How COVID-19 human challenge trials work -- and why I volunteered | Sophie Rose

48,219 views ใƒป 2020-12-01

TED


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืชืจื’ื•ื: Hashem Zoabi ืขืจื™ื›ื”: Ido Dekkers
00:13
[Recorded on October 26, 2020.
0
13432
1451
[ื”ื•ืงืœื˜ ื‘- 26 ื‘ืื•ืงื˜ื•ื‘ืจ 2020.
00:14
COVID-19 vaccine development
1
14907
1351
ืคื™ืชื•ื— ื—ื™ืกื•ืŸ ืœื ื’ื™ืฃ ืงื•ื‘ื™ื“-19
00:16
and ethical considerations around human challenge trials
2
16282
2620
ื•ืฉื™ืงื•ืœื™ื ืืชื™ื™ื ืกื‘ื™ื‘ ื ื™ืกื•ื™ื™ ืืชื’ืจ ืื ื•ืฉื™ื™ื
00:18
are constantly evolving.]
3
18926
1222
ืชืžื™ื“ ืžืชืคืชื—ื™ื.]
00:20
In April 2020,
4
20172
1682
[ืกื•ืคื™ ืจื•ื–] ื‘ืืคืจื™ืœ 2020,
00:21
I made what many perceive as a risky decision.
5
21878
2442
ืขืฉื™ืชื™ ืืช ืžื” ืฉืจื‘ื™ื ืจื•ืื™ื ื›ื”ื—ืœื˜ื” ืžืกื•ื›ื ืช.
00:25
I volunteered to be deliberately infected with COVID-19.
6
25245
3520
ื”ืชื ื“ื‘ืชื™ ืœื”ื™ื“ื‘ืง ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืžื›ื•ื•ืŸ ื‘ืงื•ื‘ื™ื“-19
00:29
This infection would be part of what is called a human challenge trial,
7
29109
3691
ื”ื™ื“ื‘ืงื•ืช ื–ื• ืชื”ื™ื” ื—ืœืง ืžืžื” ืฉื ืงืจื ื ื™ืกื•ื™ ืืชื’ืจ ืื ื•ืฉื™,
00:32
where young, healthy people are given a vaccine
8
32824
2912
ืฉื‘ื• ืื ืฉื™ื ืฆืขื™ืจื™ื ื•ื‘ืจื™ืื™ื ืžืงื‘ืœื™ื ื—ื™ืกื•ืŸ
00:35
and are deliberately exposed to the virus that causes COVID-19.
9
35760
3794
ื•ื ื—ืฉืคื™ื ื‘ืžื›ื•ื•ืŸ ืœื ื’ื™ืฃ ืฉื’ื•ืจื ืœืงื•ื‘ื™ื“-19.
00:39
These trials help researchers figure out more quickly
10
39578
2618
ื ื™ืกื•ื™ื™ื ืืœื” ืขื•ื–ืจื™ื ืœื—ื•ืงืจื™ื ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžื”ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ
00:42
if a vaccine is working.
11
42220
1848
ืื ื”ื—ื™ืกื•ืŸ ืขื•ื‘ื“.
00:45
I think this research is crucial,
12
45585
1627
ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ืช ืฉื”ืžื—ืงืจ ื”ื–ื” ื”ื•ื ืงืจื™ื˜ื™,
00:47
because today, I'm going to speak to you for six minutes.
13
47236
3023
ื›ื™ ื”ื™ื•ื ืื ื™ ื”ื•ืœื›ืช ืœื“ื‘ืจ ืื™ืชื›ื ืœืžืฉืš ืฉืฉ ื“ืงื•ืช.
00:50
In that time,
14
50283
1151
ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ื”ื–ื”,
00:51
roughly 1,250 people will be confirmed infected with COVID-19.
15
51458
4386
ื‘ืขืจืš 1,250 ืื ืฉื™ื ื™ืื•ืžืชื• ื›ื ื“ื‘ืงื™ื ื‘ืงื•ื‘ื™ื“-19.
00:56
Twenty-one people will die.
16
56481
1944
ืขืฉืจื™ื ื•ืื—ื“ ืื ืฉื™ื ื™ืžื•ืชื•.
00:59
And then this pattern will repeat hour after hour and day by day,
17
59060
4269
ื•ืื– ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ื–ื” ื™ื—ื–ื•ืจ ืขืœ ืขืฆืžื• ืฉืขื” ืื—ืจื™ ืฉืขื”, ื™ื•ื ืื—ืจื™ ื™ื•ื,
01:03
until we're able to vaccinate most of the eight billion people
18
63353
3082
ืขื“ ืฉื ื•ื›ืœ ืœื—ืกืŸ ืืช ืจื•ื‘ ืฉืžื•ื ื” ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ ื”ืื ืฉื™ื
01:06
affected by this global crisis.
19
66459
2067
ื”ืžื•ืฉืคืขื™ื ืžื”ืžืฉื‘ืจ ื”ืขื•ืœืžื™ ื”ื–ื”.
01:09
Scientists have been working around the clock
20
69131
2144
ืžื“ืขื ื™ื ื›ื‘ืจ ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ืžืกื‘ื™ื‘ ืœืฉืขื•ืŸ
01:11
to make those vaccines a reality.
21
71299
2063
ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœ ืœื”ืคื•ืš ืืช ื”ื—ื™ืกื•ื ื™ื ื”ืืœื” ืœืžืฆื™ืื•ืช.
01:14
But what should we do when the human cost of waiting for those vaccines
22
74045
3817
ืื‘ืœ ืžื” ืื ื—ื ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื›ืฉืขืœื•ืช ื—ื™ื™ ื”ืื“ื ืฉืœ ื”ื”ืžืชื ื” ืœืื•ืชื ื—ื™ืกื•ื ื™ื
01:17
is rising by the day?
23
77886
1452
ืขื•ืœื” ืžื™ื•ื ืœื™ื•ื?
01:19
This is where human challenge trials come in.
24
79362
2611
ืคื” ื ื›ื ืก ื”ืชืคืงื™ื“ ืฉืœ ื ื™ืกื•ื™ื™ ืืชื’ืจ ืื ื•ืฉื™ื™ื.
01:22
They're different from the traditional phase three vaccine trials
25
82458
3056
ื”ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื ืžื ื™ืกื•ื™ื™ ืฉืœื‘ 3 ื”ืžืกื•ืจืชื™ื™ื
01:25
taking place now,
26
85538
1182
ื”ื ืขืจื›ื™ื ืขื›ืฉื™ื•,
01:26
where people are given a vaccine or placebo
27
86744
2190
ื‘ื”ื ืื ืฉื™ื ืžืงื‘ืœื™ื ื—ื™ืกื•ืŸ ืื• ืคืœืฆื‘ื•
01:28
and asked to go about their everyday lives.
28
88958
2539
ื•ืžืชื‘ืงืฉื™ื ืœื”ืžืฉื™ืš ืœื—ื™ื•ืช ื›ืจื’ื™ืœ.
01:31
Here, researchers have to wait to see how many people in each group
29
91521
3762
ื›ืืŸ, ื”ื—ื•ืงืจื™ื ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื”ืžืชื™ืŸ ื›ื“ื™ ืœืจืื•ืช ื›ืžื” ืื ืฉื™ื ื”ื•ืœื›ื™ื ืœื”ื™ื“ื‘ืง
01:35
become infected.
30
95307
1280
ื‘ื›ืœ ื‘ืงื‘ื•ืฆื”.
01:37
Until enough of them get sick,
31
97220
1587
ืขื“ ืฉืžืกืคื™ืง ืžื”ื ื ื“ื‘ืงื™ื,
01:38
we don't have enough data to know whether a vaccine is working.
32
98831
3467
ืื™ืŸ ืœื ื• ืžืกืคื™ืง ื ืชื•ื ื™ื ื›ื“ื™ ืœื“ืขืช ืื ื”ื—ื™ืกื•ืŸ ืขื•ื‘ื“.
01:42
Finding an effective vaccine with this method
33
102322
2096
ืคื™ืชื•ื— ื—ื™ืกื•ืŸ ื™ืขื™ืœ ื‘ืฉื™ื˜ื” ื–ื•
01:44
can take months or sometimes years,
34
104442
2651
ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืงื—ืช ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื ืื• ืœืคืขืžื™ื ืฉื ื™ื,
01:47
and it requires thousands of volunteers.
35
107117
2380
ื•ื–ื” ื“ื•ืจืฉ ืืœืคื™ ืžืชื ื“ื‘ื™ื.
01:50
A challenge trial works faster
36
110624
1786
ื ื™ืกื•ื™ ืืชื’ืจ ืขื•ื‘ื“ ืžื”ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ
01:52
because researchers control exposure,
37
112434
1762
ื›ื™ ื”ื—ื•ืงืจื™ื ืฉื•ืœื˜ื™ื ื‘ื—ืฉื™ืคื”,
01:54
instead of waiting for people to get sick.
38
114220
2349
ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืœื—ื›ื•ืช ืœืื ืฉื™ื ืœื”ื™ื“ื‘ืง.
01:56
So instead of a year,
39
116593
2087
ืื– ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืฉื ื”,
01:58
we could know in as little as a month
40
118704
1778
ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื“ืขืช ืชื•ืš ื—ื•ื“ืฉ ื‘ืœื‘ื“
02:00
whether a vaccine seems effective.
41
120506
2026
ืื ื”ื—ื™ืกื•ืŸ ื ืจืื” ื™ืขื™ืœ.
02:02
Instead of thousands of volunteers,
42
122926
1896
ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืืœืคื™ ืžืชื ื“ื‘ื™ื,
02:04
a challenge trial relies on just 50 to 100.
43
124846
3056
ื ื™ืกื•ื™ ืืชื’ืจ ืžืกืชืžืš ืจืง ืขืœ 50 ืขื“ 100.
02:08
Because we know for certain
44
128385
1327
ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ื‘ื•ื•ื“ืื•ืช
02:09
when people are exposed and develop disease,
45
129736
2412
ื›ืฉืื ืฉื™ื ื ื—ืฉืคื™ื ื•ื—ื•ืœื™ื,
02:12
these trials also allow us to gather data
46
132172
2373
ื ื™ืกื•ื™ื™ื ืืœื” ืžืืคืฉืจื™ื ืœื ื• ื’ื ืœืืกื•ืฃ ื ืชื•ื ื™ื
02:14
about the early stages of infection and our immune response.
47
134569
3484
ืขืœ ื”ืฉืœื‘ื™ื ื”ืžื•ืงื“ืžื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ื”ื“ื‘ืงื” ื•ืขืœ ื”ืชื’ื•ื‘ื” ื”ื—ื™ืกื•ื ื™ืช ืฉืœื ื•.
02:18
This data is impossible to gather in any other way,
48
138624
2929
ืื™ ืืคืฉืจ ืœืืกื•ืฃ ื ืชื•ื ื™ื ืืœื” ื‘ืฉื•ื ื“ืจืš ืื—ืจืช,
02:21
especially for people who become infected but never show symptoms.
49
141577
3769
ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉื ื“ื‘ืงื™ื ืื‘ืœ ืœื ืžืจืื™ื ืชืกืžื™ื ื™ื.
02:26
This knowledge is important for designing policies
50
146346
2413
ืžื™ื“ืข ื–ื” ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืœืชื›ื ื•ืŸ ืžื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืช
02:28
that limit COVID-19 transmission.
51
148783
2200
ืฉืชื’ื‘ื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืชืคืฉื˜ื•ืช ื ื’ื™ืฃ ืงื•ื‘ื™ื“-19.
02:31
The time saved translates into precious months' head start
52
151497
3326
ื”ื–ืžืŸ ืฉื ื—ืกืš ืžืชื•ืจื’ื ืœื”ืงื“ืžื” ื‘ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื ืจื‘ื™ ืขืจืš
02:34
on manufacturing,
53
154847
1412
ื‘ื™ื™ืฆื•ืจ,
02:36
getting us more working COVID-19 vaccines faster.
54
156283
3298
ืžื” ืฉื™ืชืŸ ืœื ื• ื™ื•ืชืจ ื—ื™ืกื•ื ื™ ืงื•ืจื•ื ื” ื™ืขื™ืœื™ื ืžื”ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ.
02:39
These trials are useful --
55
159885
1239
ื ื™ืกื•ื™ื™ื ืืœื” ื”ื ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื --
02:41
even though recent phase three results sound encouraging.
56
161148
2894
ืœืžืจื•ืช ืฉืชื•ืฆืื•ืช ื ื™ืกื•ื™ื™ ืฉืœื‘ 3 ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื•ืช ื ืฉืžืขื•ืช ืžืขื•ื“ื“ื•ืช.
02:44
The arrival of the first vaccine is going to be a monumental breakthrough.
57
164737
3936
ื”ื’ืขืช ื”ื—ื™ืกื•ืŸ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื”ื•ืœื›ืช ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืคืจื™ืฆืช ื“ืจืš ืžื•ื ื•ืžื ื˜ืœื™ืช.
02:49
It just isn't quite the fairytale ending we're all hoping for.
58
169094
3127
ื–ื” ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืœื ืžืžืฉ ื”ืกื•ืฃ ืžื”ืื’ื“ื•ืช ืœื• ื›ื•ืœื ื• ืžืงื•ื•ื™ื.
02:53
We're going to need multiple vaccines,
59
173102
2181
ืื ื—ื ื• ื ืฆื˜ืจืš ืžืกืคืจ ื—ื™ืกื•ื ื™ื,
02:55
because we just don't have the infrastructure needed
60
175307
2452
ื›ื™ ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืœื ื• ืืช ื”ืชืฉืชื™ืช ื”ื“ืจื•ืฉื”
02:57
to immunize all eight billion people on the planet with just one kind.
61
177783
3539
ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœ ืœื—ืกืŸ ืืช ื›ืœ ืฉืžื•ื ื” ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ื‘ืขื•ืœื ืขื ืกื•ื’ ืื—ื“ ื‘ืœื‘ื“.
03:01
Each type of vaccine requires its own special process and equipment
62
181743
3739
ื›ืœ ืกื•ื’ ื—ื™ืกื•ืŸ ื“ื•ืจืฉ ืืช ื”ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื•ื”ืฆื™ื•ื“ ื”ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ืฉืœื•
03:05
to make, store and deliver it.
63
185506
2431
ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœ ืœื™ื™ืฆืจ, ืœืื—ืกืŸ ื•ืœืกืคืง ืื•ืชื•.
03:08
If we had multiple working COVID-19 vaccines,
64
188680
2723
ืื ื™ื”ื™ื• ืœื ื• ื›ืžื” ื—ื™ืกื•ื ื™ ืงื•ื‘ื™ื“-19 ื™ืขื™ืœื™ื,
03:11
we could make use of all of our equipment at the same time.
65
191427
3110
ื ื•ื›ืœ ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ืฆื™ื•ื“ ืฉืœื ื• ื‘ืื•ืชื• ื–ืžืŸ.
03:15
Some of the leading candidates need to be kept extremely cold
66
195570
2912
ื—ืœืง ืžื”ืžื•ืขืžื“ื™ื ื”ืžื•ื‘ื™ืœื™ื ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื”ื™ืฉืžืจ ื‘ื˜ืžืคืจื˜ื•ืจื•ืช ื ืžื•ื›ื•ืช ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“
03:18
before they are delivered to people.
67
198506
2024
ืœืคื ื™ ืฉื”ื ื™ืกื•ืคืงื• ืœืื ืฉื™ื.
03:20
This can be really hard,
68
200554
1166
ื–ื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžืžืฉ ืงืฉื”,
03:21
especially in countries where there isn't reliable electricity
69
201744
3254
ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืฉืื™ืŸ ื‘ื”ืŸ ืืกืคืงืช ื—ืฉืžืœ ืืžื™ื ื”
03:25
or a secure method to store them.
70
205022
1762
ืื• ืฉื™ื˜ื” ื‘ื˜ื•ื—ื” ืœืื—ืกืŸ ืื•ืชื.
03:27
Scientists have been using human challenge trials
71
207421
2410
ืžื“ืขื ื™ื ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ื‘ื ื™ืกื•ื™ื™ ืืชื’ืจ ืื ื•ืฉื™ื™ื
03:29
for hundreds of years.
72
209855
1716
ื›ื‘ืจ ืžืื•ืช ืฉื ื™ื.
03:31
They've sped up the development of vaccines against typhoid and cholera,
73
211595
3818
ื”ื ื”ืื™ืฆื• ืืช ื”ืคื™ืชื•ื— ืฉืœ ื—ื™ืกื•ื ื™ื ื ื’ื“ ื˜ื™ืคื•ืก ื”ื‘ื˜ืŸ ื•ื›ื•ืœืจื”,
03:35
and they've helped us better understand how immunity develops
74
215437
2873
ื•ื”ื ืขื–ืจื• ืœื ื• ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ื˜ื•ื‘ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื›ื™ืฆื“ ืžืชืคืชื—ืช ื—ืกื™ื ื•ืช
03:38
to things like the flu, malaria and dengue.
75
218334
2880
ืœื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื›ืžื• ืฉืคืขืช, ืžืœืจื™ื” ื•ื“ื ื’ื™.
03:41
We've even used them for other types of coronavirus before.
76
221810
3261
ืืคื™ืœื• ื”ืฉืชืžืฉื ื• ื‘ื”ื ื‘ืขื‘ืจ ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืกื•ื’ื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื ืฉืœ ื ื’ื™ืฃ ื”ืงื•ืจื•ื ื”.
03:46
There's been a lot of debate
77
226731
1349
ื”ื™ื” ื”ืจื‘ื” ื•ื™ื›ื•ื—
03:48
about whether challenge trials are too risky.
78
228104
2237
ืœื’ื‘ื™ ืื ื ื™ืกื•ื™ื™ ืืชื’ืจ ืžืกื•ื›ื ื™ื ืžื“ื™.
03:51
I happen to think that those risks are worth taking.
79
231096
3039
ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ืช ืฉื›ื“ืื™ ืœืงื—ืช ืกื™ื›ื•ื ื™ื ืืœื”.
03:54
A challenge trial would only recruit young and healthy participants --
80
234745
3366
ื ื™ืกื•ื™ ืืชื’ืจ ื™ื’ื™ื™ืก ืจืง ืžืฉืชืชืคื™ื ืฆืขื™ืจื™ื ื•ื‘ืจื™ืื™ื --
03:58
think between the ages of 20 and 29.
81
238135
2817
ืชื—ืฉื‘ื• ื‘ื™ืŸ ื’ื™ืœืื™ 20 ืœ 29.
04:01
Fewer than one percent of people in that age-group
82
241858
2347
ืคื—ื•ืช ืžืื—ื•ื– ืื—ื“ ืžื”ืื ืฉื™ื ื‘ืื•ืชื” ืงื‘ื•ืฆืช ื’ื™ืœ
04:04
need to be taken to hospital after becoming infected with COVID-19.
83
244229
3679
ืฆืจื™ืš ืœืงื—ืช ืื•ืชื ืœื‘ื™ืช ื”ื—ื•ืœื™ื ืœืื—ืจ ืฉื”ื ื ื“ื‘ืงื™ื ื‘ืงื•ื‘ื™ื“-19.
04:08
So it would likely be even lower in a challenge trial,
84
248500
2524
ืื– ืกื‘ื™ืจ ืœื”ื ื™ื— ืฉื”ืื—ื•ื– ื™ื”ื™ื” ื ืžื•ืš ืขื•ื“ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ื ื™ืกื•ื™ ืืชื’ืจ,
04:11
because researchers check to make sure
85
251048
1857
ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื”ื—ื•ืงืจื™ื ื‘ื•ื“ืงื™ื ืืช ื”ืžืฉืชืชืคื™ื
04:12
that participants have no preexisting conditions.
86
252929
2586
ื›ื“ื™ ืœื•ื•ื“ื ืฉืื™ืŸ ืœื”ื ืžื—ืœื•ืช ืจืงืข.
04:16
The risk of a young healthy person dying of COVID-19
87
256143
3611
ื”ืกื™ื›ื•ื™ ืฉืœ ืื“ื ืฆืขื™ืจ ื•ื‘ืจื™ื ืœืžื•ืช ืžืงื•ื‘ื™ื“-19
04:19
is around five thousandths of a percent.
88
259778
2489
ื”ื•ื ื›ื—ืžืฉ ืืœืคื™ื•ืช ื”ืื—ื•ื–.
04:22
That means for every 100,000 20-year-olds who become infected with COVID-19,
89
262857
4905
ื–ื” ืื•ืžืจ ืฉืžืชื•ืš ื›ืœ 100,000 ื‘ื ื™ 20 ืฉื ื“ื‘ืงื™ื ื‘ืงื•ื‘ื™ื“-19,
04:27
about five die.
90
267786
1373
ื›ื—ืžื™ืฉื” ืžื”ื ืžืชื™ื.
04:30
If I were to give birth in the United States,
91
270611
2128
ืื ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ื™ื•ืœื“ืช ื‘ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช,
04:32
my risk of dying would be higher than that.
92
272763
2462
ื”ืกื™ื›ื•ื™ ืฉืœื™ ืœืžื•ืช ื™ื”ื™ื” ื’ื‘ื•ื” ืžื–ื”.
04:36
Or you could choose to think about it this way.
93
276088
2593
ืื• ืฉืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืขืœ ื–ื” ื›ื›ื”.
04:39
If my little sister needed a kidney,
94
279110
2207
ืื ืื—ื•ืชื™ ื”ืงื˜ื ื” ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื–ืงื•ืงื” ืœื›ืœื™ื”,
04:41
I wouldn't hesitate for a moment before I offered her mine.
95
281341
2928
ืœื ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ืžื”ืกืกืช ืœืจื’ืข ืœืคื ื™ ืฉื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ืžืฆื™ืขื” ืœื” ืืช ืฉืœื™.
04:44
And if I can take on that risk to benefit a loved one,
96
284920
3357
ื•ืื ืื•ื›ืœ ืœืงื—ืช ืขืœ ืขืฆืžื™ ืืช ื”ืกื™ื›ื•ืŸ ื”ื–ื” ืœืขื–ื•ืจ ืœืื“ื ืื”ื•ื‘,
04:48
it makes sense to allow people to take on a similar risk
97
288301
3419
ื–ื” ื”ื’ื™ื•ื ื™ ืœืืคืฉืจ ืœืื ืฉื™ื ืœืงื—ืช ืขืœ ืขืฆืžื ืกื™ื›ื•ืŸ ื“ื•ืžื”
04:51
to speed up the development of a vaccine
98
291744
2063
ื›ื“ื™ ืœื–ืจื– ืืช ื”ืคื™ืชื•ื— ืฉืœ ื—ื™ืกื•ืŸ
04:53
that would benefit not just their loved ones,
99
293831
2818
ืฉื™ืขื–ื•ืจ ืœื ืจืง ืœื™ืงื™ืจื™ื”ื,
04:56
but everyone around them as well.
100
296673
1904
ืืœื ื’ื ืœื›ืœ ืืœื” ืฉืกื‘ื™ื‘ื.
04:58
There's a lot we still don't know,
101
298601
1645
ื™ืฉ ื”ืจื‘ื” ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืœื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื,
05:00
especially about the long-term effects of COVID-19 infection.
102
300270
3200
ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ืœื’ื‘ื™ ื”ื”ืฉืคืขื•ืช ื”ืืจื•ื›ื•ืช ื˜ื•ื•ื— ืœืงื•ื‘ื™ื“-19.
05:04
I volunteered despite that uncertainty
103
304088
2103
ื”ืชื ื“ื‘ืชื™ ืœืžืจื•ืช ื—ื•ืกืจ ื”ื•ื•ื“ืื•ืช ื”ื–ื”
05:06
because like many of you, I feel frustrated
104
306215
2196
ื›ื™ ื›ืžื• ืจื‘ื™ื ืžื›ื, ืื ื™ ืžืจื’ื™ืฉื” ืžืชื•ืกื›ืœืช
05:08
knowing that hundreds of thousands of people are dying.
105
308435
2905
ืžื”ื™ื“ื™ืขื” ืฉืžืื•ืช ืืœืคื™ ืื ืฉื™ื ืžืชื™ื.
05:11
And that's without mentioning the millions more who are struggling
106
311364
3563
ื•ื–ื” ื‘ืœื™ ืœื”ื–ื›ื™ืจ ืืช ื”ืžื™ืœื™ื•ื ื™ื ื”ื ื•ืกืคื™ื ืฉืกื•ื‘ืœื™ื
05:14
as measures to stop the spread take a toll on their physical,
107
314951
3327
ื›ืฉื”ืืžืฆืขื™ื ืœืขืฆื•ืจ ืืช ื”ื”ืชืคืฉื˜ื•ืช ื’ื•ื‘ื™ื ืžื—ื™ืจ ืžื”ืจื•ื•ื—ื” ื”ื’ื•ืคื ื™ืช,
05:18
emotional and mental well-being.
108
318302
2238
ื”ืจื’ืฉื™ืช ื•ื”ื ืคืฉื™ืช ืฉืœื ื•.
05:20
It turns out I'm not alone in feeling this way.
109
320564
2857
ืžืชื‘ืจืจ ืฉืื ื™ ืœื ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ื” ืฉืžืจื’ื™ืฉื” ื›ื›ื”.
05:24
Since May, over 39,000 people from across the world
110
324111
3607
ืžืื– ืžืื™, ืœืžืขืœื” ืž- 39,000 ืื™ืฉ ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื
05:27
have volunteered to participate in potential COVID-19 challenge trials
111
327742
3738
ื”ืชื ื“ื‘ื• ืœื”ืฉืชืชืฃ ื‘ื ื™ืกื•ื™ื™ ืืชื’ืจ ืคื•ื˜ื ืฆื™ืืœื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ืงื•ื‘ื™ื“-19
05:31
through a nonprofit I helped found called 1Day Sooner.
112
331504
3039
ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ืขืžื•ืชื” ืฉืขื–ืจืชื™ ืœื”ืงื™ื ืฉื ืงืจืืช 1Day Sooner.
05:34
We advocate for challenge trial participants
113
334900
2180
ืื ื• ื“ื•ื’ืœื™ื ื‘ืžืฉืชืชืคื™ ื ื™ืกื•ื™ื™ ืืชื’ืจ
05:37
and have been encouraging stakeholders to begin preparing for these trials.
114
337104
3832
ื•ืขื•ื“ื“ื ื• ื‘ืขืœื™ ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ืœื”ืชื—ื™ืœ ืœื”ืชื›ื•ื ืŸ ืœื ื™ืกื•ื™ื™ื ืืœื”.
05:41
As early as May,
115
341881
1206
ื›ื‘ืจ ื‘ืžืื™,
05:43
when challenge trials were still being considered
116
343111
2303
ื›ืืฉืจ ื ื™ืกื•ื™ื™ ืืชื’ืจ ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ื™ื• ื‘ืฉื™ืงื•ืœ
05:45
for their role in the fight against COVID-19,
117
345438
2649
ืขืœ ืชืคืงื™ื“ื ื‘ืžืื‘ืง ื ื’ื“ ืงื•ื‘ื™ื“-19,
05:48
the World Health Organization cited 1Day Sooner
118
348111
2739
ืืจื’ื•ืŸ ื”ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช ื”ืขื•ืœืžื™ ืฆื™ื˜ื˜ ืืช 1Day Sooner
05:50
as an example of the kind of public engagement needed
119
350874
2761
ื›ื“ื•ื’ืžื” ืœืกื•ื’ ื”ืžืขื•ืจื‘ื•ืช ื”ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ืช ื”ื ื“ืจืฉืช
05:53
to run a challenge trial.
120
353659
1578
ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืจื™ืฅ ื ื™ืกื•ื™ ืืชื’ืจ.
05:55
In mid-October,
121
355261
1176
ื‘ืืžืฆืข ืื•ืงื˜ื•ื‘ืจ,
05:56
the UK government formally announced their intention
122
356461
2920
ืžืžืฉืœืช ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื ื™ื” ื”ื•ื“ื™ืขื” ืจืฉืžื™ืช ืขืœ ื›ื•ื•ื ืชื”
05:59
to conduct a challenge trial at the beginning of 2021.
123
359405
3539
ืœื”ืจื™ืฅ ื ื™ืกื•ื™ ืืชื’ืจ ื‘ืชื—ื™ืœืช 2021.
06:03
It is clear that the COVID-19 pandemic is a global crisis.
124
363420
3797
ื–ื” ื‘ืจื•ืจ ืฉืžื’ืคืช ื”ืงื•ื‘ื™ื“-19 ื”ื™ื ืžืฉื‘ืจ ืขื•ืœืžื™.
06:07
It has inspired record-shattering innovation,
125
367614
2681
ื–ื” ื ืชืŸ ื”ืฉืจืื” ืœื—ื“ืฉื ื•ืช ืžืจืกืงืช ืฉื™ืื™ื,
06:10
and it has highlighted the heroic acts of many frontline workers,
126
370319
3509
ื•ื–ื” ื”ื“ื’ื™ืฉ ืืช ื”ืžืขืฉื™ื ื”ืืžื™ืฆื™ื ืฉืœ ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ ื—ื–ื™ืช ืจื‘ื™ื,
06:13
but is has also taken a catastrophic toll.
127
373852
2513
ืืš ื”ื™ื ื’ื ื’ื‘ืชื” ืžื—ื™ืจ ืงื˜ืกื˜ืจื•ืคืœื™.
06:16
The arrival of each new vaccine brings us one step closer to rebuilding.
128
376389
4571
ื”ื”ื’ืขื” ืฉืœ ื›ืœ ื—ื™ืกื•ืŸ ื—ื“ืฉ ืžืงืจื‘ืช ืื•ืชื ื• ืฆืขื“ ืื—ื“ ืงื“ื™ืžื” ืœื‘ื ื™ื™ื” ืžื—ื“ืฉ.
06:20
But the true global solution
129
380984
2048
ืื‘ืœ ื”ืคื™ืชืจื•ืŸ ื”ื’ืœื•ื‘ืœื™ ื”ืืžื™ืชื™
06:23
lies in those vaccines being in the hands of people all over the world.
130
383056
3907
ื˜ืžื•ืŸ ื‘ื›ืš ืฉื”ื—ื™ืกื•ื ื™ื ื”ืœืœื• ื™ื’ื™ืขื• ืœื™ื“ื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ืื ืฉื™ื ื‘ื›ืœ ืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื.
06:26
Challenge trials could be a part of that solution.
131
386987
2674
ื ื™ืกื•ื™ื™ ืืชื’ืจ ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื—ืœืง ืžื”ืคืชืจื•ืŸ ื”ื–ื”.
06:30
Thank you.
132
390311
1151
ืชื•ื“ื”.
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

https://forms.gle/WvT1wiN1qDtmnspy7