A theory of everything | Garrett Lisi

512,983 views ใƒป 2008-10-16

TED


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืžืชืจื’ื: Shlomo Adam ืžื‘ืงืจ: arnon hadas
00:20
Whoa, dude.
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ื•ื•ืื•, ื—ื‘ื™ื‘ื™! ืื™ื–ื” ืžืฉื•ื•ืื•ืช ืงื˜ืœื ื™ื•ืช! (ืฆื—ื•ืง)
00:23
(Laughter)
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00:24
Check out those killer equations. Sweet.
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00:30
Actually, for the next 18 minutes I'm going to do the best I can
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ืœืžืขืฉื”, ื‘-18 ื”ื“ืงื•ืช ื”ืงืจื•ื‘ื•ืช ืืขืฉื” ื›ืžื™ื˜ื‘ ื™ื›ื•ืœืชื™
00:34
to describe the beauty of particle physics without equations.
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ืœืชืืจ ืืช ื™ื•ืคื™ื” ืฉืœ ืคื™ื–ื™ืงืช ื”ื—ืœืงื™ืงื™ื ื‘ืœื™ ืžืฉื•ื•ืื•ืช.
00:37
It turns out there's a lot we can learn from coral.
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ืžืกืชื‘ืจ ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ื”ืจื‘ื” ืœืœืžื•ื“ ืžืŸ ื”ืืœืžื•ื’ื™ื.
00:41
A coral is a very beautiful and unusual animal.
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ื”ืืœืžื•ื’ ื”ื™ื ื• ื‘ืขืœ-ื—ื™ื™ื ื™ืคื”ืคื” ื•ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ื™.
00:44
Each coral head consists of thousands of individual polyps.
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ื›ืœ ืจืืฉ ืฉืœ ืืœืžื•ื’ ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ ืžืืœืคื™ ืคื•ืœื™ืคื™ื ื ืคืจื“ื™ื.
00:47
These polyps are continually budding and branching
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ืคื•ืœื™ืคื™ื ืืœื” ืžื ืฆื™ื ื•ืžืกืชืขืคื™ื ื‘ื”ืชืžื“ื”
00:50
into genetically identical neighbors.
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ืœืฉื›ื ื™ื ื–ื”ื™ื ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ื” ื’ื ื˜ื™ืช.
00:53
If we imagine this to be a hyperintelligent coral,
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ืื ื ื“ืžื™ื™ืŸ ืœืขืฆืžื ื• ืฉื–ื”ื• ืืœืžื•ื’ ืกื•ืคืจ-ืชื‘ื•ื ื™
ื ื•ื›ืœ ืœื‘ื•ื“ื“ ืคืจื˜ ื™ื—ื™ื“ ื•ืœื”ืฆื™ื’ ืœื• ืฉืืœื” ืกื‘ื™ืจื”:
00:56
we can single out an individual and ask him a reasonable question.
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00:59
We can ask how exactly he got to be in this particular location
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ืื™ืš ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ื”ื’ื™ืข ืœื”ื™ืžืฆื ื‘ืžื™ืงื•ื ื”ืžืกื•ื™ื ื”ื–ื”
01:02
compared to his neighbors --
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ื‘ื”ืฉื•ื•ืื” ืœืฉื›ื ื™ื• --
01:04
if it was just chance, or destiny, or what?
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ื‘ืžืงืจื”, ื›ื’ื–ื™ืจืช-ื’ื•ืจืœ ืื• ืžื”?
01:08
Now, after admonishing us for turning the temperature up too high,
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ื•ืื—ืจื™ ืฉื™ืืฉื™ื ืื•ืชื ื• ื‘ื”ื’ื‘ืจืช ื”ื˜ืžืคืจื˜ื•ืจื”,
ื”ื•ื ื™ืืžืจ ืœื ื• ืฉืฉืืœืชื ื• ืžื˜ื•ืคืฉืช ืœื—ืœื•ื˜ื™ืŸ.
01:12
he would tell us that our question was completely stupid.
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01:15
These corals can be kind of mean, you see,
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ื”ืืœืžื•ื’ื™ื ื”ืœืœื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื“ื™ ืžืจื•ืฉืขื™ื,
01:17
and I have surfing scars to prove that.
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ื•ื™ืฉ ืขืœื™ ืฆืœืงื•ืช-ื’ืœื™ืฉื” ื”ืžื•ื›ื™ื—ื•ืช ื–ืืช.
01:19
But this polyp would continue and tell us
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ืืš ื”ืคื•ืœื™ืค ื”ื–ื” ื™ืืžืจ ืœื ื•
01:21
that his neighbors were quite clearly identical copies of him.
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ืฉื‘ืจื•ืจ ืฉืฉื›ื ื™ื• ื”ื ืขื•ืชืงื™ื ื–ื”ื™ื ืœื•.
01:24
That he was in all these other locations as well,
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ืฉื”ื•ื ื ืžืฆื ื‘ื•-ื–ืžื ื™ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช,
01:27
but experiencing them as separate individuals.
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ืืš ื—ื•ื•ื” ืื•ืชื ื›ืคืจื˜ื™ื ื ืคืจื“ื™ื.
01:30
For a coral, branching into different copies
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ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ืช ื”ืืœืžื•ื’, ื”ื”ืกืชืขืคื•ืช ืœืขื•ืชืงื™ื ื ืคืจื“ื™ื
01:32
is the most natural thing in the world.
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ื”ื™ื ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ื˜ื‘ืขื™ ื‘ืขื•ืœื.
01:35
Unlike us, a hyperintelligent coral
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ืฉืœื ื›ืžื•ื ื•, ืืœืžื•ื’ ืกื•ืคืจ-ืชื‘ื•ื ื™ ื™ื”ื™ื” ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ืžื•ื›ืŸ
01:38
would be uniquely prepared to understand quantum mechanics.
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ืœื”ื‘ื ืช ืžื›ื ื™ืงืช ื”ืงื•ื•ื ื˜ื™ื.
01:42
The mathematics of quantum mechanics
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ื”ืžืชืžื˜ื™ืงื” ืฉืœ ืžื›ื ื™ืงืช ื”ืงื•ื•ื ื˜ื™ื
01:43
very accurately describes how our universe works.
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ืžืชืืจืช ืžืื“ ื‘ืžื“ื•ื™ืง ื›ื™ืฆื“ ืคื•ืขืœ ื™ืงื•ืžื ื•
01:46
And it tells us our reality is continually branching into different possibilities,
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ื•ืžืกืคืจืช ืœื ื• ืฉื”ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช ืฉืœื ื• ืžืกืชืขืคืช ื‘ื”ืชืžื“ื”
ืœืืคืฉืจื•ื™ื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช, ืžืžืฉ ื›ืžื• ืืœืžื•ื’.
01:50
just like a coral.
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01:52
It's a weird thing for us humans to wrap our minds around,
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ืขื‘ื•ืจื ื• ื›ื‘ื ื™-ืื“ื, ื–ื”ื• ืืชื’ืจ ืฉื™ื›ืœื™ ืžืฉื•ื ื”,
01:55
since we only ever get to experience one possibility.
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ื›ื™ ืœื ื• ืžื–ื“ืžืŸ ืœื—ื•ื•ืช ืจืง ืืคืฉืจื•ืช ืื—ืช.
01:58
This quantum weirdness was first described
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ืžื•ื–ืจื•ืช ื”ืงื•ื•ื ื˜ื•ื ื”ื–ื• ืชื•ืืจื” ืœืจืืฉื•ื ื”
02:00
by Erwin Schrรถdinger and his cat.
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ืข"ื™ ืืจื•ื•ื™ืŸ ืฉืจื“ื™ื ื’ืจ ื•ื—ืชื•ืœื•.
02:02
The cat likes this version better.
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ื”ื—ืชื•ืœ ืื•ื”ื‘ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืืช ื”ื’ื™ืจืกื” ื”ื–ื•.
02:03
(Laughter)
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[ืฆื—ื•ืง]
02:07
In this setup, Schrรถdinger is in a box with a radioactive sample
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ื‘ืžืขืจืš ื”ื–ื”, ืฉืจื“ื™ื ื’ืจ ื”ื•ื ื–ื” ืฉื ืžืฆื ื‘ืชื™ื‘ื” ืขื ื“ื’ื™ืžื” ืจื“ื™ื•ืืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ืช
02:11
that, by the laws of quantum mechanics, branches into a state
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ืฉืœืคื™ ื—ื•ืงื™ ืžื›ื ื™ืงืช ื”ืงื•ื•ื ื˜ื™ื, ืžืกืชืขืคืช ืœืžืฆื‘
02:14
in which it is radiated and a state in which it is not.
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ืฉื‘ื• ื”ื™ื ืงื•ืจื ืช, ื•ืœืžืฆื‘ ืฉื‘ื• ื”ื™ื ืœื.
02:17
(Laughter)
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[ืฆื—ื•ืง]
02:21
In the branch in which the sample radiates,
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ื‘ื”ืกืชืขืคื•ืช ืฉื‘ื” ื”ื“ื’ื™ืžื” ืงื•ืจื ืช,
ื”ื™ื ืžืคืขื™ืœื” ื”ื“ืง ื”ืžืฉื—ืจืจ ืจืขืœ, ื•ืฉืจื“ื™ื ื’ืจ ืžืช.
02:24
it sets off a trigger that releases poison and Schrรถdinger is dead.
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02:27
But in the other branch of reality, he remains alive.
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ืืš ื‘ื”ืกืชืขืคื•ืช ื”ืื—ืจืช ืฉืœ ื”ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช, ื”ื•ื ื ื•ืชืจ ื‘ื—ื™ื™ื.
02:30
These realities are experienced separately by each individual.
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ืžืฆื™ืื•ื™ื•ืช ืืœื” ื ื—ื•ื•ืช ื‘ื ืคืจื“ ืข"ื™ ื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ื•ืื—ื“.
02:33
As far as either can tell, the other one doesn't exist.
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ื•ื›ื›ืœ ืฉื–ื” ื ื•ื’ืข ืœื›ืœ ืื—ื“, ื”ืื—ืจ ืื™ื ื ื• ืงื™ื™ื.
02:36
This seems weird to us,
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ืœื ื• ื–ื” ื ืจืื” ืžืฉื•ื ื”, ื›ื™ ื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ืžืื™ืชื ื•
02:37
because each of us only experiences an individual existence,
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ื—ื•ื•ื” ืงื™ื•ื ืื—ื“ ื•ื™ื—ื™ื“,
02:40
and we don't get to see other branches.
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ื•ืื™ื ื ื• ื–ื•ื›ื™ื ืœืจืื•ืช ืืช ื”ื”ืกืชืขืคื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืื—ืจื•ืช.
02:42
It's as if each of us, like Schrรถdinger here,
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ื–ื” ื›ืื™ืœื• ืฉื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ืžืื™ืชื ื•, ื›ืžื• ืฉืจื“ื™ื ื’ืจ, ื”ื•ื ืžืขื™ืŸ ืืœืžื•ื’
02:44
are a kind of coral branching into different possibilities.
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ื”ืžืกืชืขืฃ ืœืืคืฉืจื•ื™ื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช.
02:49
The mathematics of quantum mechanics tells us
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ื”ืžืชืžื˜ื™ืงื” ืฉืœ ืžื›ื ื™ืงืช ื”ืงื•ื•ื ื˜ื™ื ืื•ืžืจืช ืœื ื•
02:51
this is how the world works at tiny scales.
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ืฉื”ืขื•ืœื ืคื•ืขืœ ื›ืš ื‘ืงื ื™-ืžื™ื“ื” ื–ืขื™ืจื™ื.
02:53
It can be summed up in a single sentence:
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ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืกื›ื ื–ืืช ื‘ืžืฉืคื˜ ืื—ื“:
02:56
Everything that can happen, does.
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ื›ืœ ืžื” ืฉื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืงืจื•ืช, ืงื•ืจื”.
02:58
That's quantum mechanics.
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ื–ื•ื”ื™ ืžื›ื ื™ืงืช ื”ืงื•ื•ื ื˜ื™ื.
03:00
But this does not mean everything happens.
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ืืœื ืฉืื™ืŸ ื–ื” ืื•ืžืจ ืฉื”ื›ืœ ืื›ืŸ ืงื•ืจื”.
03:02
The rest of physics is about describing what can happen and what can't.
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ืฉืืจ ื”ืคื™ื–ื™ืงื” ืขื•ืกืงืช ื‘ืชื™ืื•ืจ ืžื” ืฉื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืงืจื•ืช
ื•ืžื” ืฉืœื.
03:07
What physics tells us is that everything comes down to geometry
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ืžื” ืฉื”ืคื™ื–ื™ืงื” ืื•ืžืจืช ืœื ื• ื”ื•ื ืฉื”ื›ืœ ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ืฉืœ ื’ื™ืื•ืžื˜ืจื™ื”
03:10
and the interactions of elementary particles.
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ื•ืฉืœ ื”ืื™ื ื˜ืจืืงืฆื™ื•ืช ื‘ื™ืŸ ื—ืœืงื™ืงื™ ื”ื™ืกื•ื“.
ื•ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืงืจื•ืช ืจืง ืื ืื™ื ื˜ืจืืงืฆื™ื•ืช ืืœื”
03:13
And things can happen only if these interactions are perfectly balanced.
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ืžืื•ื–ื ื•ืช ืœื—ืœื•ื˜ื™ืŸ.
03:18
Now I'll go ahead and describe how we know about these particles,
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ื›ืขืช ืืชืืจ ื›ื™ืฆื“ ืื ื• ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืขืœ ืงื™ื•ื ื—ืœืงื™ืงื™ื ืืœื”,
ืžื”ื, ื•ื›ื™ืฆื“ ืื™ื–ื•ืŸ ื–ื” ืคื•ืขืœ.
03:22
what they are and how this balance works.
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03:25
In this machine, a beam of protons and antiprotons
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ื‘ืžื›ื•ื ื” ื–ื•, ืงืจืŸ ืฉืœ ืคืจื•ื˜ื•ื ื™ื ื•ืฉืœ ืื ื˜ื™-ืคืจื•ื˜ื•ื ื™ื
03:28
are accelerated to near the speed of light
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ืžื•ืืฆืช ืขื“ ืงืจื•ื‘ ืœืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช ื”ืื•ืจ
03:30
and brought together in a collision, producing a burst of pure energy.
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ืžื•ื‘ืืช ืœื›ืœืœ ื”ืชื ื’ืฉื•ืช ื•ืžืคื™ืงื” ืคืจืฅ ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ื˜ื”ื•ืจื”.
03:34
This energy is immediately converted into a spray of subatomic particles,
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ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ื–ื• ืžื•ืžืจืช ืžื™ื“ ืœืจืกืก
ืฉืœ ื—ืœืงื™ืงื™ื ืื˜ื•ืžื™ื™ื-ืœืžื—ืฆื”,
03:38
with detectors and computers used to figure out their properties.
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ื›ืฉื’ืœืื™ื ื•ืžื—ืฉื‘ื™ื ืžืฉืžืฉื™ื ืœืงื‘ื™ืขืช ืชื›ื•ื ื•ืชื™ื”ื.
03:41
This enormous machine --
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ืžื›ื•ื ื” ืขืฆื•ืžื” ื–ื•, ืžืื™ืฅ ื”ื”ื“ืจื•ื ื™ื ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ,
03:42
the Large Hadron Collider at CERN in Geneva --
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ืฉื‘ืžื›ื•ืŸ ื”ืžื—ืงืจ ื”ื’ืจืขื™ื ื™ ื”ืื™ืจื•ืคื™ ืฉื‘ื–'ื ื‘ื” --
03:44
has a circumference of 17 miles and, when it's operating,
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ื”ื™ืงืคื” ื”ื•ื 27 ืง"ืž,
ื•ื›ืฉื”ื™ื ืคื•ืขืœืช ื”ื™ื ืžื ืฆืœืช ืคื™ 5 ื—ืฉืžืœ
03:47
draws five times as much power as the city of Monterey.
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ืžื”ืขื™ืจ ืžื•ื ื˜ืจื™ื™.
03:51
We can't predict specifically
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ืื™ื ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื—ื–ื•ืช ื‘ืžื“ื•ื™ืง ืื™ืœื• ื—ืœืงื™ืงื™ื ื™ื•ืคืงื•
03:53
what particles will be produced in any individual collision.
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ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ืชื ื’ืฉื•ืช ื•ื”ืชื ื’ืฉื•ืช.
03:56
Quantum mechanics tells us all possibilities are realized.
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ืžื›ื ื™ืงืช ื”ืงื•ื•ื ื˜ื™ื ืื•ืžืจืช ืœื ื• ืฉื›ืœ ื”ืืคืฉืจื•ื™ื•ืช ืžืชืžืžืฉื•ืช.
03:59
But physics does tell us what particles can be produced.
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ืืš ื”ืคื™ื–ื™ืงื” ืื•ืžืจืช ืœื ื• ืžื”ื ื”ื—ืœืงื™ืงื™ื ืฉื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื”ืคื™ืง.
04:02
These particles must have just as much mass and energy
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ืœื—ืœืงื™ืงื™ื ืืœื” ืฆืจื™ื›ื•ืช ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ืื•ืชืŸ ืžืกื” ื•ืื ืจื’ื™ื”
04:05
as is carried in by the proton and antiproton.
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ืฉื ื•ืฉืื™ื ื”ืคืจื•ื˜ื•ืŸ ื•ื”ืื ื˜ื™-ืคืจื•ื˜ื•ืŸ.
04:08
Any particles more massive than this energy limit aren't produced,
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ื›ืœ ื—ืœืงื™ืง ืฉืžืกืชื• ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ืžืžื’ื‘ืœืช ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ื–ื•,
ืœื ื™ื•ืคืง, ื•ื™ื™ืฉืืจ ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ืชื ื• ื‘ืœืชื™-ื ืจืื”.
04:12
and remain invisible to us.
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04:15
This is why this new particle accelerator is so exciting.
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ื•ืœื›ืŸ ืžืื™ืฅ ื”ื—ืœืงื™ืงื™ื ื”ื—ื“ืฉ ื”ื–ื” ื”ื•ื ื›ื” ืžืœื”ื™ื‘.
04:18
It's going to push this energy limit seven times
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ื”ื•ื ืขืชื™ื“ ืœื“ื—ื•ืง ืืช ืžื’ื‘ืœืช ื”ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ืคื™ ืฉื‘ืข
04:20
beyond what's ever been done before,
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ืžืขื‘ืจ ืœื›ืœ ืžื” ืฉื ืขืฉื” ืขื“ ื›ื”,
04:22
so we're going to get to see some new particles very soon.
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ื›ืš ืฉื‘ืงืจื•ื‘ ื ื–ื›ื” ืœืจืื•ืช ื›ืžื” ื—ืœืงื™ืงื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื™ื.
04:25
But before talking about what we might see,
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ืืš ืœืคื ื™ ืฉื ื“ื‘ืจ ืขืœ ืžื” ืฉืื•ืœื™ ื ืจืื”,
04:27
let me describe the particles we already know of.
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ื”ื‘ื” ื•ืืชืืจ ืืช ื”ื—ืœืงื™ืงื™ื ืฉื›ื‘ืจ ื™ื“ื•ืขื™ื ืœื ื•.
04:30
There's a whole zoo of subatomic particles.
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ื™ืฉ ื’ืŸ-ื—ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœื ืฉืœ ื—ืœืงื™ืงื™ื ืชืช-ืื˜ื•ืžื™ื™ื.
04:33
Most of us are familiar with electrons.
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ืžืจื‘ื™ืชื ื• ืžื›ื™ืจื™ื ืืช ื”ืืœืงื˜ืจื•ื ื™ื.
04:35
A lot of people in this room make a good living pushing them around.
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ืžืจื‘ื™ืช ื”ื ื•ื›ื—ื™ื ื‘ืื•ืœื ืžืชืคืจื ืกื™ื ืœื ืจืข
ืžืœื”ื–ื™ื– ืื•ืชื ืœื›ืืŸ ื•ืœืฉื.
[ืฆื—ื•ืง]
04:38
(Laughter)
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04:39
But the electron also has a neutral partner called the neutrino,
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ืืš ืœืืœืงื˜ืจื•ืŸ ื™ืฉ ืฉื•ืชืฃ ื ื™ื™ื˜ืจืœื™ ื‘ืฉื ื ื•ื™ื˜ืจื™ื ื•,
04:42
with no electric charge and a very tiny mass.
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ืฉื”ื•ื ื ื˜ื•ืœ ืžื˜ืขืŸ ื—ืฉืžืœื™ ื•ื‘ืขืœ ืžืกื” ื–ืขื™ืจื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ.
04:45
In contrast, the up and down quarks have very large masses,
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ืœืขื•ืžืชื•, ืœืงื•ื•ืืจืงื™ ื”"ืžืขืœื”-ืžื˜ื”" ืžืกื•ืช ื’ื“ื•ืœื•ืช ืžืื“,
04:49
and combine in threes to make the protons and neutrons inside atoms.
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ื•ื”ื ืžืฆื˜ืจืคื™ื ื‘ืฉืœืฉื•ืช ืœื™ืฆื™ืจืช ื”ืคืจื•ื˜ื•ื ื™ื ื•ื”ื ื•ื™ื˜ืจื•ื ื™ื
ื‘ืชื•ืš ืื˜ื•ืžื™ื.
04:53
All of these matter particles come in left- and right-handed varieties,
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ื›ืœ ื—ืœืงื™ืงื™ ื”ื—ื•ืžืจ ื”ืœืœื• ื‘ืื™ื ื‘ื•ื•ืจื™ืืฆื™ื•ืช ื™ืžื ื™ื•ืช ื•ืฉืžืืœื™ื•ืช,
ื•ื™ืฉ ืœื”ื ืื ื˜ื™-ื—ืœืงื™ืงื™ื ืฉื•ืชืคื™ื ื”ื ื•ืฉืื™ื ืžื˜ืขืŸ ืžื ื•ื’ื“.
04:56
and have antiparticle partners that carry opposite charges.
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05:00
These familiar particles
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05:01
also have less familiar second and third generations,
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ืœื—ืœืงื™ืงื™ื ืžื•ื›ืจื™ื ืืœื” ื™ืฉ ื“ื•ืจื•ืช ืคื—ื•ืช ืžื•ื›ืจื™ื,
ืฉื ื™ ื•ืฉืœื™ืฉื™, ืฉื ื•ืฉืื™ื ืื•ืชื• ืžื˜ืขืŸ ื—ืฉืžืœื™ ื›ืžื• ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ
05:05
which have the same charges as the first but have much higher masses.
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ืืš ืžืกืชื ื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื”.
05:10
These matter particles all interact with the various force particles.
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ื›ืœ ื—ืœืงื™ืงื™ ื—ื•ืžืจ ืืœื” ืคื•ืขืœื™ื ื‘ืื™ื ื˜ืจืืงืฆื™ื” ืขื ื—ืœืงื™ืงื™ ื”ื›ื•ื— ื”ืฉื•ื ื™ื.
05:13
The electromagnetic force interacts with electrically charged matter
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ื”ื›ื•ื— ื”ืืœืงื˜ืจื•ืžื’ื ื˜ื™ ืคื•ืขืœ ื‘ืื™ื ื˜ืจืืงืฆื™ื” ืขื ื—ื•ืžืจ ื‘ืขืœ ืžื˜ืขืŸ ื—ืฉืžืœื™
05:16
via particles called photons.
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ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื—ืœืงื™ืงื™ื ื”ืงืจื•ื™ื™ื ืคื•ื˜ื•ื ื™ื.
05:18
There is also a very weak force
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ื™ืฉ ื’ื ื›ื•ื— ื—ืœืฉ ืžืื“ ื”ืงืจื•ื™ - ื‘ื—ื•ืกืจ-ื“ืžื™ื•ืŸ ืžืกื•ื™ื -
05:20
called, rather unimaginatively, the weak force ...
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ื”ื›ื•ื— ื”ื—ืœืฉ, ืฉืคื•ืขืœ ื‘ืื™ื ื˜ืจืืงืฆื™ื”
05:22
(Laughter)
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05:24
that interacts only with left-handed matter.
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ืจืง ืขื ื”ื—ื•ืžืจ ื”ืฉืžืืœื™.
05:26
The strong force acts between quarks
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ื”ื›ื•ื— ื”ื—ื–ืง ืคื•ืขืœ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืงื•ื•ืืจืงื™ื, ืฉื ื•ืฉืื™ื
05:28
which carry a different kind of charge, called color charge,
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ืกื•ื’ ืื—ืจ ืฉืœ ืžื˜ืขืŸ, ื”ืžื›ื•ื ื” "ืžื˜ืขืŸ ืฆื‘ืข",
05:31
and come in three different varieties: red, green and blue.
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ื•ื”ื•ื ืงื™ื™ื ื‘ืฉืœื•ืฉ ื•ืืจื™ืืฆื™ื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช: ืื“ื•ื, ื™ืจื•ืง ื•ื›ื—ื•ืœ.
05:34
You can blame Murray Gell-Mann for these names -- they're his fault.
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ืชืืฉื™ืžื• ืืช ืžืืจื™ื™ ื’ืœืŸ-ืžืืŸ ื‘ืฉืžื•ืช ื”ืืœื” --
ื”ื•ื ืืฉื ื‘ื”ื.
05:38
Finally, there's the force of gravity,
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ืœื‘ืกื•ืฃ, ื™ืฉื ื• ื›ื•ื— ื”ื›ื‘ื™ื“ื” ืฉืคื•ืขืœ ื‘ืื™ื ื˜ืจืืงืฆื™ื” ืขื ื”ื—ื•ืžืจ
05:40
which interacts with matter via its mass and spin.
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ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ืžืกืชื• ื•ืกื™ื‘ื•ื‘ื•.
05:43
The most important thing to understand here
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ืžื” ืฉื”ื›ื™ ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ื›ืืŸ ื”ื•ื
05:45
is that there's a different kind of charge associated with each of these forces.
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ืฉืกื•ื’ ืฉื•ื ื” ืฉืœ ืžื˜ืขืŸ ืžืงื•ืฉืจ
ืขื ื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ืžื”ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ื”ืœืœื•.
05:50
These four different forces interact with matter
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ืืจื‘ืขื” ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื™ื ืืœื” ืคื•ืขืœื™ื ื‘ืื™ื ื˜ืจืืงืฆื™ื” ืขื ื”ื—ื•ืžืจ
05:52
according to the corresponding charges that each particle has.
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ื‘ื”ืชืื ืœืžื˜ืขื ื™ื ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื›ืœ ื—ืœืงื™ืง.
05:56
A particle that hasn't been seen yet, but we're pretty sure exists,
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ื—ืœืงื™ืง ืฉื˜ืจื ื ืฆืคื”, ืืš ืื ื• ื“ื™ ื‘ื˜ื•ื—ื™ื ื‘ืงื™ื•ืžื•,
ื”ื•ื ื—ืœืงื™ืง ื”ื™ื’ืก, ื”ืžืกืคืง ืžืกื•ืช ืœื›ืœ ื™ืชืจ ื”ื—ืœืงื™ืงื™ื ื”ืืœื”.
06:00
is the Higgs particle, which gives masses to all these other particles.
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06:03
The main purpose of the Large Hadron Collider
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ืžื˜ืจืชื• ื”ืขื™ืงืจื™ืช ืฉืœ ืžืื™ืฅ ื”ื”ื“ืจื•ื ื™ื ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ
ื”ื•ื ืœืจืื•ืช ืืช ื—ืœืงื™ืง ื”ื™ื’ืก, ื•ืื ื• ื›ืžืขื˜ ื‘ื˜ื•ื—ื™ื ืฉื™ืฆืœื™ื—.
06:06
is to see this Higgs particle, and we're almost certain it will.
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06:09
But the greatest mystery is what else we might see.
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ืืš ื”ืชืขืœื•ืžื” ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ื”ื™ื ืžื” ืขื•ื“ ืื ื• ืขืฉื•ื™ื™ื ืœืจืื•ืช.
06:13
And I'm going to show you one beautiful possibility
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ื‘ื”ืžืฉืš, ืืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืืคืฉืจื•ืช ื™ืคื”ืคื™ื” ืื—ืช
06:15
towards the end of this talk.
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ืœืงืจืืช ืกื•ืฃ ื”ื”ืจืฆืื”.
06:18
Now, if we count up all these different particles
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ื›ืขืช, ืื ื ืžื ื” ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ื—ืœืงื™ืงื™ื ื”ืฉื•ื ื™ื ื”ืืœื”
06:20
using their various spins and charges,
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ืขืœ ืคื™ ืกื™ื‘ื•ื‘ื ื•ืžื˜ืขื ื™ื”ื, ืžืกืคืจื 226.
06:22
there are 226.
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06:24
That's a lot of particles to keep track of.
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ืืœื• ื”ืจื‘ื” ื—ืœืงื™ืงื™ื ืฉืฆืจื™ืš ืœืขืงื•ื‘ ืื—ืจื™ื”ื.
06:27
And it seems strange
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ื•ื ืจืื” ืžื•ื–ืจ ืฉืœื˜ื‘ืข
06:28
that nature would have so many elementary particles.
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ื™ืฉ ื—ืœืงื™ืงื™-ื™ืกื•ื“ ื›ื” ืจื‘ื™ื.
06:32
But if we plot them out according to their charges,
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ืืš ืื ื ืชื•ื•ื” ืื•ืชื ืœืคื™ ืžื˜ืขื ื™ื”ื,
06:34
some beautiful patterns emerge.
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ืžื•ืคื™ืขื•ืช ื›ืžื” ืชื‘ื ื™ื•ืช ื™ืคื”ืคื™ื•ืช
06:38
The most familiar charge is electric charge.
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ื”ืžื˜ืขืŸ ื”ืžื•ื›ืจ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื”ื•ื ื”ืžื˜ืขืŸ ื”ื—ืฉืžืœื™.
06:41
Electrons have an electric charge,
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ืœืืœืงื˜ืจื•ื ื™ื ื™ืฉ ืžื˜ืขืŸ ื—ืฉืžืœื™ ืฉืœื™ืœื™,
06:42
a negative one,
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ื•ืœืงื•ื•ืืจืงื™ื ื™ืฉ ืžื˜ืขืŸ ื—ืฉืžืœื™ ื‘ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ื•ืช.
06:44
and quarks have electric charges in thirds.
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ืื– ื›ืฉืžืฆืจืคื™ื ืฉื ื™ ืงื•ื•ืืจืงื™ ืžืขืœื” ื•ืงื•ื•ืืจืง ืžื˜ื” ืื—ื“
06:46
So when two up quarks and a down quark are combined to make a proton,
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ืคืจื•ื˜ื•ืŸ, ื™ืฉ ืœื• ืžื˜ืขืŸ ื—ืฉืžืœื™ ืฉืœ ืคืœื•ืก ืื—ื“.
06:49
it has a total electric charge of plus one.
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06:51
These particles also have antiparticles, which have opposite charges.
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ืœื—ืœืงื™ืงื™ื ื™ืฉ ื’ื ืื ื˜ื™-ื—ืœืงื™ืงื™ื ืขื ืžื˜ืขื ื™ื ื”ืคื•ื›ื™ื.
06:54
Now, it turns out the electric charge
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ื•ืžืกืชื‘ืจ ืฉื‘ืžื˜ืขื ื™ื ื—ืฉืžืœื™ื™ื
06:56
is actually a combination of two other charges:
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ื™ืฉ ืฆื™ืจื•ืคื™ื ืฉืœ ืขื•ื“ ืฉื ื™ ืžื˜ืขื ื™ื:
06:59
hypercharge and weak charge.
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ืžื˜ืขืŸ-ืขืœ ื•ืžื˜ืขืŸ ื—ืœืฉ,
07:01
If we spread out the hypercharge and weak charge
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ืื ื ืคืจื•ืฉ ืืช ืžื˜ืขืŸ-ื”ืขืœ ื•ืืช ื”ืžื˜ืขืŸ ื”ื—ืœืฉ
ื•ื ืชืืจ ืืช ืžื˜ืขื ื™ ื”ื—ืœืงื™ืงื™ื ื‘ืžืจื—ื‘-ืžื˜ืขื ื™ื ื“ื•-ืžื™ืžื“ื™ ื–ื”,
07:05
and plot the charges of particles in this two-dimensional charge space,
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07:08
the electric charge is where these particles sit
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ื”ืžื˜ืขืŸ ื”ื—ืฉืžืœื™ ื ืžืฆื ื”ื™ื›ืŸ ืฉื™ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ื”ื—ืœืงื™ืงื™ื ื”ืืœื”,
07:10
along the vertical direction.
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ื‘ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ื”ืื ื›ื™,
07:12
The electromagnetic and weak forces interact with matter
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ื”ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ื”ืืœืงื˜ืจื•ืžื’ื ื˜ื™ ื•ื”ื—ืœืฉ ืคื•ืขืœื™ื ื‘ืื™ื ื˜ืจืืงืฆื™ื” ืขื ื”ื—ื•ืžืจ
07:15
according to their hypercharge and weak charge,
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ื‘ื”ืชืื ืœืžื˜ืขื ื™ื”ื, ืžื˜ืขืŸ-ื”ืขืœ ื•ื”ืžื˜ืขืŸ ื”ื—ืœืฉ,
07:17
which make this pattern.
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ืฉื™ื•ืฆืจื™ื ืชื‘ื ื™ืช ื–ื•.
07:18
This is called the unified electroweak model,
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ื–ื” ื ืงืจื "ื”ืžื•ื“ืœ ื”ืืœืงื˜ืจื•-ื—ืœืฉ ื”ืื—ื™ื“",
ื”ื•ื ื”ื•ืจื›ื‘ ืขื•ื“ ื‘-1967.
07:21
and it was put together back in 1967.
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07:24
The reason most of us are only familiar with electric charge
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ื”ืกื™ื‘ื” ืฉืžืจื‘ื™ืชื ื• ืžื›ื™ืจื™ื ืจืง ืืช ื”ืžื˜ืขืŸ ื”ื—ืฉืžืœื™
07:26
and not both of these is because of the Higgs particle.
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ื•ืœื ืืช ืฉื ื™ ืืœื”, ื”ื™ื ื‘ื’ืœืœ ื—ืœืงื™ืง ื”ื™ื’ืก.
07:30
The Higgs, over here on the left, has a large mass
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ืœื”ื™ื’ืก, ื›ืืŸ ืžืฉืžืืœ, ื™ืฉ ืžืกื” ื’ื“ื•ืœื”
07:33
and breaks the symmetry of this electroweak pattern.
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ื•ื”ื•ื ืฉื•ื‘ืจ ืืช ืกื™ืžื˜ืจื™ื™ืช ื”ืชื‘ื ื™ืช ื”ืืœืงื˜ืจื•-ื—ืœืฉื” ื”ื–ื•.
07:35
It makes the weak force very weak by giving the weak particles a large mass.
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ื”ื•ื ืžื—ืœื™ืฉ ืžืื“ ืืช ื”ื›ื•ื— ื”ื—ืœืฉ
ืข"ื™ ื”ืขื ืงืช ืžืกื” ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ืœื—ืœืงื™ืงื™ื ื”ื—ืœืฉื™ื
07:39
Since this massive Higgs sits along the horizontal direction in this diagram,
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ืžืื—ืจ ื•ื”ื”ื™ื’ืก ื”ืžืกื™ื‘ื™ ื™ื•ืฉื‘ ื‘ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ื”ืื•ืคืงื™ ื‘ืฉืจื˜ื•ื˜ ื–ื”,
ืคื•ื˜ื•ื ื™ ื”ืืœืงื˜ืจื•ืžื’ื ื˜ื™ื•ืช ื ื•ืชืจื™ื ื ื˜ื•ืœื™-ืžืกื”
07:43
the photons of electromagnetism remain massless
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07:46
and interact with electric charge along the vertical direction
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ื•ืคื•ืขืœื™ื ื‘ืื™ื ื˜ืจืืงืฆื™ื” ืขื ื”ืžื˜ืขืŸ ื”ื—ืฉืžืœื™ ื‘ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ื”ืื ื›ื™
07:48
in this charge space.
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ื‘ืžืจื—ื‘-ื”ืžื˜ืขื ื™ื ื”ื–ื”.
07:52
So the electromagnetic and weak forces
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ื›ืš ืฉื”ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ื”ืืœืงื˜ืจื•ืžื’ื ื˜ื™ ื•ื”ื—ืœืฉ ืžืชื•ืืจื™ื ื‘ืชื‘ื ื™ืช ื–ื•
07:54
are described by this pattern of particle charges
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ืฉืœ ืžื˜ืขื ื™ ื—ืœืงื™ืงื™ื ื‘ืžืจื—ื‘ ื“ื•-ืžื™ืžื“ื™.
07:56
in two-dimensional space.
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07:57
We can include the strong force by spreading out its two charge directions
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ื ื•ื›ืœ ืœื›ืœื•ืœ ืืช ื”ื›ื•ื— ื”ื—ื–ืง ืข"ื™ ืคืจื™ืฉืช
ืฉื ื™ ื›ื™ื•ื•ื ื™ ื”ืžื˜ืขืŸ ืฉืœื• ื•ื”ืชื•ื•ื™ื™ืช ื”ืžื˜ืขื ื™ื
08:02
and plotting the charges of the force particles in quarks
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ืฉืœ ื—ืœืงื™ืงื™ ื”ื›ื•ื— ื‘ืงื•ื•ืืจืงื™ื ื‘ื›ื™ื•ื•ื ื™ื ืืœื”.
08:05
along these directions.
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08:07
The charges of all known particles
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ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื”ืชื•ื•ืช ืืช ืžื˜ืขื ื™ ื›ืœ ื”ื—ืœืงื™ืงื™ื
08:09
can be plotted in a four-dimensional charge space,
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ื‘ืžืจื—ื‘-ืžื˜ืขื ื™ื ืืจื‘ืข-ืžื™ืžื“ื™, ื•ืœื”ื˜ื™ืœื ืžื˜ื”
08:11
and projected down to two dimensions like this so we can see them.
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ื‘ืฉื ื™ ืžื™ืžื“ื™ื, ื›ืš, ื›ื“ื™ ืฉื ื•ื›ืœ ืœืจืื•ืชื.
08:14
Whenever particles interact, nature keeps things in a perfect balance
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ื›ืฉื—ืœืงื™ืงื™ื ืคื•ืขืœื™ื ื‘ืื™ื ื˜ืจืืงืฆื™ื”, ื”ื˜ื‘ืข ืฉื•ืžืจ ืขืœ ืื™ื–ื•ืŸ ืžื•ืฉืœื
08:18
along all four of these charge directions.
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ื‘ื›ืœ ืืจื‘ืขืช ื›ื™ื•ื•ื ื™ ื”ืžื˜ืขืŸ ื”ืืœื”.
08:21
If a particle and an antiparticle collide,
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ื‘ื”ืชื ื’ืฉื•ืช ื‘ื™ืŸ ื—ืœืงื™ืง ื•ืื ื˜ื™-ื—ืœืงื™ืง ื ื•ืฆืจ ืคืจืฅ ืื ืจื’ื™ื”
08:23
it creates a burst of energy and a total charge of zero
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ื•ืกืš-ืžื˜ืขืŸ ืฉืœ ืืคืก ื‘ื›ืœ ืืจื‘ืขืช ื›ื™ื•ื•ื ื™ ื”ืžื˜ืขืŸ.
08:26
in all four charge directions.
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08:28
At this point, anything can be created
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ื‘ื ืงื•ื“ื” ื–ื• ื›ืœ ื“ื‘ืจ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ื•ืฆืจ, ื›ืœ ืขื•ื“ ื™ืฉ ืœื•
08:30
as long as it has the same energy and maintains a total charge of zero.
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ืื•ืชื” ืื ืจื’ื™ื”, ื•ื”ื•ื ืฉื•ืžืจ ืขืœ ืกืš-ืžื˜ืขืŸ ืฉืœ ืืคืก.
08:34
For example, this weak force particle and its antiparticle
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ืœืžืฉืœ, ื—ืœืงื™ืง ื›ื•ื—-ื—ืœืฉ ื–ื” ื•ื”ืื ื˜ื™-ื—ืœืงื™ืง ืฉืœื•
08:37
can be created in a collision.
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ื ื™ืชื ื™ื ืœื™ืฆื™ืจื” ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื”ืชื ื’ืฉื•ืช.
08:39
In further interactions, the charges must always balance.
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ื‘ืื™ื ื˜ืจืืงืฆื™ื•ืช-ื”ืžืฉืš, ืขืœ ื”ืžื˜ืขื ื™ื ืœื”ืชืื–ืŸ ืชืžื™ื“.
08:42
One of the weak particles could decay into an electron and an antineutrino,
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ืื—ื“ ื”ื—ืœืงื™ืงื™ื ื”ื—ืœืฉื™ื ืขืฉื•ื™ ืœื“ืขื•ืš ืœื›ื“ื™ ืืœืงื˜ืจื•ืŸ
ื•ืื ื˜ื™-ื ื•ื™ื˜ืจื™ื ื•,
08:47
and these three still add to zero total charge.
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ื•ืฉืœื•ืฉืช ืืœื” ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืžืกืชื›ืžื™ื ื‘ืืคืก-ืžื˜ืขืŸ
08:50
Nature always keeps a perfect balance.
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ื”ื˜ื‘ืข ืฉื•ืžืจ ืชืžื™ื“ ืขืœ ืื™ื–ื•ืŸ ืžื•ืฉืœื.
08:53
So these patterns of charges are not just pretty.
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ื›ืš ืฉืชื‘ื ื™ื•ืช ืžื˜ืขืŸ ืืœื” ืื™ื ืŸ ืกืชื ื™ืคื•ืช:
ื”ืŸ ืื•ืžืจื•ืช ืœื ื• ืื™ืœื• ืื™ื ื˜ืจืืงืฆื™ื•ืช ืจืฉืื™ื•ืช ืœื”ืชืจื—ืฉ.
08:56
They tell us what interactions are allowed to happen.
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08:58
And we can rotate this charge space in four dimensions
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ื•ื‘ื™ื›ื•ืœืชื ื• ืœืกื•ื‘ื‘ ืžืจื—ื‘-ืžื˜ืขืŸ ื–ื” ื‘ืืจื‘ืขื” ืžื™ืžื“ื™ื
09:01
to get a better look at the strong interaction,
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื–ื›ื•ืช ื‘ืชืฆืคื™ืช ื˜ื•ื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืขืœ ื”ืื™ื ื˜ืจืืงืฆื™ื” ื”ื—ื–ืงื”,
ื‘ืขืœืช ื”ืกื™ืžื˜ืจื™ื” ื”ืžืฉื•ืฉื” ื”ื™ืคื” ื”ื–ื•.
09:04
which has this nice hexagonal symmetry.
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09:06
In a strong interaction, a strong force particle,
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ื‘ืื™ื ื˜ืจืืงืฆื™ื” ื—ื–ืงื”, ื—ืœืงื™ืง ื›ื•ื—-ื—ื–ืง ื›ื’ื•ืŸ ื–ื”,
09:09
such as this one,
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09:10
interacts with a colored quark, such as this green one,
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ืคื•ืขืœ ื”ื“ื“ื™ืช ืขื ืงื•ื•ืืจืง ืฆื‘ืข, ื›ืžื• ื”ื™ืจื•ืง ื”ื–ื”,
ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคื™ืง ืงื•ื•ืืจืง ืขื ืžื˜ืขืŸ-ืฆื‘ืข ืฉื•ื ื” -- ื”ืื“ื•ื ื”ื–ื”.
09:14
to give a quark with a different color charge -- this red one.
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09:18
And strong interactions are happening millions of times
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ื•ืื™ื ื˜ืจืืงืฆื™ื•ืช ื—ื–ืงื•ืช ืžืชืจื—ืฉื•ืช ืžื™ืœื™ื•ื ื™ ืคืขืžื™ื
ื‘ื›ืœ ืฉื ื™ื”, ื‘ื›ืœ ืื˜ื•ื ื‘ื’ื•ืคื ื•,
09:21
each second in every atom of our bodies,
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09:23
holding the atomic nuclei together.
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ื•ืžืฆืžื™ื“ื•ืช ืืช ื’ืจืขื™ื ื™ ื”ืื˜ื•ืžื™ื ื™ื—ื“.
09:27
But these four charges corresponding to three forces
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ืืš ืืจื‘ืขืช ื”ืžื˜ืขื ื™ื ื”ืืœื” ืฉืชื•ืืžื™ื ืœืฉืœื•ืฉื” ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช
09:30
are not the end of the story.
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ืื™ื ื ืกื•ืฃ ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจ.
09:32
We can also include two more charges corresponding to the gravitational force.
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ื ื•ื›ืœ ืœื›ืœื•ืœ ืขื•ื“ ืฉื ื™ ืžื˜ืขื ื™ื
ื”ืชื•ืืžื™ื ืœื›ื•ื— ื”ื›ื‘ื™ื“ื”.
ื›ืฉืื ื• ื›ื•ืœืœื™ื ืื•ืชื, ื™ืฉ ืœื›ืœ ื—ืœืงื™ืง ื—ื•ืžืจ
09:36
When we include these,
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09:37
each matter particle has two different spin charges,
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ืฉื ื™ ืžื˜ืขื ื™ ืกื—ืจื•ืจ ืฉื•ื ื™ื: ืกื—ืจื•ืจ-ืžืขืœื” ื•ืกื—ืจื•ืจ-ืžื˜ื”.
09:40
spin-up and spin-down.
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09:42
So they all split and give a nice pattern in six-dimensional charge space.
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ื›ืš ืฉื›ื•ืœื ืžืชืคืฆืœื™ื ื•ืžืกืคืงื™ื ืชื‘ื ื™ืช ื™ืคื”
ื‘ืžืจื—ื‘-ืžื˜ืขื ื™ื ืฉืฉ-ืžื™ืžื“ื™.
09:46
We can rotate this pattern in six dimensions
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ื‘ื™ื›ื•ืœืชื ื• ืœืกื•ื‘ื‘ ืชื‘ื ื™ืช ื–ื• ื‘ืฉื™ืฉื” ืžื™ืžื“ื™ื
ื•ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื”ื™ื ื™ืคื” ืœืžื“ื™.
09:49
and see that it's quite pretty.
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09:53
Right now, this pattern matches our best current knowledge
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ืœืขืช ืขืชื”, ืชื‘ื ื™ืช ื–ื• ืชื•ืืžืช ืœืžื™ื˜ื‘ ื”ื™ื“ืข ื”ื ื•ื›ื—ื™ ืฉืœื ื•
09:57
of how nature is built at the tiny scales of these elementary particles.
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ื›ื™ืฆื“ ื”ื˜ื‘ืข ื‘ื ื•ื™ ื‘ืงื ื™-ื”ืžื™ื“ื” ื”ื–ืขื™ืจื™ื
ืฉืœ ื—ืœืงื™ืงื™ ื”ื™ืกื•ื“ ื”ืืœื”.
10:01
This is what we know for certain.
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ื–ื” ืžื” ืฉืื ื• ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืœื‘ื˜ื—.
10:03
Some of these particles are at the very limit
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ืื—ื“ื™ื ืžื—ืœืงื™ืงื™ื ืืœื” ืžืฆื•ื™ื™ื ืžืžืฉ ืขืœ ื”ื’ื‘ื•ืœ
ืืœื™ื• ื”ืฆืœื—ื ื• ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ื‘ื ื™ืกื•ื™ื™ื.
10:05
of what we've been able to reach with experiments.
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10:07
From this pattern
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ืœืคื™ ืชื‘ื ื™ืช ื–ื• ืื ื• ื›ื‘ืจ ืžื›ื™ืจื™ื ืืช ืคื™ื–ื™ืงืช ื”ื—ืœืงื™ืงื™ื
10:08
we already know the particle physics of these tiny scales --
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ื‘ืงื ื™-ื”ืžื™ื“ื” ื”ื–ืขื™ืจื™ื ื”ืืœื”. ื”ื“ืจืš ื‘ื” ืคื•ืขืœ ื”ื™ืงื•ื
10:12
the way the universe works at these tiny scales is very beautiful.
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ื‘ืงื ื™-ืžื™ื“ื” ื–ืขื™ืจื™ื ืืœื” ื”ื™ื ื™ืคื”ืคื™ื”.
10:17
But now I'm going to discuss some new and old ideas
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ืืš ื›ืขืช ืืขืกื•ืง ื‘ื›ืžื” ืจืขื™ื•ื ื•ืช ื—ื“ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ืฉื ื™ื
10:19
about things we don't know yet.
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ื‘ื ื•ื’ืข ืœื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืื™ื ื ื• ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื.
10:22
We want to expand this pattern using mathematics alone,
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ื‘ืจืฆื•ื ื ื• ืœื”ืจื—ื™ื‘ ืชื‘ื ื™ืช ื–ื• ืจืง ื‘ืขื–ืจืช ื”ืžืชืžื˜ื™ืงื”,
ื•ืœืจืื•ืช ืื ื ื•ื›ืœ ืœื’ืจื•ืฃ ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ืงื•ืคื”.
10:25
and see if we can get our hands on the whole enchilada.
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10:27
We want to find all the particles and forces
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ื‘ืจืฆื•ื ื ื• ืœื’ืœื•ืช ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ื—ืœืงื™ืงื™ื ื•ื”ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช
10:29
that make a complete picture of our universe.
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ืฉืžืกืคืงื™ื ืชืžื•ื ื” ืฉืœืžื” ืฉืœ ื”ื™ืงื•ื ืฉืœื ื•.
10:32
And we want to use this picture to predict new particles
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ื•ื‘ืจืฆื•ื ื ื• ืœื ืฆืœ ืชืžื•ื ื” ื–ื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื ื‘ื ื—ืœืงื™ืงื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื™ื
10:34
that we'll see when experiments reach higher energies.
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ืื•ืชื ื ืจืื” ื›ืฉื”ื ื™ืกื•ื™ื™ื ื™ื’ื™ืขื• ืœืื ืจื’ื™ื•ืช ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ.
10:39
So there's an old idea in particle physics
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ืื– ื‘ืคื™ื–ื™ืงืช ื”ื—ืœืงื™ืงื™ื ื™ืฉ ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ื™ืฉืŸ
10:41
that this known pattern of charges,
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ืฉืชื‘ื ื™ืช ืžื•ื›ืจืช ื–ื• ืฉืœ ืžื˜ืขื ื™ื, ืฉืื™ื ื” ืžืื“ ืกื™ืžื˜ืจื™ืช,
10:44
which is not very symmetric,
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10:45
could emerge from a more perfect pattern that gets broken --
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ื ื•ื‘ืขืช ืื•ืœื™ ืžืชื‘ื ื™ืช ืฉืœืžื” ื™ื•ืชืจ, ืฉื ืงื˜ืขื” --
10:48
similar to how the Higgs particle breaks the electroweak pattern
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ื›ืžื• ืฉื—ืœืงื™ืง ื”ื™ื’ืก ืฉื•ื‘ืจ ืืช ื”ืชื‘ื ื™ืช ื”ืืœืงื˜ืจื•-ื—ืœืฉื”
10:51
to give electromagnetism.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ืืœืงื˜ืจื•ืžื’ื ื˜ื™ื•ืช.
10:53
In order to do this, we need to introduce new forces
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื–ืืช ืขืœื™ื ื• ืœื”ื›ื ื™ืก ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ื—ื“ืฉื™ื
10:56
with new charge directions.
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ืขื ื›ื™ื•ื•ื ื™-ืžื˜ืขืŸ ื—ื“ืฉื™ื.
10:59
When we introduce a new direction,
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ื›ืฉืื ื• ืžื›ื ื™ืกื™ื ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ื—ื“ืฉ, ื‘ืืคืฉืจื•ืชื ื• ืœื ื—ืฉ
11:01
we get to guess what charges the particles have along this direction,
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ืื™ืœื• ืžื˜ืขื ื™ื ื™ื”ื™ื• ืœื—ืœืงื™ืงื™ื ื‘ืื•ืชื• ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ,
11:04
and then we can rotate it in with the others.
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ื•ืื– ืื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืกื•ื‘ื‘ ื•ืœืฉืœื‘ ืื•ืชื• ืขื ื”ืื—ืจื™ื.
11:08
If we guess wisely, we can construct the standard charges
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ืื ื ื ื—ืฉ ื‘ื—ื•ื›ืžื”, ื ื•ื›ืœ ืœื‘ื ื•ืช ืืช ื”ืžื˜ืขื ื™ื ื”ืกื˜ื ื“ืจื˜ื™ื™ื
11:11
in six charge dimensions as a broken symmetry
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ื‘ืฉื™ืฉื” ืžื™ืžื“ื™ ืžื˜ืขืŸ ื›ืกื™ืžื˜ืจื™ื” ืžืงื•ื˜ืขืช
11:14
of this more perfect pattern in seven charge dimensions.
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ืฉืœ ืื•ืชื” ืชื‘ื ื™ืช ืฉืœืžื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืฉื‘ืขื” ืžื™ืžื“ื™ ืžื˜ืขืŸ.
11:18
This particular choice corresponds to a grand unified theory
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ื‘ืจื™ืจื” ืžืกื•ื™ืžืช ื–ื• ืžืชืื™ืžื” ืœืชื™ืื•ืจื™ื” ื”ืžืื•ื—ื“ืช ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื”
11:21
introduced by Pati and Salam in 1973.
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ืฉื”ืฆื™ื’ื• ืคืื˜ื™ ื•ืกืืœื ื‘-1973.
11:24
When we look at this new unified pattern,
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ื›ืฉืื ื• ืžื‘ื™ื˜ื™ื ื‘ืชื‘ื ื™ืช ืžืื•ื—ื“ืช ื—ื“ืฉื” ื–ื•,
11:27
we can see a couple of gaps where particles seem to be missing.
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ืื ื• ืจื•ืื™ื ื›ืžื” ืคืขืจื™ื ื”ื™ื›ืŸ ืฉื›ื ืจืื” ื—ืกืจื™ื ื—ืœืงื™ืงื™ื.
11:31
This is the way theories of unification work.
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ื–ื• ื“ืจื›ืŸ ืฉืœ ืชื™ืื•ืจื™ื•ืช ืžืื—ื“ื•ืช.
11:34
A physicist looks for larger, more symmetric patterns
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ื”ืคื™ื–ื™ืงืื™ ืžื—ืคืฉ ืชื‘ื ื™ื•ืช ื’ื“ื•ืœื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ, ืกื™ืžื˜ืจื™ื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ
11:36
that include the established pattern as a subset.
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ืฉืžื›ื™ืœื•ืช ืืช ื”ืชื‘ื ื™ืช ื”ืžื‘ื•ืกืกืช ื›ืžืขืจืš-ืžืฉื ื”.
11:40
The larger pattern allows us to predict the existence of particles
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ื”ืชื‘ื ื™ืช ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืืคืฉืจืช ืœื ื• ืœื—ื–ื•ืช ืืช ืงื™ื•ืžื
ืฉืœ ื—ืœืงื™ืงื™ื ืฉืžืขื•ืœื ืœื ื ื™ืฆืคื•.
11:43
that have never been seen.
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11:45
This unification model predicts the existence
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ื”ืžื•ื“ืœ ื”ืžืื•ื—ื“ ืžื ื‘ื ืืช ืงื™ื•ื ืฉื ื™ ื—ืœืงื™ืงื™-ื›ื•ื— ื—ื“ืฉื™ื ืืœื”,
11:47
of these two new force particles,
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ืฉืืžื•ืจื™ื ืœืคืขื•ืœ ืžืื“ ื‘ื“ื•ืžื” ืœื›ื•ื— ื”ื—ืœืฉ,
11:50
which should act a lot like the weak force, only weaker.
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ืื‘ืœ ื—ืœืฉ ื™ื•ืชืจ.
11:54
Now, we can rotate this set of charges in seven dimensions
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ื›ืขืช ื ื•ื›ืœ ืœืกื•ื‘ื‘ ืžืขืจืš ืžื˜ืขื ื™ื ื–ื” ื‘-7 ืžื™ืžื“ื™ื
ื•ืœืฉืงื•ืœ ืขื•ื‘ื“ื” ืžื•ื–ืจื” ื‘ื ื•ื’ืข ืœื—ืœืงื™ืงื™ ื”ื—ื•ืžืจ:
11:57
and consider an odd fact about the matter particles:
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ืœื“ื•ืจื•ืช ื”ืฉื ื™ ื•ื”ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื•ืžืจ
12:00
the second and third generations of matter
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ื™ืฉ ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ืื•ืชื ืžื˜ืขื ื™ื ื‘ืžืจื—ื‘-ืžื˜ืขื ื™ื 6 ืžื™ืžื“ื™
12:03
have exactly the same charges in six-dimensional charge space
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12:05
as the first generation.
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ื›ืžื• ืœื“ื•ืจ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ.
12:07
These particles are not uniquely identified by their six charges.
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ื—ืœืงื™ืงื™ื ืืœื” ืื™ื ื ืžื–ื•ื”ื™ื ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ื™ืช ืขืœ-ืคื™ ืฉืฉืช ืžื˜ืขื ื™ื”ื.
12:11
They sit on top of one another in the standard charge space.
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ื”ื ื™ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ื–ื” ืขืœ ื’ื‘ื™ ื–ื” ื‘ืžืจื—ื‘-ื”ืžื˜ืขื ื™ื ื”ืกื˜ื ื“ืจื˜ื™.
12:15
However, if we work in eight-dimensional charge space,
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ืืš ืื ื ืขื‘ื•ื“ ื‘ืžืจื—ื‘-ืžื˜ืขื ื™ื ืฉืžื•ื ื”-ืžื™ืžื“ื™,
12:19
then we can assign unique new charges to each particle.
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ื ื•ื›ืœ ืœื”ืงืฆื•ืช ืžื˜ืขืŸ ื—ื“ืฉ ื•ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ื™ ืœื›ืœ ื—ืœืงื™ืง.
12:23
Then we can spin these in eight dimensions
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ื›ืขืช ื ื•ื›ืœ ืœืกื•ื‘ื‘ ืื•ืชื ื‘ืฉืžื•ื ื” ืžื™ืžื“ื™ื,
12:26
and see what the whole pattern looks like.
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ื•ืœืจืื•ืช ืื™ืš ื ืจืื™ืช ื›ืœ ื”ืชื‘ื ื™ืช ื›ื•ืœื”.
12:30
Here we can see the second and third generations of matter now,
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ื›ืืŸ ืื ื• ืจื•ืื™ื ืืช ื“ื•ืจื•ืช-ื”ื—ื•ืžืจ ื”ืฉื ื™ ื•ื”ืฉืœื™ืฉื™, ืฉื›ืขืช
ืžืชื™ื™ื—ืกื™ื ืœื“ื•ืจ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื‘ืกื™ืžื˜ืจื™ื” ื”ืงืจื•ื™ื” "ื˜ืจื™ืืœื™ื•ืช".
12:33
related to the first generation by a symmetry called "triality."
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12:37
This particular pattern of charges in eight dimensions
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ืชื‘ื ื™ืช ืžืกื•ื™ืžืช ื–ื• ืฉืœ ืžื˜ืขื ื™ื ื‘-8 ืžื™ืžื“ื™ื ื”ื™ื ื‘ืขืฆื
12:41
is actually part of the most beautiful geometric structure in mathematics.
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ื—ืœืง ืžื”ืžื‘ื ื” ื”ื’ื™ืื•ืžื˜ืจื™ ื”ื™ืคื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืžืชืžื˜ื™ืงื”.
12:46
It's a pattern of the largest exceptional Lie group, E8.
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ื–ืืช ืชื‘ื ื™ืช "ืงื‘ื•ืฆืช ืœื™", "ืื™-8", ื”ื—ืจื™ื’ื” ื•ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ.
12:50
This Lie group is a smooth, curved shape with 248 dimensions.
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"ืงื‘ื•ืฆืช ืœื™" ื”ื™ื ืฆื•ืจื” ื—ืœืงื” ื•ืžืคื•ืชืœืช ื‘ืช 248 ืžื™ืžื“ื™ื.
12:54
Each point in this pattern corresponds to a symmetry
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ื›ืœ ื ืงื•ื“ื” ื‘ืชื‘ื ื™ืช ื–ื• ืžืงื‘ื™ืœื” ืœืกื™ืžื˜ืจื™ื” ืžืกื•ื™ืžืช
12:57
of this very complex and beautiful shape.
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ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ื”ืžืื“ ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ืช ื•ื”ื™ืคื” ื”ื–ื•.
13:00
One small part of this E8 shape can be used to describe
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ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ื—ืœืง ืงื˜ืŸ ืฉืœ ืฆื•ืจืช "ืื™-8" ื–ื• ืœืชื™ืื•ืจ
13:02
the curved space-time of Einstein's general relativity,
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ื”ืžืจื—ื‘-ื–ืžืŸ ื”ืžืขื•ืงื ื‘ืชื•ืจืช ื”ื™ื—ืกื•ืช ื”ื›ืœืœื™ืช ืฉืœ ืื™ื™ื ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ,
13:05
explaining gravity.
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ื”ืžืกื‘ื™ืจื” ืืช ื”ื›ื‘ื™ื“ื”.
13:07
Together with quantum mechanics,
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ื™ื—ื“ ืขื ืžื›ื ื™ืงืช ื”ืงื•ื•ื ื˜ื™ื, ื’ื™ืื•ืžื˜ืจื™ื™ืช ืฆื•ืจื” ื–ื•
13:09
the geometry of this shape could describe everything
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ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื”ืกื‘ื™ืจ ื”ื›ืœ ื‘ื ื•ื’ืข ืœืื•ืคืŸ ืคืขื•ืœืช ื”ื™ืงื•ื
13:11
about how the universe works at the tiniest scales.
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ื‘ืงื ื™-ื”ืžื™ื“ื” ื”ื–ืขื™ืจื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ.
13:14
The pattern of this shape living in eight-dimensional charge space
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ื•ืชื‘ื ื™ืช ืฆื•ืจื” ื–ื•, ื”ืžืชืงื™ื™ืžืช ื‘ืžืจื—ื‘-ืžื˜ืขื ื™ื 8 ืžื™ืžื“ื™,
ื”ื™ื ื™ืคื” ืœื”ืคืœื™ื,
13:18
is exquisitely beautiful,
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13:21
and it summarizes thousands of possible interactions
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ื•ื”ื™ื ืžืกื›ืžืช ืืœืคื™ ืื™ื ื˜ืจืืงืฆื™ื•ืช ืืคืฉืจื™ื•ืช
13:23
between these elementary particles,
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ื‘ื™ืŸ ื—ืœืงื™ืงื™ ื™ืกื•ื“ ืืœื”, ืฉื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ืžื”ื
13:25
each of which is just a facet of this complicated shape.
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ื”ื•ื ืจืง ืคื™ืื” ืื—ืช ืฉืœ ืฆื•ืจื” ืžืกื•ื‘ื›ืช ื–ื•.
13:29
As we spin it, we can see many of the other intricate patterns
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ื›ืฉื ืกื•ื‘ื‘ ืื•ืชื”, ื ื•ื›ืœ ืœืจืื•ืช ืจื‘ื•ืช ืžืฉืืจ ื”ืชื‘ื ื™ื•ืช ื”ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ื•ืช
13:32
contained in this one.
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ื”ื›ืœื•ืœื•ืช ื‘ืชื‘ื ื™ืช ื™ื—ื™ื“ื” ื–ื•.
13:35
And with a particular rotation,
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ื•ื‘ื–ื•ื•ื™ืช ืกื™ื‘ื•ื‘ ืžืกื•ื™ืžืช, ื‘ื™ื›ื•ืœืชื ื• ืœื”ื‘ื™ื˜ ื“ืจืš ื”ืชื‘ื ื™ืช
13:37
we can look down through this pattern in eight dimensions along a symmetry axis
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ื‘ืฉืžื•ื ื” ืžื™ืžื“ื™ื ืœืื•ืจืš ืฆื™ืจ ืกื™ืžื˜ืจื™ื” ื™ื—ื™ื“
13:41
and see all the particles at once.
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ื•ืœืจืื•ืช ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ื—ืœืงื™ืงื™ื ื‘ื‘ืช-ืื—ืช.
13:43
It's a very beautiful object,
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ื–ื”ื• ืื•ื‘ื™ื™ืงื˜ ื™ืคื” ืžืื“, ื•ื›ืžื• ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ืื—ื“ื”,
13:45
and as with any unification,
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13:47
we can see some holes where new particles are required by this pattern.
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ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืจืื•ืช ื›ืžื” ื—ืœืœื™ื ื”ื™ื›ืŸ ืฉื—ืกืจื™ื ื—ืœืงื™ืงื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื™ื
ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืชื‘ื ื™ืช ื–ื•.
13:52
There are 20 gaps where new particles should be,
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ื™ืฉื ื 20 ืคืขืจื™ื ื‘ื”ื ืืžื•ืจื™ื ืœื”ื™ืžืฆื ื—ืœืงื™ืงื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื™ื,
13:54
two of which have been filled by the Pati-Salam particles.
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ืฉื ื™ื™ื ืžื”ื ืžื•ืœืื• ืข"ื™ ื—ืœืงื™ืงื™ื”ื ืฉืœ ืคืื˜ื™ ื•ืกืืœื.
13:57
From their location in this pattern, we know that these new particles
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ืœืคื™ ืžื™ืงื•ืžื ื‘ืชื‘ื ื™ืช, ืื ื• ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืฉื—ืœืงื™ืงื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื™ื ืืœื”
14:00
should be scalar fields like the Higgs particle,
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ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืฉื“ื•ืช ืกืงืœืจื™ื™ื ื›ืžื• ื—ืœืงื™ืง ื”ื™ื’ืก,
14:03
but have color charge and interact with the strong force.
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ืืš ื™ืฉ ืœื”ื ืžื˜ืขืŸ-ืฆื‘ืข ื•ื”ื ืคื•ืขืœื™ื ื”ื“ื“ื™ืช ืขื ื”ื›ื•ื— ื”ื—ื–ืง.
14:06
Filling in these new particles completes this pattern,
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ืžื™ืœื•ื™ ื—ืœืงื™ืงื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื™ื ืืœื” ื™ืฉืœื™ื ืชื‘ื ื™ืช ื–ื•,
ื•ื™ื™ืชืŸ ืœื ื• ืืช ื”"ืื™-8" ื”ืฉืœื.
14:09
giving us the full E8.
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14:10
This E8 pattern has very deep mathematical roots.
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ืœืชื‘ื ื™ืช ื”"ืื™-8" ืฉื•ืจืฉื™ื ืžืชืžื˜ื™ื™ื ืขืžื•ืงื™ื ืžืื“.
14:13
It's considered by many to be the most beautiful structure in mathematics.
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ืจื‘ื™ื ืจื•ืื™ื ื‘ื” ืืช ื”ืžื‘ื ื” ื”ื™ืคื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ
ื‘ืžืชืžื˜ื™ืงื”/
14:17
It's a fantastic prospect that this object of great mathematical beauty
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ื™ืฉ ืกื™ื›ื•ื™ ืคื ื˜ืกื˜ื™ ืฉืื•ื‘ื™ื™ืงื˜ ื–ื” ืฉืœ ื™ื•ืคื™ ืžืชืžื˜ื™
ืขืฉื•ื™ ืœืชืืจ ืืช ื”ืืžืช ืื•ื“ื•ืช ืื™ื ื˜ืจืืงืฆื™ื•ืช ื”ื—ืœืงื™ืงื™ื
14:21
could describe the truth of particle interactions
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ื‘ืงื ื™-ื”ืžื™ื“ื” ื”ืงื˜ื ื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื”ืขืœื•ืช ืขืœ ื”ื“ืขืช.
14:24
at the smallest scales imaginable.
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ื•ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ื–ื”, ืœืคื™ื• ื”ื˜ื‘ืข ืžืชื•ืืจ ืข"ื™ ื”ืžืชืžื˜ื™ืงื”,
14:28
And this idea that nature is described by mathematics is not at all new.
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ืื™ื ื ื• ื—ื“ืฉ ื›ืœืœ.
14:32
In 1623, Galileo wrote this:
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ื‘-1623 ื›ืชื‘ ื’ืœื™ืœืื•:
14:35
"Nature's grand book, which stands continually open to our gaze,
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"ื”ืกืคืจ ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืฉืœ ื”ื˜ื‘ืข, ืฉื ื™ืฆื‘ ืœืขื“ ืคืชื•ื— ืœื ื’ื“ ืขื™ื ื™ื ื•,
14:39
is written in the language of mathematics.
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ื›ืชื•ื‘ ื‘ืฉืคืช ื”ืžืชืžื˜ื™ืงื”.
14:41
Its characters are triangles, circles and other geometrical figures,
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ืื•ืชื™ื•ืชื™ื• - ืžืฉื•ืœืฉื™ื, ืขื™ื’ื•ืœื™ื ื•ืฉืืจ ืฆื•ืจื•ืช ื’ืื•ืžื˜ืจื™ื•ืช,
14:45
without which it is humanly impossible to understand a single word of it;
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ืฉืœื•ืœื ื”ืŸ ืœื ื™ื•ื›ืœ ื”ืื“ื ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ
ื•ืœื• ืžื™ืœื” ืžืžื ื•;
14:49
without these, one is wandering around in a dark labyrinth."
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ืœืœื ืืœื”, ื ื ื“ื•ื“ ืœืขื“ ื‘ืžื‘ื•ืš ืืคืœ."
14:53
I believe this to be true,
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ืื ื™ ืžืืžื™ืŸ ืฉื–ื• ืืžืช, ื•ืžืื– ื•ืžืชืžื™ื“ ื”ืฉืชื“ืœืชื™
14:55
and I've tried to follow Galileo's guidance
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ืœืœื›ืช ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ื’ืœื™ืœืื• ื‘ืชื™ืื•ืจ ื”ืžืชืžื˜ื™ืงื”
14:57
in describing the mathematics of particle physics
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ืฉืœ ืคื™ื–ื™ืงืช ื”ื—ืœืงื™ืงื™ื, ืจืง ื‘ืขื–ืจืช ืžืฉื•ืœืฉื™ื, ืขื™ื’ื•ืœื™ื
15:00
using only triangles, circles and other geometrical figures.
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ื•ืฉืืจ ืฆื•ืจื•ืช ื’ืื•ืžื˜ืจื™ื•ืช.
15:03
Of course, when other physicists and I actually work on this stuff,
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ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ืฉื›ืฉืคื™ื–ื™ืงืื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื ื•ืื ื™ ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ืขืœ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืืœื”
ื”ืžืชืžื˜ื™ืงื” ืขืฉื•ื™ื” ืœื”ื™ืจืื•ืช ื›ืžื‘ื•ืš ืืคืœ.
15:07
the mathematics can resemble a dark labyrinth.
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15:11
But it's reassuring that at the heart of this mathematics
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ืืš ืžืจื’ื™ืข ืœื“ืขืช ืฉื‘ืœื‘ ื”ืžืชืžื˜ื™ืงื” ื”ื–ื•
15:14
is pure, beautiful geometry.
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ื™ืฉ ืกื™ืžื˜ืจื™ื” ื˜ื”ื•ืจื” ื•ื™ืคื”.
15:17
Joined with quantum mechanics,
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ื™ื—ื“ ืขื ืžื›ื ื™ืงืช ื”ืงื•ื•ื ื˜ื™ื, ืžืชืžื˜ื™ืงื” ื–ื•
15:19
this mathematics describes our universe as a growing E8 coral,
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ืžืชืืจืช ืืช ื™ืงื•ืžื ื• ื›ืืœืžื•ื’ "ืื™-8" ื’ื“ืœ ื•ื”ื•ืœืš,
ืขื ื—ืœืงื™ืงื™ื ื”ืคื•ืขืœื™ื ื‘ืื™ื ื˜ืจืืงืฆื™ื” ื‘ื›ืœ ืืชืจ ื•ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืจืš ืืคืฉืจื™ืช
15:23
with particles interacting at every location in all possible ways
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15:26
according to a beautiful pattern.
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ืขืœ ืคื™ ืชื‘ื ื™ืช ื™ืคื”ืคื™ื”.
15:29
And as more of the pattern comes into view using new machines
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ื•ื›ื›ืœ ืฉื ื—ืฉืฃ ืขื•ื“ ืžืŸ ื”ืชื‘ื ื™ืช, ื‘ืขื–ืจืช ืžื›ื•ื ื•ืช ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช
15:32
like the Large Hadron Collider,
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ื›ืžื• ืžืื™ืฅ ื”ื”ื“ืจื•ื ื™ื ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ, ื™ื™ืชื›ืŸ ืฉื ื•ื›ืœ ืœืจืื•ืช
15:34
we may be able to see whether nature uses this E8 pattern or a different one.
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ื”ืื ื”ื˜ื‘ืข ืžืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ืชื‘ื ื™ืช "ืื™-8" ื–ื• ืื• ื‘ืชื‘ื ื™ืช ืื—ืจืช.
15:40
This process of discovery is a wonderful adventure to be involved in.
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ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื–ื” ืฉืœ ื’ื™ืœื•ื™ ื”ื™ื ื• ื”ืฉืชืชืคื•ืช ื‘ื”ืจืคืชืงื” ื ื”ื“ืจืช.
15:44
If the LHC finds particles that fit this E8 pattern,
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ืื ืžืื™ืฅ ื”ื”ื“ืจื•ื ื™ื ื™ื’ืœื” ื—ืœืงื™ืงื™ื ื”ืžืชืื™ืžื™ื ืœืชื‘ื ื™ืช "ืื™-8",
15:47
that will be very, very cool.
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ื–ื” ื™ื”ื™ื” ืžืื“ ืžืื“ ืžืขื•ืœื”
15:50
If the LHC finds new particles, but they don't fit this pattern --
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ื•ืื ื™ื’ืœื” ื—ืœืงื™ืงื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื™ื, ืฉืœื ืžืชืื™ืžื™ื ืœืชื‘ื ื™ืช ื–ื• --
15:53
well, that will be very interesting, but bad for this E8 theory.
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ื–ื” ื™ื”ื™ื” ืžืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ืžืื“, ืืš ื’ืจื•ืข ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ืช ืชื™ืื•ืจื™ื™ืช ื”"ืื™-8".
15:57
And, of course, bad for me personally.
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ื•ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ, ื’ืจื•ืข ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ืชื™ ื”ืื™ืฉื™ืช.
16:00
(Laughter)
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[ืฆื—ื•ืง]
16:02
Now, how bad would that be?
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ื›ืžื” ื’ืจื•ืข ื–ื” ืขืœื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช?
16:04
Well, pretty bad.
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ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ื’ืจื•ืข ืœืžื“ื™.
16:06
(Laughter)
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[ืฆื—ื•ืง]
16:09
But predicting how nature works is a very risky game.
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ืืš ื ื™ื‘ื•ื™ ืื•ืคืŸ ืคืขื•ืœืช ื”ื˜ื‘ืข ื”ื•ื ืขืกืง ืžืกื•ื›ืŸ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ.
16:13
This theory and others like it are long shots.
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ืชื™ืื•ืจื™ื•ืช ืืœื” ื•ืื—ืจื•ืช ื›ืžื•ืชืŸ ื”ืŸ ื”ื™ืžื•ืจื™ื ืจืฆื™ื ื™ื™ื.
16:17
One does a lot of hard work knowing that most of these ideas
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ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ืงืฉื” ืžืื“ ื•ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืฉืžืจื‘ื™ืช ืจืขื™ื•ื ื•ืช ืืœื”
16:20
probably won't end up being true about nature.
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ื‘ื ื•ื’ืข ืœื˜ื‘ืข ืื•ืœื™ ื™ืชื’ืœื• ื›ืฉื’ื•ื™ื™ื.
16:22
That's what doing theoretical physics is like:
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ื›ื–ื” ื”ื•ื ื”ืขื™ืกื•ืง ื‘ืคื™ื–ื™ืงื” ืชื™ืื•ืจื˜ื™ืช:
16:24
there are a lot of wipeouts.
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ื™ืฉ ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžื—ื™ืงื•ืช.
16:26
In this regard, new physics theories are a lot like start-up companies.
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ื‘ื”ื™ื‘ื˜ ื–ื”, ืชืื•ืจื™ื•ืช ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช ื‘ืคื™ื–ื™ืงื” ื”ืŸ ื›ืžื• ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ื”ื–ื ืง.
16:31
As with any large investment,
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ื›ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ืฉืงืขื” ื’ื“ื•ืœื”, ื–ื” ืขืœื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืงืฉื” ืจื’ืฉื™ืช
16:33
it can be emotionally difficult to abandon a line of research
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ืœื–ื ื•ื— ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ-ืžื—ืงืจ ืฉืื™ื ื ื• ืžืขืฉื™.
16:36
when it isn't working out.
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16:37
But in science, if something isn't working,
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ืืš ื‘ืžื“ืข, ื›ืฉืžืฉื”ื• ืœื ืขื•ื‘ื“,
16:39
you have to toss it out and try something else.
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ื™ืฉ ืœื”ืฉืœื™ื›ื• ื•ืœื ืกื•ืช ืžืฉื”ื• ืื—ืจ.
16:42
Now, the only way to maintain sanity
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ื•ื”ื“ืจืš ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ื” ืœืฉืžื•ืจ ืขืœ ืฉืคื™ื•ืช ื•ืœืžืฆื•ื ืื•ืฉืจ
16:44
and achieve happiness in the midst of this uncertainty
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ื‘ืชื•ืš ื”ืื™-ื•ื“ืื•ืช ื”ื–ื•, ื”ื™ื ืœืฉืžื•ืจ ืขืœ ืื™ื–ื•ืŸ
16:46
is to keep balance and perspective in life.
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ื•ืคืจืกืคืงื˜ื™ื‘ื” ื‘ื—ื™ื™ื.
16:50
I've tried the best I can to live a balanced life.
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ืื ื™ ืžื ืกื” ื›ืžื™ื˜ื‘ ื™ื›ื•ืœืชื™ ืœื—ื™ื•ืช ื—ื™ื™ื ืžืื•ื–ื ื™ื
16:53
(Laughter)
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[ืฆื—ื•ืง]
16:55
I try to balance my life equally between physics, love and surfing --
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ืื ื™ ืžืฉืชื“ืœ ืœืื–ืŸ ืืช ื—ื™ื™ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืคื™ื–ื™ืงื”, ืื”ื‘ื” ื•ื’ืœื™ืฉื” --
16:59
my own three charge directions.
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ืฉืœื•ืฉืช ื›ื™ื•ื•ื ื™ ื”ืžื˜ืขืŸ ืฉืœื™.
17:01
(Laughter)
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[ืฆื—ื•ืง]
17:03
This way, even if the physics I work on comes to nothing,
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ื›ืš ืฉื’ื ืื ื”ืคื™ื–ื™ืงื” ืฉืื ื™ ืขื•ื‘ื“ ืขืœื™ื” ืชืกืชื™ื™ื ื‘ืœื-ื›ืœื•ื,
ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืื“ืข ืฉื—ื™ื™ืชื™ ื—ื™ื™ื ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื.
17:06
I still know I've lived a good life.
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17:08
And I try to live in beautiful places.
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ืื ื™ ื’ื ืžืฉืชื“ืœ ืœื’ื•ืจ ื‘ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ื™ืคื™ื.
17:10
For most of the past ten years I've lived on the island of Maui,
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ืžืฉืš ืจื•ื‘ 10 ื”ืฉื ื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื•ืช ืื ื™ ื—ื™ ื‘ืื™ ืžืื•ื•ื™,
17:13
a very beautiful place.
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ืžืงื•ื ื™ืคื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ.
17:15
Now, it's one of the greatest mysteries in the universe to my parents
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ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื”ื•ืจื™, ืื—ืช ื”ืชืขืœื•ืžื•ืช ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื•ืช ื‘ืขื•ืœื ื”ื™ื
17:18
how I managed to survive all that time
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ืื™ืš ื”ืฆืœื—ืชื™ ืœื”ืชืงื™ื™ื ื›ืœ ื”ื–ืžืŸ ื”ื–ื” ื‘ืœื™ ืœืขืกื•ืง
17:20
without engaging in anything resembling full-time employment.
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ื‘ืฉื•ื ื“ื‘ืจ ืฉืžื–ื›ื™ืจ ืชืขืกื•ืงื” ืงื‘ื•ืขื”.
17:23
(Laughter)
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[ืฆื—ื•ืง]
17:27
I'm going to let you in on that secret.
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ืื’ืœื” ืœื›ื ืืช ื”ืกื•ื“.
17:30
This was a view from my home office on Maui.
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ื–ื”ื• ื”ื ื•ืฃ ื”ื ืฉืงืฃ ืžืžืฉืจื“ื™ ื”ื‘ื™ืชื™ ื‘ืžืื•ื•ื™
17:34
And this is another,
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ื•ื–ื” ืขื•ื“ ืื—ื“, ื•ืขื•ื“ ืื—ื“.
17:38
and another.
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17:39
And you may have noticed that these beautiful views are similar,
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ื•ืื•ืœื™ ืฉืžืชื ืœื‘ ืฉื”ื ื•ืคื™ื ื”ื™ืคื™ื ื”ืืœื”
ื“ื•ืžื™ื, ืื‘ืœ ื ืžืฆืื™ื ื‘ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื™ื ืžืขื˜.
17:42
but in slightly different places.
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17:44
That's because this used to be my home and office on Maui.
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ื–ื” ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ื‘ื™ืชื™ ื•ืžืฉืจื“ื™ ื‘ืžืื•ื•ื™.
17:48
(Laughter)
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[ืฆื—ื•ืง]
17:50
I've chosen a very unusual life.
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ื‘ื—ืจืชื™ ื‘ื—ื™ื™ื ืžืื“ ื™ื•ืฆืื™-ื“ื•ืคืŸ.
17:53
But not worrying about rent
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ืืš ื”ืขื“ืจ ื”ื“ืื’ื” ืœืฉื›ืจ-ื“ื™ืจื” ืื™ืคืฉืจ ืœื™ ืœื‘ืœื•ืช ืืช ื–ืžื ื™
17:54
allowed me to spend my time doing what I love.
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ื‘ืขืฉื™ื™ืช ืžื” ืฉืื ื™ ืื•ื”ื‘.
17:57
Living a nomadic existence has been hard at times,
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ื—ื™ื™ ื ื•ื•ื“ ื”ื™ื• ืœืขืชื™ื ืงืฉื™ื,
17:59
but it's allowed me to live in beautiful places
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ืืš ื–ื” ืื™ืคืฉืจ ืœื™ ืœื—ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ื™ืคื™ื
ื•ืœืงื™ื™ื ื‘ื—ื™ื™ ืื™ื–ื•ืŸ ืฉืžืกืคืง ืื•ืชื™.
18:02
and keep a balance in my life that I've been happy with.
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18:05
It allows me to spend a lot of my time hanging out with hyperintelligent coral.
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ื–ื” ืื™ืคืฉืจ ืœื™ ืœื‘ืœื•ืช ื—ืœืง ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืžื–ืžื ื™
ื‘ื—ื‘ืจืช ืืœืžื•ื’ื™ื ืกื•ืคืจ-ืชื‘ื•ื ื™ื™ื.
18:11
But I also greatly enjoy the company of hyperintelligent people.
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ืื‘ืœ ืื ื™ ื ื”ื ื” ืžืื“ ื’ื ืžื—ื‘ืจืช ืื ืฉื™ื ืกื•ืคืจ-ืชื‘ื•ื ื™ื™ื.
18:14
So I'm very happy to have been invited here to TED.
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ื›ืš ืฉืฉืžื—ืชื™ ืžืื“ ืฉื”ื•ื–ืžื ืชื™ ืœื›ืืŸ ื”ื™ื•ื
18:17
Thank you very much.
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ืชื•ื“ื” ืจื‘ื” ืœื›ื.
18:18
(Applause)
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[ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื]
18:25
Chris Anderson: Stay here one second.
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18:27
(Applause)
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18:30
I probably understood two percent of that,
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ื›ืจื™ืก ืื ื“ืจืกื•ืŸ: ื”ื‘ื ืชื™ ืื•ืœื™ 2 ืื—ื•ื–ื™ื ืžื›ืœ ื–ื”,
18:32
but I still absolutely loved it.
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ืืš ื‘ื”ื—ืœื˜ ืื”ื‘ืชื™ ืืช ื–ื”. ืื– ืื ื™ ืขื•ืžื“ ืœื”ื™ืฉืžืข ืžื˜ื•ืžื˜ื.
18:36
So I'm going to sound dumb.
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18:38
Your theory of everything --
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ื”ืชื™ืื•ืจื™ื” ืฉืœืš ืขืœ ื”ื›ืœ...
18:40
Garrett Lisi: I'm used to coral.
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ื’ืืจื˜ ืœื™ื–ื™: ืื ื™ ืจื’ื™ืœ ืœืืœืžื•ื’ื™ื.
18:42
CA: That's right.
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ื›"ื: ื ื›ื•ืŸ. ื”ืกื™ื‘ื” ืฉื–ื” ืจื™ื’ืฉ ืœืคื—ื•ืช ื›ืžื” ืื ืฉื™ื
18:43
The reason it's got a few people at least excited
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ื”ื™ื, ืฉืื ืืชื” ืฆื•ื“ืง, ื–ื” ืžืฉืœื‘ ื‘ื™ื—ื“
18:45
is because, if you're right, it brings gravity and quantum theory together.
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ืืช ืชื•ืจืช ื”ื›ื‘ื™ื“ื” ื•ืืช ืชื™ืื•ืจื™ื™ืช ื”ืงื•ื•ื ื˜ื™ื.
18:50
So are you saying that we should think of the universe, at its heart --
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ืื– ื”ืื ืืชื” ืื•ืžืจ ืฉืขืœื™ื ื• ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืขืœ ื”ื™ืงื•ื
ื›ืื™ืœื• ืฉื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ืงื˜ื ื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉื™ืฉ ื‘ื•
18:54
that the smallest things that there are,
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18:56
are somehow an E8 object of possibility?
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ื”ื ืื™ื›ืฉื”ื• ื™ืขื“ ืœืืคืฉืจื•ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ "ืื™-8"?
19:02
I mean, is there a scale to it, at the smallest scale, or ...?
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ื›ืœื•ืžืจ, ื”ืื ื™ืฉ ืงื ื”-ืžื™ื“ื” ืœื›ืš ื‘ืกื“ืจ ื”ื’ื•ื“ืœ ื”ืงื˜ืŸ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ,
ืœื“ืขืชืš, ืื•...?
19:06
GL: Well, right now the pattern I showed you
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ื’"ืœ: ื›ืจื’ืข, ื”ืชื‘ื ื™ืช ืฉื”ืฆื’ืชื™, ืฉืžืชืื™ืžื”
19:08
that corresponds to what we know about elementary particle physics --
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ืœืžื” ืฉืื ื• ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืขืœ ืคื™ื–ื™ืงืช ื—ืœืงื™ืงื™ ื”ื™ืกื•ื“ --
19:13
that already corresponds to a very beautiful shape.
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ืชื•ืืžืช ื›ื‘ืจ ืœืฆื•ืจื” ื™ืคื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ.
19:15
And that's the one that I said we knew for certain.
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ื•ืขืœื™ื” ืืžืจืชื™ ืฉืื ื• ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ื–ืืช ืœื‘ื˜ื—
19:18
And that shape has remarkable similarities --
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ื•ืœืฆื•ืจื” ื–ื• ืงื•ื•ื™-ื“ืžื™ื•ืŸ ื‘ื•ืœื˜ื™ื, ื•ื”ื“ืจืš ื‘ื” ื”ื™ื ืžืชืื™ืžื”
19:21
and the way it fits into this E8 pattern, which could be the rest of the picture.
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ืœืชื‘ื ื™ืช "ืื™-8" ื–ื•, ืขืฉื•ื™ื” ืœื”ื•ื•ืช ืืช ื™ืชืจ ื”ืชืžื•ื ื”.
19:26
And these patterns of points that I've shown for you
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ื•ืชื‘ื ื™ื•ืช ืืœื” ืฉืœ ื”ื ืงื•ื“ื•ืช ืฉื”ืจืื™ืชื™ ืœื›ื,
19:29
actually represent symmetries of this high-dimensional object
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ืžื™ื™ืฆื’ื•ืช ืœืžืขืฉื” ืกื™ืžื˜ืจื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืื•ื‘ื™ื™ืงื˜ ืจื‘-ืžื™ืžื“ื™ ื–ื”
19:33
that would be warping and moving and dancing
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ืฉืืžื•ืจ ืœื”ืชืคืชืœ ื•ืœื ื•ืข ื•ืœืจืงื•ื“
19:36
over the space-time that we experience.
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ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ืžืจื—ื‘-ื–ืžืŸ ืื•ืชื• ืื ื• ื—ื•ื•ื™ื.
19:38
And that would be what explains all these elementary particles that we see.
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ื•ื–ื” ืื•ืœื™ ืžื” ืฉื™ืกื‘ื™ืจ
ืืช ื›ืœ ื—ืœืงื™ืงื™ ื”ื™ืกื•ื“ ื”ืืœื” ืฉืื ื• ืจื•ืื™ื.
19:42
CA: But a string theorist, as I understand it,
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ื›"ื: ืืš ืžื™ ืฉื“ื•ื’ืœ ื‘ืชืื•ืจื™ื™ืช ื”ืžื™ืชืจื™ื,
19:45
explains electrons in terms of much smaller strings vibrating --
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ื›ืคื™ ืฉืื ื™ ืžื‘ื™ืŸ ืื•ืชื”, ืžืกื‘ื™ืจ ืืช ื”ืืœืงื˜ืจื•ื ื™ื ื‘ืžื•ื ื—ื™ื
ืฉืœ ืžื™ืชืจื™ื ื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืงื˜ื ื™ื, ืฉืจื•ื˜ื˜ื™ื --
19:48
I know, you don't like string theory -- vibrating inside it.
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ืื ื™ ื™ื•ื“ืข ืฉืื™ื ืš ืื•ื”ื‘ ืืช ืชืื•ืจื™ื™ืช ื”ืžื™ืชืจื™ื -- ืจื•ื˜ื˜ื™ื ื‘ืคื ื™ื.
ืื™ืš ืขืœื™ื ื• ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืขืœ ื”ืืœืงื˜ืจื•ืŸ ื‘ื™ื—ืก ืœ"ืื™-8"?
19:52
How should we think of an electron in relation to E8?
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19:56
GL: Well, it would be one of the symmetries of this E8 shape.
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ื’"ืœ: ืœื, ื–ื• ืืžื•ืจื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืื—ืช ื”ืกื™ืžื˜ืจื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืฆื•ืจืช ื”"ืื™-8".
20:01
So what's happening is, as the shape is moving over space-time, it's twisting.
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ืžื” ืฉืงื•ืจื” ื”ื•ื ืฉื›ืืฉืจ ื”ืฆื•ืจื” ื ืขื” ืขืœ ืคื ื™ ื”ืžืจื—ื‘-ื–ืžืŸ,
ื”ื™ื ืžืกืชื•ื‘ื‘ืช, ื•ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ื”ืกื™ื‘ื•ื‘ ืชื•ืš ื›ื“ื™ ื”ืชื ื•ืขื”
20:06
And the direction it's twisting as it moves is what particle we see.
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ื”ื•ื ื”ื—ืœืงื™ืง ืฉืื ื• ืจื•ืื™ื. ื›ืš ืฉื–ื” ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ื™ื•ืช --
20:11
So it would be --
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ื›"ื: ื’ื•ื“ืœ ืฆื•ืจืช ื”"ืื™-8",
20:12
CA: The size of the E8 shape, how does that relate to the electron?
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ืžื” ื”ื™ื—ืก ื‘ื™ื ื• ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืืœืงื˜ืจื•ืŸ?
ืื ื™ ืžืจื’ื™ืฉ ืฉื–ื” ื—ืกืจ ืœื™ ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืฉืœื™ื ืืช ื”ืชืžื•ื ื”.
20:15
I feel like I need that for my picture. Is it bigger? Is it smaller?
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ื”ืื ื”ื™ื ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ื™ื•ืชืจ? ืงื˜ื ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ?
ื’"ืœ: ื›ื›ืœ ืฉืื ื• ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื, ื”ืืœืงื˜ืจื•ื ื™ื ื”ื ื—ืœืงื™ืงื™ื ื ืงื•ื“ืชื™ื™ื,
20:18
GL: As far as we know, electrons are point particles,
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ื›ืš ืฉื–ื” ื™ื•ืจื“ ืœืงื ื™-ื”ืžื™ื“ื” ื”ืงื˜ื ื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ.
20:21
so this would be going down to the smallest possible scales.
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20:24
So the way these things are explained in quantum field theory is,
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ื•ื”ื“ืจืš ื‘ื” ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืืœื” ืžื•ืกื‘ืจื™ื ื‘ืชืื•ืจื™ื™ืช ื”ืฉื“ื” ื”ืงื•ื•ื ื˜ื™
ื”ื™ื ืฉื›ืœ ื”ืืคืฉืจื•ื™ื•ืช ืžืชืจื—ื‘ื•ืช ื•ืžืชืคืชื—ื•ืช ื‘ื‘ืช-ืื—ืช.
20:27
all possibilities are expanding and developing at once.
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20:30
And this is why I use the analogy to coral.
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ื•ืœื›ืŸ ืื ื™ ืžืฉื•ื•ื” ื–ืืช ืœืืœืžื•ื’.
20:33
And --
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ื•ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื–ื”, ื”ื“ืจืš ื‘ื” ืžืฉืชืœื‘ ื”"ืื™-8"
20:35
in this way, the way that E8 comes in
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20:40
is it will be as a shape that's attached at each point in the space-time.
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ื”ื™ื ื›ืฆื•ืจื” ืฉืžื—ื•ื‘ืจืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื ืงื•ื“ื” ื‘ืžืจื—ื‘-ื–ืžืŸ.
20:45
And, as I said, the way the shape twists --
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ื•ื›ืคื™ ืฉืืžืจืชื™, ื”ืื•ืคืŸ ืฉื‘ื• ื”ืฆื•ืจื” ืžืกืชื•ื‘ื‘ืช --
20:49
the directional along which way the shape is twisting
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ื”ื›ื™ื•ื•ื ื™ื•ืช ื‘ื” ื”ืฆื•ืจื” ืžืกืชื•ื‘ื‘ืช
20:51
as it moves over this curved surface --
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ื›ืฉื”ื™ื ื ืขื” ืขืœ ืคื ื™ ื”ืžืฉื˜ื— ื”ืžืขื•ืงื ื”ื–ื” --
ื”ื™ื ืžื” ืฉื—ืœืงื™ืงื™ ื”ื™ืกื•ื“ ื”ื™ื ื ื‘ืขืฆืžื.
20:53
is what the elementary particles are, themselves.
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20:56
So through quantum field theory,
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ื•ื“ืจืš ืชืื•ืจื™ื™ืช ื”ืฉื“ื” ื”ืงื•ื•ื ื˜ื™ ื”ื ืžืฆื™ื’ื™ื ืขืฆืžื
20:59
they manifest themselves as points and interact that way.
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ื›ื ืงื•ื“ื•ืช, ื•ืคื•ืขืœื™ื ื›ืš ื‘ืื™ื ื˜ืจืืงืฆื™ื”.
21:02
I don't know if I'll be able to make this any clearer.
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ืื™ื ื™ ื™ื•ื“ืข ืื ืื•ื›ืœ ืœื”ื‘ื”ื™ืจ ื–ืืช ื™ื•ืชืจ.
21:04
(Laughter)
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[ืฆื—ื•ืง]
21:07
CA: It doesn't really matter.
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ื›"ื: ื–ื” ืœื ืžืžืฉ ื—ืฉื•ื‘.
21:09
It's evoking a kind of sense of wonder,
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ื–ื” ืžืขื•ืจืจ ืชื—ื•ืฉื” ืฉืœ ืคืœื™ืื”, ื•ืœืคื—ื•ืช ืื ื™
21:11
and I certainly want to understand more of this.
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ืจื•ืฆื” ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ื–ืืช ื™ื•ืชืจ.
21:16
But thank you so much for coming. That was absolutely fascinating.
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ืื‘ืœ ืชื•ื“ื” ืจื‘ื” ืฉื‘ืืช. ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ืžืžืฉ ืžืจืชืง.
[ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื]
21:19
(Applause)
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ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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