A theory of everything | Garrett Lisi

508,696 views ใƒป 2008-10-16

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์•„๋ž˜ ์˜๋ฌธ์ž๋ง‰์„ ๋”๋ธ”ํด๋ฆญํ•˜์‹œ๋ฉด ์˜์ƒ์ด ์žฌ์ƒ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

๋ฒˆ์—ญ: Hooyoung Jang ๊ฒ€ํ† : Sanghoon Lee
00:20
Whoa, dude.
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์™€์šฐ, ์‚ด์ธ์ ์ธ ๋ฐฉ์ •์‹๋“ค ์ข€ ๋ณด์„ธ์š”. ๋๋‚ด์ฃผ๋„ค์š”.
00:23
(Laughter)
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00:24
Check out those killer equations. Sweet.
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00:30
Actually, for the next 18 minutes I'm going to do the best I can
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์‚ฌ์‹ค ๋‹ค์Œ 18๋ถ„ ๋™์•ˆ ์ž…์ž๋ฌผ๋ฆฌํ•™์˜ ์•„๋ฆ„๋‹ค์›€์„ ํ‘œํ˜„ํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ
00:34
to describe the beauty of particle physics without equations.
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๋ฐฉ์ •์‹๋“ค์„ ํ•˜๋‚˜๋„ ์“ฐ์ง€ ์•Š๋„๋ก ๋…ธ๋ ฅํ•  ์ƒ๊ฐ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:37
It turns out there's a lot we can learn from coral.
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์‚ฐํ˜ธ์ดˆ๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ์„  ๋ฐฐ์šธ๊ฒŒ ๊ต‰์žฅํžˆ ๋งŽ์ฃ .
00:41
A coral is a very beautiful and unusual animal.
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์‚ฐํ˜ธ๋Š” ์•„์ฃผ ์•„๋ฆ„๋‹ต๊ณ  ๊ธฐ์ดํ•œ ๋™๋ฌผ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:44
Each coral head consists of thousands of individual polyps.
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๊ฐ ์‚ฐํ˜ธ์˜ ๋„ํŠธ๋จธ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ˆ˜์ฒœ๊ฐœ์˜ ํด๋ฆฝ(๊ฐ•์žฅ๋™๋ฌผ)์œผ๋กœ ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์ ธ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:47
These polyps are continually budding and branching
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ํด๋ฆฝ๋“ค์€ ์œ ์ „์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋™์ผํ•œ ์ด์›ƒ๋“ค๋กœ
00:50
into genetically identical neighbors.
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๋‹์•„๋‚˜๊ณ  ๊ฐ€์ง€๋ฅผ ์นฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:53
If we imagine this to be a hyperintelligent coral,
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๋งŒ์•ฝ ์ด๊ฒƒ์„ ๋งค์šฐ ์ง€๋Šฅ์ ์ธ ์‚ฐํ˜ธ๋ผ๊ณ  ์ƒ์ƒํ•œ๋‹ค๋ฉด
๊ทธ์ค‘ ํ•˜๋‚˜๋ฅผ ๋–ผ์–ด๋‚ด์„œ ์ ์ ˆํ•œ ์งˆ๋ฌธ์„ ํ•ด๋ณผ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ฒ ์ง€์š”.
00:56
we can single out an individual and ask him a reasonable question.
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00:59
We can ask how exactly he got to be in this particular location
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์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ๊ทธ๋†ˆ์ด ๊ทธ๋“ค ์ด์›ƒ๊ณผ๋Š” ๋‹ฌ๋ฆฌ ํŠน์ •ํ•œ ๊ทธ ์žฅ์†Œ์—
01:02
compared to his neighbors --
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์œ„์น˜ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋ƒ๋Š” ์งˆ๋ฌธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:04
if it was just chance, or destiny, or what?
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๊ทธ๋ƒฅ ์šฐ์—ฐ์ผ๊นŒ์š”, ์šด๋ช…์ผ๊นŒ์š”, ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ฉด ๋ญ˜๊นŒ์š”?
01:08
Now, after admonishing us for turning the temperature up too high,
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์ผ๋‹จ ๊ทธ๋Š” ๋„ˆ๋ฌด ๊ธฐ์˜จ์„ ๋†’์—ฌ ๋†จ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋“ค์„ ๊พธ์ง–์€ ํ›„์—
์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋“ค์˜ ์งˆ๋ฌธ ์ž์ฒด๊ฐ€ ๋ฐ”๋ณด๊ฐ™๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋งํ•  ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:12
he would tell us that our question was completely stupid.
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01:15
These corals can be kind of mean, you see,
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์‚ฐํ˜ธ๋“ค์€ ๊ฝค ์ž”์ธํ•œ ๋†ˆ๋“ค์ด์ฃ , ๋ณด์‹œ๋‹ค์‹œํ”ผ,
01:17
and I have surfing scars to prove that.
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์ €ํ•œํ…Œ๋„ ์„œํ•‘ํ•˜๋‹ค ๋‹ค์นœ ์ƒ์ฒ˜๋“ค์ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:19
But this polyp would continue and tell us
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์ด ํด๋ฆฝ์€ ๊ณ„์†ํ•ด์„œ
01:21
that his neighbors were quite clearly identical copies of him.
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๊ทธ์˜ ์ด์›ƒ๋“ค์ด ๋ช…ํ™•ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๊ทธ์™€ ๋™์ผํ•œ ๋ณต์ œํ’ˆ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐํ•  ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:24
That he was in all these other locations as well,
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๊ทธ๊ฐ€ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋ชจ๋“  ๊ณณ์—๋„ ์กด์žฌํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์ง€๋งŒ
01:27
but experiencing them as separate individuals.
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์ฒด๊ฐ์ƒ ์„œ๋กœ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๊ฐœ์ฒด๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ง์ด์ง€์š”.
01:30
For a coral, branching into different copies
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์‚ฐํ˜ธ์—๊ฒŒ๋Š” ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋ณต์ œํ’ˆ์œผ๋กœ ๋ถ„๊ธฐํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด
01:32
is the most natural thing in the world.
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๊ฐ€์žฅ ์ž์—ฐ์Šค๋Ÿฌ์šด ์ผ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:35
Unlike us, a hyperintelligent coral
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ์™€๋Š” ๋‹ค๋ฅด๊ฒŒ, ๋งค์šฐ ์ง€๋Šฅ์ ์ธ ์‚ฐํ˜ธ๋“ค์€ ์–‘์ž์—ญํ•™์„ ์ดํ•ดํ•˜๋„๋ก
01:38
would be uniquely prepared to understand quantum mechanics.
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ํŠน๋ณ„ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ํƒœ์–ด๋‚ฌ๋‚˜๋ด…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:42
The mathematics of quantum mechanics
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์–‘์ž ์—ญํ•™์˜ ์ˆ˜ํ•™์€ ์•„์ฃผ ์ •๊ตํ•˜๊ฒŒ
01:43
very accurately describes how our universe works.
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์šฐ์ฃผ์˜ ์›๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ์„ค๋ช…ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:46
And it tells us our reality is continually branching into different possibilities,
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ์˜ ํ˜„์‹ค์€, ๋งˆ์น˜ ์‚ฐํ˜ธ์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ์ง€์†์ ์œผ๋กœ
๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์„ ํ–ฅํ•ด ๋ป—์–ด๋‚˜๊ฐ€๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด์ง€์š”.
01:50
just like a coral.
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01:52
It's a weird thing for us humans to wrap our minds around,
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์ด ์‚ฌ์‹ค์„ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๋ฏฟ๊ธฐ์—๋Š” ์ข€ ์ด์ƒํ•œ ์ผ์ด์ฃ .
01:55
since we only ever get to experience one possibility.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ํ•œ๊ฐ€์ง€ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ๋งŒ์„ ๊ฒฝํ—˜ํ•˜๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:58
This quantum weirdness was first described
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์ด ์–‘์ž์˜ ์ด์ƒํ•จ์„ ์ตœ์ดˆ๋กœ ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐํ•œ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์€
02:00
by Erwin Schrรถdinger and his cat.
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์—๋ฅด๋นˆ ์Šˆ๋ ˆ๋”ฉ๊ฑฐ์™€ ๊ทธ์˜ ๊ณ ์–‘์ด์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:02
The cat likes this version better.
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๊ทธ ๊ณ ์–‘์ด๋Š” ์ด ๋ฒ„์ „์„ ๋” ์ข‹์•„ํ•˜์ฃ .
02:03
(Laughter)
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(์›ƒ์Œ)
02:07
In this setup, Schrรถdinger is in a box with a radioactive sample
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์ด ์„ค์ • ํ•˜์—์„œ, ์Šˆ๋ ˆ๋”ฉ๊ฑฐ๋Š” ๋ฐฉ์‚ฌ๋Šฅ ์ƒ˜ํ”Œ์ด ์žฅ์ฐฉ๋œ ์ƒ์ž ์†์— ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:11
that, by the laws of quantum mechanics, branches into a state
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๊ทธ ์ƒ์ž๋Š” ์–‘์ž์—ญํ•™์˜ ๋ฒ•์น™์— ์˜ํ•ด, ๋ฐฉ์‚ฌ์„ ์„ ๋ฐฉ์ถœํ•˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜
02:14
in which it is radiated and a state in which it is not.
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ํ˜น์€ ๊ทธ๋ ‡์ง€ ์•Š์€ ์ƒํƒœ๋กœ ๋ถ„๊ธฐํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:17
(Laughter)
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(์›ƒ์Œ)
02:21
In the branch in which the sample radiates,
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๋ฐฉ์‚ฌ์„ ์ด ๋ฐฉ์ถœ๋˜๋Š” ๊ธฐ๋กœ์—์„œ๋Š”
๋…์ด ๋‚˜์˜ค๋Š” ์žฅ์น˜๊ฐ€ ์ž‘๋™๋˜๊ณ  ์Šˆ๋ ˆ๋”ฉ๊ฑฐ๋Š” ์ฃฝ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:24
it sets off a trigger that releases poison and Schrรถdinger is dead.
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02:27
But in the other branch of reality, he remains alive.
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ํ˜„์‹ค์˜ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๊ธฐ๋กœ์—์„œ, ๊ทธ๋Š” ์—ฌ์ „ํžˆ ์‚ด์•„์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:30
These realities are experienced separately by each individual.
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์ด ํ˜„์‹ค๋“ค์€ ๊ฐ๊ธฐ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๊ฐœ์ฒด์—๊ฒŒ ๊ฐ์ž ๋”ฐ๋กœ ์ฒดํ—˜๋˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:33
As far as either can tell, the other one doesn't exist.
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์–ด๋Š ํ•œ ์ชฝ์ด ์ธ์‹ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋ฉด, ๋‹ค๋ฅธ์ชฝ์€ ์กด์žฌํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด์ง€์š”.
02:36
This seems weird to us,
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์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ์ด์ƒํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋“ค๋ฆฝ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์™œ๋ƒ๋ฉด ์šฐ๋ฆฌ ๊ฐ์ž๋Š”
02:37
because each of us only experiences an individual existence,
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์˜ค์ง ๊ฐœ๋ณ„์ ์ธ ํ˜„์กด๋งŒ์„ ๊ฒฝํ—˜ํ•˜๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ด๊ณ ,
02:40
and we don't get to see other branches.
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๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๊ธฐ๋กœ๋Š” ๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์—†๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:42
It's as if each of us, like Schrรถdinger here,
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์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ ๊ฐ์ž๊ฐ€, ์Šˆ๋ ˆ๋”ฉ๊ฑฐ์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ, ์ผ์ข…์˜ ์‚ฐํ˜ธ๋ผ๋Š” ๋ง๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:44
are a kind of coral branching into different possibilities.
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๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์œผ๋กœ ๋ถ„๊ธฐํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด์ง€์š”.
02:49
The mathematics of quantum mechanics tells us
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์–‘์ž์—ญํ•™์˜ ์ˆ˜ํ•™์€ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ์—๊ฒŒ ์ด๊ฒƒ์ด
02:51
this is how the world works at tiny scales.
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๋ฏธ์‹œ ์„ธ๊ณ„์˜ ์ž‘๋™์›๋ฆฌ๋ž€ ๊ฑธ ์•Œ๋ ค์ค๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:53
It can be summed up in a single sentence:
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์ด๊ฒƒ์„ ๋‹จ ํ•œ ๋ฌธ์žฅ์œผ๋กœ ์š”์•ฝํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:56
Everything that can happen, does.
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์ผ์–ด๋‚  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๋ชจ๋“  ์ผ๋“ค์€, ์ผ์–ด๋‚œ๋‹ค.
02:58
That's quantum mechanics.
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์ด๊ฒŒ ์–‘์ž์—ญํ•™์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:00
But this does not mean everything happens.
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์ด๊ฑด ๋ญ๋“ ์ง€ ์‹คํ˜„๋œ๋‹ค๋Š” ์˜๋ฏธ๊ฐ€ ์•„๋‹™๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:02
The rest of physics is about describing what can happen and what can't.
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๋ฌผ๋ฆฌํ•™์˜ ๋‚˜๋จธ์ง€๋Š” ๋ฌด์—‡์ด ์ผ์–ด๋‚  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ณ  ๋ฌด์—‡์ด ์ผ์–ด๋‚  ์ˆ˜ ์—†๋Š”์ง€
์„ค๋ช…ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:07
What physics tells us is that everything comes down to geometry
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๋ฌผ๋ฆฌํ•™์ด ๋งํ•ด์ฃผ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€, ๋ชจ๋“  ๊ฒƒ๋“ค์ด ๊ธฐํ•˜ํ•™๊ณผ
03:10
and the interactions of elementary particles.
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์†Œ๋ฆฝ์ž๋“ค์˜ ์ƒํ˜ธ์ž‘์šฉ์œผ๋กœ ๊ท€๊ฒฐ๋œ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ด ์ƒํ˜ธ์ž‘์šฉ์ด ์™„๋ฒฝํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๊ท ํ˜•์„ ๊ฐ–์ท„์„๋•Œ๋งŒ
03:13
And things can happen only if these interactions are perfectly balanced.
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๋ฌด์—‡์ด๋“  ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:18
Now I'll go ahead and describe how we know about these particles,
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์ง€๊ธˆ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ์ด ์ž…์ž๋“ค์„ ์•Œ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š”์ง€,
๊ทธ๊ฒƒ๋“ค์€ ๋ฌด์—‡์ด๋ฉฐ ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ์ด ๊ท ํ˜•์ด ์ž‘๋™ํ•˜๋Š”์ง€ ์„ค๋ช…ํ•˜๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:22
what they are and how this balance works.
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03:25
In this machine, a beam of protons and antiprotons
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์ด ๊ธฐ๊ณ„์—์„œ๋Š”, ์–‘์„ฑ์ž์™€ ๋ฐ˜์–‘์„ฑ์ž์˜ ํ•œ ์ค„๊ธฐ๊ฐ€
03:28
are accelerated to near the speed of light
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๊ฑฐ์˜ ๋น›์˜ ์†๋„์— ๊ฐ€๊น๊ฒŒ ๊ฐ€์†๋˜๊ณ ,
03:30
and brought together in a collision, producing a burst of pure energy.
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์ˆœ์ˆ˜ํ•œ ์—๋„ˆ์ง€์˜ ํญ๋ฐœ์„ ๋งŒ๋“ค๋ฉด์„œ ์ถฉ๋Œ๋กœ ํ•ฉ์ณ์ง‘๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:34
This energy is immediately converted into a spray of subatomic particles,
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์ด ์—๋„ˆ์ง€๋Š” ์ฆ‰์‹œ ์•„์›์ž ์ž…์ž๋ฅผ ๋ถ„์ถœํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ
์ „ํ™˜๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:38
with detectors and computers used to figure out their properties.
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ํƒ์ง€๊ธฐ์™€ ์ปดํ“จํ„ฐ๋Š” ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ๋“ค์˜ ์†์„ฑ์„ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ด์ง€์š”.
03:41
This enormous machine --
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์ด ์–ด๋งˆ์–ด๋งˆํ•œ ๊ธฐ๊ณ„, ๊ฑฐ๋Œ€ ํ•˜๋“œ๋ก  ์ถฉ๋Œ๊ธฐ(LHC)๋Š”
03:42
the Large Hadron Collider at CERN in Geneva --
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์ œ๋„ค๋ฐ”์— ์žˆ๋Š” CERN์— ์žˆ๋Š”๋ฐ์š”,
03:44
has a circumference of 17 miles and, when it's operating,
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๋‘˜๋ ˆ๊ฐ€ 17๋งˆ์ผ์ด๋‚˜ ๋˜๊ณ 
์ž‘๋™ํ•  ๋•Œ๋ฉด ๋ชฌํ„ฐ๋ ˆ์ด์‹œ ์ „๊ธฐ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋Ÿ‰์˜
03:47
draws five times as much power as the city of Monterey.
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๋‹ค์„ฏ ๋ฐฐ๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:51
We can't predict specifically
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๊ฐœ๋ณ„์ ์ธ ์ถฉ๋Œ์—์„œ ์ •ํ™•ํžˆ ์–ด๋–ค ์ž…์ž๊ฐ€ ์ƒ์„ฑ๋ ์ง€
03:53
what particles will be produced in any individual collision.
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์˜ˆ์ธกํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์—†์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:56
Quantum mechanics tells us all possibilities are realized.
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์–‘์ž ์—ญํ•™์€ ๋ชจ๋“  ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์ด ํ˜„์‹คํ™” ๋œ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋งํ•ด์ค๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:59
But physics does tell us what particles can be produced.
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌํ•™์€ ์–ด๋–ค ์ž…์ž๊ฐ€ ์ƒ์„ฑ๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š”์ง€๋ฅผ ๋งํ•ด์ค๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:02
These particles must have just as much mass and energy
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์ด ์ž…์ž๋“ค์€ ๋ถ„๋ช… ์–‘์„ฑ์ž์™€ ๋ฐ˜์–‘์„ฑ์ž๊ฐ€ ์ง€๋…”๋˜ ๋งŒํผ์˜
04:05
as is carried in by the proton and antiproton.
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์งˆ๋Ÿ‰๊ณผ ์—๋„ˆ์ง€๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ๊ฒ ์ง€์š”.
04:08
Any particles more massive than this energy limit aren't produced,
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์ด ์—๋„ˆ์ง€ ํ•œ๊ณ„๋ณด๋” ๋” ์งˆ๋Ÿ‰์ด ํฐ ์–‘์„ฑ์ž๋“ค์€
์ƒ๊ฒจ๋‚˜์ง€ ์•Š์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ณด์ด์ง€ ์•Š๋Š” ์ƒํƒœ๋กœ ๋‚จ์•„ ์žˆ์ง€์š”.
04:12
and remain invisible to us.
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04:15
This is why this new particle accelerator is so exciting.
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์ด๊ฒƒ์ด ์ด ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ์ž…์ž ๊ฐ€์†๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ํฅ๋ถ„๋˜๋Š” ์ด์œ ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:18
It's going to push this energy limit seven times
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๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์€ ์ด๋ฏธ ์‹คํ˜„๋œ ๊ฒƒ์˜ ์ผ๊ณฑ ๋ฐฐ๊ฐ€ ๋„˜๋„๋ก
04:20
beyond what's ever been done before,
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์—๋„ˆ์ง€ ํ•œ๊ณ„๋ฅผ ๋†’์—ฌ์ค„ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:22
so we're going to get to see some new particles very soon.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ์ž…์ž๋“ค์„ ๊ณง ๋ณด๊ฒŒ ๋˜๊ฒ ์ง€์š”.
04:25
But before talking about what we might see,
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๋ณด๊ฒŒ๋  ๊ฒƒ๋“ค์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์–˜๊ธฐํ•˜๊ธฐ ์ „์—
04:27
let me describe the particles we already know of.
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์ด๋ฏธ ๋ฐํ˜€์ง„ ์ž…์ž๋“ค์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์„ค๋ช…ํ•ด ๋“œ๋ฆฌ๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:30
There's a whole zoo of subatomic particles.
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์—ฌ๊ธฐ ์•„์›์ž ์ž…์ž๋“ค์˜ ๋™๋ฌผ์›์ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:33
Most of us are familiar with electrons.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋“ค์€ ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„ ์ „์ž์—๋Š” ์ต์ˆ™ํ•˜์ง€์š”.
04:35
A lot of people in this room make a good living pushing them around.
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์—ฌ๊ธฐ์— ์žˆ๋Š” ๋งŽ์€ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด
๊ทธ๊ฒƒ๋“ค์„ ๋ถ€๋ ค๋จน์œผ๋ฉด์„œ
์ž˜ ์‚ด๊ณ  ๊ณ„์‹ค๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.(์›ƒ์Œ)
04:38
(Laughter)
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04:39
But the electron also has a neutral partner called the neutrino,
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์ „์ž๋Š” ์ค‘์„ฑ๋ฏธ์ž๋ผ๋Š” ์ค‘๋ฆฝ์ ์ธ ํŒŒํŠธ๋„ˆ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ–๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:42
with no electric charge and a very tiny mass.
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์ „ํ•˜๊ฐ€ ์—†๊ณ  ์งˆ๋Ÿ‰์ด ๋งค์šฐ ์ž‘์ง€์š”.
04:45
In contrast, the up and down quarks have very large masses,
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๋ฐ˜๋ฉด์— ์ด ์—… ์ฟผํฌ, ๋‹ค์šด ์ฟผํฌ๋“ค์€ ์•„์ฃผ ์งˆ๋Ÿ‰์ด ํฌ๊ณ ,
04:49
and combine in threes to make the protons and neutrons inside atoms.
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์›์ž ์†์—์„œ ์…‹์ด ๊ฒฐํ•ฉํ•˜์—ฌ
์–‘์„ฑ์ž์™€ ์ค‘์„ฑ์ž๋ฅผ ๋งŒ๋“ญ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:53
All of these matter particles come in left- and right-handed varieties,
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๋ชจ๋“  ๋ฌผ์งˆ์ž…์ž๋“ค์€ '์™ผ์†์žก์ด'์™€ '์˜ค๋ฅธ์†์žก์ด' ๋ณ€์šฉ์— ๊ด€์—ฌํ•˜๋ฉฐ,
๋ฐ˜๋Œ€ ์ „ํ•˜๋ฅผ ๋„๋Š” ๋ฐ˜์ž…์ž ํŒŒํŠธ๋„ˆ๋“ค์„ ๊ฐ–๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:56
and have antiparticle partners that carry opposite charges.
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05:00
These familiar particles
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05:01
also have less familiar second and third generations,
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์นœ์ˆ™ํ•œ ์ž…์ž๋“ค์€ ๋˜ํ•œ ๋œ ์นœ์ˆ™ํ•œ
2์„ธ๋Œ€ 3์„ธ๋Œ€๋ฅผ ๊ฐ–๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. 1์„ธ๋Œ€์™€๋Š” ์ „ํ•˜๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ™์ง€๋งŒ
05:05
which have the same charges as the first but have much higher masses.
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ํ›จ์”ฌ ํฐ ์งˆ๋Ÿ‰์„ ๊ฐ–๊ณ  ์žˆ์ง€์š”.
05:10
These matter particles all interact with the various force particles.
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์ด ๋ฌผ์งˆ์ž…์ž๋“ค์€ ๋ชจ๋‘ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ํž˜ ์ž…์ž๋“ค๊ณผ ์ƒํ˜ธ์ž‘์šฉํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:13
The electromagnetic force interacts with electrically charged matter
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'์ „์ž๊ธฐ๋ ฅ'์€ ๊ด‘์ž๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ถˆ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ž…์ž๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด์„œ
05:16
via particles called photons.
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์ „ํ•˜๋ฅผ ๋ˆ ๋ฌผ์งˆ๊ณผ ์ƒํ˜ธ์ž‘์šฉํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:18
There is also a very weak force
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๋˜, ์ƒ์ƒ๋ ฅ์ด ๋ถ€์กฑํ•œ ์ด๋ฆ„์ด์ง€๋งŒ, '์•ฝ๋ ฅ'์ด๋ผ๋Š” ์•ฝํ•œ ํž˜์ด ์žˆ๋Š”๋ฐ
05:20
called, rather unimaginatively, the weak force ...
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์•ฝ๋ ฅ์€ ์˜ค๋กœ์ง€
05:22
(Laughter)
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05:24
that interacts only with left-handed matter.
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์™ผ์†์žก์ด ๋ฌผ์งˆํ•˜๊ณ ๋งŒ ์ƒํ˜ธ์ž‘์šฉํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:26
The strong force acts between quarks
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'๊ฐ•๋ ฅ'์€ ์ƒ‰๊น” ๋ณ€ํ™”๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ถˆ๋ฆฌ๋Š”, ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์ข…๋ฅ˜์˜ ์ „ํ•˜๋ฅผ ์ง€๋‹Œ
05:28
which carry a different kind of charge, called color charge,
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์ฟผํฌ๋“ค ์‚ฌ์ด์—์„œ ํ™œ๋™ํ•˜๋Š” ํž˜์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:31
and come in three different varieties: red, green and blue.
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์„ธ๊ฐ€์ง€ ๋ณ€ํ™”์— ๊ด€์—ฌํ•˜์ฃ : ๋นจ๊ฐ•, ์ดˆ๋ก, ํŒŒ๋ž‘.
05:34
You can blame Murray Gell-Mann for these names -- they're his fault.
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์ด ์ด๋ฆ„์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด์„œ๋Š” ๋จธ๋ ˆ์ด ๊ฒ”-๋งŒ์„ ํƒ“ํ•˜์„ธ์š”.
๊ทธ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ ์ž˜๋ชป์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:38
Finally, there's the force of gravity,
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๋งˆ์ง€๋ง‰์œผ๋กœ '์ค‘๋ ฅ'์ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ฌผ์งˆ์˜ ์งˆ๋Ÿ‰๊ณผ ์Šคํ•€์„ ํ†ตํ•ด
05:40
which interacts with matter via its mass and spin.
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๋ฌผ์งˆ๊ณผ ์ƒํ˜ธ์ž‘์šฉ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:43
The most important thing to understand here
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์—ฌ๊ธฐ์„œ ์ดํ•ด๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•ด ๊ฐ€์žฅ ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์€
05:45
is that there's a different kind of charge associated with each of these forces.
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์ด ํž˜๋“ค๊ณผ ์กฐํ•ฉ๋˜๋Š” ์„œ๋กœ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ
์ „ํ•˜๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:50
These four different forces interact with matter
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์ด ๋„ค๊ฐ€์ง€ ํž˜๋“ค์€ ๊ฐ ์ž…์ž๋“ค์ด ์ƒ์‘ํ•˜๋Š” ์ „ํ•˜์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ
05:52
according to the corresponding charges that each particle has.
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๋ฌผ์งˆ๊ณผ ์ƒํ˜ธ์ž‘์šฉํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:56
A particle that hasn't been seen yet, but we're pretty sure exists,
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์•„์ง ๋ณด์ง€๋Š” ๋ชปํ–ˆ์ง€๋งŒ, ์กด์žฌํ•œ๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ™•์‹ ํ•˜๋Š” ํž‰์Šค์ž…์ž๋Š”,
์ด ๋ชจ๋“  ์ž…์ž๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ์งˆ๋Ÿ‰์„ ์ค๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:00
is the Higgs particle, which gives masses to all these other particles.
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06:03
The main purpose of the Large Hadron Collider
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LHC์˜ ์ฃผ ๋ชฉ์ ์€
ํž‰์Šค ์ž…์ž๋ฅผ ๋ฐํžˆ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด๊ณ , ์•„๋งˆ ๊ทธ๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ๋  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:06
is to see this Higgs particle, and we're almost certain it will.
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06:09
But the greatest mystery is what else we might see.
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๊ฐ€์žฅ ํฐ ๋ฏธ์Šคํ…Œ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๊ทธ ์™ธ์—๋„ ๋ฌด์—‡์„ ๋ณด๊ฒŒ ๋ ๊นŒ ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด์ง€์š”.
06:13
And I'm going to show you one beautiful possibility
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์ด ๊ฐ•์—ฐ ๋๋‚  ๋•Œ์ฏค์— ํ•œ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ์•„๋ฆ„๋‹ค์šด ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์„
06:15
towards the end of this talk.
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๋ณด์—ฌ๋“œ๋ฆฌ๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:18
Now, if we count up all these different particles
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์ด ๋ชจ๋“  ์ž…์ž๋“ค์„
06:20
using their various spins and charges,
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๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ์Šคํ•€๊ณผ ์ „ํ•˜๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•ด์„œ ์„ธ์–ด๋ณด๋ฉด 226๊ฐœ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:22
there are 226.
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06:24
That's a lot of particles to keep track of.
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๋‹ค๋ฃจ์–ด์•ผ ํ•  ์ž…์ž๋“ค์ด ์•„์ฃผ ๋งŽ์ง€์š”
06:27
And it seems strange
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์ž์—ฐ์ด ์ด๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ๋งŽ์€
06:28
that nature would have so many elementary particles.
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๊ธฐ์ดˆ์ž…์ž๋“ค์„ ๊ฐ–๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ์ด์ƒํ•˜์ง€์š”.
06:32
But if we plot them out according to their charges,
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ๋“ค์„ ์ „ํ•˜์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ๋Š˜์–ด๋†“์œผ๋ฉด
06:34
some beautiful patterns emerge.
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์•„๋ฆ„๋‹ค์šด ํŒจํ„ด์ด ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:38
The most familiar charge is electric charge.
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๊ฐ€์žฅ ์นœ์ˆ™ํ•œ ์ „ํ•˜๋Š” ์ „๊ธฐ ์ „ํ•˜์ง€์š”.
06:41
Electrons have an electric charge,
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์ „์ž๋Š” ์Œ์ „ํ•˜๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:42
a negative one,
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ฟผํฌ๋Š” ์„ธ๊ฐœ๋กœ ๋‚˜๋ˆ„์–ด์ง„ ์ „ํ•˜๋ฅผ ๊ฐ–๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:44
and quarks have electric charges in thirds.
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๋‘๊ฐœ์˜ ์—… ์ฟผํฌ์™€ ํ•˜๋‚˜์˜ ๋‹ค์šด ์ฟผํฌ๊ฐ€ ํ•ฉ์ณ์ง€๋ฉด
06:46
So when two up quarks and a down quark are combined to make a proton,
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์–‘์„ฑ์ž๊ฐ€ ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด์ง€๊ณ , ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์€ ์–‘์ „ํ•˜๋ฅผ ๋•๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:49
it has a total electric charge of plus one.
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06:51
These particles also have antiparticles, which have opposite charges.
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์ž…์ž๋“ค์€ ๊ทธ ๋ฐ˜๋Œ€ ์ „ํ•˜๋ฅผ ๋ˆ ๋ฐ˜ ์ž…์ž๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฑฐ์ฃ .
06:54
Now, it turns out the electric charge
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์ „ํ•˜๋Š” ์‚ฌ์‹ค
06:56
is actually a combination of two other charges:
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๋‘ ์ข…๋ฅ˜์˜ ์ „ํ•˜์˜ ์กฐํ•ฉ์ด๋ผ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ๋ฐํ˜€์กŒ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:59
hypercharge and weak charge.
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์ดˆ์ „ํ•˜์™€ ์•ฝํ•œ ์ „ํ•˜์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:01
If we spread out the hypercharge and weak charge
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๋งŒ์•ฝ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์ดˆ์ „ํ•˜์™€ ์•ฝํ•œ ์ „ํ•˜๋ฅผ ํŽผ์ณ๋†“๊ณ 
์ด 2์ฐจ์› ๊ณต๊ฐ„์— ์ž…์ž๋“ค์˜ ์ „ํ•˜๋ฅผ ๋Š˜์–ด๋†“์œผ๋ฉด,
07:05
and plot the charges of particles in this two-dimensional charge space,
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07:08
the electric charge is where these particles sit
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์ „๊ธฐ ์ „ํ•˜๋Š” ์ด ์ž…์ž๋“ค์ด ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ณณ์—์„œ
07:10
along the vertical direction.
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์„ธ๋กœ ๋ฐฉํ–ฅ์„ ๋”ฐ๋ผ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:12
The electromagnetic and weak forces interact with matter
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์ „์ž๊ธฐ๋ ฅ๊ณผ ์•ฝ๋ ฅ์€, ์ดˆ์ „ํ•˜์™€ ์•ฝํ•œ ์ „ํ•˜์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ
07:15
according to their hypercharge and weak charge,
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๋ฌผ์งˆ๊ณผ ์ƒํ˜ธ์ž‘์šฉํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:17
which make this pattern.
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์ด๋Ÿฐ ํŒจํ„ด์„ ๋งŒ๋“œ๋Š” ์ „ํ•˜๋“ค ๋ง์ด์ง€์š”.
07:18
This is called the unified electroweak model,
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์ด๊ฒƒ์„ 'ํ†ต์ผ๋œ ์•ฝ์ „์ž๊ธฐ ๋ชจ๋ธ'์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ถ€๋ฆ…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
1967๋…„์— ํ†ตํ•ฉ๋œ ์ด๋ก ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:21
and it was put together back in 1967.
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07:24
The reason most of us are only familiar with electric charge
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์˜ค์ง ์ „๊ธฐ์ ์ธ ์ „ํ•˜์—๋งŒ ์ต์ˆ™ํ•˜๊ณ 
07:26
and not both of these is because of the Higgs particle.
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์ด ๋‘๊ฐ€์ง€ ์ „ํ•˜์— ์ต์ˆ™ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์€ ๊ฑด ํž‰์Šค ์ž…์ž ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:30
The Higgs, over here on the left, has a large mass
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์—ฌ๊ธฐ ์™ผ์ชฝ์— ์žˆ๋Š” ํž‰์Šค ์ž…์ž๋Š” ์งˆ๋Ÿ‰์ด ์ปค์„œ
07:33
and breaks the symmetry of this electroweak pattern.
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์ด ์•ฝ์ „์ž๊ธฐ ํŒจํ„ด์˜ ๋Œ€์นญ์„ฑ์„ ํŒŒ๊ดดํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:35
It makes the weak force very weak by giving the weak particles a large mass.
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์•ฝํ•œ ์ž…์ž์— ํฐ ์งˆ๋Ÿ‰์„ ์คŒ์œผ๋กœ์จ
์•ฝ๋ ฅ์„ ์•„์ฃผ ์•ฝํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋งŒ๋“ค์ง€์š”.
07:39
Since this massive Higgs sits along the horizontal direction in this diagram,
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์ด ๋„ํ‘œ์—์„œ ์งˆ๋Ÿ‰์ด ํฐ ํž‰์Šค์ž…์ž๋“ค์ด ๊ฐ€๋กœ ๋ฐฉํ–ฅ์„ ๋”ฐ๋ผ ์žˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์—
์ „์ž๊ธฐ๋ ฅ์˜ ๊ด‘์ž๋Š” ์งˆ๋Ÿ‰์ด ์—†๊ฒŒ ๋˜๊ณ 
07:43
the photons of electromagnetism remain massless
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07:46
and interact with electric charge along the vertical direction
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์ด ๊ณต๊ฐ„์—์„œ ์„ธ๋กœ๋ฐฉํ–ฅ์˜ ์ „๊ธฐ ์ „ํ•˜์™€
07:48
in this charge space.
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์ƒํ˜ธ์ž‘์šฉํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:52
So the electromagnetic and weak forces
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๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ์ „์ž๊ธฐ๋ ฅ๊ณผ ์•ฝ๋ ฅ์€ 2์ฐจ์› ๊ณต๊ฐ„์—์„œ
07:54
are described by this pattern of particle charges
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์ด๋Ÿฐ ํŒจํ„ด์œผ๋กœ ์„ค๋ช…๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:56
in two-dimensional space.
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07:57
We can include the strong force by spreading out its two charge directions
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์—ฌ๊ธฐ์— ๊ฐ•๋ ฅ๋„ ํฌํ•จ์‹œํ‚ฌ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
์ „ํ•˜๋ฅผ ๋‘ ๋ฐฉํ–ฅ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜๋ˆ„๊ณ  ์ฟผํฌ ์† ํž˜ ์ž…์ž๋“ค์˜ ์ „ํ•˜๋ฅผ
08:02
and plotting the charges of the force particles in quarks
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์ด ๋ฐฉํ–ฅ์„ ๋”ฐ๋ผ ๋Š˜์–ด๋†“์œผ๋ฉด์š”.
08:05
along these directions.
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08:07
The charges of all known particles
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์•Œ๋ ค์ง„ ๋ชจ๋“  ์ž…์ž๋“ค์˜ ์ „ํ•˜๋Š” 4์ฐจ์› ๊ณต๊ฐ„์— ๋ฐฐ์—ด๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ณ ์š”
08:09
can be plotted in a four-dimensional charge space,
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๊ทธ๊ฒƒ๋“ค์„ 2์ฐจ์› ๊ณต๊ฐ„์— ์ด๋Ÿฐ์‹์œผ๋กœ ํˆฌ์˜ํ•˜๋ฉด
08:11
and projected down to two dimensions like this so we can see them.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์ง€์š”.
08:14
Whenever particles interact, nature keeps things in a perfect balance
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์ž…์ž๋“ค์ด ๋ฌด์—‡๊ณผ ์ƒํ˜ธ์ž‘์šฉํ•˜๋“ ์ง€, ์ž์—ฐ์€ ์™„๋ฒฝํ•œ ๊ท ํ˜•์„ ์œ ์ง€ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:18
along all four of these charge directions.
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์ด ๋„ค ๊ฐ€์ง€ ์ „ํ•˜์˜ ๋ฐฉํ–ฅ์„ ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ๋ง์ด์ง€์š”.
08:21
If a particle and an antiparticle collide,
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๋งŒ์•ฝ ์ž…์ž์™€ ๋ฐ˜์ž…์ž๊ฐ€ ์ถฉ๋Œํ•œ๋‹ค๋ฉด, ์—๋„ˆ์ง€์˜ ํญ๋ฐœ์ด ๋ฐœ์ƒํ• ํ…Œ๊ณ 
08:23
it creates a burst of energy and a total charge of zero
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์ด ๋„ค๊ฐ€์ง€ ๋ฐฉํ–ฅ์—์„œ ์ด 0์˜ ์ „ํ•˜๊ฐ€ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ• ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:26
in all four charge directions.
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08:28
At this point, anything can be created
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์ด ์ ์—์„œ, ๊ฐ™์€ ์—๋„ˆ์ง€์™€ ์ด ํ•ฉ 0์˜ ์ „ํ•˜๋ฅผ ์œ ์ง€ํ•˜๋Š” ํ•œ
08:30
as long as it has the same energy and maintains a total charge of zero.
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๋ชจ๋“  ๊ฒƒ๋“ค์ด ์ƒ์„ฑ๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:34
For example, this weak force particle and its antiparticle
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์˜ˆ๋ฅผ๋“ค์–ด, ์ด ์•ฝํ•œ ํž˜ ์ž…์ž์™€ ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์˜ ๋ฐ˜์ž…์ž๋Š”
08:37
can be created in a collision.
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์ถฉ๋Œ๋กœ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ• ์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:39
In further interactions, the charges must always balance.
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์žฅ๊ธฐ์ ์ธ ์ƒํ˜ธ์ž‘์šฉ์—์„œ, ์ „ํ•˜๋“ค์€ ๋ฐ˜๋“œ์‹œ ๊ท ํ˜•์„ ์ด๋ฃน๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:42
One of the weak particles could decay into an electron and an antineutrino,
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์•ฝํ•œ ์ž…์ž๋“ค์ค‘ ํ•˜๋‚˜๋Š” ์ „์ž์™€ ๋ฐ˜์ค‘์„ฑ๋ฏธ์ž๋กœ
๋ถ•๊ดดํ•  ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:47
and these three still add to zero total charge.
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๊ทธ๋ž˜๋„ ์ด ์…‹์€ ์—ฌ์ „ํžˆ ์ด ์ „ํ•˜๋Ÿ‰์€ ๊ทธ๋Œ€๋กœ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:50
Nature always keeps a perfect balance.
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์ž์—ฐ์€ ํ•ญ์ƒ ์™„๋ฒฝํ•œ ๊ท ํ˜•์„ ์œ ์ง€ํ•˜์ง€์š”.
08:53
So these patterns of charges are not just pretty.
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์ด ์ „ํ•˜์˜ ํŒจํ„ด์€ ๋‹จ์ง€ ๊ทธ๋ƒฅ ์˜ˆ์˜๊ธฐ๋งŒ ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์ด ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ
์–ด๋– ํ•œ ์ƒํ˜ธ์ž‘์šฉ์ด ์ผ์–ด๋‚  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š”์ง€ ์„ค๋ช…ํ•ด์ค๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:56
They tell us what interactions are allowed to happen.
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08:58
And we can rotate this charge space in four dimensions
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ด 4์ฐจ์›์˜ ์ „ํ•˜ ๊ณต๊ฐ„์„ ๋Œ๋ ค ๋ณผ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ์ง€์š”
09:01
to get a better look at the strong interaction,
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์ด ๋ฉ‹์ง„ 6๊ฐํ˜• ๋Œ€์นญ์„ ๊ฐ€์ง„ ๊ฐ•ํ•œ ์ƒํ˜ธ์ž‘์šฉ์„
๋” ์ž˜ ๊ด€์ฐฐํ• ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์–ด์š”.
09:04
which has this nice hexagonal symmetry.
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09:06
In a strong interaction, a strong force particle,
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๊ฐ•ํ•œ ์ƒํ˜ธ์ž‘์šฉ, ์ฆ‰ ์ด ๊ฐ™์€ '๊ฐ•๋ ฅ'์ž…์ž๋Š”
09:09
such as this one,
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09:10
interacts with a colored quark, such as this green one,
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์ƒ‰๊น” ์ฟผํฌ๋“ค๊ณผ ์ƒํ˜ธ์ž‘์šฉํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด ์ดˆ๋ก์ƒ‰์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ์š”.
๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์ƒ‰๊น” ์ „ํ•˜๋ฅผ ๋ถ€์—ฌํ•˜์ง€์š”- ์ด ๋นจ๊ฐ„ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ.
09:14
to give a quark with a different color charge -- this red one.
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09:18
And strong interactions are happening millions of times
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์ด ๊ฐ•ํ•œ ์ƒํ˜ธ์ž‘์šฉ์€ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ ๋ชธ์˜ ์›์ž๋“ค ์•ˆ์—์„œ
๋งค ์ดˆ๋งˆ๋‹ค ์ˆ˜๋ฐฑ๋งŒ ๋ฒˆ์”ฉ ์ผ์–ด๋‚ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:21
each second in every atom of our bodies,
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09:23
holding the atomic nuclei together.
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์›์žํ•ต๋“ค์„ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ์žˆ๋„๋ก ๊ณ ์ •์‹œํ‚ค๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:27
But these four charges corresponding to three forces
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์„ธ๊ฐ€์ง€ ํž˜๋“ค์— ์ƒ์‘ํ•˜๋Š” ๋„ค๊ฐ€์ง€ ์ „ํ•˜๋“ค๋กœ
09:30
are not the end of the story.
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์ด์•ผ๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ๋๋‚˜๋Š”๊ฒŒ ์•„๋‹™๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:32
We can also include two more charges corresponding to the gravitational force.
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์ค‘๋ ฅ์— ์ƒ์‘ํ•˜๋Š” ๋‘๊ฐ€์ง€ ์ „ํ•˜๋ฅผ
ํฌํ•จ์‹œ์ผœ์•ผ๊ฒ ์ง€์š”.
์ด๊ฑธ ํฌํ•จ์‹œํ‚ฌ๋•Œ, ๊ฐ ๋ฌผ์งˆ ์ž…์ž๋“ค์€
09:36
When we include these,
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09:37
each matter particle has two different spin charges,
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๋‘๊ฐ€์ง€ ์Šคํ•€ ์ „ํ•˜๋ฅผ ๊ฐ–๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์Šคํ•€ ์—…, ์Šคํ•€ ๋‹ค์šด์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:40
spin-up and spin-down.
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09:42
So they all split and give a nice pattern in six-dimensional charge space.
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๊ทธ๊ฒƒ๋“ค ์ „๋ถ€๋ฅผ ๋‚˜๋ˆ„๋ฉด, ์•„์ฃผ ๋ฉ‹์ง„ ํŒจํ„ด์ด์ง€์š”.
6์ฐจ์› ์ „ํ•˜ ๊ณต๊ฐ„์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:46
We can rotate this pattern in six dimensions
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์ด 6์ฐจ์› ํŒจํ„ด์„ ๋Œ๋ ค๋ณด๋ฉด
์ƒ๋‹นํžˆ ๋ฉ‹์ง€๋‹จ ๊ฑธ ํ™•์ธํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:49
and see that it's quite pretty.
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09:53
Right now, this pattern matches our best current knowledge
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์ด ์‹œ์ ์—์„œ, ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ์ž์—ฐ์ด ์ด ๊ธฐ์ดˆ ์ž…์ž๋“ค๋กœ ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด์ ธ ์žˆ๋Š”์ง€
09:57
of how nature is built at the tiny scales of these elementary particles.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ€์ง„ ํ˜„์žฌ ์ตœ์ƒ์˜ ์ง€์‹๊ณผ
์ด ํŒจํ„ด์ด ์ผ์น˜ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:01
This is what we know for certain.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ํ™•์‹คํžˆ ์•Œ๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฑด ์—ฌ๊ธฐ๊นŒ์ง€ ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:03
Some of these particles are at the very limit
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๋ช‡๋ช‡ ์ž…์ž๋“ค์€ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์‹คํ—˜์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ๋„๋‹ฌํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š”
ํ•œ๊ณ„์— ๊ทผ์ ‘ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:05
of what we've been able to reach with experiments.
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10:07
From this pattern
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์ด ํŒจํ„ด ๋•ํƒ์—, ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๋ฏธ์„ธ๊ทœ๋ชจ์˜ ์ž…์ž๋ฌผ๋ฆฌํ•™์„
10:08
we already know the particle physics of these tiny scales --
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์˜ˆ์ธกํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋˜ ๊ฑฐ์ง€์š”.
10:12
the way the universe works at these tiny scales is very beautiful.
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๋ฏธ์‹œ์„ธ๊ณ„์˜ ์šฐ์ฃผ๊ฐ€ ์›€์ง์ด๋Š” ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์€ ๋งค์šฐ ์•„๋ฆ„๋‹ต์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:17
But now I'm going to discuss some new and old ideas
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์ง€๊ธˆ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ๋Š” ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์•„์ง ์•Œ์ง€ ๋ชปํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ,
10:19
about things we don't know yet.
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๋ช‡๋ช‡ ์ด๋ก ์„ ์„ค๋ช…ํ•ด๋“œ๋ฆฌ๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:22
We want to expand this pattern using mathematics alone,
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ˆ˜ํ•™์„ ์ด์šฉํ•ด์„œ ์ด ํŒจํ„ด์„ ํ™•์žฅ์‹œ์ผœ
์•„์˜ˆ ๋ชจ๋“  ๊ฑธ ๋‹ค ์†์— ๋„ฃ๊ธธ ๋ฐ”๋žฌ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:25
and see if we can get our hands on the whole enchilada.
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10:27
We want to find all the particles and forces
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๋ชจ๋“  ์ž…์ž์™€ ํž˜์„ ์ฐพ์•„์„œ
10:29
that make a complete picture of our universe.
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์šฐ์ฃผ์˜ ์™„์„ฑ๋œ ๊ทธ๋ฆผ์„ ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์‹ถ์—ˆ๋˜ ๊ฑฐ์ฃ .
10:32
And we want to use this picture to predict new particles
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ด ๊ทธ๋ฆผ์„ ์ด์šฉํ•ด์„œ, ์žฅ๋ž˜์˜ ์‹คํ—˜์—์„œ ๋ณด๊ฒŒ ๋ 
10:34
that we'll see when experiments reach higher energies.
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์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ์ž…์ž๋“ค์„ ์˜ˆ์ธกํ•˜๊ธธ ์›ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:39
So there's an old idea in particle physics
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์ž…์ž๋ฌผ๋ฆฌํ•™์˜ ํ•œ ์˜ค๋ž˜๋œ ์ด๋ก ์€
10:41
that this known pattern of charges,
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์ด '๋Œ€์นญ์ ์ด์ง€ ์•Š์€' ์ „ํ•˜์˜ ํŒจํ„ด์ด
10:44
which is not very symmetric,
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10:45
could emerge from a more perfect pattern that gets broken --
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'์™„๋ฒฝํ•œ ํŒจํ„ด'์—์„œ ๋ญ”๊ฐ€๊ฐ€ ๋น ์ง„ ํ˜•ํƒœ๋ผ๊ณ  ์ฃผ์žฅํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:48
similar to how the Higgs particle breaks the electroweak pattern
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์ „์ž๊ธฐ๋ ฅ์„ ์„ค๋ช…ํ•  ๋•Œ, ํž‰์Šค ์ž…์ž๊ฐ€ ์•ฝ์ „์ž๊ธฐ๋ ฅ ํŒจํ„ด์—์„œ
10:51
to give electromagnetism.
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๋น ์ ธ์žˆ๋˜ ๊ฒƒ์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ๋ง์ด์ง€์š”.
10:53
In order to do this, we need to introduce new forces
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ๋Š” ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ์ „ํ•˜์˜ ๋ฐฉํ–ฅ์„ ๊ฐ€์ง„ ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ํž˜์„
10:56
with new charge directions.
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๋„์ž…ํ•ด์•ผ๋งŒ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:59
When we introduce a new direction,
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์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ๋ฐฉํ–ฅ์„ ๋„์ž…ํ•˜๋ฉด
11:01
we get to guess what charges the particles have along this direction,
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๊ทธ ๋ฐฉํ–ฅ์˜ ์ž…์ž์— ์–ด๋–ค ์ „ํ•˜๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋Š”์ง€ ์ถ”์ธกํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ณ 
11:04
and then we can rotate it in with the others.
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๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋ฐฉํ–ฅ๋“ค๊ณผ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ํšŒ์ „ํ•ด ๋ณผ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์„ ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:08
If we guess wisely, we can construct the standard charges
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์ถ”์ธก์„ ์ž˜ ํ•œ๋‹ค๋ฉด, ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๋ถˆ์™„์ „ํ•œ ๋Œ€์นญ์„ฑ์˜ 6์ฐจ์› ์ „ํ•˜์—์„œ
11:11
in six charge dimensions as a broken symmetry
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๋ณด๋‹ค ์™„๋ฒฝํ•œ 7์ฐจ์› ์ „ํ•˜ ํŒจํ„ด์œผ๋กœ
11:14
of this more perfect pattern in seven charge dimensions.
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ํ‘œ์ค€์ ์ธ ์ „ํ•˜๋ฅผ ๊ตฌ์ถ•ํ• ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ฒ ์ง€์š”.
11:18
This particular choice corresponds to a grand unified theory
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์ด ์„ ํƒ์€ 1973๋…„ ํŒŒํ‹ฐ์™€ ์‚ด๋žŒ์— ์˜ํ•ด ์ œ์‹œ๋œ
11:21
introduced by Pati and Salam in 1973.
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'๋Œ€ํ†ต์ผ ์ด๋ก '๊ณผ ์ƒ์‘ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:24
When we look at this new unified pattern,
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์ด ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ํ†ตํ•ฉ ์ด๋ก ์„ ๋ณด๋ฉด
11:27
we can see a couple of gaps where particles seem to be missing.
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์ž…์ž๋“ค์ด ๋น ์ง„ ๊ฒƒ ๊ฐ™์€ ํ‹ˆ์ด ๋ช‡๊ฐœ ๋ณด์ผ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:31
This is the way theories of unification work.
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ํ†ต์ผ ์ด๋ก ์€ ๋ฐ”๋กœ ์ด๋Ÿฐ ์—ญํ• ์„ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:34
A physicist looks for larger, more symmetric patterns
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๋ฌผ๋ฆฌํ•™์ž๋Š”, ๊ธฐ๋ณธ์ด ๋˜๋Š” ํŒจํ„ด์„ ๊ตฌ์ถ•ํ•˜๋Š”
11:36
that include the established pattern as a subset.
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๋” ํฌ๊ณ , ๋” ๋Œ€์นญ์ ์ธ ํŒจํ„ด์„ ์ฐพ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:40
The larger pattern allows us to predict the existence of particles
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๊ทธ ๊ฑฐ๋Œ€ํ•œ ํŒจํ„ด์€ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๋ณด์ง€ ๋ชปํ•œ ์ž…์ž๋“ค์˜
์กด์žฌ๋ฅผ ์˜ˆ์ธกํ• ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ฒŒ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:43
that have never been seen.
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11:45
This unification model predicts the existence
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์ด ํ†ต์ผ ๋ชจ๋ธ์€, '์•ฝ๋ ฅ'๋ณด๋‹ค ๋” ์•ฝํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๋น„์Šทํ•œ ์—ญํ• ์„ ํ•˜๋Š”
11:47
of these two new force particles,
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์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ํž˜ ์ž…์ž๋“ค์ด ์žˆ์Œ์„
11:50
which should act a lot like the weak force, only weaker.
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์˜ˆ์ธกํ•˜๊ฒŒ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:54
Now, we can rotate this set of charges in seven dimensions
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ด 7์ฐจ์›์˜ ์ „ํ•˜ ๋ชจ๋ธ์„ ๋Œ๋ ค์„œ
๋ฌผ์งˆ์ž…์ž์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ด์ƒํ•œ ์ ์„ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ด๋ณผ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
11:57
and consider an odd fact about the matter particles:
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๋ฌผ์งˆ์˜ 2์„ธ๋Œ€์™€ 3์„ธ๋Œ€๋Š”
12:00
the second and third generations of matter
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6์ฐจ์› ์ „ํ•˜ ๊ณต๊ฐ„์—์„œ 1์„ธ๋Œ€์™€ ๋˜‘๊ฐ™์€ ์ „ํ•˜๋ฅผ
12:03
have exactly the same charges in six-dimensional charge space
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12:05
as the first generation.
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๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:07
These particles are not uniquely identified by their six charges.
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์ด ์ž…์ž๋“ค์€ ์—ฌ์„ฏ ์ „ํ•˜๋“ค๋กœ๋Š” ๊ตฌ๋ถ„์ด ๋˜์ง€ ์•Š์•„์š”.
12:11
They sit on top of one another in the standard charge space.
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ํ‘œ์ค€ ์ „ํ•˜ ๊ณต๊ฐ„์—์„œ ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ๋“ค์€ ์„œ๋กœ์˜ ์œ„์ชฝ์— ์œ„์น˜ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:15
However, if we work in eight-dimensional charge space,
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ, 8์ฐจ์›์˜ ์ „ํ•˜ ๊ณต๊ฐ„์—์„œ ๋ณธ๋‹ค๋ฉด
12:19
then we can assign unique new charges to each particle.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๊ฐ ์ž…์ž๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ์ƒˆ๋กญ๊ณ  ํŠน๋ณ„ํ•œ ์ „ํ•˜๋ฅผ ๋ถ€์—ฌํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:23
Then we can spin these in eight dimensions
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋ฉด ์šฐ๋ฆฐ ์ด๊ฒƒ๋“ค์„ 8์ฐจ์›์—์„œ ํšŒ์ „์‹œ์ผœ
12:26
and see what the whole pattern looks like.
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์ „์ฒด ํŒจํ„ด์ด ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ์ƒ๊ฒผ๋‚˜ ๋ณผ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ฒ ์ง€์š”.
12:30
Here we can see the second and third generations of matter now,
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์—ฌ๊ธฐ์„œ ์šฐ๋ฆฐ '์‚ผ์›์„ฑ'์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ถˆ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๋Œ€์นญ์— ์˜ํ•ด,
1์„ธ๋Œ€์™€ ์—ฐ๊ด€๋œ, ๋ฌผ์งˆ์˜ 2์„ธ๋Œ€์™€ 3์„ธ๋Œ€๋ฅผ ๋ถˆ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:33
related to the first generation by a symmetry called "triality."
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12:37
This particular pattern of charges in eight dimensions
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8์ฐจ์›์—์„œ์˜ ์ด ํŠน๋ณ„ํ•œ ํŒจํ„ด์€ ์‚ฌ์‹ค
12:41
is actually part of the most beautiful geometric structure in mathematics.
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์ˆ˜ํ•™์—์„œ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ์•„๋ฆ„๋‹ค์šด ๊ธฐํ•˜ํ•™ ๊ตฌ์กฐ์˜ ์ผ๋ถ€์ง€์š”.
12:46
It's a pattern of the largest exceptional Lie group, E8.
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'์˜ˆ์™ธ์  ๋ฆฌ(Lie) ๊ทธ๋ฃน'์˜ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ํฐ E8 ํŒจํ„ด์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:50
This Lie group is a smooth, curved shape with 248 dimensions.
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์ด ' ๋ฆฌ ๊ทธ๋ฃน'์€ ๋ถ€๋“œ๋Ÿฝ๊ฒŒ ๊ตด๊ณก์ง„ 248๋ฉด์ฒด์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:54
Each point in this pattern corresponds to a symmetry
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๊ฐ ํŒจํ„ด์˜ ๋ชจ์„œ๋ฆฌ๋“ค์€, ์ด ๋ณต์žกํ•˜๊ณ  ์•„๋ฆ„๋‹ค์šด ๊ตฌ์กฐ์˜
12:57
of this very complex and beautiful shape.
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์ „์ฒด์ ์ธ ๋Œ€์นญ์— ์ƒ์‘ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:00
One small part of this E8 shape can be used to describe
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์ด E8 ๊ตฌ์กฐ์˜ ์–ด๋Š ์ž‘์€ ๋ถ€๋ถ„์€
13:02
the curved space-time of Einstein's general relativity,
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์•„์ธ์Šˆํƒ€์ธ์˜ ์ผ๋ฐ˜ ์ƒ๋Œ€์„ฑ ์ด๋ก ์ด ์ค‘๋ ฅ์„ ์„ค๋ช…ํ•˜๋Š”, ์‹œ๊ณต๊ฐ„์˜ ๊ตด๊ณก์„
13:05
explaining gravity.
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๋ฌ˜์‚ฌํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:07
Together with quantum mechanics,
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์–‘์ž ์—ญํ•™๊ณผ ๋”๋ถˆ์–ด, ์ด ๊ตฌ์กฐ์˜ ๊ธฐํ•˜ํ•™์€
13:09
the geometry of this shape could describe everything
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์ž‘์€ ๊ทœ๋ชจ์—์„œ ์šฐ์ฃผ๊ฐ€ ์ž‘๋™ํ•˜๋Š” ์›๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ
13:11
about how the universe works at the tiniest scales.
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๋ชจ๋‘ ์„ค๋ช…ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:14
The pattern of this shape living in eight-dimensional charge space
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์ด 8์ฐจ์› ์ „ํ•˜ ๊ณต๊ฐ„์˜ ๊ตฌ์กฐ ํŒจํ„ด์€
์ •๊ตํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์•„๋ฆ„๋‹ค์šธ๋ฟ๋งŒ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ,
13:18
is exquisitely beautiful,
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13:21
and it summarizes thousands of possible interactions
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์ˆ˜์ฒœ๊ฐ€์ง€ ์ƒํ˜ธ์ž‘์šฉ์˜ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์„ ์š”์•ฝํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:23
between these elementary particles,
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์ด ๋ณต์žกํ•œ ๊ตฌ์กฐ์˜ ํ•œ ๋ฉด์— ๋ถˆ๊ณผํ•œ
13:25
each of which is just a facet of this complicated shape.
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์ž…์ž๋“ค ์‚ฌ์ด์—์„œ ๋ง์ด์ง€์š”.
13:29
As we spin it, we can see many of the other intricate patterns
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์ด๊ฑธ ๋Œ๋ ค๋ณด๋ฉด, ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์—ฌ๊ธฐ์— ํฌํ•จ๋œ ๋ณต์žกํ•œ ํŒจํ„ด๋“ค์„
13:32
contained in this one.
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๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:35
And with a particular rotation,
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์–ด๋–ค ํŠน์ •ํ•œ ๋ฐฉํ–ฅ์—์„œ๋Š” ๋Œ€์นญ์ถ•์„ ๋”ฐ๋ผ
13:37
we can look down through this pattern in eight dimensions along a symmetry axis
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์ด 8๋ฉด์ฒด ํŒจํ„ด์„ ํ†ตํ•ด์„œ, ๋ชจ๋“  ์ž…์ž๋“ค์„ ํ•œ๋ˆˆ์—
13:41
and see all the particles at once.
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๋ณผ ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:43
It's a very beautiful object,
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์•„์ฃผ ์•„๋ฆ„๋‹ค์šด ๋ฌผ์ฒด์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋ชจ๋“  ํ†ต์ผ์ฒด์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ,
13:45
and as with any unification,
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13:47
we can see some holes where new particles are required by this pattern.
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์ด ํŒจํ„ด์„ ํ†ตํ•ด์„œ ์•ž์œผ๋กœ ํ•„์š”ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋  ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ์ž…์ž๋“ค์˜ ๊ตฌ๋ฉ๋„
๋ฐœ๊ฒฌํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:52
There are 20 gaps where new particles should be,
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์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ์ž…์ž๋“ค์ด ์žˆ์–ด์•ผ ํ•  ๊ตฌ๋ฉ์ด 20๊ฐœ ์žˆ๋Š”๋ฐ,
13:54
two of which have been filled by the Pati-Salam particles.
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๊ทธ ์ค‘ 2๊ฐœ๋Š” ํŒŒํ‹ฐ์™€ ์‚ด๋žŒ ์ž…์ž์— ์˜ํ•ด ์ฑ„์›Œ์กŒ์ฃ .
13:57
From their location in this pattern, we know that these new particles
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์ด ํŒจํ„ด์—์„œ์˜ ์œ„์น˜๋กœ ๋ณด์•„, ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ์ž…์ž๋“ค์ด
14:00
should be scalar fields like the Higgs particle,
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ํž‰์Šค ์ž…์ž์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ์Šค์นผ๋ผ์žฅ์ด์ง€๋งŒ, ์ƒ‰๊น” ์ „ํ•˜๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ์–ด์„œ
14:03
but have color charge and interact with the strong force.
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'๊ฐ•๋ ฅ'๊ณผ ์ƒํ˜ธ์ž‘์šฉํ•ด์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š”๊ฑธ ์•Œ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์ฃ .
14:06
Filling in these new particles completes this pattern,
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์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ์ž…์ž๋ฅผ ์ฑ„์›Œ๋‚˜๊ฐ€๋ฉด, ์ด ํŒจํ„ด์„ ์™„์„ฑ์‹œํ‚ค๋ฉด์„œ
์™„์ „ํ•œ E8๊ตฌ์กฐ๋ฅผ ์–ป๊ฒŒ ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:09
giving us the full E8.
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14:10
This E8 pattern has very deep mathematical roots.
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E8 ํŒจํ„ด์€ ์•„์ฃผ ๊นŠ์€ ์ˆ˜ํ•™์  ๋ฟŒ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ์–ด์š”.
14:13
It's considered by many to be the most beautiful structure in mathematics.
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๊ทธ ํŒจํ„ด์€ ์ˆ˜ํ•™์—์„œ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ์•„๋ฆ„๋‹ค์šด ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋กœ
์—ฌ๊ฒจ์ง€๊ณค ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:17
It's a fantastic prospect that this object of great mathematical beauty
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์ด ์—„์ฒญ๋‚œ ์ˆ˜ํ•™์  ์•„๋ฆ„๋‹ค์›€์˜ ๊ตฌ์กฐ๊ฐ€
์ƒ์ƒํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฐ€์žฅ ์ž‘์€ ์ž…์ž๋“ค์˜ ์ง„์‹ค์„ ๋“œ๋Ÿฌ๋‚ธ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€
14:21
could describe the truth of particle interactions
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ํ™˜์ƒ์ ์ธ ์˜ˆ์ธก์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:24
at the smallest scales imaginable.
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์ž์—ฐ์ด ์ˆ˜ํ•™์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ๋“œ๋Ÿฌ๋‚œ๋‹ค๋Š” ์•„์ด๋””์–ด๋Š”
14:28
And this idea that nature is described by mathematics is not at all new.
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์ „ํ˜€ ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด๊ฒŒ ์•„๋‹ˆ์ง€์š”.
14:32
In 1623, Galileo wrote this:
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1623๋…„, ๊ฐˆ๋ฆด๋ ˆ์˜ค๋Š” ์ด๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ์ผ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค:
14:35
"Nature's grand book, which stands continually open to our gaze,
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"์šฐ๋ฆฌ์˜ ์‹œ์„  ์•ž์— ์—ด๋ ค์žˆ๋Š” ์ž์—ฐ์˜ ๊ฑฐ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ฑ…์€,
14:39
is written in the language of mathematics.
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์ˆ˜ํ•™์ด๋ผ๋Š” ์–ธ์–ด๋กœ ์”Œ์—ฌ์žˆ๋‹ค.
14:41
Its characters are triangles, circles and other geometrical figures,
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๊ทธ ์–ธ์–ด์˜ ๋ฌธ์ž๋Š” ์‚ผ๊ฐํ˜•, ์›, ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๊ธฐํ•˜ํ•™์  ๋„ํ˜•์ด๋ฉฐ
14:45
without which it is humanly impossible to understand a single word of it;
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๊ทธ๊ฒƒ ์—†์ด๋Š” ์ธ๊ฐ„์˜ ํž˜์œผ๋กœ ์ž์—ฐ์˜ ์ฑ…์„
์ดํ•ดํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์—†๋‹ค.
14:49
without these, one is wandering around in a dark labyrinth."
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์ˆ˜ํ•™์—†๋Š” ์ธ๊ฐ„์€ ์–ด๋‘์šด ๋ฏธ๋กœ์—์„œ ๋ฐฉํ™ฉํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค."
14:53
I believe this to be true,
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์ „ ์ด ๋ง์ด ์‚ฌ์‹ค์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ฏฟ๊ณ 
14:55
and I've tried to follow Galileo's guidance
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๊ฐˆ๋ฆด๋ ˆ์˜ค๋ฅผ ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ์˜ค์ง ์‚ผ๊ฐํ˜•, ์›, ๊ธฐํ•˜ํ•™์  ๋„ํ˜•์œผ๋กœ
14:57
in describing the mathematics of particle physics
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์ž…์ž๋ฌผ๋ฆฌํ•™์„ ์„ค๋ช…ํ•ด๋‚ด๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด
15:00
using only triangles, circles and other geometrical figures.
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๋…ธ๋ ฅํ•ด ์™”์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
15:03
Of course, when other physicists and I actually work on this stuff,
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๋ฌผ๋ก  ์ €๋‚˜ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌํ•™์ž๋“ค์ด ์‹ค์ œ๋กœ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ํ• ๋•Œ๋ฉด,
์ˆ˜ํ•™์ด ์˜คํžˆ๋ ค ์–ด๋‘์šด ๋ฏธ๋กœ๊ฐ€ ๋  ๋•Œ๋„ ์žˆ์ฃ .
15:07
the mathematics can resemble a dark labyrinth.
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15:11
But it's reassuring that at the heart of this mathematics
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ, ์ˆ˜ํ•™์˜ ํ•ต์‹ฌ์ด ์ˆœ์ˆ˜ํ•˜๊ณ  ์•„๋ฆ„๋‹ค์šด ๊ธฐํ•˜ํ•™์ด๋ผ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€
15:14
is pure, beautiful geometry.
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์•ˆ์‹ฌ์Šค๋Ÿฌ์šด ์ผ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
15:17
Joined with quantum mechanics,
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์–‘์ž์—ญํ•™๊ณผ ํ•ฉ์ณ์ง€๋ฉด์„œ, ์ˆ˜ํ•™์€ ์šฐ์ฃผ๊ฐ€
15:19
this mathematics describes our universe as a growing E8 coral,
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์ž๋ผ๋‚˜๋Š” E8 ์‚ฐํ˜ธ์ดˆ๋ผ๊ณ  ๋งํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
์•„๋ฆ„๋‹ค์šด ํŒจํ„ด์„ ๋”ฐ๋ผ ๋ชจ๋“  ์žฅ์†Œ์—์„œ ๋ชจ๋“  ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•œ ๋ฐฉ์‹์œผ๋กœ
15:23
with particles interacting at every location in all possible ways
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15:26
according to a beautiful pattern.
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์ž…์ž๋ผ๋ฆฌ ์ƒํ˜ธ์ž‘์šฉ ํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ ๋ง์ด์ง€์š”.
15:29
And as more of the pattern comes into view using new machines
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LHC์™€ ๊ฐ™์€ ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ์žฅ๋น„๋“ค์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ
15:32
like the Large Hadron Collider,
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๋” ๋งŽ์€ ํŒจํ„ด๋“ค์ด ๋“ฑ์žฅํ• ํ…Œ๊ณ , ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์•„๋งˆ๋„
15:34
we may be able to see whether nature uses this E8 pattern or a different one.
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์ž์—ฐ์ด E8 ํŒจํ„ด์„ ์“ฐ๋Š”์ง€, ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ฉด ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๊ฑธ ์“ฐ๋Š”์ง€ ๋ณด๊ฒŒ ๋ ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
15:40
This process of discovery is a wonderful adventure to be involved in.
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์ด ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌ์˜ ๊ณผ์ •์€ ํฅ๋ฏธ์ง„์ง„ํ•œ ๋ชจํ—˜์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
15:44
If the LHC finds particles that fit this E8 pattern,
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LHC๊ฐ€ E8ํŒจํ„ด์— ๋“ค์–ด๋งž๋Š” ์ž…์ž๋ฅผ ์ฐพ์•„๋‚ธ๋‹ค๋ฉด
15:47
that will be very, very cool.
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์•„์ฃผ ๋๋‚ด์ฃผ๋Š” ์ผ์ด๊ฒ ์ฃ .
15:50
If the LHC finds new particles, but they don't fit this pattern --
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LHC๊ฐ€ ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ์ž…์ž๋ฅผ ์ฐพ์•„๋‚ด์ง€๋งŒ, ์ด ํŒจํ„ด์— ๋“ค์–ด๋งž์ง€ ์•Š๋Š”๋‹ค๋ฉด --
15:53
well, that will be very interesting, but bad for this E8 theory.
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๊ธ€์Ž„์š”, ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ๋„ ์žฌ๋ฏธ์žˆ์„๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. E8์ด๋ก ์—๊ฒŒ๋Š” ๋”ฑํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ.
15:57
And, of course, bad for me personally.
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๋ฌผ๋ก , ์ œ๊ฒŒ๋„ ๊ฐœ์ธ์ ์œผ๋กœ๋Š” ๋”ฑํ•œ ์ผ์ด์ฃ .
16:00
(Laughter)
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(์›ƒ์Œ)
16:02
Now, how bad would that be?
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๊ทธ๊ฒŒ ์–ผ๋งˆ๋‚˜ ๋”ฑํ•˜๋ƒ๊ตฌ์š”?
16:04
Well, pretty bad.
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์ƒ๋‹นํžˆ ๋”ฑํ•œ ์ผ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
16:06
(Laughter)
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(์›ƒ์Œ)
16:09
But predicting how nature works is a very risky game.
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์ž์—ฐ์˜ ์ž‘๋™๋ฒ•์„ ์˜ˆ์ธกํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ํ™•๋ฅ ์ด ๋‚ฎ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
16:13
This theory and others like it are long shots.
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์ด๋Ÿฐ ์ด๋ก ๋“ค์€ ๋ชจํ—˜์„ ๊ฑด ์‹œ๋„์ง€์š”.
16:17
One does a lot of hard work knowing that most of these ideas
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์—ด์‹ฌํžˆ ์—ฐ๊ตฌํ•˜๋”๋ผ๋„ ๋ˆ„๊ตฐ๊ฐ€๋Š” ์•„๋งˆ๋„ ์ž์—ฐ์˜ ์ง„์‹ค์—
16:20
probably won't end up being true about nature.
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์ ‘๊ทผํ•˜์ง€ ๋ชปํ• ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
16:22
That's what doing theoretical physics is like:
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์ด๋ก ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌํ•™์€ ๊ทธ๋ ‡์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
16:24
there are a lot of wipeouts.
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๋„˜์–ด์งˆ ์ผ์ด ๋งŽ์•„์š”.
16:26
In this regard, new physics theories are a lot like start-up companies.
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์ด๋Ÿฐ ๋ฉด์—์„œ, ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ ์ด๋ก ์€ ์‹ ์ƒ ๊ธฐ์—…๊ณผ ๋น„์Šทํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
16:31
As with any large investment,
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ํฐ ํˆฌ์ž์™€ ๋งˆ์ฐฌ๊ฐ€์ง€๋กœ, ์ž˜๋ชป๋œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ํ๊ธฐํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€
16:33
it can be emotionally difficult to abandon a line of research
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๊ฐ์ •์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ต‰์žฅํžˆ ํž˜๋“ญ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
16:36
when it isn't working out.
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16:37
But in science, if something isn't working,
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๊ณผํ•™์—์„œ๋Š” ๋ญ”๊ฐ€๊ฐ€ ์ž‘๋™ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์œผ๋ฉด
16:39
you have to toss it out and try something else.
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๋˜์ ธ๋ฒ„๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๊ฑธ ์‹œ๋„ํ•ด์•ผ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
16:42
Now, the only way to maintain sanity
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์ด ๋ถˆํ™•์‹ค์„ฑ ์†์—์„œ ๋ถ„๋ณ„์„ ๊ฐ–๊ณ  ํ–‰๋ณต์„ ์ฐพ๋Š” ์œ ์ผํ•œ ๊ธธ์€
16:44
and achieve happiness in the midst of this uncertainty
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์‚ถ์—์„œ ๊ท ํ˜•์„ ์œ ์ง€ํ•˜๊ณ 
16:46
is to keep balance and perspective in life.
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๋ฉ€๋ฆฌ ๋ฐ”๋ผ๋ณด๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
16:50
I've tried the best I can to live a balanced life.
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์ „ ๊ท ํ˜•์žกํžŒ ์‚ถ์„ ์‚ด๋ ค๊ณ  ๋…ธ๋ ฅํ•ด์™”์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
16:53
(Laughter)
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(์›ƒ์Œ)
16:55
I try to balance my life equally between physics, love and surfing --
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์ „ ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌํ•™, ์‚ฌ๋ž‘, ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์„œํ•‘์„ ๊ท ํ˜•์žˆ๊ฒŒ ์œ ์ง€ํ•˜๋ ค๊ณ  ์• ์ผ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
16:59
my own three charge directions.
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์ €๋งŒ์˜ 3๊ฐ€์ง€ ์ „ํ•˜ ๋ฐฉํ–ฅ์ด์ง€์š”.
17:01
(Laughter)
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(์›ƒ์Œ)
17:03
This way, even if the physics I work on comes to nothing,
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์ œ๊ฐ€ ์—ฐ๊ตฌํ•ด์˜จ ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌํ•™์ด ์•„๋ฌด๊ฒƒ๋„ ์•„๋‹Œ ๊ฑธ๋กœ ๋“œ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜๋”๋ผ๋„
์ „ ์ข‹์€ ์ธ์ƒ์„ ์‚ด์•˜๋‹ค๊ณ  ์—ฌ๊ธธ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
17:06
I still know I've lived a good life.
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17:08
And I try to live in beautiful places.
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ „ ์•„๋ฆ„๋‹ค์šด ๊ณณ์—์„œ ์‚ด๋ ค๊ณ  ๋…ธ๋ ฅํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
17:10
For most of the past ten years I've lived on the island of Maui,
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์ง€๋‚œ 10๋…„์˜ ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„์€ ๋งˆ์šฐ์ด์„ฌ์—์„œ ์‚ด์•˜์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
17:13
a very beautiful place.
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์•„์ฃผ ์•„๋ฆ„๋‹ค์šด ๊ณณ์ด์ง€์š”.
17:15
Now, it's one of the greatest mysteries in the universe to my parents
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์ œ ๋ถ€๋ชจ๋‹˜๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ์šฐ์ฃผ ์ตœ๊ณ ์˜ ๋ฏธ์Šคํ…Œ๋ฆฌ์ค‘ ํ•˜๋‚˜๋Š”
17:18
how I managed to survive all that time
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์ œ๊ฐ€ ์ง์—… ๋น„์Šทํ•œ ๊ฒƒ ํ•˜๋‚˜๋„ ์—†์ด ์—ฌํƒœ๊นŒ์ง€
17:20
without engaging in anything resembling full-time employment.
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์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ์‚ด์•„๋‚จ์•„ ์žˆ๋ƒ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด์—ˆ์ฃ ,
17:23
(Laughter)
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(์›ƒ์Œ)
17:27
I'm going to let you in on that secret.
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๊ทธ ๋น„๋ฐ€์„ ์•Œ๋ ค๋“œ๋ฆฌ๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
17:30
This was a view from my home office on Maui.
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์ด๊ฒŒ ๋งˆ์šฐ์ด์˜ ์ง‘์—์„œ ๋ณธ ํ’๊ฒฝ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
17:34
And this is another,
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์ด๊ฑด ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์‚ฌ์ง„์ด๊ณ , ๋˜ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์‚ฌ์ง„์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
17:38
and another.
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17:39
And you may have noticed that these beautiful views are similar,
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์•„๋งˆ ์ด ์•„๋ฆ„๋‹ค์šด ํ’๊ฒฝ๋“ค์ด
๋น„์Šทํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ, ์‚ด์ง ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์žฅ์†Œ๋ž€ ๊ฑธ ๋ˆˆ์น˜์ฑ„์…จ์„๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
17:42
but in slightly different places.
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17:44
That's because this used to be my home and office on Maui.
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์™œ๋ƒ๋ฉด ์ด๊ฒŒ ์ €์˜ ์ง‘์ด์ž ์‚ฌ๋ฌด์‹ค์ด์—ˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ด์ฃ .
17:48
(Laughter)
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(์›ƒ์Œ)
17:50
I've chosen a very unusual life.
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์ €๋Š” ์•„์ฃผ ํŠน๋ณ„ํ•œ ์‚ถ์„ ํƒํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
17:53
But not worrying about rent
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์ œ๊ฐ€ ์‚ฌ๋ž‘ํ•˜๋Š” ์ผ์— ์‹œ๊ฐ„์„ ์“ฐ๋ฉด์„œ
17:54
allowed me to spend my time doing what I love.
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์›”์„ธ ๊ฑฑ์ •์„ ํ•˜์ง„ ์•Š์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
17:57
Living a nomadic existence has been hard at times,
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์œ ๋ชฉ๋ฏผ์ ์ธ ์‚ถ์€ ๊ฐ€๋”์”ฉ ํž˜๋“ค๊ธด ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ,
17:59
but it's allowed me to live in beautiful places
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๊ทธ๋•์— ์ „ ์•„๋ฆ„๋‹ค์šด ๊ณณ์—์„œ ์‚ด๊ฒŒ ๋˜์—ˆ๊ณ ,
ํ–‰๋ณตํ•œ ์‚ถ์†์—์„œ ๊ท ํ˜•์„ ์œ ์ง€ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
18:02
and keep a balance in my life that I've been happy with.
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18:05
It allows me to spend a lot of my time hanging out with hyperintelligent coral.
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๋งค์šฐ ์ง€๋Šฅ์ ์ธ ์‚ฐํ˜ธ์ดˆ๋“ค๊ณผ
๋†€๋Ÿฌ๋‹ค๋‹ ์‹œ๊ฐ„๋„ ๋ฌด์ฒ™ ๋งŽ์ง€์š”.
18:11
But I also greatly enjoy the company of hyperintelligent people.
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์ €๋Š” ๋˜ํ•œ ๋งค์šฐ ์ง€๋Šฅ์ ์ธ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๊ณผ ์–ด์šธ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๊ฑธ ์ฆ๊น๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
18:14
So I'm very happy to have been invited here to TED.
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์˜ค๋Š˜ ์—ฌ๊ธฐ์— ์ดˆ๋Œ€ ๋ฐ›์•„์„œ ๋งค์šฐ ๊ธฐ์˜๊ฒŒ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
18:17
Thank you very much.
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๊ฐ์‚ฌํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
18:18
(Applause)
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(๋ฐ•์ˆ˜)
18:25
Chris Anderson: Stay here one second.
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18:27
(Applause)
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18:30
I probably understood two percent of that,
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์•„๋งˆ 2ํผ์„ผํŠธ ์ •๋„ ์•Œ์•„๋“ค์€ ๊ฒƒ ๊ฐ™๊ธด ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ
18:32
but I still absolutely loved it.
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์•„์ฃผ ํ›Œ๋ฅญํ•œ ๊ฐ•์—ฐ์ด์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ œ๊ฐ€ ๋ฐ”๋ณด์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ๋ณด์ด๊ฒ ๋„ค์š”.
18:36
So I'm going to sound dumb.
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18:38
Your theory of everything --
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๋งŒ๋ฌผ ์ด๋ก ์€--
18:40
Garrett Lisi: I'm used to coral.
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์ „ ์‚ฐํ˜ธ์ดˆ์— ์ต์ˆ™ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
18:42
CA: That's right.
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๊ทธ๋ ‡์ฃ , ์ง€๊ธˆ ํฅ๋ถ„ํ•œ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์ด ๋ช‡๋ช‡ ๋ณด์ด๋ฐ,
18:43
The reason it's got a few people at least excited
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๋งŒ์•ฝ ๋ง์”€ํ•˜์‹ ๊ฒŒ ๋งž๋‹ค๋ฉด, ๊ทธ ํ•™์„ค์€
18:45
is because, if you're right, it brings gravity and quantum theory together.
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์ค‘๋ ฅ๊ณผ ์–‘์ž ์ด๋ก ์„ ํ•ฉ์ณ๋†“๋Š”๊ตฐ์š”
18:50
So are you saying that we should think of the universe, at its heart --
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‹ˆ๊นŒ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์šฐ์ฃผ์˜ ํ•ต์‹ฌ, ์ž‘์€ ๊ฒƒ๋“ค์•ˆ์—๋Š”
์–ด์จŒ๋“  ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์˜ E8 ๋ฌผ์ฒด๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋ด์•ผํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š”
18:54
that the smallest things that there are,
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18:56
are somehow an E8 object of possibility?
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ ๋ง์”€์ด์‹œ์ฃ ?
19:02
I mean, is there a scale to it, at the smallest scale, or ...?
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์ œ๋ง์€, ๊ฐ€์žฅ ์ž‘์€ ๊ทœ๋ชจ ์†์—๋„ ์ž‘์€ ์ถ•์†ŒํŒ์ด
์žˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜์‹œ๋Š”๊ฑด์ง€...?
19:06
GL: Well, right now the pattern I showed you
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๋ฐฉ๊ธˆ ์ œ๊ฐ€ ๋ณด์—ฌ๋“œ๋ฆฐ, ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์•Œ๊ณ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ธฐ์ดˆ ์ž…์ž ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌํ•™์—
19:08
that corresponds to what we know about elementary particle physics --
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ํ˜ธ์‘ํ•˜๋Š” ํŒจํ„ด์€, ์ด๋ฏธ ์•„์ฃผ ์•„๋ฆ„๋‹ค์šด ํ˜•ํƒœ์™€
19:13
that already corresponds to a very beautiful shape.
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ํ˜ธ์‘ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
19:15
And that's the one that I said we knew for certain.
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๊ทธ๊ฒŒ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์•Œ๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ํ™•์‹คํ•œ ๊ฑฐ๋ผ๊ณ  ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐ ํ–ˆ์ฃ .
19:18
And that shape has remarkable similarities --
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๊ทธ ํ˜•ํƒœ๋Š” ๋†€๋ผ์šด ์œ ์‚ฌ์„ฑ์„ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์—, E8๊ตฌ์กฐ์—
19:21
and the way it fits into this E8 pattern, which could be the rest of the picture.
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๋ผ์›Œ ๋งž์ถ”๋Š” ๋ฐฉ์‹์œผ๋กœ ์ „์ฒด ๊ทธ๋ฆผ์„ ๊ทธ๋ฆด์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์„ ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
19:26
And these patterns of points that I've shown for you
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ด ํŒจํ„ด์˜ ๊ผญ์ง€์ ๋“ค์€, ๋ณด์—ฌ๋“œ๋ฆฐ๋Œ€๋กœ
19:29
actually represent symmetries of this high-dimensional object
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์ด ๋‹ค๋ฉด์ฒด์˜ ๋Œ€์นญ์„ฑ์„ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋ƒ…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
19:33
that would be warping and moving and dancing
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๋Š๋ผ๋Š” ์‹œ๊ฐ„๊ณผ ๊ณต๊ฐ„ ์ „์ฒด์—์„œ
19:36
over the space-time that we experience.
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์ถค์ถ”๊ณ  ์›€์ง์ด๊ณ  ์›Œํ”„ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๊ฒ ์ฃ .
19:38
And that would be what explains all these elementary particles that we see.
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๊ทธ๊ฒŒ ๋ฐ”๋กœ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๋ณด๋Š” ๋ชจ๋“  ๊ธฐ์ดˆ ์ž…์ž๋“ค์„
์„ค๋ช…ํ•ด์ฃผ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
19:42
CA: But a string theorist, as I understand it,
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๋ˆ์ด๋ก  ์ง€์ง€์ž๋“ค์€,
19:45
explains electrons in terms of much smaller strings vibrating --
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์ œ๊ฐ€ ์•„๋Š”ํ•œ, ์ „์ž๋ฅผ ํ›จ์”ฌ ๋” ์ž‘์€,
'์ง„๋™ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ˆ'์œผ๋กœ ์„ค๋ช…ํ•˜๋˜๋ฐ์š”.
19:48
I know, you don't like string theory -- vibrating inside it.
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๋ˆ ์ด๋ก ์„ ์‹ซ์–ดํ•˜์‹œ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ ์••๋‹ˆ๋‹ค๋งŒ.
E8์— ๊ด€๋ จํ•ด์„œ ์ „์ž๋ฅผ ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ด์•ผํ• ๊นŒ์š”?
19:52
How should we think of an electron in relation to E8?
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19:56
GL: Well, it would be one of the symmetries of this E8 shape.
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E8 ๊ตฌ์กฐ์˜ ๋Œ€์นญ์„ฑ ์ค‘ ํ•˜๋‚˜์ผ ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
20:01
So what's happening is, as the shape is moving over space-time, it's twisting.
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์ง€๊ธˆ ์ผ์–ด๋‚˜๋Š” ์ผ์€, ์‹œ๊ณต๊ฐ„์— ๊ฑธ์ณ ํ˜•ํƒœ๊ฐ€ ์›€์ง์ž„์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ
๊ทธ๊ฒŒ ๋’คํ‹€๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ ๋’คํ‹€๋ฆผ์˜ ๋ฐฉํ–ฅ์ด
20:06
And the direction it's twisting as it moves is what particle we see.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๋ณด๋Š” ์ž…์ž๋“ค์ด๊ฒ ์ฃ .
20:11
So it would be --
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E8๊ตฌ์กฐ์˜ ํฌ๊ธฐ ๋ง์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค,
20:12
CA: The size of the E8 shape, how does that relate to the electron?
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์ „์ž์™€๋Š” ์–ด์ฉง๊ฒŒ ๊ด€๋ จ๋˜์ง€์š”?
์ด๋ฏธ์ง€๋ฅผ ๊ทธ๋ ค๋ด์•ผ ๋ ๊ฒƒ ๊ฐ™์•„์„œ์š”.
20:15
I feel like I need that for my picture. Is it bigger? Is it smaller?
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๋” ํฝ๋‹ˆ๊นŒ, ์ž‘์Šต๋‹ˆ๊นŒ?
์Œ, ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์•„๋Š” ํ•œ ์ „์ž๋Š” ์  ์ž…์ž์ด๋ฏ€๋กœ
20:18
GL: As far as we know, electrons are point particles,
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๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•œ ํ•œ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ์ž‘์€ ๊ทœ๋ชจ๋กœ ๋‚ด๋ ค๊ฐˆ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
20:21
so this would be going down to the smallest possible scales.
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20:24
So the way these things are explained in quantum field theory is,
411
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์–‘์ž์žฅ ์ด๋ก ์—์„œ ์ด๊ฒƒ๋“ค์„ ์„ค๋ช…ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐฉ์‹์€,
๋ชจ๋“  ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์ด ๋™์‹œ์— ํ™•์žฅ๋˜๊ณ  ๋ฐœ์ „ํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด์ง€์š”.
20:27
all possibilities are expanding and developing at once.
412
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20:30
And this is why I use the analogy to coral.
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์ œ๊ฐ€ ์‚ฐํ˜ธ์ดˆ์— ๋น„์œ ํ•œ ์ด์œ ๊ฐ€ ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
20:33
And --
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์ด ๊ด€์ ์—์„œ E8 ๊ตฌ์กฐ๊ฐ€ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚˜๋Š” ๋ฐฉ์‹์€, ์‹œ๊ณต๊ฐ„์—์„œ ๊ฐ ์ ๋ผ๋ฆฌ
20:35
in this way, the way that E8 comes in
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20:40
is it will be as a shape that's attached at each point in the space-time.
416
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์—ฐ๊ฒฐ๋˜๋Š” ํ˜•ํƒœ์ผ ๊ฑฐ๋ผ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
20:45
And, as I said, the way the shape twists --
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋งํ–ˆ๋“ฏ์ด, ํ˜•ํƒœ๊ฐ€ ๋’คํ‹€๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๋ฐฉ์‹,
20:49
the directional along which way the shape is twisting
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์ด ๊ตด๊ณก์ง„ ํ‘œ๋ฉด์„ ์›€์ง์ž„์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ๋’คํ‹€๋ฆฌ๋Š”
20:51
as it moves over this curved surface --
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๋ฐฉํ–ฅ์„ ๋”ฐ๋ผ๊ฐ€๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด
๋ฐ”๋กœ ๊ธฐ์ดˆ ์ž…์ž๋“ค์ด๋ผ๋Š” ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
20:53
is what the elementary particles are, themselves.
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20:56
So through quantum field theory,
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์–‘์ž์žฅ ์ด๋ก ์„ ํ†ตํ•ด, ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ๋“ค์€ ์Šค์Šค๋กœ๋ฅผ
20:59
they manifest themselves as points and interact that way.
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์ ๊ณผ ์ƒํ˜ธ์ž‘์šฉ์œผ๋กœ ๋“œ๋Ÿฌ๋‚ด๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด์ง€์š”.
21:02
I don't know if I'll be able to make this any clearer.
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์ด๊ฒƒ๋ณด๋‹ค ๋” ํ™•์‹คํžˆ ์„ค๋ช…ํ• ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์„์ง€ ๋ชจ๋ฅด๊ฒ ๋„ค์š”.
21:04
(Laughter)
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(์›ƒ์Œ)
21:07
CA: It doesn't really matter.
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ๊ฑด ์ƒ๊ด€ ์—†์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
21:09
It's evoking a kind of sense of wonder,
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์ผ์ข…์˜ ๊ฒฝ์ด๊ฐ์„ ๋– ์˜ค๋ฅด๊ฒŒ ํ•ด์ฃผ๋„ค์š”. ์ €๋Š” ํ™•์‹คํžˆ
21:11
and I certainly want to understand more of this.
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์ด๊ฑธ ๋” ์ดํ•ดํ•˜๊ณ  ์‹ถ์–ด์กŒ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
21:16
But thank you so much for coming. That was absolutely fascinating.
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์•„๋ฌดํŠผ ์ฐธ์„ํ•ด์ฃผ์…”์„œ ๊ฐ์‚ฌํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ต‰์žฅํžˆ ๋ฉ‹์ง„ ๊ฐ•์—ฐ์ด์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
(๋ฐ•์ˆ˜)
21:19
(Applause)
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์ด ์›น์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ ์ •๋ณด

์ด ์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ๋Š” ์˜์–ด ํ•™์Šต์— ์œ ์šฉํ•œ YouTube ๋™์˜์ƒ์„ ์†Œ๊ฐœํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ „ ์„ธ๊ณ„ ์ตœ๊ณ ์˜ ์„ ์ƒ๋‹˜๋“ค์ด ๊ฐ€๋ฅด์น˜๋Š” ์˜์–ด ์ˆ˜์—…์„ ๋ณด๊ฒŒ ๋  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ ๋™์˜์ƒ ํŽ˜์ด์ง€์— ํ‘œ์‹œ๋˜๋Š” ์˜์–ด ์ž๋ง‰์„ ๋”๋ธ” ํด๋ฆญํ•˜๋ฉด ๊ทธ๊ณณ์—์„œ ๋™์˜์ƒ์ด ์žฌ์ƒ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋น„๋””์˜ค ์žฌ์ƒ์— ๋งž์ถฐ ์ž๋ง‰์ด ์Šคํฌ๋กค๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์˜๊ฒฌ์ด๋‚˜ ์š”์ฒญ์ด ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์ด ๋ฌธ์˜ ์–‘์‹์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ฌธ์˜ํ•˜์‹ญ์‹œ์˜ค.

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