื›ื” ื•ืžืชื•ืš ื’ื•ืฃ ื”ืื ื™ื”,
04:21
These are sailors who in the darkness, in the hull of the vessel,
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04:23
can distinguish as many as 32 different sea swells
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ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ื‘ื—ื™ืŸ ื‘ืขื“ 32 ืกื•ื’ื™ ื’ืœื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื
04:26
moving through the canoe at any one point in time,
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ืฉืžื›ื™ื ื‘ื’ื•ืฃ ื”ืกื™ืจื” ื‘ื›ืœ ืจื’ืข ื•ืจื’ืข,
04:29
distinguishing local wave disturbances
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ืฉืžื‘ื—ื™ื ื™ื ื‘ื”ืคืจืขื•ืช ื‘ื’ืœื™ื ื”ืงืจื•ื‘ื™ื
04:31
from the great currents that pulsate across the ocean,
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ืฉื™ื•ืฆืจื™ื ื”ื–ืจืžื™ื ื”ื›ื‘ื™ืจื™ื ื”ืคื•ืขืžื™ื ื‘ืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืื•ืงื™ื™ื ื•ืก,
04:34
that can be followed with the same ease
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ื•ื‘ื›ื•ื—ื ืœืขืงื•ื‘ ืื—ืจื™ื”ื ื‘ืื•ืชื” ืงืœื•ืช
04:36
that a terrestrial explorer would follow a river to the sea.
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ืฉืœ ืกื™ื™ืจ ื™ื‘ืฉืชื™ ืฉืขื•ืงื‘ ืื—ืจ ืชื•ื•ืื™ ื”ื ื—ืœ ืขื“ ืœื™ื.
04:39
Indeed, if you took all of the genius
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ืœืžืขืŸ ื”ืืžืช, ืื ืชืงื—ื• ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ื’ืื•ื ื•ืช
04:41
that allowed us to put a man on the moon
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ืฉืื™ืคืฉืจื” ืœื ื• ืœื”ืฆื™ื‘ ืื“ื ืขืœ ื”ื™ืจื—
04:43
and applied it to an understanding of the ocean,
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ื•ืชื™ื™ืฉืžื• ืื•ืชื” ืœื”ื‘ื ืช ื”ืื•ืงื™ื™ื ื•ืก,
04:45
what you would get is Polynesia.
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ื”ืชื•ืฆืื” ืชื”ื™ื” ืคื•ืœื™ื ื–ื™ื”.
04:47
And if we slip from the realm of the sea
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ื•ืื ื ืขื–ื•ื‘ ืืช ืขื•ืœื ื”ื™ื
04:49
into the realm of the spirit of the imagination,
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ื•ื ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืœืขื•ืœื ื”ื“ืžื™ื•ืŸ ื”ืจื•ื—ื ื™,
04:52
you enter the realm of Tibetan Buddhism.
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ื ื™ื›ื ืก ืœืขื•ืœื ื”ื‘ื•ื“ื”ื™ื–ื ื”ื˜ื™ื‘ื˜ื™.
04:54
And I recently made a film called "The Buddhist Science of the Mind."
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ืœืื—ืจื•ื ื” ื™ืฆืจืชื™ ืกืจื˜ ื‘ืฉื "ืžื“ืขื™ ื”ื ืคืฉ ื”ื‘ื•ื“ื”ื™ืกื˜ื™ื™ื".
04:57
Why did we use that word, science?
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ืžื“ื•ืข ื”ืฉืชืžืฉื ื• ื‘ืžื™ืœื” "ืžื“ืข"?
ืžื”ื• ื”ืžื“ืข, ืื ืœื ื”ื—ื™ืคื•ืฉ ื”ืืžืคื™ืจื™ ืื—ืจ ื”ืืžืช?
05:00
What is science but the empirical pursuit of the truth?
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05:02
What is Buddhism but 2,500 years
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ืžื”ื• ื”ื‘ื•ื“ื”ื™ื–ื, ืื ืœื 2,500 ืฉื ื”
05:04
of empirical observation
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ืฉืœ ื”ืชื‘ื•ื ื ื•ืช ืืžืคื™ืจื™ืช ื‘ื˜ื‘ืขื” ืฉืœ ื”ื ืคืฉ?
05:06
as to the nature of mind?
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05:08
I travelled for a month in Nepal with our good friend, Matthieu Ricard,
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ื˜ื™ื™ืœืชื™ ื‘ืžืฉืš ื—ื•ื“ืฉ ื‘ื ืคืืœ ืขื ื™ื“ื™ื“ื ื• ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ ืžืชื™ื• ืจื™ืงืจื“,
05:11
and you'll remember Matthieu famously said to all of us
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ื•ื•ื“ืื™ ืชื–ื›ืจื• ืืช ื“ื‘ืจื™ื• ื”ืžืคื•ืจืกืžื™ื ืฉืœ ืžืชื™ื•, ืฉืืžืจ ืœื›ื•ืœื ื•,
05:13
here once at TED,
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ื›ืืŸ ื‘-TED,
"ื”ืžื“ืข ื”ืžืขืจื‘ื™ ื”ื•ื ืžืขื ื” ืžืจื›ื–ื™ ืขืœ ืฆืจื›ื™ื ื˜ืคืœื™ื."
05:15
"Western science is a major response to minor needs."
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05:18
We spend all of our lifetime trying to live to be 100
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ืื ื• ืžืงื“ื™ืฉื™ื ืืช ื›ืœ ื—ื™ื™ื ื• ืœื ืกื™ื•ืŸ ืœื—ื™ื•ืช ืขื“ ื’ื™ืœ 100
05:20
without losing our teeth.
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ืžื‘ืœื™ ืœืื‘ื“ ืืช ื”ืฉื™ื ื™ื™ื.
05:22
The Buddhist spends all their lifetime trying to understand the nature of existence.
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ื”ื‘ื•ื“ื”ื™ืกื˜ ืžืงื“ื™ืฉ ืืช ื›ืœ ื—ื™ื™ื• ืœื ืกื™ื•ืŸ ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืืช ื˜ื™ื‘ ื”ืงื™ื•ื.
05:25
Our billboards celebrate naked children in underwear.
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ื”ืคืจืกื•ืžื•ืช ืฉืœื ื• ืžืคืืจื•ืช ื™ืœื“ื•ืช ืขื™ืจื•ืžื•ืช ื‘ืชื—ืชื•ื ื™ื,
05:27
Their billboards are manuals,
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ื•ืื™ืœื• ื”ืคืจืกื•ืžื•ืช ืฉืœื”ื ื”ืŸ ืกืคืจื™ ื”ื“ืจื›ื”,
05:29
prayers to the well-being of all sentient creatures.
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ืชืคื™ืœื•ืช ืœืฉืœื•ื ื›ืœ ื”ื™ืฆื•ืจื™ื ื”ืžืจื’ื™ืฉื™ื.
05:32
And with the blessing of Trulshik Rinpoche, we began a pilgrimage
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ื‘ื‘ืจื›ืชื• ืฉืœ ื˜ืจื•ืœืฉื™ืง ืจื™ืคื•ื ืฆ'ื”, ื™ืฆืื ื• ืœืžืกืข ืขืœื™ื” ืœืจื’ืœ
05:34
to a curious destination,
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ืœื™ืขื“ ืžืกืงืจืŸ ืžืœื•ื•ื™ื ื‘ืจื•ืคื ื“ื’ื•ืœ.
05:36
accompanied by a great doctor.
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05:38
And the destination was a single room in a nunnery,
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ื”ื™ืขื“ ื”ื™ื” ื—ื“ืจ ื‘ื•ื“ื“ ื‘ืžื ื–ืจ ื ืฉื™ื,
05:41
where a woman had gone into lifelong retreat
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ืฉื‘ื• ืื™ืฉื” ืื—ืช ื”ืกืชื’ืจื” ืœืžืฉืš ื›ืœ ื—ื™ื™ื”
05:43
55 years before.
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ืœืคื ื™ 55 ืฉื ื”.
05:46
And en route, we took darshan from Rinpoche,
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ื‘ื“ืจืš ืืกืคื ื• ืื™ืฉ ืจื•ื— ืžืจื™ื ืคื•ืฆ'ื”,
05:49
and he sat with us and told us about the Four Noble Truths,
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ืฉื™ืฉื‘ ืื™ืชื ื• ื•ืกื™ืคืจ ืœื ื• ืขืœ ืืจื‘ืข ื”ืืžื™ืชื•ืช ื”ื ืืฆืœื•ืช,
05:52
the essence of the Buddhist path.
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ืžื”ื•ืช ื”ื“ืจืš ื”ื‘ื•ื“ื”ื™ืกื˜ื™ืช.
05:54
All life is suffering. That doesn't mean all life is negative.
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ื›ืœ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื”ื ืกื‘ืœ. ืื™ืŸ ื–ื” ืื•ืžืจ ืฉื”ื—ื™ื™ื ืฉืœื™ืœื™ื™ื.
05:57
It means things happen.
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ืืœื ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืฉื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืงื•ืจื™ื.
05:59
The cause of suffering is ignorance.
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ื”ืกื™ื‘ื” ืœืกื‘ืœ ื”ื™ื ื‘ื•ืจื•ืช.
06:01
By that, the Buddha did not mean stupidity;
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ื”ื‘ื•ื“ื”ื” ืœื ื”ืชื›ื•ื•ืŸ ื‘ื›ืš ืœื˜ืคืฉื•ืช;
06:03
he meant clinging to the illusion
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ืืœื ืœื”ื™ืฆืžื“ื•ืช ืœืืฉืœื™ื” ืฉื”ื—ื™ื™ื ืกื˜ื˜ื™ื™ื ื•ื ื™ืชื ื™ื ืœื—ื™ื–ื•ื™.
06:05
that life is static and predictable.
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06:07
The third noble truth said that ignorance can be overcome.
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ืœืคื™ ื”ืืžืช ื”ื ืืฆืœืช ื”ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ืช, ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื”ืชื’ื‘ืจ ืขืœ ื”ื‘ื•ืจื•ืช.
06:09
And the fourth and most important, of course,
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ื•ื”ืจื‘ื™ืขื™ืช ื•ื”ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื” ืžื›ืœ, ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ,
06:11
was the delineation of a contemplative practice
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ื”ื™ื ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืžืกื’ืจืช ืฉืœ ืชืจื’ื•ืœ ื”ื’ื•ืชื™
06:13
that not only had the possibility
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ืฉืœื ื–ื• ื‘ืœื‘ื“ ืฉื™ืฉ ื‘ื›ื•ื—ื• ืœืฉื ื•ืช ืœื’ืžืจื™ ืืช ื”ืœื‘ ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™,
06:15
of a transformation of the human heart,
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06:17
but had 2,500 years of empirical evidence
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ืืœื ื’ื ืฉื™ืฉ ืžืื—ื•ืจื™ื• 2,500 ืฉื ื•ืช ืื™ืฉื•ืฉ ืืžืคื™ืจื™,
06:20
that such a transformation was a certainty.
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ืœื›ืš ืฉืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ื›ื–ื” ืื™ื ื• ืžื•ื˜ืœ ื‘ืกืคืง.
06:23
And so, when this door opened onto the face of a woman
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ื•ื›ืš, ื›ืฉืื•ืชื” ื“ืœืช ื ืคืชื—ื” ื•ื ืชื’ืœื• ืคื ื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืื™ืฉื”
06:25
who had not been out of that room in 55 years,
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ืฉืœื ื™ืฆืื” ืžื”ื—ื“ืจ ืžื–ื” 55 ืฉื ื”,
06:28
you did not see a mad woman.
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ืœื ืจืื™ื ื• ืื™ืฉื” ืžื˜ื•ืจืคืช.
06:30
You saw a woman who was more clear
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ืจืื™ื ื• ืื™ืฉื” ืฆืœื•ืœื” ื™ื•ืชืจ
06:32
than a pool of water in a mountain stream.
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ืžื‘ืจื™ื›ืช-ืžื™ื ื‘ื ื—ืœ ื”ืจืจื™.
06:35
And of course, this is what the Tibetan monks told us.
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ื•ื–ื” ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ืžื” ืฉืืžืจื• ืœื ื• ื”ื ื–ื™ืจื™ื ื”ื˜ื™ื‘ื˜ื™ื.
06:39
They said, at one point, you know, we don't really believe
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ื”ื ืืžืจื• ื‘ืฉืœื‘ ืžืกื•ื™ื:
"ืื™ื ื ื• ื‘ืืžืช ืžืืžื™ื ื™ื ืฉื”ื’ืขืชื ืืœ ื”ื™ืจื—,
06:42
you went to the moon, but you did.
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"ืื‘ืœ ืขืฉื™ืชื ื–ืืช.
06:44
You may not believe that we achieve enlightenment
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"ืืชื ืื•ืœื™ ืื™ื ื›ื ืžืืžื™ื ื™ื ืฉืื ื• ืžืฉื™ื’ื™ื ื”ืืจื” ืขื•ื“ ื‘ื—ื™ื™ื ื•,
06:46
in one lifetime, but we do.
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"ืื‘ืœ ืื ื• ืขื•ืฉื™ื ื–ืืช."
06:49
And if we move from the realm of the spirit
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ื•ืื ื ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืžืขื•ืœื ื”ืจื•ื— ืืœ ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ื’ืฉืžื™
06:51
to the realm of the physical,
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ื•ืœื’ื™ืื•ื’ืจืคื™ื” ื”ืžืงื•ื“ืฉืช ืฉืœ ืคืจื• --
06:53
to the sacred geography of Peru --
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06:55
I've always been interested in the relationships of indigenous people
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ืชืžื™ื“ ื”ืชืขื ื™ื™ื ืชื™ ื‘ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ื”ื™ื—ืกื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ื™ืœื™ื“ื™ื
06:58
that literally believe that the Earth is alive,
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ืฉื‘ืืžืช ืžืืžื™ื ื™ื ืฉื”ืืจืฅ ื—ื™ื”,
07:00
responsive to all of their aspirations,
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ื•ืฉื”ื™ื ืžื’ื™ื‘ื” ืœื›ืœ ืจืฆื•ื ื•ืชื™ื”ื ื•ืœื›ืœ ืฆืจื›ื™ื”ื.
07:02
all of their needs.
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07:04
And, of course, the human population
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ื•ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ืฉืœืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื” ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™ืช ื™ืฉ ื”ืชื—ื™ื™ื‘ื•ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืžืœื™ืŸ ืžืฉืœื”.
07:06
has its own reciprocal obligations.
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07:08
I spent 30 years living amongst
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ื—ื™ื™ืชื™ 30 ืฉื ื” ื‘ืงืจื‘ ื‘ื ื™ ื”ืฆ'ื™ื ืฆ'ืจื•
07:10
the people of Chinchero
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07:12
and I always heard about an event that I always wanted to participate in.
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ื•ืžืื– ื•ืžืชืžื™ื“ ืฉืžืขืชื™ ืขืœ ืื™ืจื•ืข ืฉื”ืฉืชื•ืงืงืชื™ ืœืงื—ืช ื‘ื• ื—ืœืง.
07:15
Once each year, the fastest young boy
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ืื—ืช ืœืฉื ื”, ื”ื ืขืจ ื”ืžื”ื™ืจ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ื›ืœ ื›ืคืจ
07:18
in each hamlet is given the honor of becoming a woman.
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ื–ื•ื›ื” ื‘ื›ื‘ื•ื“ ืœื”ืคื•ืš ืœืื™ืฉื”.
07:21
And for one day, he wears the clothing of his sister
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ื•ืœืžืฉืš ื™ื•ื ืื—ื“ ื”ื•ื ืœื•ื‘ืฉ ืืช ื‘ื’ื“ื™ ืื—ื•ืชื•
07:23
and he becomes a transvestite,
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ื•ื”ื•ืคืš ืœื˜ืจื ืกื•ื•ืจืกื˜ื™ื˜, "ื•ื•ืื™ืœืืงื”",
07:25
a waylaka. And for that day,
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ื•ื›ืœ ืื•ืชื• ื™ื•ื ื”ื•ื ืžื•ื‘ื™ืœ ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ื’ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ื›ืฉื™ืจื™ื ืœืžื™ืจื•ืฅ,
07:27
he leads all able-bodied men on a run,
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07:30
but it's not your ordinary run.
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ืืš ืื™ืŸ ื–ื” ืžื™ืจื•ืฅ ืจื’ื™ืœ.
07:32
You start off at 11,500 feet.
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ืžืชื—ื™ืœื™ื ื‘ื’ื•ื‘ื” 3,500 ืžื˜ืจ.
07:35
You run down to the base of the sacred mountain, Antakillqa.
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ืจืฆื™ื ืขื“ ืœืžืจื’ืœื•ืช ื”ื”ืจ ื”ืงื“ื•ืฉ ืื ื˜ืืงื™ืœืงื”,
07:37
You run up to 15,000 feet,
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ืžืจื—ืง ืฉืœ ืขื“ 5,000 ืžื˜ืจื™ื ื•ื™ืจื™ื“ื” ืฉืœ 1,000 ืžื˜ืจื™ื,
07:39
descend 3,000 feet.
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07:41
Climb again over the course of 24 hours.
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ื•ืžื˜ืคืกื™ื ื‘ื—ื–ืจื” ืœืžืขืœื” ื‘ืžืฉืš 24 ืฉืขื•ืช.
ื•ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ, "ื”ืกื™ื‘ื•ื‘ ืฉืœ ื•ื•ืื™ืœืืงืืžื”", ืžืกืœื•ืœ ื”ืชื•ื•ืื™,
07:44
And of course, the waylakama spin,
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07:46
the trajectory of the route,
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07:48
is marked by holy mounds of Earth,
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ืžืกื•ืžืŸ ื‘ืชื™ืœื™-ืื“ืžื” ืžืงื•ื“ืฉื™ื,
07:50
where coke is given to the Earth, libations of alcohol to the wind,
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ืฉื‘ื”ื ืžืงืจื™ื‘ื™ื ืœืื“ืžื” ืงื•ืงื” ื•ื–ื•ืจื™ื ื ืกื›ื™ ืืœื›ื•ื”ื•ืœ ืœืจื•ื—,
07:53
the vortex of the feminine is brought to the mountaintop.
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ืžืขืจื‘ื•ืœืช ื”ื ืงื‘ื™ื•ืช ืžื•ืขืœื™ืช ืœืจืืฉ ื”ื”ืจ.
07:56
And the metaphor is clear: you go into the mountain as an individual,
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ื•ื”ื“ื™ืžื•ื™ ื‘ืจื•ืจ: ื ื›ื ืกื™ื ืืœ ื”ื”ืจ ื›ื™ื—ื™ื“ื™ื,
07:59
but through exhaustion, through sacrifice,
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ื•ื“ืจืš ื”ืชืฉื™ืฉื•ืช, ื“ืจืš ื”ืงื•ืจื‘ืŸ,
08:02
you emerge as a community that has once again
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ื™ื•ืฆืื™ื ื›ืงื”ื™ืœื”, ืฉืฉื‘ื” ื•ืžืืฉืฉืช ืืช ืชื—ื•ืฉืช ืžืงื•ืžื” ืขืœื™-ืื“ืžื•ืช.
08:04
reaffirmed its sense of place in the planet.
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08:07
And at 48, I was the only outsider ever to go through this,
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ื•ื‘ื’ื™ืœ 48 ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ื”ื–ืจ ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ ืฉืื™-ืคืขื ืขื‘ืจ ืืช ื–ื”,
08:10
only one to finish it.
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ื”ื–ืจ ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ ืฉื”ื’ื™ืข ืœืกื™ื•ื.
08:12
I only managed to do it by chewing more coca leaves in one day
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ื”ืฆืœื—ืชื™ ืจืง ื”ื•ื“ื•ืช ืœื›ืš ืฉืœืขืกืชื™ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืขืœื™ ืงื•ืงื” ื‘ื™ื•ื ืื—ื“
08:15
than anyone in the 4,000-year history of the plant.
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ืžื›ืœ ืื“ื ื‘-4,000 ืฉื ื•ืช ื”ื˜ืงืก.
(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
ืื‘ืœ ื”ื˜ืงืกื™ื ื”ืžืงื•ืžื™ื™ื ื”ืืœื” ื”ืคื›ื• ืœื›ืœ-ืื ื“ื™ื™ื,
08:19
But these localized rituals become pan-Andean,
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08:21
and these fantastic festivals,
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ื•ื”ืคืกื˜ื™ื‘ืœื™ื ื”ืžื•ืคืœืื™ื ื”ืืœื”, ื›ืžื• ื”ืคืกื˜ื™ื‘ืœ ืฉืœ ืงื•ื•ื™ืœื•ืจ ืจื™ื˜ื™,
08:23
like that of the Qoyllur Rit'i, which occurs
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ืฉื ืขืจืš ื›ืฉื”ืคืœื™ืื“ื•ืช ื—ื•ื–ืจื•ืช ืœื”ื•ืคื™ืข ื‘ืฉืžื™ ื”ื—ื•ืจืฃ.
08:25
when the Pleiades reappear in the winter sky.
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08:28
It's kind of like an Andean Woodstock:
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ื–ื” ื›ืžื• ื•ื•ื“ืกื˜ื•ืง ืฉืœ ื”ืจื™ ื”ืื ื“ื™ื:
08:30
60,000 Indians on pilgrimage
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60,000 ืื™ื ื“ื™ืื ื™ื ื‘ืžืกืข ืขืœื™ื” ืœืจื’ืœ ืขืœ ื“ืจืš ืขืคืจ
08:32
to the end of a dirt road
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08:34
that leads to the sacred valley, called the Sinakara,
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ืฉืžื•ื‘ื™ืœื” ืืœ ื”ืขืžืง ื”ืžืงื•ื“ืฉ, ืกื™ื ื™ืงืืจื”,
08:36
which is dominated by three tongues
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ืฉื—ื•ืœืฉื•ืช ืขืœื™ื• ืฉืœื•ืฉ ืฉืœื•ื—ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืงืจื—ื•ืŸ ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ.
08:38
of the great glacier.
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08:40
The metaphor is so clear. You bring the crosses from your community,
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ื”ื“ื™ืžื•ื™ ื›ืœ-ื›ืš ื‘ืจื•ืจ. ืžื‘ื™ืื™ื ืืช ื”ืฆืœื‘ื™ื ืฉืœ ื›ืœ ื”ืงื”ื™ืœื•ืช,
08:43
in this wonderful fusion of Christian
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ื‘ื›ื•ืจ-ื”ื™ืชื•ืš ื ืคืœื ื–ื” ืฉืœ ืจืขื™ื•ื ื•ืช ื ื•ืฆืจื™ื™ื ื•ืงื“ื-ืงื•ืœื•ืžื‘ื™ืื ื™ื™ื.
08:45
and pre-Columbian ideas.
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08:47
You place the cross into the ice,
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ืชื•ืงืขื™ื ืืช ื”ืฆืœื‘ื™ื ื‘ืงืจื— ื‘ืฆื™ืœื• ืฉืœ ืื•ืกื ื’ืื˜ื”,
08:49
in the shadow of Ausangate, the most sacred of all Apus,
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ื”ืžืงื•ื“ืฉ ืžื›ืœ ื”"ืืคื•ืก", ื”ื”ืจื™ื ื”ืงื“ื•ืฉื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืื™ื ืงื”,
08:52
or sacred mountains of the Inca.
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08:54
And then you do the ritual dances that empower the crosses.
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ื•ืื– ืจื•ืงื“ื™ื ืืช ื”ืžื—ื•ืœื•ืช ื”ื˜ืงืกื™ื™ื ืฉืžืขื ื™ืงื™ื ื›ื•ื— ืœืฆืœื‘ื™ื.
08:57
Now, these ideas and these events
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ืจืขื™ื•ื ื•ืช ืืœื” ื•ืื™ืจื•ืขื™ื ืืœื” ืžืืคืฉืจื™ื ืœื ื• ื’ื ืœื ืชื— ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ืกืžืœื™ื™ื
08:59
allow us even to deconstruct iconic places
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09:02
that many of you have been to, like Machu Picchu.
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ืฉืจื‘ื™ื ืžื›ื ื‘ื™ืงืจืชื ื‘ื”ื, ื›ืžื• ืžืืฆ'ื• ืคื™ืฆ'ื•.
09:04
Machu Picchu was never a lost city.
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ืžืืฆ'ื• ืคื™ืฆ'ื• ืžืขื•ืœื ืœื ื”ื™ืชื” ืขื™ืจ ืื‘ื•ื“ื”.
09:06
On the contrary, it was completely linked in
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ืœื”ื™ืคืš. ื”ื™ื ื”ื™ืชื” ืžืงื•ืฉืจืช ืœื—ืœื•ื˜ื™ืŸ ืœ-14,000 ื”ืงื™ืœื•ืžื˜ืจื™ื ืฉืœ ื“ืจื›ื™-ืžืœืš
09:08
to the 14,000 kilometers of royal roads
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09:11
the Inca made in less than a century.
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ืฉื”ืื™ื ืงื” ืกืœืœื• ื‘ืชื•ืš ืคื—ื•ืช ืžืžืื” ืื—ืช.
09:13
But more importantly, it was linked in
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ืืš ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ื™ื•ืชืจ,
ื”ื™ื ื”ื™ืชื” ืžื—ื•ื‘ืจืช ืœืจืขื™ื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืื ื“ื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ื’ื™ืื•ื’ืจืคื™ื” ื”ืžืงื•ื“ืฉืช.
09:15
to the Andean notions of sacred geography.
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09:18
The intiwatana, the hitching post to the sun,
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ื”"ืื™ื ื˜ื™ื•ื•ืื˜ืื ื”", ืขืžื•ื“ ืจืชื™ืžืช ื”ืฉืžืฉ,
09:21
is actually an obelisk that constantly reflects the light
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ื”ื•ื ืœืžืขืฉื” ืื•ื‘ืœื™ืกืง ืฉืžืฉืงืฃ ืœืœื ื”ืจืฃ ืืช ื”ืื•ืจ
09:24
that falls on the sacred Apu of Machu Picchu,
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ืฉื ื•ืคืœ ืขืœ ื”ืืคึผื• ื”ืžืงื•ื“ืฉ ืฉืœ ืžืืฆ'ื• ืคื™ืฆ'ื•,
09:27
which is Sugarloaf Mountain, called Huayna Picchu.
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ื”ื•ื ื”ืจ ื›ื™ื›ืจ ื”ืกื•ื›ืจ, ื”"ื•ืื™ื™ื ื” ืคื™ืฆ'ื•".
09:30
If you come to the south of the intiwatana, you find an altar.
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ืื ืชื’ื™ืขื• ืžื“ืจื•ื ืœืื™ื ื˜ื™ื•ื•ื˜ืื ื”, ืชืžืฆืื• ืžื–ื‘ื—.
09:33
Climb Huayna Picchu, find another altar.
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ืื ืชื˜ืคืกื• ืขืœ ื”ื•ื•ืื™ื™ื ื” ืคื™ืฆ'ื• ืชืžืฆืื• ืžื–ื‘ื— ื ื•ืกืฃ.
09:35
Take a direct north-south bearing,
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ื”ืชื™ื™ืฆื‘ื• ื”ื™ื™ืฉืจ ื‘ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฆืคื•ืŸ-ื“ืจื•ื,
09:37
you find to your astonishment
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ื•ืœืชื“ื”ืžืชื›ื ืชื’ืœื• ืฉื”ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ื—ื•ืฆื” ืืช ืื‘ืŸ ื”ืื™ื ื˜ื™ื•ื•ื˜ืื ื”,
09:39
that it bisects the intiwatana stone,
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09:41
goes to the skyline,
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ืžื’ื™ืข ืขื“ ืงื• ื”ืจื›ืก,
09:43
hits the heart of Salcantay, the second of the most important mountains
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ืงื•ืœืข ืœืžืจื›ื– ืกืœืงืื ื˜ืื™, ื”ืฉื ื™ ืžื”ื”ืจื™ื ื”ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ
09:46
of the Incan empire.
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ื‘ืื™ืžืคืจื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืื™ื ืงื”.
09:48
And then beyond Salcantay, of course,
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ื•ืžืขื‘ืจ ืœืกืœืงืื ื˜ืื™, ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ,
09:50
when the southern cross reaches the southernmost point in the sky,
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ื”ื™ื›ืŸ ืฉืฆืœื‘ ื”ื“ืจื•ื ืžื’ื™ืข ืœื ืงื•ื“ื” ื”ื“ืจื•ืžื™ืช ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืฉืžื™ื,
09:53
directly in that same alignment, the Milky Way overhead.
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ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ื‘ืžืขืจืš ื”ื–ื” ืขื•ื‘ืจ ืžืžืขืœ ืฉื‘ื™ืœ ื”ื—ืœื‘.
09:56
But what is enveloping Machu Picchu from below?
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ื•ืžื” ืขื•ื˜ืฃ ืžืœืžื˜ื” ืืช ืžืืฆ'ื• ืคื™ืฆ'ื•?
09:59
The sacred river, the Urubamba, or the Vilcanota,
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ื”ื ื”ืจ ื”ืžืงื•ื“ืฉ, ืื•ืจื•ื‘ืžื‘ื” ืื• ื•ื™ืœืงื ื•ื˜ื”,
10:02
which is itself the Earthly equivalent of the Milky Way,
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ืฉื”ื•ื ื”ืžืงื‘ื™ืœื” ื”ืืจืฆื™ืช ืฉืœ ืฉื‘ื™ืœ ื”ื—ืœื‘.
10:05
but it's also the trajectory that Viracocha walked
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ืื‘ืœ ื–ื”ื• ื’ื ื”ื ืชื™ื‘ ื‘ื• ืคืกืข ื•ื™ืจืืงื•ืฆ'ื”
10:08
at the dawn of time when he brought the universe into being.
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ื‘ืฉื—ืจ ื”ื–ืžืŸ, ื›ืฉื‘ืจื ืืช ื”ื™ืงื•ื.
10:11
And where does the river rise?
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ื•ื”ื™ื›ืŸ ื ื•ื‘ืข ื ื”ืจ ื–ื”?
10:13
Right on the slopes of the Koariti.
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ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ื‘ืžื“ืจื•ื ื•ืชื™ื• ืฉืœ ืงื•ืืจื™ื˜ื™.
10:17
So, 500 years after Columbus,
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ื•ื›ืš, 500 ืฉื ื” ืื—ืจื™ ืงื•ืœื•ืžื‘ื•ืก,
10:19
these ancient rhythms of landscape
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ืžืงืฆื‘ื™ ื”ื ื•ืฃ ื”ืงื“ืžื•ื ื™ื™ื ื”ืืœื” ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืžื‘ื•ืฆืขื™ื ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ื˜ืงืกื™ืช.
10:22
are played out in ritual.
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10:24
Now, when I was here at the first TED,
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ื›ืฉื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ื›ืืŸ, ื‘-TED ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ,
10:26
I showed this photograph: two men of the Elder Brothers,
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ื”ืฆื’ืชื™ ืืช ื”ืชืฆืœื•ื ื”ื–ื”: ืฉื ื™ื™ื ืž"ื”ืื—ื™ื ื”ื–ืงื ื™ื",
10:29
the descendants, survivors of El Dorado.
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ื”ืฆืืฆืื™ื, ืืœื” ืฉืฉืจื“ื• ืืช ืืœ-ื“ื•ืจืื“ื•.
10:32
These, of course, are the descendants
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ืืœื” ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ื”ื ื”ืฆืืฆืื™ื ืฉืœ ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ื”ื˜ืื™ืจื•ื ื” ื”ืงื“ื•ืžื”.
10:35
of the ancient Tairona civilization.
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ื—ืœืงื›ื ืื•ืœื™ ื™ื–ื›ื•ืจ ืฉืฆื™ื™ื ืชื™
10:38
If those of you who are here remember that I mentioned
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10:40
that they remain ruled by a ritual priesthood,
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ืฉื”ื ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื ืฉืœื˜ื™ื ื‘ื™ื“ื™ ื›ืžื•ืจื” ื˜ืงืกื™ืช,
10:43
but the training for the priesthood is extraordinary.
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื”ื›ืฉืจื” ืœื›ืžื•ืจื” ื”ื–ื• ื”ื™ื ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ืช:
10:45
Taken from their families, sequestered in a shadowy world of darkness
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ื”ื ื ืœืงื—ื™ื ืžืžืฉืคื—ื•ืชื™ื”ื, ื”ื ืžื‘ื•ื“ื“ื™ื ื‘ืขื•ืœื ืฆืœืœื™ื ืืคืœ
10:48
for 18 years -- two nine-year periods deliberately chosen
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ื‘ืžืฉืš 18 ืฉื ื™ื - ืฉืชื™ ืชืงื•ืคื•ืช ื‘ื ื•ืช 9 ืฉื ื™ื ืฉื ื‘ื—ืจื• ื‘ืžื›ื•ื•ืŸ
10:51
to evoke the nine months they spend in the natural mother's womb.
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ืœืฆื™ื•ืŸ ืชืฉืขืช ื”ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื ื‘ื”ื ืฉื”ื• ื‘ืจื—ื ืื™ืžื.
10:54
All that time, the world only exists as an abstraction,
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ืžืฉืš ื›ืœ ื”ื–ืžืŸ ื”ื–ื” ื”ืขื•ืœื ืงื™ื™ื ืจืง ื›ืžื•ืฉื’ ืžื•ืคืฉื˜
10:58
as they are taught the values of their society.
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ื•ื”ื ืœื•ืžื“ื™ื ืืช ืขืจื›ื™ ื”ื—ื‘ืจื” ืฉืœื”ื,
11:00
Values that maintain the proposition that their prayers,
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ืขืจื›ื™ื ืฉืžืฉืžืจื™ื ืืช ื”ื”ื ื—ื” ืฉืชืคื™ืœื•ืชื™ื”ื,
11:03
and their prayers alone, maintain the cosmic balance.
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ื•ืชืคื™ืœื•ืชื™ื”ื ื‘ืœื‘ื“, ืฉื•ืžืจื•ืช ืขืœ ื”ืื™ื–ื•ืŸ ื”ืงื•ืกืžื™.
11:06
Now, the measure of a society is not only what it does,
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ื•ืืžืช ื”ืžื™ื“ื” ืœื—ื‘ืจื” ืื™ื ื” ืจืง ืžื” ื”ื™ื ืขื•ืฉื”,
11:09
but the quality of its aspirations.
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ืืœื ื’ื ืื™ื›ื•ืช ื”ืื™ื“ื™ืืœื™ื ืฉืœื”.
11:11
And I always wanted to go back into these mountains,
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ืชืžื™ื“ ืจืฆื™ืชื™ ืœื—ื–ื•ืจ ืืœ ืื•ืชื ื”ืจื™ื ืœืจืื•ืช ืื ื™ื™ืชื›ืŸ ืฉื–ื• ืืžืช,
11:13
to see if this could possibly be true,
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11:16
as indeed had been reported by the great anthropologist,
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ื›ืคื™ ืฉื“ื™ื•ื•ื— ื”ืื ืชืจื•ืคื•ืœื•ื’ ื”ื“ื’ื•ืœ ืจื™ื™ื›ืœ-ื“ื•ืœืžื˜ื•ื‘.
11:19
Reichel-Dolmatoff.
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11:21
So, literally two weeks ago,
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ืื– ืžืžืฉ ืœืคื ื™ ืฉื‘ื•ืขื™ื™ื,
11:23
I returned from having spent six weeks with the Elder Brothers
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ื—ื–ืจืชื™ ืื—ืจื™ ืฉื”ื•ืช ืฉืœ 6 ืฉื‘ื•ืขื•ืช ื‘ืžื—ื™ืฆืช "ื”ืื—ื™ื ื”ื–ืงื ื™ื"
11:26
on what was clearly the most
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ื‘ืžื” ืฉื”ื™ื” ืœืœื ืกืคืง ื”ืžืกืข ื”ืžื•ืคืœื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืœ ื—ื™ื™.
11:28
extraordinary trip of my life.
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11:30
These really are a people who live and breathe
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ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ื‘ื ื™-ืื“ื ืฉื—ื™ื™ื ื•ื ื•ืฉืžื™ื
11:33
the realm of the sacred,
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ื‘ืขื•ืœื ื”ืžืงื•ื“ืฉ,
ืืžื•ื ื” ื“ืชื™ืช ื‘ืืจื•ืงื™ืช ืฉื”ื™ื ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืžื“ื”ื™ืžื”.
11:35
a baroque religiosity that is simply awesome.
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11:37
They consume more coca leaves than any human population,
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ื”ื ืฆื•ืจื›ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืขืœื™ ืงื•ืงื” ืžื›ืœ ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื” ืื ื•ืฉื™ืช ืื—ืจืช:
11:40
half a pound per man, per day.
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ื›ืžืืชื™ื™ื ื’ืจื ืœืื“ื ืœื™ื•ื.
11:42
The gourd you see here is --
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ื”ืงืขืจื” ืฉืืชื ืจื•ืื™ื ื›ืืŸ -
11:45
everything in their lives is symbolic.
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ื›ืœ ื“ื‘ืจ ื‘ื—ื™ื™ื”ื ื ื•ืฉื ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ืกืžืœื™ืช.
11:48
Their central metaphor is a loom.
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ื”ื“ื™ืžื•ื™ ื”ืžืจื›ื–ื™ ื‘ื—ื™ื™ื”ื ื”ื•ื ื”ื ื•ืœ.
11:50
They say, "Upon this loom, I weave my life."
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ื”ื ืื•ืžืจื™ื: "ื‘ื ื•ืœ ื–ื” ืื ื™ ื˜ื•ื•ื” ืืช ื—ื™ื™."
11:52
They refer to the movements as they exploit the ecological niches of the gradient
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ื”ื ืžื“ืžื™ื ืืช ืชื ื•ืขืชื, ืœื ื™ืฆื•ืœ ื”ื’ื•ืžื—ื•ืช ื”ืืงื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืžื“ืจื•ื ื•ืช,
11:55
as "threads."
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ืœ"ื—ื•ื˜ื™ื".
11:57
When they pray for the dead, they make these gestures with their hands,
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ื›ืฉื”ื ืžืชืคืœืœื™ื ืœืžืขืŸ ืžืชื™ื”ื, ื”ื ืขื•ืฉื™ื ื‘ื™ื“ื™ื”ื ืžื—ื•ื•ืช ืืœื”,
12:00
spinning their thoughts into the heavens.
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ื•ืžืกื—ืจืจื™ื ืืช ืžื—ืฉื‘ื•ืชื™ื”ื ืืœ ืชื•ืš ื”ืจืงื™ืข.
12:03
You can see the calcium buildup on the head of the poporo gourd.
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ืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืจืื•ืช ืืช ืžืฉืงืขื™ ื”ืกื™ื“ืŸ ืขืœ ืจืืฉื• ืฉืœ ื›ืœื™ ื”"ืคื•ืคื•ืจื•" ื”ื–ื”.
12:06
The gourd is a feminine aspect; the stick is a male.
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ื”ื›ืœื™ ื”ื•ื ื”ื™ื‘ื˜ ื ืงื‘ื™ ื•ื”ืžืงืœ ื”ื•ื ื”ื–ื›ืจื™.
12:09
You put the stick in the powder
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ืžื›ื ื™ืกื™ื ืืช ื”ื›ืœื™ ืœืื‘ืงื”
12:11
to take the sacred ashes -- well, they're not ashes,
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœืืกื•ืฃ ืืช ื”ืืคืจ ื”ืžืงื•ื“ืฉ-- ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ื–ื” ืœื ืืคืจ,
ืืœื ืื‘ืŸ-ื’ื™ืจ ืฉืจื•ืคื” --
12:14
they're burnt limestone --
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12:15
to empower the coca leaf, to change
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ืฉืžืขืฆื™ืžื” ืืช ื”ืฉืคืขืช ืขืœื” ื”ืงื•ืงื” ื•ืžืฉื ื” ืืช ื”ื—ื•ืžืฆื™ื•ืช ื‘ืคื”,
12:17
the pH of the mouth to facilitate the absorption
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืงืœ ืขืœ ืกืคื™ื’ืช ื”ื”ื™ื“ืจื•ื›ืœื•ืจื™ื“ ืฉืœ ื”ืงื•ืงืื™ืŸ.
12:19
of cocaine hydrochloride.
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12:21
But if you break a gourd, you cannot simply throw it away,
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ืืš ืื ืฉื•ื‘ืจื™ื ื›ืœื™ ื›ื–ื”, ืื™-ืืคืฉืจ ืกืชื ืœื–ืจื•ืง ืื•ืชื•,
12:24
because every stroke of that stick
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ื›ื™ ื›ืœ ื—ื‘ื˜ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืžืงืœ
12:26
that has built up that calcium,
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ืฉืฆื‘ืจื” ื‘ืžืฉืงืขื™ ื”ืกื™ื“ืŸ ืืช ืžื™ื“ืช ื—ื™ื™ ืื“ื,
12:28
the measure of a man's life,
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ื˜ื•ืžื ืช ื‘ื—ื•ื‘ื” ืžื—ืฉื‘ื”.
12:30
has a thought behind it.
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12:33
Fields are planted in such an extraordinary way,
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ื”ืฉืชื™ืœื” ื‘ืฉื“ื•ืช ื ืขืฉื™ืช ื‘ื“ืจืš ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ืช ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ;
12:35
that the one side of the field
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ืฆื“ ืื—ื“ ืฉืœ ื”ืฉื“ื” ื ืฉืชืœ ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ื›ื–ื• ืข"ื™ ื ืฉื™ื.
12:37
is planted like that by the women.
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ื”ืฆื“ ื”ืฉื ื™ ื ืฉืชืœ ื›ืš ืข"ื™ ื’ื‘ืจื™ื. ื”ื“ื™ืžื•ื™ ื”ื•ื,
12:39
The other side is planted like that by the men. Metaphorically,
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12:42
you turn it on the side, and you have a piece of cloth.
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ืฉื‘ืžื‘ื˜ ืžื”ืฆื“, ืžืฆื˜ื™ื™ืจืช ืคื™ืกืช ืืจื™ื’.
12:45
And they are the descendants of the ancient Tairona civilization,
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ืืœื” ืื›ืŸ ืฆืืฆืื™ ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ื”ื˜ืื™ืจื•ื ื” ื”ืงื“ื•ืžื”,
12:48
the greatest goldsmiths of South America,
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ื”ืฆื•ืจืคื™ื ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืœ ื“ืจื•ื ืืžืจื™ืงื”,
12:49
who in the wake of the conquest,
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ืฉืขื ืชื—ื™ืœืช ื”ื›ื™ื‘ื•ืฉ
12:51
retreated into this isolated volcanic massif
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ื ืกื•ื’ื• ืืœ ื’ื•ืฉ ื”ื”ืจื™ื ื”ื•ื•ืœืงื ื™ ื”ืžื‘ื•ื“ื“ ื”ื–ื”
12:54
that soars to 20,000 feet
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ืฉืžืชื ืฉื ืœื’ื•ื‘ื” 6,000 ืžื˜ืจื™ื ืžืขืœ ืžื™ืฉื•ืจ ื”ื—ื•ืฃ ื”ืงืจื™ื‘ื™.
12:56
above the Caribbean coastal plain.
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12:58
There are four societies:
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ื™ืฉ ืฉื ืืจื‘ืข ืชืจื‘ื•ื™ื•ืช:
ื”"ืงื•ื’ื™", ื”"ื•ื•ื™ื•ื•ื”", ื”"ืงื ืงื•ื•ืื ื”" ื•ื”"ืืจื”ื•ืืงื•ืก".
13:00
the Kogi, the Wiwa, the Kankwano and the Arhuacos.
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13:03
I traveled with the Arhuacos,
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ื˜ื™ื™ืœืชื™ ื‘ื—ื‘ืจืช ื”ืืจื”ื•ืืงื•ืก,
13:05
and the wonderful thing about this story
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ื•ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ืžืคืœื™ื ื‘ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ื”ื–ื” ื”ื•ื ืฉื”ื’ื‘ืจ ื”ื–ื”, ื“ื ื™ืœื• ื•ื•ื™ืœืคืื ื™ื” -
13:07
was that this man, Danilo Villafane --
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13:10
if we just jump back here for a second.
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ื ื—ื–ื•ืจ ืœืจื’ืข ืœืื—ื•ืจ.
13:13
When I first met Danilo, in the Colombian embassy in Washington,
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ื›ืฉืคื’ืฉืชื™ ืœืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืืช ื“ื ื™ืœื•, ื‘ืฉื’ืจื™ืจื•ืช ืงื•ืœื•ืžื‘ื™ื” ื‘ื•ื•ืฉื™ื ื’ื˜ื•ืŸ,
13:16
I couldn't help but say, "You know,
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ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœืชื™ ืœื”ื™ืžื ืข ืžืœื•ืžืจ:
13:18
you look a lot like an old friend of mine."
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"ืืชื” ื“ื•ืžื” ืžืื“ ืœื—ื‘ืจ ื•ืชื™ืง ืฉืœื™."
13:20
Well, it turns out he was the son of my friend, Adalberto,
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ื”ืกืชื‘ืจ ืฉื”ื•ื ื‘ื ื• ืฉืœ ื—ื‘ืจื™, ืื“ืืœื‘ืจื˜ื•,
13:23
from 1974, who had been killed by the FARC.
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ืฉืื•ืชื• ื”ื›ืจืชื™ ื‘-1974, ื•ืฉื ื”ืจื’ ื‘ื™ื“ื™ ืฆื‘ื ื”ืขื ืฉืœ ืงื•ืœื•ืžื‘ื™ื”.
13:26
And I said, "Danilo, you won't remember this,
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ืืžืจืชื™ ืœื•: "ื“ื ื™ืœื•, ืื•ืœื™ ืœื ืชื–ื›ื•ืจ ื–ืืช,
13:29
but when you were an infant, I carried you on my back,
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"ืืš ื›ืฉื”ื™ื™ืช ื™ืœื“, ื ืฉืืชื™ ืื•ืชืš ืขืœ ื’ื‘ื™
13:31
up and down the mountains."
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"ื‘ืžืขืœื” ื•ื‘ืžื•ืจื“ ื”ื”ืจื™ื."
13:33
And because of that, Danilo invited us
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ื•ืขืงื‘ ื›ืš, ื“ื ื™ืœื• ื”ื–ืžื™ืŸ ืื•ืชื ื• ืืœ ืœื‘-ืœื™ื‘ื• ืฉืœ ื”ืขื•ืœื,
13:35
to go to the very heart of the world,
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13:37
a place where no journalist had ever been permitted.
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ืžืงื•ื ืฉืฉื•ื ืขื™ืชื•ื ืื™ ืœื ื”ื•ืจืฉื” ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ืืœื™ื•.
13:39
Not simply to the flanks of the mountains,
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ืœื ืกืชื ืืœ ืฆืœืขื•ืช ื”ื”ืจื™ื,
13:41
but to the very iced peaks which are the destiny of the pilgrims.
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ืืœื ืžืžืฉ ืขื“ ืœืคืกื’ื•ืช ื”ืžื•ืฉืœื’ื•ืช, ื™ืขื“ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ืฆืœื™ื™ื ื™ื.
13:44
And this man sitting cross-legged
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ื”ื’ื‘ืจ ื”ื–ื”, ืฉื™ื•ืฉื‘ ื‘ืฉื™ื›ื•ืœ ืจื’ืœื™ื™ื,
13:46
is now a grown-up Eugenio,
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ื”ื•ื ื›ื™ื•ื "ื™ื•ื—ื ื™ื•" ืžื‘ื•ื’ืจ, ืื“ื ืฉืื ื™ ืžื›ื™ืจ ืžืื– 1974.
13:48
a man who I've known since 1974.
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13:51
And this is one of those initiates.
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ื–ื”ื• ืื—ื“ ืžื˜ืงืกื™ ื”ื—ื ื™ื›ื”.
13:53
No, it's not true that they're kept in the darkness for 18 years,
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ื•ืœื ื ื›ื•ืŸ ืœื•ืžืจ ืฉื”ื ื”ื•ืกืชืจื• ืžื–ื” 18 ืฉื ื”,
13:56
but they are kept within the confines
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ื”ื ืคืฉื•ื˜ ื”ื•ื’ื‘ืœื• ืœื—ื•ื’ ืื ืฉื™ ื”ื˜ืงืกื™ื
13:58
of the ceremonial men's circle
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14:00
for 18 years.
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ื‘ืžืฉืš 18 ืฉื ื”.
14:02
This little boy will never step outside
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ื”ื™ืœื“ ื”ืงื˜ืŸ ื”ื–ื” ืœืขื•ืœื ืœื ื™ื—ืจื•ื’ ืžืชื—ื•ื ื”ืฉื“ื•ืช ื”ืžืงื•ื“ืฉื™ื
14:04
of the sacred fields
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14:06
that surround the men's hut for all that time,
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ืฉืžืงื™ืคื™ื ืืช ื‘ืงืชืช ื”ื’ื‘ืจื™ื, ืžืฉืš ื›ืœ ื”ื–ืžืŸ ื”ื–ื”,
14:09
until he begins his journey of initiation.
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ืขื“ ืฉื™ืชื—ื™ืœ ื‘ืžืกืข ื”ื—ื ื™ื›ื” ืฉืœื•.
14:12
For that entire time, the world only exists as an abstraction,
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ื›ืœ ืื•ืชื• ื–ืžืŸ ื”ืขื•ืœื ืงื™ื™ื ืจืง ื›ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ืžื•ืคืฉื˜
14:15
as he is taught the values of society,
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ื‘ืขื•ื“ื• ื”ื•ื ืœื•ืžื“ ืืช ืขืจื›ื™ ื”ื—ื‘ืจื”,
14:17
including this notion that their prayers alone
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ื›ื•ืœืœ ืืช ื”ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืชืคื™ืœื•ืชื™ื”ื ื‘ืœื‘ื“ ื”ืŸ ืฉืฉื•ืžืจื•ืช ืขืœ ื”ืื™ื–ื•ืŸ ื”ืงื•ืกืžื™.
14:19
maintain the cosmic balance.
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14:22
Before we could begin our journey,
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ื‘ื˜ืจื ื ื•ื›ืœ ืœื”ืชื—ื™ืœ ื‘ืžืกืขื ื• ื”ื™ื” ืขืœื™ื ื• ืœื”ื™ื˜ื”ืจ ื‘ืฉืขืจ ื”ืขื•ืœื.
14:24
we had to be cleansed at the portal of the Earth.
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14:26
And it was extraordinary to be taken by a priest.
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ื”ื™ื” ื‘ืœืชื™-ืจื’ื™ืœ ืœื”ื™ืœืงื— ืข"ื™ ื›ื•ืžืจ,
14:28
And you see that the priest never wears shoes because holy feet --
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ืืชื ืจื•ืื™ื ืฉื”ื›ื•ืžืจ ืื™ื ื• ื ื•ืขืœ ื ืขืœื™ื™ื ื›ื™ ื›ืคื•ืช-ืจื’ืœื™ื™ื ืงื“ื•ืฉื•ืช...
14:31
there must be nothing between the feet
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ืืกื•ืจ ืฉื™ื—ืฆื•ืฅ ืžืฉื”ื• ื‘ื™ืŸ ื›ืคื•ืช ืจื’ืœื™ื• ืฉืœ ืžื ื”ื™ื’ ืจื•ื—ื ื™, "ืžืืžื•", ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืื“ืžื”.
14:33
and the Earth for a mamo.
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14:36
And this is actually the place where the Great Mother
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ื•ื–ื” ื‘ืขืฆื ื”ืžืงื•ื ืฉื‘ื• ื”ืื ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ืฉื™ื’ืจื” ืืช ื”ื›ื™ืฉื•ืจ ืืœ ืชื•ืš ื”ืขื•ืœื
14:38
sent the spindle into the world
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14:40
that elevated the mountains and created the homeland
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ื•ื”ื•ื ื’ืจื ืœื”ืชืจื•ืžืžื•ืช ื”ื”ืจื™ื ื•ื‘ืจื ืืช ืžื•ืœื“ืชื,
14:42
that they call the heart of the world.
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ืื•ืชื” ื”ื ืžื›ื ื™ื "ืœื‘ ื”ืขื•ืœื".
14:44
We traveled high into the paramo,
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ืขืœื™ื ื• ื’ื‘ื•ื” ืืœ ืฉื˜ื—ื™ ื”ื‘ื•ืจ, ื”"ืคืืจืืžื•", ื•ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื˜ื™ืคื•ืกื ื• ืืœ ืจืืฉื™ ื”ื’ื‘ืขื•ืช,
14:46
and as we crested the hills,
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14:48
we realized that the men were interpreting
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ืงืœื˜ื ื• ืฉื”ืื ืฉื™ื ืžืคืจืฉื™ื ื›ืœ ื‘ืœื™ื˜ื” ื‘ื ื•ืฃ
14:50
every single bump on the landscape
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14:52
in terms of their own intense religiosity.
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ืขืœ ืคื™ ื”ืื“ื™ืงื•ืช ื”ื“ืชื™ืช ื”ืขืžื•ืงื” ืฉืœื”ื.
14:55
And then of course, as we reached our final destination,
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ื•ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ, ื›ืฉื”ื’ืขื ื• ืœื™ืขื“ื ื• ื”ืกื•ืคื™, ืžืงื•ื ื‘ืฉื ืžืืžืื ืงืื ื”,
14:58
a place called Mamancana,
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15:00
we were in for a surprise,
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ืฆื™ืคืชื” ืœื ื• ื”ืคืชืขื”:
15:02
because the FARC were waiting to kidnap us.
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ืฆื‘ื ื”ืขื ืืจื‘ ืœื ื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื—ื˜ื•ืฃ ืื•ืชื ื•.
15:04
And so we ended up being taken aside into these huts,
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ื•ื›ืš ื ืœืงื—ื ื• ื”ืฆื™ื“ื” ืœื‘ืงืชื•ืช ื”ืืœื” ื•ื”ืกืชืชืจื ื• ืขื“ ืจื“ืช ื”ื—ืฉื™ื›ื”.
15:07
hidden away until the darkness.
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15:09
And then, abandoning all our gear,
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ื•ืื– ื ื˜ืฉื ื• ืืช ื›ืœ ืฆื™ื•ื“ื ื•,
15:11
we were forced to ride out in the middle of the night,
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ื•ื ืืœืฆื ื• ืœื”ื™ืžืœื˜ ื‘ืจื›ื™ื‘ื” ื‘ืืžืฆืข ื”ืœื™ืœื”, ื‘ืกืฆื™ื ื” ื“ืจืžื˜ื™ืช ืœืžื“ื™.
15:14
in a quite dramatic scene.
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15:16
It's going to look like a John Ford Western.
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ื–ื” ื™ื™ืจืื” ื›ืžื• ืžืขืจื‘ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื’'ื•ืŸ ืคื•ืจื“.
15:18
And we ran into a FARC patrol at dawn, so it was quite harrowing.
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ื•ืขื ืฉื—ืจ ื ืชืงืœื ื• ื‘ืกื™ื•ืจ ืฉืœ ืฆื‘ื ื”ืขื, ื›ืš ืฉื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ื“ื™ ืžืขื™ืง.
15:21
It will be a very interesting film. But what was fascinating
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ื–ื” ื™ื”ื™ื” ืกืจื˜ ืžืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ืžืื“.
ืืš ืžื” ืฉืžืจืชืง ื”ื•ื ืฉื‘ืจื’ืข ืฉื”ื™ืชื” ืชื—ื•ืฉืช ืกื›ื ื”,
15:24
is that the minute there was a sense of dangers,
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15:26
the mamos went into a circle of divination.
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ื”ืžืืžื•ืื™ื ื™ืฆืจื• ืžืขื’ืœ ืฉืœ ื”ื’ื“ืช-ืขืชื™ื“ื•ืช.
15:29
And of course, this is a photograph
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ื•ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ, ื–ื”ื• ืชืฆืœื•ื
15:31
literally taken the night we were in hiding,
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ืฉืฆื•ืœื ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ื‘ืื•ืชื• ืœื™ืœื” ืฉื‘ื• ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ื‘ืžืกืชื•ืจ,
15:33
as they divine their route
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ื›ืฉื”ื ืžื ื‘ืื™ื ืืช ื”ื ืชื™ื‘ ืฉื‘ื• ื™ืžืœื˜ื• ืื•ืชื ื• ืžืŸ ื”ื”ืจื™ื.
15:35
to take us out of the mountains.
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15:37
We were able to, because we had trained
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ื”ื•ื“ื•ืช ืœื›ืš ืฉื”ื™ื™ื ื• ืžื™ื•ืžื ื™ื ื‘ืขืฉื™ื™ืช ืกืจื˜ื™ื,
15:39
people in filmmaking,
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15:41
continue with our work,
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ื™ื›ื•ืœื ื• ืœื”ืžืฉื™ืš ื‘ืขื‘ื•ื“ืชื ื•,
15:43
and send our Wiwa and Arhuaco filmmakers
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ื•ืœืฉืœื•ื— ืืช ืฆื•ื•ืชื™ ื”ื”ืกืจื˜ื” ืฉืœ ื”ื•ื•ื™ื•ื•ื” ื•ื”ืืจื”ื•ืืงื•
15:46
to the final sacred lakes
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ืืœ ื™ืขื“ื™ื”ื ื”ืกื•ืคื™ื™ื ื‘ืื’ืžื™ื ื”ืžืงื•ื“ืฉื™ื, ืœื”ืฉืœื™ื ืืช ืฆื™ืœื•ืžื™ ื”ืกืจื˜.
15:48
to get the last shots for the film,
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ื”ืชืœื•ื•ื™ื ื• ืœื™ืชืจ ื‘ื ื™ ื”ืืจื”ื•ืืงื• ื‘ื—ื–ืจื” ืขื“ ืœื™ื,
15:50
and we followed the rest of the Arhuaco back to the sea,
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15:52
taking the elements from the highlands to the sea.
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ื‘ื”ื‘ืืช ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ื”ื˜ื‘ืข ืžื”ืจืžื•ืช ื•ืขื“ ื”ื™ื.
15:55
And here you see how their sacred landscape
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ื›ืืŸ ืืชื ืจื•ืื™ื ื›ื™ืฆื“ ื”ื ื•ืฃ ื”ืžืงื•ื“ืฉ ืฉืœื”ื
15:57
has been covered by brothels and hotels and casinos,
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ื›ื•ืกื” ื‘ื‘ืชื™-ื–ื•ื ื•ืช, ืžืœื•ื ื•ืช ื•ืื•ืœืžื•ืช ื”ื™ืžื•ืจื™ื,
16:00
and yet, still they pray.
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ื•ื‘ื›ืœ ื–ืืช, ื”ื ืžืžืฉื™ื›ื™ื ืœื”ืชืคืœืœ.
16:03
And it's an amazing thing to think
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ืžื“ื”ื™ื ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืขืœ ื›ืš ืฉื›ื” ืงืจื•ื‘ ืœืžื™ืืžื™,
16:05
that this close to Miami,
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ืžืจื—ืง ืฉืขืชื™ื™ื ืžืžื™ืืžื™,
16:08
two hours from Miami, there is an entire civilization of people
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ื™ืฉ ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ืฉืœืžื” ืฉืœ ืขื ืฉืžืชืคืœืœ ืžื™ื“ื™ ื™ื•ื ืœืฉืœื•ืžื ื•.
16:11
praying every day for your well-being.
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16:14
They call themselves the Elder Brothers.
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ื”ื ืžื›ื ื™ื ืืช ืขืฆืžื "ื”ืื—ื™ื ื”ื–ืงื ื™ื".
16:16
They dismiss the rest of us who have ruined the world
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ื”ื ืžืชื™ื™ื—ืกื™ื ืืœื™ื ื•, ื›ืœ ื™ืชืจ ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉื”ืจืกื• ืืช ื”ืขื•ืœื,
16:19
as the Younger Brothers. They cannot understand
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ื›ืืœ "ื”ืื—ื™ื ื”ืฆืขื™ืจื™ื". ื”ื ืœื ืžืกื•ื’ืœื™ื ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ
16:21
why it is that we do what we do to the Earth.
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ืžื“ื•ืข ืื ื• ืžืขื•ืœืœื™ื ืืช ื›ืœ ื–ื” ืœืืžื ืื“ืžื”.
16:24
Now, if we slip to another end of the world,
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ื ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืœืงืฆื” ืื—ืจ ืฉืœ ื”ืขื•ืœื.
16:26
I was up in the high Arctic
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ื”ืจื—ืงืชื™ ืขื“ ืงืฆื” ื”ื—ื•ื’ ื”ืืจืงื˜ื™ ื›ื“ื™ ืœืกืคืจ ืขืœ ื”ื”ืชื—ืžืžื•ืช ื”ืขื•ืœืžื™ืช,
16:28
to tell a story about global warming,
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16:30
inspired in part by
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ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ืฉืงื™ื‘ืœ ื‘ื—ืœืงื• ื”ืฉืจืื” ืžืกืคืจื• ื”ื ืคืœื ืฉืœ ืกื’ืŸ ื”ื ืฉื™ื ืœืฉืขื‘ืจ.
16:32
the former Vice President's wonderful book.
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16:34
And what struck me so extraordinary
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ื•ืžื” ืฉื”ื“ื”ื™ื ืื•ืชื™ ืžืื“ ื”ื™ื” ืœื”ื™ืžืฆื ืฉื•ื‘ ื‘ืงืจื‘ ื”ืื™ื ื•ืื™ื˜ื™ื --
16:36
was to be again with the Inuit --
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16:38
a people who don't fear the cold, but take advantage of it.
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ืขื ืฉืื™ื ื• ื—ื•ืฉืฉ ืžื”ืงื•ืจ ืืœื ืžื ืฆืœ ืื•ืชื•.
16:41
A people who
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ืขื
ืฉืžืฆื ื“ืจืš, ื”ื•ื“ื•ืช ืœื“ืžื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืœื• ืœื—ืฆื•ื‘ ืœืขืฆืžื• ื—ื™ื™ื ืžืชื•ืš ื”ืงื™ืคืื•ืŸ,
16:43
find a way, with their imagination,
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16:45
to carve life out of that very frozen.
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16:48
A people for whom blood on ice
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ืขื, ืฉื‘ืขื™ื ื™ื• ื“ื ืขืœ ื”ืงืจื— ืื™ื ื ื• ืกื™ืžืŸ ืœืžื•ื•ืช ืืœื ืื™ืฉื•ืจ ืœื—ื™ื™ื.
16:50
is not a sign of death, but an affirmation of life.
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ื•ืœืžืจื‘ื” ื”ื˜ืจื’ื“ื™ื”, ื›ืฉื™ื•ืฆืื™ื ื›ื™ื•ื ืœืงื”ื™ืœื•ืช ื”ืฆืคื•ืŸ ื”ืืœื”,
16:53
And yet tragically, when you now go to those northern communities,
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16:55
you find to your astonishment
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ืžื•ืฆืื™ื ืœืžืจื‘ื” ื”ื–ืขื–ื•ืข
16:57
that whereas the sea ice used to come in in September
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ืฉืื ืคืขื ื”ืงืจื— ื‘ื™ื ื”ื™ื” ืžื’ื™ืข ื‘ืกืคื˜ืžื‘ืจ,
16:59
and stay till July,
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ื•ื ื•ืชืจ ืขื“ ื™ื•ืœื™,
17:01
in a place like Kanak in northern Greenland,
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ื”ืจื™ ืฉื‘ืžืงื•ื ื›ืžื• ืงืื ืืง ืฉื‘ืฆืคื•ืŸ ื’ืจื™ื ืœื ื“
17:03
it literally comes in now in November
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ื”ื•ื ื›ืขืช ืžื’ื™ืข ืจืง ื‘ื ื•ื‘ืžื‘ืจ ื•ื ื•ืชืจ ืขื“ ืžืจืฅ,
17:05
and stays until March.
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ื›ืš ืฉื›ืœ ื”ืฉื ื” ืฉืœื”ื ื”ืชืงืฆืจื” ื‘ื—ืฆื™.
17:07
So, their entire year has been cut in half.
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17:10
Now, I want to stress that none of these peoples
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ืื ื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืœื”ื“ื’ื™ืฉ ืฉืฉื•ื ืขื ืžืืœื” ืฉื”ืฆื’ืชื™ ื›ืืŸ ื‘ืงืฆืจื”
17:12
that I've been quickly talking about here
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17:14
are disappearing worlds.
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ื”ื ื‘ื‘ื—ื™ื ืช ืขื•ืœื ื”ื•ืœืš ื•ื ืขืœื. ืืœื” ืื™ื ื ืขืžื™ื ื’ื•ื•ืขื™ื.
17:16
These are not dying peoples.
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17:18
On the contrary, you know,
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ืœื”ื™ืคืš. ืžื™ ืฉืžืจื’ื™ืฉ ื‘ืœื™ื‘ื• ื•ืจื•ืื” ื‘ืขื™ื ื™ื•
17:20
if you have the heart to feel and the eyes to see,
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17:22
you discover that the world is not flat.
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ืžื’ืœื” ืฉื”ืขื•ืœื ืื™ื ื ื• ืฉื˜ื•ื—.
17:24
The world remains a rich tapestry.
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ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ื•ื ืขื•ื“ื ื• ืžืจืงื ืขืฉื™ืจ.
17:27
It remains a rich topography of the spirit.
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ื”ื•ื ืขื•ื“ื ื• ื˜ื•ืคื•ื’ืจืคื™ื” ืขืฉื™ืจื” ืฉืœ ื”ืจื•ื—.
17:30
These myriad voices of humanity
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ื”ืงื•ืœื•ืช ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™ื™ื ื”ืจื‘ื™ื ื”ืœืœื• ืื™ื ื ื ืกื™ื•ื ื•ืช ื›ื•ืฉืœื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืชื—ื“ืฉื•ืช,
17:32
are not failed attempts at being new,
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17:34
failed attempts at being modern.
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ื ืกื™ื•ื ื•ืช ื›ื•ืฉืœื™ื ืœื”ืฉื™ื’ ืงื™ื“ืžื”,
17:36
They're unique facets of the human imagination.
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ืืœื ื”ื™ื‘ื˜ื™ื ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ื“ืžื™ื•ืŸ ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™,
17:38
They're unique answers to a fundamental question:
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ืชืฉื•ื‘ื•ืช ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ื™ื•ืช ืœืฉืืœื” ื™ืกื•ื“ื™ืช ืื—ืช:
17:41
what does it mean to be human and alive?
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ืžื” ื–ื” ืื•ืžืจ, ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืื ื•ืฉื™ ื•ื—ื™?
17:44
And when asked that question, they respond
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ื•ื›ืฉืžืฆื™ื’ื™ื ืœื”ื ืฉืืœื” ื–ื•, ื”ื ืžืฉื™ื‘ื™ื ื‘-6,000 ืงื•ืœื•ืช ื ืคืจื“ื™ื,
17:46
with 6,000 different voices.
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17:48
And collectively, those voices become our human repertoire
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ื•ื‘ื™ื—ื“, ืงื•ืœื•ืช ืืœื” ื”ื•ืคื›ื™ื ืœืจืคืจื˜ื•ืืจ ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™ ืฉืœื ื•
17:51
for dealing with the challenges that will confront us
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ื‘ื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ื•ืช ืขื ื”ืืชื’ืจื™ื ืฉืขื•ื“ ื ื›ื•ื ื• ืœื ื•
17:53
in the ensuing millennia.
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ื‘ืืœืคื™ ื”ืฉื ื™ื ื”ื‘ืื•ืช.
17:55
Our industrial society is scarcely
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ื”ื—ื‘ืจื” ื”ืชืขืฉื™ื™ืชื™ืช ืฉืœื ื• ื”ื™ื ื‘ืงื•ืฉื™ ื‘ืช 300 ืฉื ื”.
17:57
300 years old.
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ืžื”ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ื”ืฉื˜ื—ื™ืช ื”ื–ื• ืื™ืฉ ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื ื™ื—
17:59
That shallow history shouldn't suggest to anyone
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18:01
that we have all of the answers
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ืฉื‘ื™ื“ื™ื ื• ื›ืœ ื”ืชืฉื•ื‘ื•ืช ืœื›ืœ ื”ืฉืืœื•ืช ืฉืžืฆืคื•ืช ืœื ื•
18:03
for all of the questions that will confront us
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18:05
in the ensuing millennia.
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ื‘ืืœืคื™ ื”ืฉื ื™ื ื”ื‘ืื•ืช.
ื”ืงื•ืœื•ืช ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™ื™ื ื”ืจื‘ื™ื ืื™ื ื ื ืกื™ื•ื ื•ืช ื›ื•ืฉืœื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื›ืžื•ื ื•,
18:07
The myriad voices of humanity are not failed attempts at being us.
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18:10
They are unique answers to that fundamental question:
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ืืœื ืชืฉื•ื‘ื•ืช ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ื™ื•ืช ืœืฉืืœืช ื”ื™ืกื•ื“ ื”ื–ื•:
ืžื” ื–ื” ืื•ืžืจ, ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืื ื•ืฉื™ ื•ื—ื™?
18:13
what does it mean to be human and alive?
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18:15
And there is indeed a fire burning over the Earth,
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ื•ื™ืฉ ื‘ืืžืช ืืฉ ืฉื—ื•ืจื›ืช ืืช ื”ืื“ืžื”,
18:18
taking with it not only plants and animals,
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ืฉืžืื›ืœืช ืœื ืจืง ืฆืžื—ื™ื ื•ื‘ืขืœื™-ื—ื™ื™ื,
18:21
but the legacy of humanity's brilliance.
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ืืœื ื’ื ืืช ืžื•ืจืฉืช ื”ืชื‘ื•ื ื” ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™ืช.
18:23
Right now, as we sit here in this room,
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ืžืžืฉ ื‘ืจื’ืขื™ื ืืœื”, ื›ืฉืื ื• ื™ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ื›ืืŸ ื‘ืื•ืœื,
18:25
of those 6,000 languages spoken the day that you were born,
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ืžืชื•ืš 6,000 ื”ืฉืคื•ืช ืฉื”ื™ื• ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจื•ืช ื‘ื™ื•ื ื”ื•ืœื“ืชื›ื,
18:28
fully half aren't being taught to children.
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ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ื—ืฆื™ ืžื›ืœ ืืœื” ื›ื‘ืจ ืื™ื ืŸ ื ืœืžื“ื•ืช ืข"ื™ ื”ื™ืœื“ื™ื.
18:31
So, you're living through a time
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ื›ืš ืฉืืชื ื—ื™ื™ื ื‘ืชืงื•ืคื”
18:32
when virtually half of humanity's intellectual,
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ืฉื‘ื”, ืœืžืขืฉื”, ืžื—ืฆื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืจืฉืช ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™ืช
18:35
social and spiritual legacy
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ื”ืื™ื ื˜ืœืงื˜ื•ืืœื™ืช, ื”ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ืช ื•ื”ืจื•ื—ื ื™ืช ืื•ื‘ื“ืช ื‘ืื™ืŸ ืขื•ืฆืจ.
18:37
is being allowed to slip away.
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18:39
This does not have to happen.
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ื–ื• ืื™ื ื” ื’ื–ื™ืจืช ื’ื•ืจืœ.
18:41
These peoples are not failed attempts at being modern --
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ืขืžื™ื ืืœื” ืื™ื ื ื ืกื™ื•ื ื•ืช ื›ื•ืฉืœื™ื ื‘ื”ืฉื’ืช ืงื™ื“ืžื” --
18:44
quaint and colorful and destined to fade away
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ืขืžื™ื ืžื•ื–ืจื™ื ื•ืกืกื’ื•ื ื™ื™ื ืฉื ื™ื“ื•ื ื• ืœืื‘ื“ื•ืŸ
18:46
as if by natural law.
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ื›ืื™ืœื• ืžื›ื•ื—ื• ืฉืœ ืื™ื–ื” ื—ื•ืง-ื˜ื‘ืข.
18:48
In every case, these are dynamic, living peoples
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ื‘ื›ืœ ืžืงืจื” ื•ืžืงืจื” ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ื‘ื ื™-ืื“ื ืคืขื™ืœื™ื ื•ื—ื™ื™ื
18:50
being driven out of existence by identifiable forces.
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ืฉื ื›ื—ื“ื™ื ื‘ื™ื“ื™ ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ืฉื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื–ื”ื•ืชื.
18:53
That's actually an optimistic observation,
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ื•ื–ื• ื‘ืขืฆื ืื‘ื—ื ื” ืื•ืคื˜ื™ืžื™ืช,
18:56
because it suggests that if human beings
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ื›ื™ ืžืฉืžืขื” ืฉืื ื™ืฆื•ืจื™-ืื ื•ืฉ ืžื™ื™ืฆื’ื™ื ืืช ื”ืจืก ื”ืชืจื‘ื•ืช,
18:58
are the agents of cultural destruction,
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19:00
we can also be, and must be,
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ื”ืจื™ ืฉื ื•ื›ืœ ื’ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช, ื•ืžื—ื•ื‘ืชื ื• ืœื”ื™ื•ืช,
19:02
the facilitators of cultural survival.
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ืžืงื“ืžื™ ื”ื™ืฉืจื“ื•ืชื” ืฉืœ ื”ืชืจื‘ื•ืช.
19:04
Thank you very much.
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ืชื•ื“ื” ืจื‘ื” ืœื›ื.
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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