Jonathan Haidt: How common threats can make common (political) ground

72,914 views ใƒป 2013-01-07

TED


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

00:00
Translator: Joseph Geni Reviewer: Morton Bast
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ืžืชืจื’ื: eva green ืžื‘ืงืจ: Mark Freehoff
00:15
So if you've been following the news,
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ืื ืืชื ืขื•ืงื‘ื™ื ืื—ืจื™ ื”ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช
00:17
you've heard that there's a pack of giant asteroids
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ื•ื“ืื™ ืฉืžืขืชื ืฉื™ืฉ ืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ืฉืœ ืืกื˜ืจื•ืื™ื“ื™ื ืขื ืงื™ื™ื
00:20
headed for the United States,
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ื‘ื“ืจื›ื ืœืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช,
00:21
all scheduled to strike within the next 50 years.
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ื›ื•ืœื ืืžื•ืจื™ื ืœืคื’ื•ืข ื‘ื—ืžื™ืฉื™ื ื”ืฉื ื™ื ื”ืงืจื•ื‘ื•ืช.
00:24
Now I don't mean actual asteroids made of rock and metal.
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ืื™ื ื ื™ ืžืชื›ื•ื•ืŸ ืœืืกื˜ืจื•ืื™ื“ื™ื ืืžื™ื™ืชื™ื ืžืกืœืขื™ื ื•ืžืชื›ืช.
00:27
That actually wouldn't be such a problem,
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ื“ื•ื•ืงื ืืœื” ืื™ื ื ื‘ืขื™ื” ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ื›ืœ ื›ืš,
00:29
because if we were really all going to die,
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ื›ื™ ืื™ืœื• ืขืžื“ื ื• ื‘ืืžืช ื›ื•ืœื ื• ืœืžื•ืช,
00:31
we would put aside our differences, we'd spend whatever it took,
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ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ืžืชืขืœืžื™ื ืžืžื—ืœื•ืงื•ืชื™ื ื•, ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ืžื•ืฆื™ืื™ื ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ื›ืกืฃ ื”ื“ืจื•ืฉ
00:34
and we'd find a way to deflect them.
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ื•ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ืžื•ืฆืื™ื ื“ืจืš ืœื”ืกื™ื˜ื ืžืžืกืœื•ืœื.
00:36
I'm talking instead about threats that are headed our way,
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ืื ื™ ืžื“ื‘ืจ ืขืœ ืื™ื•ืžื™ื ืฉื ืžืฆืื™ื ื‘ื“ืจื›ื ืืœื™ื ื•,
00:39
but they're wrapped in a special energy field
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื ืขื˜ื•ืคื™ื ื‘ืฉื“ื” ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ืžื™ื•ื—ื“
00:41
that polarizes us, and therefore paralyzes us.
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ืฉืžืงื˜ื‘ ื‘ื™ื ื™ื ื•, ื•ืœื›ืŸ ืžืฉืชืง ืื•ืชื ื•.
00:45
Last March, I went to the TED conference,
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ื‘ืžืจืฅ ืฉืขื‘ืจ, ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ื‘ื•ืขื™ื“ืช TED,
00:47
and I saw Jim Hansen speak, the NASA scientist
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ื•ืจืื™ืชื™ ืืช ื’'ื™ื ื”ื ืกืŸ ืžืจืฆื”, ื”ืžื“ืขืŸ ืžื ืืก"ื
00:50
who first raised the alarm about global warming in the 1980s,
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ืฉื”ื™ื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืœื”ืชืจื™ืข ืขืœ ื”ื”ืชื—ืžืžื•ืช ื”ื’ืœื•ื‘ืœื™ืช ื‘ืฉื ื•ืช ื”-80,
00:53
and it seems that the predictions he made back then
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ื•ื ืจืื” ื›ื™ ื”ืชื—ื–ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœื• ืžืื–,
00:55
are coming true.
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ืžืชื’ืฉืžื•ืช.
00:57
This is where we're headed in terms of global temperature rises,
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ื–ื” ืžื” ืฉืฆืคื•ื™ ืœื ื• ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ืช ืขืœื™ื•ืช ื”ื˜ืžืคืจื˜ื•ืจื” ื”ื’ืœื•ื‘ืœื™ื•ืช
01:01
and if we keep on going the way we're going,
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ื•ืื ื ืžืฉื™ืš ื‘ืงืฆื‘ ืฉืœ ื”ื™ื•ื,
01:02
we get a four- or five-degree-Centigrade temperature rise
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ื ืงื‘ืœ ื”ืชื—ืžืžื•ืช ืฉืœ 4-5 ืžืขืœื•ืช ืฆืœื–ื™ื•ืก
01:06
by the end of this century.
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ืขื“ ืกื•ืฃ ื”ืžืื” ื”ื ื•ื›ื—ื™ืช.
01:07
Hansen says we can expect about a five-meter rise in sea levels.
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ื”ื ืกืŸ ืื•ืžืจ ืฉืืคืฉืจ ืœืฆืคื•ืช ืœืขืœื™ื™ื” ืฉืœ 5 ืžื˜ืจ ื‘ื’ื•ื‘ื” ืคื ื™ ื”ื™ื.
01:11
This is what a five-meter rise in sea levels would look like.
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ื›ืš ืชื™ืจืื” ืขืœื™ื” ืฉืœ ื—ืžื™ืฉื” ืžื˜ืจื™ื ื‘ืคื ื™ ื”ื™ื.
01:14
Low-lying cities all around the world will disappear
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ืขืจื™ื ื‘ืื–ื•ืจื™ื ื ืžื•ื›ื™ื ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ืขื•ืœื ืชื™ืขืœืžื ื”
01:17
within the lifetime of children born today.
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ืขื•ื“ ื‘ื™ืžื™ ื—ื™ื™ื”ื ืฉืœ ื”ื™ืœื“ื™ื ืฉื ื•ืœื“ื™ื ื”ื™ื•ื.
01:21
Hansen closed his talk by saying,
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ื”ื ืกืŸ ืกื™ื›ื ืืช ื”ืจืฆืืชื• ื‘ืื•ืžืจื•,
01:23
"Imagine a giant asteroid on a collision course with Earth.
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"ื“ืžื™ื™ื ื• ืืกื˜ืจื•ืื™ื“ ืขื ืง ื‘ืžืกืœื•ืœ ื”ืชื ื’ืฉื•ืช ืขื ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ.
01:27
That is the equivalent of what we face now.
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ื–ื” ืžืงื‘ื™ืœ ืœืžื” ืฉืฆืคื•ื™ ืœื ื• ืขื›ืฉื™ื•.
01:30
Yet we dither, taking no action to deflect the asteroid,
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ืื•ืœื ืื ื• ืžื”ืกืกื™ื ื•ืœื ืขื•ืฉื™ื ื“ื‘ืจ ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืกื™ื˜ ืืช ื”ืืกื˜ืจื•ืื™ื“,
01:34
even though the longer we wait,
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ืœืžืจื•ืช ืฉื›ื›ืœ ืฉื ื—ื›ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ,
01:35
the more difficult and expensive it becomes."
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ื–ื” ื ื”ื™ื” ืงืฉื” ื•ื™ืงืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ."
01:38
Of course, the left wants to take action,
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ื”ืฉืžืืœ ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ืจื•ืฆื” ืœืคืขื•ืœ,
01:40
but the right denies that there's any problem.
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื™ืžื™ืŸ ืžืชื›ื—ืฉ ืœื‘ืขื™ื”.
01:43
All right, so I go back from TED,
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ืื– ืื ื™ ื—ื•ื–ืจ ืž-TED,
01:45
and then the following week, I'm invited to a dinner party
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ื•ื›ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืฉื‘ื•ืข ืื ื™ ืžื•ื–ืžืŸ ืœืืจื•ื—ืช ืขืจื‘ ื—ื’ื™ื’ื™ืช
01:48
in Washington, D.C., where I know that I'll be meeting
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ื‘ื•ื•ืฉื™ื ื’ื˜ื•ืŸ ื”ื‘ื™ืจื”, ื›ืฉื™ื“ื•ืข ืœื™ ืฉืืคื’ื•ืฉ ื‘ื”
01:50
a number of conservative intellectuals, including Yuval Levin,
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ืžืกืคืจ ืื™ื ื˜ืœืงื˜ื•ืืœื™ื ืฉืžืจื ื™ื™ื, ื‘ื™ื ื™ื”ื ื™ื•ื‘ืœ ืœื•ื™ืŸ,
01:53
and to prepare for the meeting, I read this article by Levin
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ื•ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืชื›ื•ื ืŸ ืœืžืคื’ืฉ, ืื ื™ ืงื•ืจื ืืช ืžืืžืจื• ืฉืœ ืœื•ื™ืŸ
01:57
in National Affairs called "Beyond the Welfare State."
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ื‘ื›ืชื‘-ืขืช ืœืขื ื™ื™ื ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™ื™ื ื‘ืฉื "ืžืขื‘ืจ ืœืžื“ื™ื ืช ื”ืจื•ื•ื—ื”".
02:00
Levin writes that all over the world,
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ืœื•ื™ืŸ ื›ื•ืชื‘ ืฉื‘ื›ืœ ื”ืขื•ืœื,
02:03
nations are coming to terms with the fact
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ืื•ืžื•ืช ืžืชื—ื™ืœื•ืช ืœื”ืฉืœื™ื ืขื ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื”
02:06
that the social democratic welfare state
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ืฉืžื“ื™ื ืช ื”ืจื•ื•ื—ื” ื”ืกื•ืฆื™ืืœ-ื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™ืช
02:08
is turning out to be untenable and unaffordable,
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ืžืชื‘ืจืจืช ื›ืจื•ืคืคืช ื•ื™ืงืจื” ืžื“ื™,
02:11
dependent upon dubious economics
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ื”ื™ื ื ืฉืขื ืช ืขืœ ื›ืœื›ืœื” ืžืคื•ืงืคืงืช
02:14
and the demographic model of a bygone era.
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ื•ืžื•ื“ืœ ื“ืžื•ื’ืจืคื™ ืฉืœ ืขื™ื“ืŸ ืฉืขื‘ืจ ื–ืžื ื•.
02:18
All right, now this might not sound as scary as an asteroid,
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ืื•ืœื™ ื–ื” ืœื ื ืฉืžืข ืžืคื—ื™ื“ ื›ืžื• ืืกื˜ืจื•ืื™ื“,
02:20
but look at these graphs that Levin showed.
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ืื‘ืœ ืจืื• ืืช ื”ื’ืจืคื™ื ืฉืœ ืœื•ื™ืŸ.
02:23
This graph shows the national debt
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ื”ื’ืจืฃ ื”ื–ื” ืžืจืื” ืืช ื”ื—ื•ื‘ ื”ืœืื•ืžื™
02:25
as a percentage of America's GDP, and as you see,
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ื›ืื—ื•ื– ืฉืœ ื”ืชืž"ื’ ืฉืœ ืืžืจื™ืงื”, ื•ื›ืคื™ ืฉืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืจืื•ืช
02:28
if you go all the way back to the founding,
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ืื ื”ื•ืœื›ื™ื ืื—ื•ืจื” ืœืงื•ื ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื”,
02:30
we borrowed a lot of money to fight the Revolutionary War.
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ืœื•ื•ื™ื ื• ื”ืจื‘ื” ื›ืกืฃ ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื™ืœื—ื ื‘ืžืœื—ืžืช ื”ืขืฆืžืื•ืช.
02:33
Wars are expensive. But then we'd pay it off, pay it off, pay it off,
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ืžืœื—ืžื•ืช ื”ืŸ ื™ืงืจื•ืช. ืื‘ืœ ืื—"ื› ื”ื—ื–ืจื ื• ืืช ื”ื›ืกืฃ, ื”ื—ื–ืจื ื•, ื”ื—ื–ืจื ื•,
02:36
and then, oh, what's this? The Civil War. Even more expensive.
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ื•ืื–, ืจื’ืข, ืžื” ื–ื”? ืžืœื—ืžืช ื”ืื–ืจื—ื™ื. ื™ืงืจื” ืขื•ื“ ื™ื•ืชืจ.
02:39
Borrow a lot of money, pay it off, pay it off, pay it off,
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ืœื•ื•ื™ื ื• ื”ืจื‘ื” ื›ืกืฃ, ื”ื—ื–ืจื ื•, ื”ื—ื–ืจื ื•, ื”ื—ื–ืจื ื•,
02:42
get down to near zero, and bang! -- World War I.
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ืžื’ื™ืขื™ื ื›ืžืขื˜ ืœืืคืก, ื•ืื– ื‘ื•ื! ืžืœื—ืžืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื”.
02:44
Once again, the same process repeats.
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ื•ืฉื•ื‘ ืื•ืชื• ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื—ื•ื–ืจ ืขืœ ืขืฆืžื•.
02:46
Now then we get the Great Depression and World War II.
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ื•ืื– ืื ื• ืžื’ื™ืขื™ื ืœืฉืคืœ ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื•ืœืžืœื—ืžืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ืฉื ื™ื”.
02:48
We rise to an astronomical level, around 118 percent of GDP,
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ืžืชืจื•ืžืžื™ื ืœืจืžื” ืืกื˜ืจื•ื ื•ืžื™ืช, ื‘ืขืจืš 118 ืื—ื•ื– ืžืŸ ื”ืชืž"ื’,
02:52
really unsustainable, really dangerous.
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ืžืื•ื“ ื‘ืœืชื™ ื™ืฆื™ื‘, ืžืื•ื“ ืžืกื•ื›ืŸ.
02:56
But we pay it off, pay it off, pay it off, and then, what's this?
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ืื‘ืœ ืื ื—ื ื• ืžื—ื–ื™ืจื™ื, ืžื—ื–ื™ืจื™ื, ื•ืื–, ืžื” ื–ื”?
03:01
Why has it been rising since the '70s?
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ืœืžื” ื–ื” ื ืžืฆื ื‘ืขืœื™ื™ื” ืžืื– ืฉื ื•ืช ื”-70?
03:04
It's partly due to tax cuts that were unfunded,
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ื—ืœืงื™ืช, ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืงื™ืฆื•ืฆื™ ืžื™ืกื™ื ืœืœื ืžื™ืžื•ืŸ,
03:07
but it's due primarily to the rise of entitlement spending,
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ืืš ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ื‘ื’ืœืœ ื”ืขืœื™ื™ื” ื‘ื”ืฉืงืขื•ืช ื”ื™ืฉื™ืจื•ืช ื‘ืื–ืจื—,
03:09
especially Medicare.
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ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ื‘ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ื”ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช.
03:11
We're approaching the levels of indebtedness we had at World War II,
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ืื ื• ืžืชืงืจื‘ื™ื ืœืจืžืช ื”ื—ื•ื‘ื•ืช ืฉื”ื™ื• ืœื ื• ื‘ืžืœื—ืžืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ืฉื ื™ื”,
03:14
and the baby boomers haven't even retired yet,
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ื•ื™ืœื“ื™ ื“ื•ืจ ื”ื‘ื™ื™ื‘ื™-ื‘ื•ื ื˜ืจื ืคืจืฉื• ืœืคื ืกื™ื” ืืคื™ืœื•,
03:17
and when they do, this is what will happen.
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ื•ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ื ื™ืคืจืฉื•, ื–ื” ืžื” ืฉื™ืงืจื”.
03:21
This is data from the Congressional Budget Office
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ืืœื” ื ืชื•ื ื™ื ืžื”ืžืฉืจื“ ืœืชืงืฆื™ื‘ ื”ืงื•ื ื’ืจืก
03:22
showing its most realistic forecast of what would happen
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ื–ื• ื”ืชื—ื–ื™ืช ื”ืจื™ืืœื™ืช ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืœื”ื ืœื’ื‘ื™ ืžื” ืฉืฆืคื•ื™ ืœืงืจื•ืช
03:25
if current situations and expectations and trends are extended.
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ืื ื”ืžืฆื‘, ื”ืฆื™ืคื™ื•ืช ื•ื”ืžื’ืžื•ืช ื”ื ื•ื›ื—ื™ื™ื ื™ื™ืžืฉื›ื•.
03:29
All right, now what you might notice is that these two graphs
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ื•ื“ืื™ ืฉืžืชื ืœื‘ ืœื›ืš ืฉืฉื ื™ ื”ื’ืจืคื™ื ื”ืœืœื•
03:32
are actually identical, not in terms of the x- and y-axes,
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ื–ื”ื™ื, ืœื ื‘ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ืฉืœ ืฆื™ืจื™ ื”-X ื•ื”-Y,
03:37
or in terms of the data they present,
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ืื• ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ืช ื”ื ืชื•ื ื™ื ืฉื”ื ืžื™ื™ืฆื’ื™ื,
03:38
but in terms of their moral and political implications, they say the same thing.
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ืืœื ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ืช ื”ืฉืœื›ื•ืชื™ื”ื ื”ืžื•ืกืจื™ื•ืช ื•ื”ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ื•ืช. ื”ื ืื•ืžืจื™ื ืืช ืื•ืชื• ื”ื“ื‘ืจ.
03:43
Let me translate for you.
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ื”ื‘ื” ื•ืืชืจื’ื ืœื›ื.
03:44
"We are doomed unless we start acting now.
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"ืื ื• ืื‘ื•ื“ื™ื ืื ืœื ื ืชื—ื™ืœ ืœืคืขื•ืœ ืขื›ืฉื™ื•.
03:48
What's wrong with you people on the other side in the other party?
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ืžื” ื”ื‘ืขื™ื” ืืชื›ื, ื‘ืžืคืœื’ื” ื”ืฉื ื™ื”?
03:51
Can't you see reality? If you won't help, then get the hell out of the way."
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ืืชื ืœื ืจื•ืื™ื ืืช ื”ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช? ืื ืื™ื ื›ื ืขื•ื–ืจื™ื, ืœืคื—ื•ืช ืขื•ืคื• ืžื”ื“ืจืš."
03:55
We can deflect both of these asteroids.
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ืื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืกื™ื˜ ืืช ืฉื ื™ ื”ืืกื˜ืจื•ืื™ื“ื™ื ื”ืืœื•.
03:58
These problems are both technically solvable.
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ื”ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ื”ืืœื• ื ื™ืชื ื•ืช ืœืคืชืจื•ืŸ ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ื” ื˜ื›ื ื™ืช.
04:01
Our problem and our tragedy is that in these hyper-partisan times,
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ื”ื‘ืขื™ื” ื•ื”ื˜ืจื’ื“ื™ื” ืฉืœื ื• ื”ืŸ ืฉื‘ื–ืžื ื™ื ืืœื”, ืฉืœ ืขื•ื“ืฃ-ืžืคืœื’ืชื™ื•ืช
04:04
the mere fact that one side says, "Look, there's an asteroid,"
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ืขืฆื ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื” ืฉืฆื“ ืื—ื“ ื™ื’ื™ื“: "ืชืจืื•, ื”ื ื” ืืกื˜ืจื•ืื™ื“,"
04:07
means that the other side's going to say, "Huh? What?
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ืžื‘ื˜ื™ื—ื” ืฉื”ืฆื“ ื”ืฉื ื™ ื™ื’ื™ื“: "ื”ื? ืžื”?
04:09
No, I'm not even going to look up. No."
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ืื ื™ ืืคื™ืœื• ืœื ืžืชื›ื•ื•ืŸ ืœื”ืจื™ื ืืช ื”ืจืืฉ. ืœื."
04:12
To understand why this is happening to us,
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืœืžื” ื–ื” ืงื•ืจื” ืœื ื•,
04:15
and what we can do about it, we need to learn more about moral psychology.
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ื•ืžื” ืืคืฉืจ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื‘ื ื™ื“ื•ืŸ, ืขืœื™ื ื• ืœื“ืขืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ืขืœ ื”ืคืกื™ื›ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืžื•ืกืจ.
04:19
So I'm a social psychologist, and I study morality,
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ืื ื™ ืคืกื™ื›ื•ืœื•ื’ ื—ื‘ืจืชื™, ื•ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืงืจ ืืช ื”ืžื•ืกืจ,
04:22
and one of the most important principles of morality
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ื•ืื—ื“ ื”ืขืงืจื•ื ื•ืช ื”ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืžื•ืกืจื™ื•ืช
04:24
is that morality binds and blinds.
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ื”ื•ื ืฉื”ืžื•ืกืจื™ื•ืช ืžื—ื‘ืจืช ื•ืžืขื•ื•ืจืช.
04:27
It binds us into teams that circle around sacred values
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ื”ื™ื ืžื—ื‘ืจืช ืื•ืชื ื• ืœืงื‘ื•ืฆื•ืช ืกื‘ื™ื‘ ืขืจื›ื™ื ืžืงื•ื“ืฉื™ื
04:30
but thereby makes us go blind to objective reality.
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ืื‘ืœ ืชื•ืš ื›ื“ื™ ื›ืš ืžืขื•ื•ืจืช ืื•ืชื ื• ืœืžืฆื™ืื•ืช ื”ืื•ื‘ื™ื™ืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ืช.
04:34
Think of it like this.
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ื—ื™ืฉื‘ื• ืขืœ ื–ื” ื›ืš:
04:35
Large-scale cooperation is extremely rare on this planet.
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ืฉื™ืชื•ืฃ ืคืขื•ืœื” ื ืจื—ื‘ ื”ื•ื ื ื“ื™ืจ ืžืื•ื“ ื‘ืขื•ืœืžื ื•.
04:39
There are only a few species that can do it.
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ื™ืฉ ืจืง ืžื™ื ื™ื ืžื•ืขื˜ื™ื ืฉื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืืช ื–ื”.
04:41
That's a beehive. That's a termite mound, a giant termite mound.
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ื–ืืช ื›ื•ื•ืจืช. ื•ื–ื” ืชืœ ื˜ืจืžื™ื˜ื™ื, ืชืœ ื˜ืจืžื™ื˜ื™ื ืขื ืง.
04:44
And when you find this in other animals, it's always the same story.
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ื•ื›ืฉืžื•ืฆืื™ื ืืช ื–ื” ืืฆืœ ื—ื™ื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ืช ื–ื” ืชืžื™ื“ ืื•ืชื• ืกื™ืคื•ืจ.
04:47
They're always all siblings who are children of a single queen,
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ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ืชืžื™ื“ ื‘ืื—ื™ื ื•ืื—ื™ื•ืช ืฉื”ื ื™ืœื“ื™ื ืฉืœ ืžืœื›ื” ื™ื—ื™ื“ื”,
04:52
so they're all in the same boat.
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ื•ืœื›ืŸ ื›ื•ืœื ื‘ืื•ืชื• ืกื™ืจื”.
04:54
They rise or fall, they live or die, as one.
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ื›ื•ืœื ืžืชืจื•ืžืžื™ื ืื• ื ื•ืคืœื™ื, ื—ื™ื™ื ืื• ืžืชื™ื, ื›ืื—ื“.
04:57
There's only one species on the planet that can do this
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ื™ืฉ ืจืง ืžื™ืŸ ืื—ื“ ืขืœื™ ืื“ืžื•ืช ืฉื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื–ืืช
04:59
without kinship, and that, of course, is us.
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ืœืœื ืงืจื‘ืช-ื“ื, ื•ื”ื•ื ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ืื ื—ื ื•.
05:02
This is a reconstruction of ancient Babylon,
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ื–ื”ื• ืฉื—ื–ื•ืจ ืฉืœ ื‘ื‘ืœ ื”ืขืชื™ืงื”,
05:04
and this is Tenochtitlan.
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ื•ื–ื” ื˜ื ื•ืฆ'ื˜ื™ื˜ืœืืŸ.
05:07
Now how did we do this? How did we go
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ืื™ืš ืขืฉื™ื ื• ื–ืืช? ืื™ืš ืขื‘ืจื ื•
05:09
from being hunter-gatherers 10,000 years ago
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ืžืฆื™ื™ื“ื™ื-ืœืงื˜ื™ื, ืœืคื ื™ 10,000 ืฉื ื”,
05:12
to building these gigantic cities in just a few thousand years?
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ืœื‘ื ื™ื™ืช ืขืจื™ ืขื ืง ืืœื” ืชื•ืš ื›ืžื” ืืœืคื™ ืฉื ื™ื ื‘ืœื‘ื“?
05:16
It's miraculous, and part of the explanation
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ื–ื”ื• ื ืก, ื•ื—ืœืง ืžื”ื”ืกื‘ืจ
05:19
is this ability to circle around sacred values.
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ื”ื•ื ื”ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืฉืœื ื• ืœื”ืชื—ื‘ืจ ืกื‘ื™ื‘ ืขืจื›ื™ื ืžืงื•ื“ืฉื™ื.
05:23
As you see, temples and gods play a big role in all ancient civilizations.
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ืืชื ืจื•ืื™ื ืฉืžืงื“ืฉื™ื ื•ืืœื™ืœื™ื ืžืžืœืื™ื ืชืคืงื™ื“ ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ื”ืงื“ื•ืžื•ืช.
05:27
This is an image of Muslims circling the Kaaba in Mecca.
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ื–ื• ืชืžื•ื ื” ืฉืœ ืžื•ืกืœืžื™ื ืฉื—ื’ื™ื ืกื‘ื™ื‘ ื”ื›ืขื‘ื” ื‘ืžื›ื”.
05:31
It's a sacred rock, and when people circle something together,
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ื–ื”ื• ืกืœืข ืงื“ื•ืฉ, ื•ื›ืฉืื ืฉื™ื ืžืงื™ืคื™ื ืžืฉื”ื• ื‘ื™ื—ื“,
05:34
they unite, they can trust each other, they become one.
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ื”ื ืžืชืื—ื“ื™ื, ื”ื ื‘ื•ื˜ื—ื™ื ื–ื” ื‘ื–ื”, ื”ื ื ืขืฉื™ื ืœื’ื•ืฃ ืื—ื“.
05:38
It's as though you're moving an electrical wire
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ื–ื” ื›ืžื• ืฉืžืขื‘ื™ืจื™ื ื—ื•ื˜ ื—ืฉืžืœ
05:40
through a magnetic field that generates current.
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ื“ืจืš ืฉื“ื” ืžื’ื ื˜ื™ ืฉืžื™ื™ืฆืจ ื–ืจื.
05:42
When people circle together, they generate a current.
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ื›ืฉืื ืฉื™ื ื—ื’ื™ื ื‘ื™ื—ื“, ื”ื ืžื™ื™ืฆืจื™ื ื–ืจื.
05:45
We love to circle around things.
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืื•ื”ื‘ื™ื ืœื—ื•ื’ ืกื‘ื™ื‘ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื.
05:47
We circle around flags, and then we can trust each other.
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ืื ื• ื—ื’ื™ื ืกื‘ื™ื‘ ื“ื’ืœื™ื, ื•ืื– ืื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื‘ื˜ื•ื— ื–ื” ื‘ื–ื”.
05:51
We can fight as a team, as a unit.
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ืื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ื™ืœื—ื ื›ืงื‘ื•ืฆื”, ื›ื™ื—ื™ื“ื”.
05:53
But even as morality binds people together into a unit,
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ืื‘ืœ ื›ืฉื”ืžื•ืกืจื™ื•ืช ืžื—ื‘ืจืช ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื ืฉื™ื ื•ื”ื•ืคื›ืช ืื•ืชื ืœื™ื—ื™ื“ื” ืื—ืช,
05:57
into a team, the circling blinds them.
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ืœืงื‘ื•ืฆื”, ื”ืชื ื•ืขื” ื”ืกื™ื‘ื•ื‘ื™ืช ืžืขื•ื•ืจืช ืื•ืชื.
06:01
It causes them to distort reality.
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ื”ื™ื ื’ื•ืจืžืช ืœื”ื ืœืขื•ื•ืช ืืช ื”ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช.
06:02
We begin separating everything into good versus evil.
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืžืชื—ื™ืœื™ื ืœื”ืคืจื™ื“ ื”ื›ืœ ืœื˜ื•ื‘ ื•ืจืข.
06:06
Now that process feels great. It feels really satisfying.
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ื”ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ื–ื” ื ืขื™ื ืœื ื•. ื”ื•ื ืžืกืคืง ืžืื•ื“.
06:10
But it is a gross distortion of reality.
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ืื‘ืœ ื–ื”ื• ืขื™ื•ื•ืช ื ื•ืจื ืฉืœ ื”ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช.
06:15
You can see the moral electromagnet operating in the U.S. Congress.
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ืืคืฉืจ ืœืจืื•ืช ืืช ื”ืืœืงื˜ืจื•ืžื’ื ื˜ ื”ืžื•ืกืจื™ ื‘ืคืขื•ืœื” ื‘ืงื•ื ื’ืจืก ื”ืืžืจื™ืงื ื™.
06:18
This is a graph that shows the degree to which voting
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ื–ื”ื• ื’ืจืฃ ืฉืžืจืื” ื‘ืื™ื–ื• ืžื™ื“ื” ื”ื”ืฆื‘ืขื” ื‘ืงื•ื ื’ืจืก
06:20
in Congress falls strictly along the left-right axis,
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ื ื•ืคืœืช ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืžื“ื•ื™ืง ืขืœ ืฆื™ืจ ื”ื™ืžื™ืŸ-ืฉืžืืœ,
06:23
so that if you know how liberal or conservative someone is,
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ืื– ืื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืขื“ ื›ืžื” ืžื™ืฉื”ื• ื”ื•ื ืฉืžืจื ื™ ืื• ืœื™ื‘ืจืœื™,
06:26
you know exactly how they voted on all the major issues.
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ื‘ืจื•ืจ ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ืื™ืš ื”ื•ื ื™ืฆื‘ื™ืข ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ื ื•ืฉืื™ื ื”ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื™ื.
06:29
And what you can see is that,
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ื•ืžื” ืฉืืคืฉืจ ืœืจืื•ืช ื”ื•ื,
06:31
in the decades after the Civil War,
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ืฉื‘ืขืฉื•ืจื™ื ืฉืœืื—ืจ ืžืœื—ืžืช ื”ืื–ืจื—ื™ื,
06:33
Congress was extraordinarily polarized,
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ื”ืงื•ื ื’ืจืก ื”ื™ื” ืžืงื•ื˜ื‘ ืžืื•ื“,
06:36
as you would expect, about as high as can be.
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ื›ืžืฆื•ืคื”, ื”ื›ื™ ืžืงื•ื˜ื‘ ืฉืืคืฉืจ.
06:38
But then, after World War I, things dropped,
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ืื‘ืœ ืœืื—ืจ ืžืœื—"ืข ื”-1, ื”ืžืฆื‘ ืฉื›ืš,
06:41
and we get this historically low level of polarization.
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ื•ืื ื• ืžื’ื™ืขื™ื ืœืจืžืช ืงื™ื˜ื•ื‘ ื ืžื•ื›ื” ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ื” ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ืช.
06:44
This was a golden age of bipartisanship,
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ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ืชื•ืจ-ื–ื”ื‘ ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ืช ื”ื“ื•-ืžืคืœื’ืชื™ื•ืช,
06:46
at least in terms of the parties' ability to work together
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ืœืคื—ื•ืช ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ืช ื”ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืฉืœ ื”ืžืคืœื’ื•ืช ืœืคืขื•ืœ ื‘ื™ื—ื“
06:49
and solve grand national problems.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœืคืชื•ืจ ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ืœืื•ืžื™ื•ืช ื’ื“ื•ืœื•ืช.
06:52
But in the 1980s and '90s, the electromagnet turns back on.
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ืื‘ืœ ื‘ืฉื ื•ืช ื”-80 ื•ื”-90, ื”ืืœืงื˜ืจื•ืžื’ื ื˜ ื”ื•ืคืขืœ ืฉื•ื‘.
06:57
Polarization rises.
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ื”ืงื™ื˜ื•ื‘ ื’ื“ืœ.
07:00
It used to be that conservatives and moderates and liberals
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ื”ื™ื• ื–ืžื ื™ื ืฉื‘ื”ื ืฉืžืจื ื™ื, ืžืชื•ื ื™ื ื•ืœื™ื‘ืจืœื™ื
07:03
could all work together in Congress.
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ื™ื›ืœื• ืœืคืขื•ืœ ื‘ืžืฉื•ืชืฃ ื‘ืงื•ื ื’ืจืก.
07:04
They could rearrange themselves, form bipartisan committees,
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ื”ื ื™ื›ืœื• ืœื”ืชืืจื’ืŸ ื•ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ื•ืขื“ื•ืช ื‘ื™ืŸ-ืžืคืœื’ืชื™ื•ืช,
07:07
but as the moral electromagnet got cranked up,
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ืื‘ืœ ื›ื›ืœ ืฉื”ื–ืจื ื‘ืืœืงื˜ืจื•ืžื’ื ื˜ ื”ืžื•ืกืจื™ ื’ื‘ืจ,
07:10
the force field increased,
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ืฉื“ื” ื”ื›ื•ื— ื’ื“ืœ,
07:13
Democrats and Republicans were pulled apart.
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ื”ื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™ื ื•ื”ืจืคื•ื‘ืœืงื ื™ื ื”ืชืจื—ืงื• ืืœื” ืžืืœื”.
07:16
It became much harder for them to socialize,
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ื•ื ืขืฉื” ืงืฉื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืขื‘ื•ืจื ืœื”ืชื—ื‘ืจ,
07:17
much harder for them to cooperate.
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ื•ื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืงืฉื” ืœืฉืชืฃ ืคืขื•ืœื”.
07:19
Retiring members nowadays say that it's become like gang warfare.
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ื”ื™ื•ื, ื—ื‘ืจื™-ืงื•ื ื’ืจืก ืคื•ืจืฉื™ื ืื•ืžืจื™ื ืฉื–ื” ื”ืคืš ืœืžืœื—ืžืช ื›ื ื•ืคื™ื•ืช.
07:24
Did anybody notice that in two of the three debates,
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ืžื™ ืฉื ืœื‘ ืฉื‘ืฉื ื™ื™ื ืžืชื•ืš ืฉืœื•ืฉืช ื”ืขื™ืžื•ืชื™ื,
07:27
Obama wore a blue tie and Romney wore a red tie?
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ืื•ื‘ืžื” ืขื ื“ ืขื ื™ื‘ื” ื›ื—ื•ืœื” ื•ืจื•ืžื ื™ ืขื ื“ ืขื ื™ื‘ื” ืื“ื•ืžื”?
07:31
Do you know why they do this?
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ืืชื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืœืžื” ื”ื ืขื•ืฉื™ื ื–ืืช?
07:33
It's so that the Bloods and the Crips will know which side to vote for. (Laughter)
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ื–ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืฉื”"ื‘ืœืื“ืก" ื•ื”"ืงืจื™ืคืก" ื™ื™ื“ืขื• ืœืื™ื–ื” ืฆื“ ืœื”ืฆื‘ื™ืข. (ืฆื—ื•ืง)
07:37
The polarization is strongest among our political elites.
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ื”ืงื™ื˜ื•ื‘ ื”ื›ื™ ื—ื–ืง ื”ื•ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืืœื™ื˜ื•ืช ื”ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ื•ืช.
07:40
Nobody doubts that this is happening in Washington.
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ื‘ืจื•ืจ ืœื›ื•ืœื ืฉื–ื” ืงื•ืจื” ื‘ื•ื•ืฉื™ื ื’ื˜ื•ืŸ.
07:42
But for a while, there was some doubt as to whether it was happening among the people.
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ืื‘ืœ ืœื–ืžืŸ-ืžื” ื”ื™ื” ืกืคืง ืื ื–ื” ื›ืš ื’ื ื‘ืขื.
07:45
Well, in the last 12 years it's become
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ืื– ื‘-12 ืฉื ื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื•ืช
07:47
much more apparent that it is.
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ื ืขืฉื” ื‘ืจื•ืจ ื‘ื”ืจื‘ื” ืฉื›ืŸ.
07:49
So look at this data. This is from the American National Elections Survey.
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ื”ืกืชื›ืœื• ืขืœ ื”ื ืชื•ื ื™ื ื”ืืœื”. ื–ื” ืœืงื•ื— ืž"ืกืงืจ ื”ื‘ื—ื™ืจื•ืช ื”ืœืื•ืžื™ ื”ืืžืจื™ืงืื™".
07:52
And what they do on that survey is they ask
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ื•ื‘ืกืงืจ ื”ื–ื” ื”ื ืฉื•ืืœื™ื
07:55
what's called a feeling thermometer rating.
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ืžื” ืฉื ืงืจื "ื“ื™ืจื•ื’ ื”ืชืจืžื•ืžื˜ืจ ื”ืจื’ืฉื™",
07:57
So, how warm or cold do you feel about, you know,
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ืขื“ ื›ืžื” ื—ื ืื• ืงืจ ืืชื” ืžืจื’ื™ืฉ ืœื’ื‘ื™
08:01
Native Americans, or the military, the Republican Party,
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ื™ืœื™ื“ื™ื ืืžืจื™ืงื ื™ื™ื, ืื• ื”ืฆื‘ื, ืื• ื”ืžืคืœื’ื” ื”ืจืคื‘ื•ืœื™ืงื ื™ืช,
08:04
the Democratic Party, all sorts of groups in American life.
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ืื• ื”ืžืคืœื’ื” ื”ื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™ืช, ื›ืœ ืžื™ื ื™ ืงื‘ื•ืฆื•ืช ื‘ื—ื™ื™ื ื”ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ื™ื.
08:07
The blue line shows how warmly Democrats feel
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ื”ืงื• ื”ื›ื—ื•ืœ ืžืจืื” ืขื“ ื›ืžื” ื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™ื ื—ืฉื™ื ื—ืžื™ืžื•ืช
08:09
about Democrats, and they like them.
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ืœื’ื‘ื™ ื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™ื, ื•ื”ื ืื•ื”ื‘ื™ื ืื•ืชื.
08:12
You know, ratings in the 70s on a 100-point scale.
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ื“ื™ืจื•ื’ื™ื ื‘ืฉื ื•ืช ื”-70 ื‘ืกื•ืœื ืฉืœ 100 ื ืงื•ื“ื•ืช.
08:14
Republicans like Republicans. That's not a surprise.
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ืจืคื•ื‘ืœื™ืงื ื™ื ืื•ื”ื‘ื™ื ืจืคื•ื‘ืœื™ืงื ื™ื. ื–ื” ืœื ืžืคืชื™ืข.
08:17
But when you look at cross-party ratings,
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ืื‘ืœ ื›ืฉืžืกืชื›ืœื™ื ื‘ื“ื™ืจื•ื’ื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžืคืœื’ืชื™ื™ื,
08:19
you find, well, that it's lower, but actually,
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ืžื•ืฆืื™ื ืฉื–ื” ื ืžื•ืš ื™ื•ืชืจ, ืื‘ืœ ืœืžืขืฉื”,
08:22
when I first saw this data, I was surprised.
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ื›ืฉืจืื™ืชื™ ืืช ื”ืžื™ื“ืข, ื”ื•ืคืชืขืชื™.
08:24
That's actually not so bad. If you go back to the Carter and even Reagan administrations,
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ื–ื” ืœื ื ื•ืจื ื›ืœ ื›ืš. ืื ื‘ื•ื“ืงื™ื ื‘ืžืžืฉืœื™ื ืฉืœ ืงืจื˜ืจ ื•ืืคื™ืœื• ืจื™ื™ื’ืŸ,
08:27
they were rating the other party 43, 45. It's not terrible.
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ื”ื ื“ื™ืจื’ื• ืืช ื”ืžืคืœื’ื” ื”ืฉื ื™ื” 43, 45. ื•ื–ื” ืœื ื ื•ืจื.
08:32
It drifts downwards very slightly,
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ื–ื” ื™ื•ืจื“ ืžืขื˜,
08:34
but now look what happens under George W. Bush and Obama.
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ืื‘ืœ ืชืจืื• ืžื” ืงื•ืจื” ื‘ืชืงื•ืคืช ื’'ื•ืจื’' ื•ื•' ื‘ื•ืฉ ื•ืื•ื‘ืžื”.
08:38
It plummets. Something is going on here.
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ื–ื” ืฆื•ื ื—. ืžืฉื”ื• ืžืชืจื—ืฉ.
08:41
The moral electromagnet is turning back on,
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ื”ืืœืงื˜ืจื•ืžื’ื ื˜ ื”ืžื•ืกืจื™ ืฉื•ื‘ ืคื•ืขืœ,
08:43
and nowadays, just very recently,
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ื•ื”ื™ื•ื, ืœื ืžื–ืžืŸ,
08:45
Democrats really dislike Republicans.
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ื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™ื ืžืื•ื“ ืœื ืื•ื”ื‘ื™ื ืจืคื•ื‘ืœื™ืงื ื™ื.
08:48
Republicans really dislike the Democrats. We're changing.
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ืจืคื•ื‘ืœื™ืงื ื™ื ืžืื•ื“ ืœื ืื•ื”ื‘ื™ื ื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™ื. ืื ื—ื ื• ืžืฉืชื ื™ื.
08:51
It's as though the moral electromagnet is affecting us too.
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ื–ื” ื›ืื™ืœื• ืฉื”ืืœืงื˜ืจื•ืžื’ื ื˜ ื”ืžื•ืกืจื™ ืžืฉืคื™ืข ื’ื ืขืœื™ื ื•.
08:54
It's like put out in the two oceans and it's pulling the whole country apart,
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ื›ืื™ืœื• ืฉื–ื” ืžื•ื ื— ื‘ืฉื ื™ ื”ืื•ืงื™ื™ื ื•ืกื™ื ื•ื–ื” ื—ื•ืฆื” ืœืฉื ื™ื™ื ืืช ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื”.
08:58
pulling left and right into their own territories
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ืžื•ืฉืš ืืช ื”ื™ืžื™ืŸ ื•ืืช ื”ืฉืžืืœ ืœืชื•ืš ื”ื˜ืจื™ื˜ื•ืจื™ื•ืช ืฉืœื”ื
09:02
like the Bloods and the Crips.
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ื›ืžื• ื”"ื‘ืœืื“ืก" ื•ื”"ืงืจื™ืคืก".
09:04
Now, there are many reasons why this is happening to us,
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ื™ืฉ ื”ืจื‘ื” ืกื™ื‘ื•ืช ืžื“ื•ืข ื–ื” ืงื•ืจื” ืœื ื•,
09:07
and many of them we cannot reverse.
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ื•ืจื‘ื•ืช ืžื”ืŸ - ื‘ืœืชื™ ื”ืคื™ื›ื•ืช.
09:10
We will never again have a political class
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ื•ืœืขื•ืœื ืœื ื™ื”ื™ื” ืœื ื• ืฉื•ื‘ ืžืขืžื“ ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™
09:13
that was forged by the experience of fighting together
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ืฉื—ื•ืฉืœ ืข"ื™ ื”ื—ื•ื•ื™ื” ืฉืœ ืœื—ื™ืžื” ืžืฉื•ืชืคืช
09:16
in World War II against a common enemy.
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ื‘ืžืœื—ืžืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื” ืžื•ืœ ืื•ื™ื‘ ืžืฉื•ืชืฃ.
09:19
We will never again have just three television networks,
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ื•ืœืขื•ืœื ืœื ื™ื”ื™ื• ืœื ื• ืฉื•ื‘ ืจืง ืฉืœื•ืฉ ืจืฉืชื•ืช ื˜ืœื•ื•ื™ื–ื™ื”,
09:23
all of which are relatively centrist.
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ืฉื›ื•ืœืŸ ื“ื™ ืจื™ื›ื•ื–ื™ื•ืช.
09:26
And we will never again have a large group of conservative southern Democrats
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ื•ืœืขื•ืœื ืœื ืชื”ื™ื” ืœื ื• ืฉื•ื‘ ืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ืฉืœ ื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™ื™ื ื“ืจื•ืžื™ื™ื ืฉืžืจื ื™ื™ื
09:31
and liberal northern Republicans making it easy,
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ื•ืจืคื•ื‘ืœื™ืงื ื™ื ืฆืคื•ื ื™ื™ื ืœื™ื‘ืจืœื™ื ืฉืชืืคืฉืจ ืœื ื•
09:35
making there be a lot of overlap for bipartisan cooperation.
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ื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ื—ืคื™ืคื” ืœืžืขืŸ ืฉื™ืชื•ืฃ ืคืขื•ืœื” ื“ื•-ืžืคืœื’ืชื™.
09:39
So for a lot of reasons, those decades after the Second World War
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ืื– ืžื”ืจื‘ื” ืกื™ื‘ื•ืช, ื”ืขืฉื•ืจื™ื ืฉืœืื—ืจ ืžืœื—ืžืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ืฉื ื™ื”
09:42
were an historically anomalous time.
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ื”ื™ื• ืชืงื•ืคื” ื—ืจื™ื’ื” ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ื” ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ืช.
09:43
We will never get back to those low levels of polarization, I believe.
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ืœืขื•ืœื ืœื ื ื—ื–ื•ืจ, ืœื“ืขืชื™, ืœืจืžื•ืช ื”ืงื™ื˜ื•ื‘ ื”ื ืžื•ื›ื•ืช ื”ืœืœื•.
09:47
But there's a lot that we can do. There are dozens
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ืื‘ืœ ื™ืฉ ื”ืจื‘ื” ืฉืืคืฉืจ ืœืขืฉื•ืช. ื™ืฉ ืขืฉืจื•ืช ืจื‘ื•ืช
09:50
and dozens of reforms we can do that will make things better,
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ืฉืœ ืจืคื•ืจืžื•ืช ืฉืืคืฉืจ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื›ื“ื™ ืœืฉืคืจ ืืช ื”ืžืฆื‘,
09:53
because a lot of our dysfunction can be traced directly
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ื›ื™ ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžื—ื•ืกืจ ื”ืชืคืงื•ื“ ืฉืœื ื•, ืฉื•ืจืฉื™ื• ื ืขื•ืฆื™ื ื”ื™ื™ืฉืจ
09:55
to things that Congress did to itself in the 1990s
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ื‘ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉืขื•ืœืœ ืœืขืฆืžื• ื”ืงื•ื ื’ืจืก ื‘ืฉื ื•ืช ื”-90
09:59
that created a much more polarized and dysfunctional institution.
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ื•ืฉื™ืฆืจื• ืžื•ืกื“ ื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืงื•ื˜ื‘ ื•ื‘ืœืชื™-ืžืชืคืงื“.
10:04
These changes are detailed in many books.
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ื”ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื ื”ืœืœื• ืžืคื•ืจื˜ื™ื ื‘ืกืคืจื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื.
10:06
These are two that I strongly recommend,
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ืื ื™ ืžืžืœื™ืฅ ื‘ื—ื•ื ืขืœ ืฉื ื™ ืืœื”,
10:08
and they list a whole bunch of reforms.
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ื•ื”ื ืžืฆื™ืขื™ื ื”ืžื•ืŸ ืจืคื•ืจืžื•ืช.
10:10
I'm just going to group them into three broad classes here.
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ืื ื™ ืจืง ืืกื“ืจ ืื•ืชื ื‘ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื‘ืฉืœื•ืฉ ืงื‘ื•ืฆื•ืช.
10:13
So if you think about this as the problem of a dysfunctional,
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ืื– ืื ืชื—ืฉื‘ื• ืขืœ ื›ืš ื›ืขืœ ื‘ืขื™ื™ืชื• ืฉืœ ืžื•ืกื“ ืœื-ืžืชืคืงื“
10:16
hyper-polarized institution, well, the first step is,
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ื•ื”ื™ืคืจ-ืžืงื•ื˜ื‘, ืื– ื”ืฉืœื‘ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื”ื•ื
10:20
do what you can so that fewer hyper-partisans get elected in the first place,
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ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื”ื›ืœ ื›ื“ื™ ืฉื™ื™ื‘ื—ืจื• ืžืœื›ืชื—ื™ืœื” ืคื—ื•ืช ื”ื™ืคืจ-ืžืคืœื’ืชื™ื™ื,
10:25
and when you have closed party primaries,
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ื•ื›ืฉื™ืฉ ื‘ืžืคืœื’ื” ืคืจื™ื™ืžืจื™ื– ืกื’ื•ืจื™ื,
10:26
and only the most committed Republicans and Democrats are voting,
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ื•ืจืง ื”ืจืคื•ื‘ืœื™ืงื ื™ื ื•ื”ื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™ื ื”ืžืกื•ืจื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืฆื‘ื™ืขื™ื,
10:29
you're nominating and selecting the most extreme hyper-partisans.
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ื ื‘ื—ืจื™ื ื”ื”ื™ืคืจ-ืžืคืœื’ืชื™ื™ื ื”ืงื™ืฆื•ื ื™ื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ.
10:33
So open primaries would make that problem much, much less severe.
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ืื– ืคืจื™ืžืจื™ื™ื– ืคืชื•ื—ื™ื ื™ืžืชื ื• ื‘ื”ืจื‘ื” ืืช ื”ื‘ืขื™ื” ื”ื–ืืช.
10:37
But the problem isn't primarily that we're electing bad people to Congress.
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื‘ืขื™ื” ื‘ืขื™ืงืจื” ืื™ื ื” ืฉืื ื• ื‘ื•ื—ืจื™ื ืื ืฉื™ื ืจืขื™ื ืœืงื•ื ื’ืจืก.
10:42
From my experience, and from what I've heard from Congressional insiders,
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ืžื”ื ืกื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืœื™, ื•ืžื” ืฉืฉืžืขืชื™ ืžืžืงื•ืจื•ืช ืคื ื™ืžื™ื™ื ื‘ืงื•ื ื’ืจืก,
10:45
most of the people going to Congress are good, hard-working,
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ืจื•ื‘ ืืœื” ืฉื”ื•ืœื›ื™ื ืœืงื•ื ื’ืจืก ื”ื ืื ืฉื™ื ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื, ื—ืจื•ืฆื™ื,
10:48
intelligent people who really want to solve problems,
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ื•ื ื‘ื•ื ื™ื, ืฉืจื•ืฆื™ื ื‘ืืžืช ืœืคืชื•ืจ ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช,
10:51
but once they get there, they find that they are forced
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ืื‘ืœ ื›ืฉื”ื ืฉื ื”ื ืžื•ืฆืื™ื ืฉื”ื ืžื•ื›ืจื—ื™ื
10:53
to play a game that rewards hyper-partisanship
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ืœืฉื—ืง ืžืฉื—ืง ืฉืžืชื’ืžืœ ื”ื™ืคืจ-ืžืคืœื’ืชื™ื•ืช
10:56
and that punishes independent thinking.
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ื•ืžืขื ื™ืฉ ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื” ืขืฆืžืื™ืช.
10:58
You step out of line, you get punished.
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ืžื™ ืฉืกื•ื˜ื” ืžื”ืงื• ื”ืจืฉืžื™, ื ืขื ืฉ.
11:01
So there are a lot of reforms we could do
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ืื– ื™ืฉ ื”ืจื‘ื” ืจืคื•ืจืžื•ืช ืฉืืคืฉืจ ืœืขืฉื•ืช
11:02
that will counteract this.
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ื•ืฉื™ื ื˜ืจืœื• ืืช ื–ื”.
11:03
For example, this "Citizens United" ruling is a disaster,
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ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื, ื”ืคืกื™ืงื” "ืื–ืจื—ื™ื ืžืื•ื—ื“ื™ื" ื”ื™ื ืืกื•ืŸ,
11:07
because it means there's like a money gun aimed at your head,
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ื›ื™ ื–ื” ืื•ืžืจ ืฉื™ืฉ ืืงื“ื— ืฉืœ ื›ืกืฃ ืฉืžื›ื•ื•ืŸ ืœืจืืฉืš,
11:09
and if you step out of line, if you try to reach across the aisle,
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ื•ืื ืืชื” ื–ื–, ืื ืืชื” ืžื ืกื” ืœื”ืชืงืจื‘ ืœืฆื“ ื”ืฉื ื™,
11:12
there's a ton of money waiting to be given to your opponent
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ื™ืฉ ื”ืจื‘ื” ื›ืกืฃ ืฉืžืžืชื™ืŸ ืœื”ื™ืžืกืจ ืœื™ืจื™ื‘ ืฉืœืš
11:14
to make everybody think that you are a terrible person through negative advertising.
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ื•ืœื’ืจื•ื ืœื›ื•ืœื ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืฉืืชื” ืื“ื ื ื•ืจื, ื“ืจืš ืคืจืกื•ื ืฉืœื™ืœื™.
11:20
But the third class of reforms is that we've got to change
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ืื‘ืœ ืงื‘ื•ืฆืช ื”ืจืคื•ืจืžื•ืช ื”ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ืช ื”ื™ื ืฉืขืœื™ื ื• ืœืฉื ื•ืช
11:22
the nature of social relationships in Congress.
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ืืช ื˜ื™ื‘ ื”ื™ื—ืกื™ื ื”ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ื™ื ื‘ืงื•ื ื’ืจืก.
11:25
The politicians I've met are generally very extroverted,
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ื”ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืงืื™ื ืฉืื ื™ ื”ื›ืจืชื™ ื”ื ืœืจื•ื‘ ืžืื•ื“ ืžื•ื—ืฆื ื™ื,
11:29
friendly, very socially skillful people,
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ื—ื‘ืจื•ืชื™ื™ื, ื‘ืขืœื™ ื›ื™ืฉื•ืจื™ื ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ื™ื ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื,
11:32
and that's the nature of politics. You've got to make relationships,
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ื•ื–ื” ื˜ื‘ืขื” ืฉืœ ื”ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืงื”. ื—ื™ื™ื‘ื™ื ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ื™ื—ืกื™ื,
11:36
make deals, you've got to cajole, please, flatter,
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ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืขืกืงืื•ืช, ืœืฉื“ืœ, ืœืจืฆื•ืช, ืœื”ื—ืžื™ื,
11:39
you've got to use your personal skills,
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ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ื›ื™ืฉื•ืจื™ื ื”ืื™ืฉื™ื™ื,
11:41
and that's the way politics has always worked.
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ื•ื”ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืงื” ืชืžื™ื“ ืขื‘ื“ื” ื›ืš.
11:44
But beginning in the 1990s, first the House of Representatives
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ืื‘ืœ ื‘ืชื—ื™ืœืช ืฉื ื•ืช ื”-90, ืจืืฉื™ืช, ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื ื‘ื—ืจื™ื
11:47
changed its legislative calendar
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ืฉื™ื ื” ืืช ืœื•ื— ื”ืฉื ื” ื”ื—ื•ืงืชื™
11:49
so that all business is basically done in the middle of the week.
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ื›ืš ืฉื›ืœ ื”ืขืกืงื™ื ื ืขืฉื™ื ื‘ืืžืฆืข ื”ืฉื‘ื•ืข.
11:53
Nowadays, Congressmen fly in on Tuesday morning,
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ื›ื™ื•ื ืื ืฉื™ ืงื•ื ื’ืจืก ื‘ืื™ื ื‘ื˜ื™ืกื” ื‘ื™ื•ื ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ ื‘ื‘ื•ืงืจ,
11:55
they do battle for two days, then they fly home Thursday afternoon.
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ื”ื ื ืœื—ืžื™ื ื‘ืžืฉืš ื™ื•ืžื™ื™ื, ื•ื˜ืกื™ื ื”ื‘ื™ืชื” ื‘ื—ืžื™ืฉื™ ืื—ืจ ื”ืฆื”ืจื™ื™ื.
11:58
They don't move their families to the District.
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ื”ื ืœื ืžืขื‘ื™ืจื™ื ืืช ืžืฉืคื—ื•ืชื™ื”ื ืœืื–ื•ืจ ื”ื‘ื™ืจื”.
12:00
They don't meet each other's spouses or children.
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ื”ื ืœื ืคื•ื’ืฉื™ื ืืช ื‘ื ื™ ื”ื–ื•ื’ ื•ื”ื™ืœื“ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืื—ืจื™ื.
12:02
There's no more relationship there.
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ื›ื‘ืจ ืื™ืŸ ืฉื ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ื™ื—ืกื™ื.
12:05
And trying to run Congress without human relationships
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ื•ืœื ืกื•ืช ืœื ื”ืœ ืงื•ื ื’ืจืก ืœืœื ื™ื—ืกื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ-ืื™ืฉื™ื™ื,
12:08
is like trying to run a car without motor oil.
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ื–ื” ื›ืžื• ืœื ืกื•ืช ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืžื›ื•ื ื™ืช ืœืœื ืฉืžืŸ ืžื ื•ืขื™ื.
12:11
Should we be surprised when the whole thing freezes up
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ื”ืื ืขืœื™ื ื• ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžื•ืคืชืขื™ื ื›ืฉื”ื›ืœ ืงื•ืคื
12:14
and descends into paralysis and polarization?
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ื•ืžื™ื“ืจื“ืจ ืœื›ื“ื™ ืฉื™ืชื•ืง ื•ืงื™ื˜ื•ื‘?
12:18
A simple change to the legislative calendar,
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ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ืคืฉื•ื˜ ื‘ืœื•ื— ื”ืฉื ื” ืฉืœ ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžื—ื•ืงืงื™ื,
12:20
such as having business stretch out for three weeks
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ื›ืš ืฉืขืฉื™ื™ืช ืขืกืงื™ื ืชืชืžืฉืš ืขืœ ืคื ื™ ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ืฉื‘ื•ืขื•ืช
12:22
and then they get a week off to go home,
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ื•ืื– ื”ื ื™ืงื‘ืœื• ืฉื‘ื•ืข ื—ื•ืคืฉ ืœืœื›ืช ื”ื‘ื™ืชื”,
12:24
that would change the fundamental relationships in Congress.
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ื–ื” ื›ื‘ืจ ื™ืฉื ื” ืืช ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ื”ื™ื—ืกื™ื ื”ื™ืกื•ื“ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืงื•ื ื’ืจืก.
12:27
So there's a lot we can do, but who's going to push them to do it?
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ืื– ื™ืฉ ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžื” ืœืขืฉื•ืช, ืื‘ืœ ืžื™ ื™ื“ื—ืฃ ืื•ืชื ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื–ืืช?
12:30
There are a number of groups that are working on this.
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ื™ืฉ ื›ืžื” ืงื‘ื•ืฆื•ืช ืฉืขื•ืกืงื•ืช ื‘ื–ื”.
12:32
No Labels and Common Cause, I think,
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ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉืœืงื‘ื•ืฆื•ืช "ืœืœื ืชื•ื™ื•ืช" ื•"ืžื˜ืจื” ืžืฉื•ืชืคืช",
12:35
have very good ideas for changes we need to do
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ื™ืฉ ืจืขื™ื•ื ื•ืช ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื ืœืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ืฉืื ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœืขืฉื•ืช
12:37
to make our democracy more responsive and our Congress more effective.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืฉื”ื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™ื” ืฉืœื ื• ืชื”ื™ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืจื’ื™ืฉื” ื•ื”ืงื•ื ื’ืจืก ื™ื•ืชืจ ื™ืขื™ืœ.
12:40
But I'd like to supplement their work
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ืื‘ืœ ืื ื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืœื”ื•ืกื™ืฃ ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืฉืœื”ื
12:42
with a little psychological trick, and the trick is this.
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ืชื›ืกื™ืก ืคืกื™ื›ื•ืœื•ื’ื™, ื•ื”ื•ื ื–ื”:
12:46
Nothing pulls people together like a common threat
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ืื™ืŸ ื“ื‘ืจ ืฉืžื—ื‘ืจ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื ืฉื™ื ื›ืžื• ืื™ื•ื ืžืฉื•ืชืฃ
12:49
or a common attack, especially an attack from a foreign enemy,
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ืื• ื”ืชืงืคื” ืžืฉื•ืชืคืช, ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ืžืฆื“ ืื•ื™ื‘ ื–ืจ,
12:53
unless of course that threat hits on our polarized psychology,
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ืืœื ืื ื›ืŸ ื”ืื™ื•ื ืงื•ืœืข ืœืคืกื™ื›ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื”ืงื™ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ืช ืฉืœื ื•,
12:58
in which case, as I said before, it can actually pull us apart.
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ืฉืื–, ื›ืคื™ ืฉืืžืจืชื™, ื–ื” ื‘ืขืฆื ืขืœื•ืœ ืœื”ืคืจื™ื“ ื‘ื™ื ื™ื ื•.
13:01
Sometimes a single threat can polarize us, as we saw.
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ืœืคืขืžื™ื ืื™ื•ื ื‘ื•ื“ื“ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืงื˜ื‘ ืื•ืชื ื•, ื›ืคื™ ืฉืจืื™ื ื•.
13:04
But what if the situation we face is not a single threat
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ืื‘ืœ ืžื” ืื™ื ื ื• ืžืชืžื•ื“ื“ื™ื ืขื ืื™ื•ื ื‘ื•ื“ื“
13:07
but is actually more like this,
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ืืœื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืฉื”ื• ื›ื–ื”,
13:09
where there's just so much stuff coming in,
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ืฉื™ืฉ ื”ืžื•ืŸ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉื‘ืื™ื,
13:10
it's just, "Start shooting, come on, everybody,
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ื•ื”ืคืชืจื•ืŸ ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ ื”ื•ื, "ืชืชื—ื™ืœื• ืœื™ืจื•ืช, ื›ื•ืœื ื‘ื™ื—ื“,
13:12
we've got to just work together, just start shooting."
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ืื ื• ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœืคืขื•ืœ ื‘ื™ื—ื“, ืจืง ืชืชื—ื™ืœื• ืœื™ืจื•ืช."
13:15
Because actually, we do face this situation.
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ื›ื™ ื–ื• ื‘ืืžืช ื”ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช ืื™ืชื” ืื ื• ืžืชืžื•ื“ื“ื™ื.
13:17
This is where we are as a country.
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ื–ื” ืžืฆื‘ื ื•, ื›ืžื“ื™ื ื”.
13:20
So here's another asteroid.
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ืื– ื”ื ื” ืืกื˜ืจื•ืื™ื“ ื ื•ืกืฃ.
13:22
We've all seen versions of this graph, right,
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ื›ื•ืœื ื• ืจืื™ื ื• ื’ืจืกืื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื’ืจืฃ ื”ื–ื”, ื ื›ื•ืŸ,
13:24
which shows the changes in wealth since 1979,
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ืฉืžืจืื” ืืช ื”ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื ื‘ืขื•ืฉืจ ืžืื– 1979,
13:27
and as you can see, almost all the gains in wealth
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ื•ื›ืคื™ ืฉืืชื ืจื•ืื™ื, ื›ืžืขื˜ ื›ืœ ื”ืจื•ื•ื—ื™ื
13:30
have gone to the top 20 percent, and especially the top one percent.
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ื ืคืœื• ื‘ื™ื“ื™ 20 ื”ืื—ื•ื–ื™ื ื”ืขืœื™ื•ื ื™ื, ื•ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ื”-1 ืื—ื•ื– ื”ืขืœื™ื•ืŸ.
13:35
Rising inequality like this is associated
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ืื™-ืฉื•ื•ื™ื•ืŸ ืžืชื’ื‘ืจ ื›ื–ื” ืžื™ื•ื—ืก
13:37
with so many problems for a democracy.
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ืœื”ืจื‘ื” ืžืื•ื“ ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ื‘ื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™ื”.
13:40
Especially, it destroys our ability to trust each other,
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ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“, ื–ื” ื”ื•ืจืก ืืช ื”ืืžื•ืŸ ืฉืœื ื• ื‘ื–ื•ืœืช,
13:43
to feel that we're all in the same boat, because it's obvious we're not.
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ืืช ื”ื”ืจื’ืฉื” ืฉื›ื•ืœื ื• ื‘ืื•ืชื” ื”ืกื™ืจื”, ื›ื™ ื‘ืจื•ืจ ืฉื–ื” ืœื ื›ืš.
13:46
Some of us are sitting there safe and sound in gigantic private yachts.
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ื›ืžื” ืžืื™ืชื ื• ื™ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ื‘ื˜ื•ื—ื™ื ื•ื ื™ื ื•ื—ื™ื ื‘ื™ืื›ื˜ื•ืช-ืขื ืง ืคืจื˜ื™ื•ืช.
13:49
Other people are clinging to a piece of driftwood.
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ื•ืื—ืจื™ื ืžื ืกื™ื ืœื”ื™ืฆืžื“ ืœื—ืชื™ื›ืช ืขืฅ.
13:51
We're not all in the same boat, and that means
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ืœื ื›ื•ืœื ื• ื‘ืื•ืชื” ื”ืกื™ืจื”, ื•ื–ื” ืื•ืžืจ
13:53
nobody's willing to sacrifice for the common good.
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ืฉืื™ืฉ ืื™ื ื ื• ืžื•ื›ืŸ ืœื”ืงืจื™ื‘ ืœืžืขืŸ ื˜ื•ื‘ืช ื”ื›ืœืœ.
13:58
The left has been screaming about this asteroid for 30 years now,
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ื”ืฉืžืืœ ืฆื•ืขืง ืื•ื“ื•ืช ื”ืืกื˜ืจื•ืื™ื“ ื”ื–ื” ื›ื‘ืจ ืฉืœื•ืฉื™ื ืฉื ื”,
14:01
and the right says, "Huh, what? Hmm? No problem. No problem."
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ื•ื”ื™ืžื™ืŸ ืื•ืžืจ: "ืื”ื”, ืžื”? ืื™ืŸ ืฉื•ื ื‘ืขื™ื”. ืื™ืŸ ืฉื•ื ื‘ืขื™ื”."
14:05
Now,
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ืื ื›ืŸ,
14:08
why is that happening to us? Why is the inequality rising?
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ืœืžื” ื–ื” ืงื•ืจื” ืœื ื•? ืžื“ื•ืข ื”ืื™-ืฉื•ื•ื™ื•ืŸ ืžืชื’ื‘ืจ?
14:10
Well, one of the largest causes, after globalization,
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ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ืื—ืช ื”ืกื™ื‘ื•ืช ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื•ืช, ืื—ืจื™ ื”ื’ืœื•ื‘ืœื™ื–ืฆื™ื”,
14:14
is actually this fourth asteroid,
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ื”ื™ื ื”ืืกื˜ืจื•ืื™ื“ ื”ืจื‘ื™ืขื™ ื”ื–ื”,
14:17
rising non-marital births.
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ืขืœื™ื” ื‘ืœื™ื“ื•ืช ืžื—ื•ืฅ ืœื ื™ืฉื•ืื™ืŸ.
14:19
This graph shows the steady rise of out-of-wedlock births
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ื–ื”ื• ื’ืจืฃ ืฉืžืจืื” ืืช ื”ืขืœื™ื™ื” ื”ื™ืฆื™ื‘ื” ื‘ืœื™ื“ื•ืช ืžื—ื•ืฅ ืœื ื™ืฉื•ืื™ืŸ
14:22
since the 1960s.
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ืžืื– ืฉื ื•ืช ื”-60.
14:24
Most Hispanic and black children are now born to unmarried mothers.
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ืจื•ื‘ ื”ื™ืœื“ื™ื ื”ื”ื™ืกืคื ื™ื ื•ื”ืฉื—ื•ืจื™ื ื ื•ืœื“ื™ื ืœืืžื”ื•ืช ืœื ื ืฉื•ืื•ืช.
14:27
Whites are headed that way too.
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ื’ื ืืฆืœ ื”ืœื‘ื ื™ื ื™ืฉ ืžื’ืžื” ื›ื–ื•.
14:29
Within a decade or two, most American children
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ืชื•ืš ืขืฉื•ืจ ืื• ืฉื ื™ื, ืจื•ื‘ ื”ื™ืœื“ื™ื ื”ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ื™ื
14:32
will be born into homes with no father.
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ื™ื™ื•ื•ืœื“ื• ื‘ื‘ืชื™ื ืœืœื ืื‘.
14:35
This means that there's much less money coming into the house.
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ื•ื–ื” ืื•ืžืจ ืฉื”ืจื‘ื” ืคื—ื•ืช ื›ืกืฃ ื ื›ื ืก ื”ื‘ื™ืชื”.
14:37
But it's not just money. It's also stability versus chaos.
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ืื‘ืœ ืœื ืจืง ื›ืกืฃ. ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ื™ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืช ืœืขื•ืžืช ืชื•ื”ื•.
14:41
As I know from working with street children in Brazil,
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ื›ืคื™ ืฉืื ื™ ื™ื•ื“ืข ืžืขื‘ื•ื“ืชื™ ืขื ื™ืœื“ื™ ืจื—ื•ื‘ ื‘ื‘ืจื–ื™ืœ,
14:43
Mom's boyfriend is often a really, really dangerous person for kids.
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ื”ื—ื‘ืจ ืฉืœ ืืžื ื”ื•ื ื‘ื“"ื› ืžืื•ื“ ืžืื•ื“ ืžืกื•ื›ืŸ ืœื™ืœื“ื™ื.
14:48
Now the right has been screaming about this asteroid since the 1960s,
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ื•ื”ื™ืžื™ืŸ ืฆื•ืขืง ืœื’ื‘ื™ ื”ืืกื˜ืจื•ืื™ื“ ื”ื–ื” ื›ื‘ืจ ืžืฉื ื•ืช ื”-60,
14:52
and the left has been saying, "It's not a problem. It's not a problem."
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ื•ื”ืฉืžืืœ ืื•ืžืจ: "ื–ื• ืœื ื‘ืขื™ื”. ื–ื• ืœื ื‘ืขื™ื”."
14:56
The left has been very reluctant to say
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ื•ื”ืฉืžืืœ ืžื”ืกืก ืžืื•ื“ ืœื”ื’ื™ื“
14:58
that marriage is actually good for women and for children.
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ืฉื”ื ื™ืฉื•ืื™ืŸ ื“ื•ื•ืงื ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื ืœื ืฉื™ื ื•ืœื™ืœื“ื™ื.
15:01
Now let me be clear. I'm not blaming the women here.
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ื•ื‘ืจืฆื•ื ื™ ืœื”ื‘ื”ื™ืจ. ืื ื™ ืœื ืžืืฉื™ื ื›ืืŸ ืืช ื”ื ืฉื™ื.
15:03
I'm actually more critical of the men
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ื”ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจืช ืฉืœื™ ื”ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ื ื’ื“ ื”ื’ื‘ืจื™ื
15:05
who won't take responsibility for their own children
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ืฉืื™ื ื ืœื•ืงื—ื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื•ืช ืขืœ ื”ื™ืœื“ื™ื ืฉืœื”ื,
15:07
and of an economic system that makes it difficult
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ื•ื ื’ื“ ื”ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื™ืช ืฉืžืงืฉื”
15:10
for many men to earn enough money to support those children.
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ืขืœ ื’ื‘ืจื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ืœื”ืจื•ื•ื™ื— ืžืกืคื™ืง ื›ื“ื™ ืœืคืจื ืก ืืช ื”ื™ืœื“ื™ื.
15:13
But even if you blame nobody, it still is a national problem,
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ืื‘ืœ ืืคื™ืœื• ืื ืœื ืžืืฉื™ืžื™ื ืื™ืฉ, ื–ื• ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืขื™ื” ืœืื•ืžื™ืช,
15:17
and one side has been more concerned about it than the other.
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ื•ืฆื“ ืื—ื“ ื”ื™ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื•ื“ืื’ ืœื’ื‘ื™ื” ืžืืฉืจ ื”ืฆื“ ื”ืฉื ื™.
15:21
The New York Times finally noticed this asteroid
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ื”"ื ื™ื• ื™ื•ืจืง ื˜ื™ื™ืžืก" ืกื•ืฃ ืกื•ืฃ ืฉื ืœื‘ ืœืืกื˜ืจื•ืื™ื“ ื”ื–ื”
15:23
with a front-page story last July
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ืขื ื›ืชื‘ืช-ืฉืขืจ ื‘ื™ื•ืœื™ ืฉืขื‘ืจ
15:26
showing how the decline of marriage contributes to inequality.
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ืฉื”ืจืืชื” ืื™ืš ื“ืขื™ื›ืช ืžื•ืกื“ ื”ื ื™ืฉื•ืื™ืŸ ืžืขื•ื“ื“ืช ืื™-ืฉื•ื•ื™ื•ืŸ.
15:30
We are becoming a nation of just two classes.
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ืื ื• ื”ื•ืคื›ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื” ืฉืœ ืฉื ื™ ืžืขืžื“ื•ืช ื‘ืœื‘ื“.
15:33
When Americans go to college and marry each other,
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ื›ืฉืืžืจื™ืงืื™ื ืฉื”ื•ืœื›ื™ื ืœืงื•ืœื’' ืžืชื—ืชื ื™ื ื‘ื™ื ื™ื”ื,
15:36
they have very low divorce rates.
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ื™ืฉ ืœื”ื ืื—ื•ื– ื’ื™ืจื•ืฉื™ืŸ ื ืžื•ืš ืžืื•ื“.
15:39
They earn a lot of money, they invest that money in their kids,
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ื”ื ืžืจื•ื•ื™ื—ื™ื ื”ืจื‘ื” ื›ืกืฃ, ื”ื ืžืฉืงื™ืขื™ื ืื•ืชื• ื‘ื™ืœื“ื™ื”ื,
15:42
some of them become tiger mothers,
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ื•ื—ืœืง ืžื”ื ืฉื™ื ื”ื•ืคื›ื•ืช ืœืืžื”ื•ืช ืžืฆื˜ื™ื™ื ื•ืช,
15:43
the kids rise to their full potential,
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ื”ื™ืœื“ื™ื ืžื’ืฉื™ืžื™ื ืืช ืžืœื•ื ื”ืคื•ื˜ื ืฆื™ืืœ ืฉืœื”ื
15:45
and the kids go on to become
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ื•ื”ื™ืœื“ื™ื ื ืขืฉื™ื
15:48
the top two lines in this graph.
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ืœืฉื ื™ ื”ืงื•ื•ื™ื ื”ืขืœื™ื•ื ื™ื ื‘ื’ืจืฃ ื”ื–ื”.
15:52
And then there's everybody else:
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ื•ื—ื•ืฅ ืžื”ื, ื™ืฉื ื ื›ืœ ื”ื™ืชืจ:
15:54
the children who don't benefit from a stable marriage,
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ื”ื™ืœื“ื™ื ืฉืœื ื ื”ื ื™ื ืžื ื™ืฉื•ืื™ืŸ ื™ืฆื™ื‘ื™ื,
15:58
who don't have as much invested in them,
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ืฉืœื ืžื•ืฉืงืข ื‘ื”ื ื”ืจื‘ื”,
15:59
who don't grow up in a stable environment,
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ืฉืื™ื ื ื’ื“ืœื™ื ื‘ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื” ื™ืฆื™ื‘ื”,
16:01
and who go on to become the bottom three lines in that graph.
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ื•ืฉื™ื”ืคื›ื• ืœืฉืœื•ืฉ ื”ืฉื•ืจื•ืช ื”ืชื—ืชื•ื ื•ืช ื‘ื’ืจืฃ ื”ื–ื”.
16:06
So once again, we see that these two graphs are actually saying the same thing.
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ื•ืฉื•ื‘, ืื ื• ืจื•ืื™ื ืฉืฉื ื™ ื’ืจืคื™ื ืืœื” ื‘ืขืฆื ืื•ืžืจื™ื ืื•ืชื• ื“ื‘ืจ
16:10
As before, we've got a problem, we've got to start working on this,
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ื›ืžื• ืงื•ื“ื: ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ื‘ืขื™ื”, ื•ืื ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื”ืชื—ื™ืœ ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ ืขืœื™ื”,
16:13
we've got to do something,
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ืขืœื™ื ื• ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืžืฉื”ื•,
16:15
and what's wrong with you people that you don't see my threat?
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ื•ืžื” ื”ื‘ืขื™ื” ืื™ืชื›ื, ืฉืืชื ืœื ืจื•ืื™ื ืืช ื”ืื™ื•ื ืฉืื ื™ ืจื•ืื”?
16:17
But if everybody could just take off their partisan blinders,
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ืื‘ืœ ืื ื›ื•ืœื ื”ื™ื• ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืžืกื™ืจื™ื ืืช ื›ื™ืกื•ื™ ื”ืขื™ื ื™ื™ื ื”ืžืคืœื’ืชื™,
16:21
we'd see that these two problems actually
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ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ืจื•ืื™ื ืฉืœืžืขืฉื”, ื‘ืฉืชื™ ื”ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ื”ืืœื”
16:24
are best addressed together.
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ืขื“ื™ืฃ ืœื˜ืคืœ ื‘ื™ื—ื“.
16:27
Because if you really care about income inequality,
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ื›ื™ ืื ื‘ืืžืช ืื›ืคืช ืœื›ื ืžืื™-ืฉื™ื•ื•ื™ื•ืŸ ื‘ื”ื›ื ืกื”,
16:28
you might want to talk to some evangelical Christian groups
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ื›ื“ืื™ ืฉืชื“ื‘ืจื• ืขื ื›ืžื” ืงื‘ื•ืฆื•ืช ืฉืœ ื ื•ืฆืจื™ื ืื•ื•ื ื’ืœื™ืกื˜ื™ื™ื
16:31
that are working on ways to promote marriage.
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ืฉืžื ืกื™ื ืœืขื•ื“ื“ ื ื™ืฉื•ืื™ืŸ.
16:34
But then you're going to run smack into the problem
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ืื‘ืœ ืื– ืชื™ืชืงืœื• ื”ื™ื™ืฉืจ ื‘ื‘ืขื™ื”,
16:36
that women don't generally want to marry someone
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ืฉื ืฉื™ื ืœืจื•ื‘ ืœื ื™ืจืฆื• ืœื”ืชื—ืชืŸ ืขื ืžื™ืฉื”ื•
16:38
who doesn't have a job.
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ืฉืื™ืŸ ืœื• ืขื‘ื•ื“ื”.
16:41
So if you really care about strengthening families,
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ืื– ืื ื‘ืืžืช ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืœื›ื ืœื—ื–ืง ืืช ื”ืžืฉืคื—ื•ืช,
16:43
you might want to talk to some liberal groups
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ื›ื“ืื™ ืฉืชื“ื‘ืจื• ืขื ื›ืžื” ืงื‘ื•ืฆื•ืช ืœื™ื‘ืจืœื™ื•ืช
16:44
who are working on promoting educational equality,
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ืฉืขื•ื‘ื“ื•ืช ื›ื“ื™ ืœืงื“ื ืฉื•ื•ื™ื•ืŸ ื‘ื—ื™ื ื•ืš,
16:48
who are working on raising the minimum wage,
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœืขืœื•ืช ืืช ืฉื›ืจ ื”ืžื™ื ื™ืžื•ื,
16:49
who are working on finding ways to stop so many men
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ื•ืœืžืฆื•ื ื“ืจื›ื™ื ืœืžื ื•ืข ืžื’ื‘ืจื™ื ื›ื” ืจื‘ื™ื
16:52
from being sucked into the criminal justice system and
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ืžืœื”ื™ืฉืื‘ ืœืชื•ืš ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ื”ืคืœื™ืœื™
16:54
taken out of the marriage market for their whole lives.
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ื•ื•ืœื”ื™ื–ืจืง ืžืฉื•ืง ื”ื ื™ืฉื•ืื™ืŸ ืœื›ืœ ื—ื™ื™ื”ื.
16:58
So to conclude, there are at least four asteroids headed our way.
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ืื– ืœืกื™ื›ื•ื, ื™ืฉ ืœืคื—ื•ืช 4 ืืกื˜ืจื•ืื™ื“ื™ื ืฉืขื•ืฉื™ื ืืช ื“ืจื›ื ืืœื™ื ื•.
17:04
How many of you can see all four?
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ื›ืžื” ืžื›ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืจืื•ืช ืืช ื›ืœ ืืจื‘ืขืชื?
17:06
Please raise your hand right now if you're willing to admit
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ื”ืจื™ืžื• ื‘ื‘ืงืฉื” ืืช ื”ื™ื“ ืื ืืชื ืžื•ื›ื ื™ื ืœื”ื•ื“ื•ืช
17:09
that all four of these are national problems.
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ืฉื›ืœ ื”ืืจื‘ืขื” ื”ื ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ืœืื•ืžื™ื•ืช.
17:12
Please raise your hands.
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ื‘ื‘ืงืฉื” ืœื”ืจื™ื ื™ื“ื™ื.
17:14
Okay, almost all of you.
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ื˜ื•ื‘, ื›ืžืขื˜ ื›ื•ืœื›ื.
17:15
Well, congratulations, you guys are the inaugural members
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ืžื–ืœ ื˜ื•ื‘, ืืชื ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ ื”ื—ื‘ืจื™ื
17:18
of the Asteroids Club, which is a club
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ื‘ืžื•ืขื“ื•ืŸ ื”ืืกื˜ืจื•ืื™ื“ื™ื, ืฉื”ื•ื ืžื•ืขื“ื•ืŸ
17:22
for all Americans who are willing to admit
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ืฉืคืชื•ื— ืœื›ืœ ื”ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ื ืฉืžื•ื›ื ื™ื ืœื”ื•ื“ื•ืช
17:25
that the other side actually might have a point.
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ืฉืื•ืœื™ ื”ืฆื“ ื”ืฉื ื™ ืฆื•ื“ืง ื‘ืžืฉื”ื•.
17:28
In the Asteroids Club, we don't start by looking for common ground.
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ืื ื• ื‘ืžื•ืขื“ื•ืŸ ื”ืืกื˜ืจื•ืื™ื“ื™ื ืœื ืžืชื—ื™ืœื™ื ื‘ื—ื™ืคื•ืฉ ืื—ืจ ืžื›ื ื” ืžืฉื•ืชืฃ.
17:31
Common ground is often very hard to find.
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ื›ื™ ืœืจื•ื‘ ืงืฉื” ืžืื•ื“ ืœืžืฆื•ื ืžื›ื ื” ืžืฉื•ืชืฃ.
17:33
No, we start by looking for common threats
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ืœื, ืื ื—ื ื• ืžืชื—ื™ืœื™ื ื‘ื—ื™ืคื•ืฉ ืื™ื•ืžื™ื ืžืฉื•ืชืคื™ื
17:35
because common threats make common ground.
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ื›ื™ ืื™ื•ืžื™ื ืžืฉื•ืชืคื™ื ื™ื•ืฆืจื™ื ืžื›ื ื” ืžืฉื•ืชืฃ.
17:38
Now, am I being naive? Is it naive to think
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ื”ืื ืื ื™ ืชืžื™ื? ื”ืื ื–ื” ืชืžื™ื ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘
17:42
that people could ever lay down their swords,
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ืฉืื ืฉื™ื ื™ื•ื›ืœื• ืื™-ืคืขื ืœื”ื ื™ื— ืืช ื—ืจื‘ื•ืชื™ื”ื,
17:44
and left and right could actually work together?
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ืฉื”ื™ืžื™ืŸ ื•ื”ืฉืžืืœ ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ ื‘ื™ื—ื“?
17:47
I don't think so, because it happens,
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ืื ื™ ืœื ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ื›ืš ื›ื™ ื–ื” ืงื•ืจื”,
17:50
not all that often, but there are a variety of examples that point the way.
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ืœื ื”ืจื‘ื”, ืื‘ืœ ื™ืฉ ืžื’ื•ื•ืŸ ื“ื•ื’ืžืื•ืช ืฉืžื•ืจื•ืช ืืช ื”ื“ืจืš.
17:54
This is something we can do.
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ื–ื” ืžืฉื”ื• ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืขืฉื•ืช.
17:55
Because Americans on both sides care about the decline in civility,
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ื›ื™ ืœืืžืจื™ืงืื™ื ืžืฉื ื™ ื”ืฆื“ื“ื™ื ืื›ืคืช ืžื”ื™ืจื™ื“ื” ื‘ืจืžืช ื”ืื–ืจื—ื•ืช,
17:59
and they've formed dozens of organizations,
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ื•ื”ื ื”ืงื™ืžื• ืขืฉืจื•ืช ืืจื’ื•ื ื™ื,
18:01
at the national level, such as this one,
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ื‘ืจืžื” ื”ืœืื•ืžื™ืช, ื›ืžื• ื–ื”,
18:03
down to many local organizations,
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ื•ืขื“ ืœื”ืจื‘ื” ืืจื’ื•ื ื™ื ืžืงื•ืžื™ื™ื,
18:05
such as To The Village Square in Tallahassee, Florida,
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ื›ืžื• "ืืœ ื›ื™ื›ืจ ื”ื›ืคืจ", ื‘ื˜ืœื”ืกื™ ืฉื‘ืคืœื•ืจื™ื“ื”,
18:07
which tries to bring state leaders together to help facilitate
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ืฉืžื ืกื” ืœืงืจื‘ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžื ื”ื™ื’ื™ ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืงืœ
18:10
that sort of working together human relationship
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ืขืœ ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ื™ื—ืกื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ-ืื™ืฉื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื‘ืฆื•ื•ืชื
18:13
that's necessary to solve Florida's problems.
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ืฉื ื—ื•ืฆื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœืคืชื•ืจ ืืช ื”ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืคืœื•ืจื™ื“ื”.
18:16
Americans on both sides care about global poverty and AIDS,
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ืœืืžืจื™ืงืื™ื ืžืฉื ื™ ื”ืฆื“ื“ื™ื ืื›ืคืช ืžืขื•ื ื™ ื’ืœื•ื‘ืœื™ ื•ืžืื™ื™ื“ืก,
18:20
and on so many humanitarian issues,
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ื•ื‘ื”ืจื‘ื” ื ื•ืฉืื™ื ื”ื•ืžื ื™ื˜ืจื™ื™ื,
18:23
liberals and evangelicals are actually natural allies,
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ืœื™ื‘ืจืœื™ื ื•ืื•ื•ื ื’ืœื™ืกื˜ื™ื ื”ื ื‘ืขืฆื ื‘ืขืœื™-ื‘ืจื™ืช ื˜ื‘ืขื™ื™ื,
18:26
and at times they really have worked together
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ื•ื”ื ืขื‘ื“ื• ื™ื—ื“ ื”ืจื‘ื” ืคืขืžื™ื
18:28
to solve these problems.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœืคืชื•ืจ ืืช ื”ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ื”ืœืœื•.
18:30
And most surprisingly to me, they sometimes can even see
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ื•ืžื” ืฉื”ื›ื™ ืžืคืชื™ืข ืื•ืชื™, ื–ื” ืฉื”ื ืœืคืขืžื™ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืจืื•ืช
18:33
eye to eye on criminal justice.
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ืขื™ืŸ ื‘ืขื™ืŸ ื‘ืžืฉืคื˜ ื”ืคืœื™ืœื™.
18:35
For example, the incarceration rate, the prison population
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ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื, ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ื”ื›ืœื™ืื”, ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื™ืช ื‘ืชื™ ื”ื›ืœื
18:39
in this country has quadrupled since 1980.
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ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ื” ืฉืœื ื• ื”ื•ื›ืคืœื” ืคื™ ืืจื‘ืข ืžืื– 1980,
18:43
Now this is a social disaster,
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ื–ื”ื• ืืกื•ืŸ ืœืื•ืžื™,
18:45
and liberals are very concerned about this.
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ื•ื”ืœื™ื‘ืจืœื™ื ืžืื•ื“ ืžื•ื“ืื’ื™ื ืžื›ืš.
18:47
The Southern Poverty Law Center is often fighting
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"ื”ืžืจื›ื– ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ ืœืขื•ื ื™ ื‘ื“ืจื•ื" ืžืจื‘ื” ืœื”ื™ืœื—ื
18:50
the prison-industrial complex, fighting to prevent a system
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ื ื’ื“ ืงื•ืžืคืœืงืก ื”ื›ืœื ื”ืชืขืฉื™ื™ืชื™, ื ืœื—ื ื›ื“ื™ ืœืžื ื•ืข ืžื”ื™ื•ื•ืฆืจื•ืช ืžืขืจื›ืช
18:53
that's just sucking in more and more poor young men.
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ืฉืจืง ืฉื•ืื‘ืช ืœืชื•ื›ื” ืขื•ื“ ื•ืขื•ื“ ืฆืขื™ืจื™ื ืขื ื™ื™ื.
18:56
But are conservatives happy about this?
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ืื ื”ืฉืžืจื ื™ื ืžืื•ืฉืจื™ื ืžื›ืš?
18:58
Well, Grover Norquist isn't, because this system
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ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ื’ืจื•ื‘ืจ ื ื•ืจืงื•ื•ื™ืกื˜ ืœื, ื›ื™ ืžืขืจื›ืช ื–ื•
19:01
costs an unbelievable amount of money.
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ืขื•ืœื” ื”ื•ืŸ ืชื•ืขืคื•ืช.
19:04
And so, because the prison-industrial complex
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ื•ืœื›ืŸ, ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉืงื•ืžืคืœืงืก ื”ื›ืœื ื”ืชืขืฉื™ื™ืชื™
19:07
is bankrupting our states and corroding our souls,
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ืžืจื•ืฉืฉ ืืช ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืฉืœื ื• ื•ืžืจืงื™ื‘ ืืช ื”ื ืฉืžื•ืช ืฉืœื ื•,
19:11
groups of fiscal conservatives and Christian conservatives
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ืงื‘ื•ืฆื•ืช ืฉืœ ืฉืžืจื ื™ื ื”ืžื•ืคืงื“ื™ื ืขืœ ื›ืกืคื™ ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ ื•ืฉืžืจื ื™ื ื ื•ืฆืจื™ื
19:15
have come together to form a group called Right on Crime.
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ื”ืชืื—ื“ื• ื•ื”ืงื™ืžื• ืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ืฉื ืงืจืืช "ื™ืฉืจ ืขืœ ื”ืคืฉืข"
19:19
And at times they have worked with the Southern Poverty Law Center
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ื•ืœืขืชื™ื ื”ื ืขื‘ื“ื• ื™ื—ื“ ืขื "ื”ืžืจื›ื– ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ ืœืขื•ื ื™ ื‘ื“ืจื•ื"
19:21
to oppose the building of new prisons
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืชื ื’ื“ ืœื‘ื ื™ื™ืช ื‘ืชื™-ื›ืœื ื—ื“ืฉื™ื
19:23
and to work for reforms that will make the justice system
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ื•ืœืคืขื•ืœ ืœืžืขืŸ ืจืคื•ืจืžื•ืช ืฉื™ื”ืคื›ื• ืืช ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ืžืฉืคื˜
19:27
more efficient and more humane.
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ืœื™ื•ืชืจ ื™ืขื™ืœื” ื•ื™ื•ืชืจ ื”ื•ืžื ื™ืช.
19:30
So this is possible. We can do it.
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ืื– ื–ื” ืืคืฉืจื™. ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื–ืืช.
19:33
Let us therefore go to battle stations,
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ืื– ื‘ื•ืื• ื ืชื™ื™ืฆื‘ ื‘ืขืžื“ื•ืช ื”ืงืจื‘,
19:36
not to fight each other,
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ืœื ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื™ืœื—ื ืื™ืฉ ื‘ืจืขื”ื•,
19:37
but to begin deflecting these incoming asteroids.
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ืืœื ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืชื—ื™ืœ ืœื”ืกื™ื˜ ืืช ื”ืืกื˜ืจื•ืื™ื“ื™ื ื”ืงืจื‘ื™ื.
19:41
And let our first mission be to press Congress
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ื•ื›ืžืฉื™ืžื” ืจืืฉื•ื ื”, ื”ื‘ื” ื ื“ืจื•ืฉ ืžื”ืงื•ื ื’ืจืก ืœื”ืฉืชื ื•ืช
19:44
to reform itself, before it's too late for our nation.
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ืœืคื ื™ ืฉื–ื” ื™ื”ื™ื” ืžืื•ื—ืจ ืžื“ื™ ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœ ื”ืื•ืžื” ืฉืœื ื•.
19:48
Thank you. (Applause)
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ืชื•ื“ื”. (ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื)
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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